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<title>bioRxiv Channel: University of Chicago</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "University of Chicago"
</description>

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<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
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<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variational Inference of Population Structure in Large SNP Datasets 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tools for estimating population structure from genetic data are now used in a wide variety of applications in population genetics. However, inferring population structure in large modern data sets imposes severe computational challenges. Here, we develop efficient algorithms for approximate inference of the model underlying the STRUCTURE program using a variational Bayesian framework. Variational methods pose the problem of computing relevant posterior distributions as an optimization problem, allowing us to build on recent advances in optimization theory to develop fast inference tools. In addition, we propose useful heuristic scores to identify the number of populations represented in a dataset and a new hierarchical prior to detect weak population structure in the data. We test the variational algorithms on simulated data, and illustrate using genotype data from the CEPH-Human Genome Diversity Panel. The variational algorithms are almost two orders of magnitude faster than STRUCTURE and achieve accuracies comparable to those of ADMIXTURE. Furthermore, our results show that the heuristic scores for choosing model complexity provide a reasonable range of values for the number of populations represented in the data, with minimal bias towards detecting structure when it is very weak. Our algorithm, fastSTRUCTURE, is freely available online at http://pritchardlab.stanford.edu/structure.html.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anil Raj</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Stephens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan K Pritchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2013-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/001073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variational Inference of Population Structure in Large SNP Datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2013-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PyRAD: assembly of de novo RADseq loci for phylogenetic analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Restriction-site associated genomic markers are a powerful tool for investigating evolutionary questions at the population level, but are limited in their utility at deeper phylogenetic scales where fewer orthologous loci are typically recovered across disparate taxa. While this limitation stems in part from mutations to restriction recognition sites that disrupt data generation, an alternative source of data loss comes from the failure to identify homology during bioinformatic analyses. Clustering methods that allow for lower similarity thresholds and the inclusion of indel variation will perform better at assembling RADseq loci at the phylogenetic scale.nnPyRAD is a pipeline to assemble de novo RADseq loci with the aim of optimizing coverage across phylogenetic data sets. It utilizes a wrapper around an alignment-clustering algorithm which allows for indel variation within and between samples, as well as for incomplete overlap among reads (e.g., paired-end). Here I compare PyRAD with the program Stacks in their performance analyzing a simulated RADseq data set that includes indel variation. Indels disrupt clustering of homologous loci in Stacks but not in PyRAD, such that the latter recovers more shared loci across disparate taxa. I show through re-analysis of an empirical RADseq data set that indels are a common feature of such data, even at shallow phylogenetic scales. PyRAD utilizes parallel processing as well as an optional hierarchical clustering method which allow it to rapidly assemble phylogenetic data sets with hundreds of sampled individuals.nnAvailabilitySoftware is written in Python and freely available at http://www.dereneaton.com/software/nnSupplementScripts to completely reproduce all simulated and empirical analyses are available in the Supplementary Materials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deren A. R. Eaton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2013-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/001081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PyRAD: assembly of de novo RADseq loci for phylogenetic analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2013-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/001552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We sequenced genomes from a [~]7,000 year old early farmer from Stuttgart in Germany, an [~]8,000 year old hunter-gatherer from Luxembourg, and seven [~]8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from southern Sweden. We analyzed these data together with other ancient genomes and 2,345 contemporary humans to show that the great majority of present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: West European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), who were most closely related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians and contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and Early European Farmers (EEF), who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model these populations deep relationships and show that EEF had [~]44% ancestry from a "Basal Eurasian" lineage that split prior to the diversification of all other non-African lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iosif Lazaridis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nick Patterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alissa Mittnik</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Renaud</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swapan Mallick</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karola Kirsanow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter H. Sudmant</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua G. Schraiber</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergi Castellano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Lipson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnie Berger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christos Economou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruth Bollongino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiaomei Fu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsten Bos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanne Nordenfelt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heng Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesare de Filippo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay Prüfer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanna Sawyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosimo Posth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang Haak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredrik Hallgren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elin Fornander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadin Rohland</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominique Delsate</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Francken</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Michel Guinet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joachim Wahl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George Ayodo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamza A. Babiker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graciela Baillet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elena Balanovska</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oleg Balanovsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramiro Barrantes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel Bedoya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haim Ben-Ami</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judit Bene</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouad Berrada</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claudio M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2013-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/001552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2013-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of RNA degradation on measurements of gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/002261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The use of low quality RNA samples in whole-genome gene expression profiling remains controversial. It is unclear if transcript degradation in low quality RNA samples occurs uniformly, in which case the effects of degradation can be normalized, or whether different transcripts are degraded at different rates, potentially biasing measurements of expression levels. This concern has rendered the use of low quality RNA samples in whole-genome expression profiling problematic. Yet, low quality samples are at times the sole means of addressing specific questions - e.g., samples collected in the course of fieldwork. We sought to quantify the impact of variation in RNA quality on estimates of gene expression levels based on RNA-seq data. To do so, we collected expression data from tissue samples that were allowed to decay for varying amounts of time prior to RNA extraction. The RNA samples we collected spanned the entire range of RNA Integrity Number (RIN) values (a quality metric commonly used to assess RNA quality). We observed widespread effects of RNA quality on measurements of gene expression levels, as well as a slight but significant loss of library complexity in more degraded samples. While standard normalizations failed to account for the effects of degradation, we found that a simple linear model that controls for the effects of RIN can correct for the majority of these effects. We conclude that in instances where RIN and the effect of interest are not associated, this approach can help recover biologically meaningful signals in data from degraded RNA samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Irene Gallego Romero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athma A. Pai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenny Tung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Gilad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/002261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of RNA degradation on measurements of gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TCF7L2 is a master regulator of insulin production and processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although variants in the T-cell factor 7-like 2 gene (TCF7L2) confer the strongest risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) by presumed effects on islet function, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We have identified TCF7L2-target genes and described the regulatory network downstream of TCF7L2 responsible for its effect on insulin secretion in rodents and human pancreatic islets. ISL1 is a direct target of TCF7L2 and regulates proinsulin production and processing via MAFA, PDX1, NKX6.1, PCSK1 and PCSK2 and possibly clearance of proinsulin via SLC30A8. Taken together, these results demonstrate that not only synthesis of proinsulin is regulated by TCF7L2, but also processing and possibly clearance of proinsulin and insulin in a genotype dependent manner. These multiple targets in key pathways may explain why TCF7L2 has emerged as the gene showing the strongest association with T2D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuedan Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soo-Young Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing Su</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathleen Bailey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emilia Ottosson-Laakso</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liliya Shcerbina</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolay Oskolkov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enming Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Thevenin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo?o Fadista</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedvig Bennet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petter Vikman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nils Wierup</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malin Fex</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johan Rung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claes Wollheim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcelo Nobrega</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erik Renstr?m</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leif Groop</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ola Hansson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/003202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TCF7L2 is a master regulator of insulin production and processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Modifications are Associated with Inter-species Gene Expression Variation in Primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/003467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in gene regulation level have long been thought to play an important role in evolution and speciation, especially in primates. Over the past decade, comparative genomic studies have revealed extensive inter-species differences in gene expression levels yet we know much less about the extent to which regulatory mechanisms differ between species. To begin addressing this gap, we performed a comparative epigenetic study in primate lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), to query the contribution of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and four histone modifications (H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K27ac, and H3K27me3) to inter-species variation in gene expression levels. We found that inter-species differences in mark enrichment near transcription start sites are significantly more often associated with inter-species differences in the corresponding gene expression level than expected by chance alone. Interestingly, we also found that first-order interactions among the histone marks and Pol II do not markedly contribute to the degree of association between the marks and inter-species variation in gene expression levels, suggesting that the marginal effects of the five marks dominate this contribution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carolyn Cain</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsha Myrthil</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noah Lewellen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katelyn Michelini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily Davenport</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Stephens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan Pritchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Gilad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/003467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Modifications are Associated with Inter-species Gene Expression Variation in Primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial localization of recent ancestors for admixed individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ancestry analysis from genetic data plays a critical role in studies of human disease and evolution. Recent work has introduced explicit models for the geographic distribution of genetic variation and has shown that such explicit models yield superior accuracy in ancestry inference over non-model-based methods. Here we extend such work to introduce a method that models admixture between ancestors from multiple sources across a geographic continuum. We devise efficient algorithms based on hidden Markov models to localize on a map the recent ancestors (e.g. grandparents) of admixed individuals, joint with assigning ancestry at each locus in the genome. We validate our methods using empirical data from individuals with mixed European ancestry from the POPRES study and show that our approach is able to localize their recent ancestors within an average of 470Km of the reported locations of their grandparents. Furthermore, simulations from real POPRES genotype data show that our method attains high accuracy in localizing recent ancestors of admixed individuals in Europe (an average of 550Km from their true location for localization of 2 ancestries in Europe, 4 generations ago). We explore the limits of ancestry localization under our approach and find that performance decreases as the number of distinct ancestries and generations since admixture increases. Finally, we build a map of expected localization accuracy across admixed individuals according to the location of origin within Europe of their ancestors.nnAuthor SummaryInferring ancestry from genetic data forms a fundamental problem with applications ranging from localizing disease genes to inference of human history. Recent approaches have introduced models of genetic variation as a function of geography and have shown that such models yield high accuracies in ancestry inference from genetic data. In this work we propose methods for modeling the mixing of genetic data from different sources (i.e. admixture process) in a genetic-geographic continuum and show that using these methods we can accurately infer the ancestry of the recent ancestors (e.g. grandparents) from genetic data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wen-Yun Yang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander Platt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charleston Wen-Kai Chiang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleazar Eskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Novembre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdan Pasaniuc</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/004713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial localization of recent ancestors for admixed individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Power analysis of artificial selection experiments using efficient whole genome simulation of quantitative traits 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/005892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolve and resequence studies combine artificial selection experiments with massively parallel sequencing technology to study the genetic basis for complex traits. In these experiments, individuals are selected for extreme values of a trait, causing alleles at quantitative trait loci (QTLs) to increase or decrease in frequency in the experimental population. We present a new analysis of the power of artificial selection experiments to detect and localize quantitative trait loci. This analysis uses a simulation framework that explicitly models whole genomes of individuals, quantitative traits, and selection based on individual trait values. We find that explicitly modeling QTL provides produces qualitatively different insights than considering independent loci with constant selection coefficients. Specifically, we observe how interference between QTLs under selection impacts the trajectories and lengthens the fixation times of selected alleles. We also show that a substantial portion of the genetic variance of the trait (50-100%) can be explained by detected QTLs in as little as 20 generations of selection, depending on the trait architecture and experimental design. Furthermore, we show that power depends crucially on the opportunity for recombination during the experiment. Finally, we show that an increase in power is obtained by leveraging founder haplotype information to obtain allele frequency estimates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Darren Kessner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Novembre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/005892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Power analysis of artificial selection experiments using efficient whole genome simulation of quantitative traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methylation QTLs are associated with coordinated changes in transcription factor binding, histone modifications, and gene expression levels. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/006171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation is an important epigenetic regulator of gene expression. Recent studies have revealed widespread associations between genetic variation and methylation levels. However, the mechanistic links between genetic variation and methylation remain unclear. To begin addressing this gap, we collected methylation data at [~]300,000 loci in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from 64 HapMap Yoruba individuals, and genome-wide bisulfite sequence data in ten of these individuals. We identified (at an FDR of 10%) 11,752 methylation QTLs (meQTLs)--i.e., loci in which genetic variation is associated with changes in DNA methylation. We found that meQTLs are frequently associated with changes in methylation at multiple CpGs across regions of up to 3 kb. Interestingly, meQTLs are also frequently associated with variation in other properties of gene regulation, including histone modifications, DNase I accessibility, chromatin accessibility, and expression levels of nearby genes. These observations suggest that genetic variants may lead to coordinated molecular changes in all of these regulatory phenotypes. One plausible driver of coordinated changes in different regulatory mechanisms is variation in transcription factor (TF) binding. Indeed, we found that SNPs that change predicted TF binding affinities are significantly enriched for associations with DNA methylation at nearby CpGs. Taken together, our observations are consistent with a model whereby changes in TF binding may frequently drive coordinated changes in DNA methylation, histone modification, and gene expression levels.nnAuthor SummaryDNA methylation is an important epigenetic mark that contributes to many biological processes including the regulation of gene expression. Genetic variation has been associated with quantitative changes in DNA methylation (meQTLs). We identified thousands of meQTLs using an assay that allowed us to measure methylation levels at around 300 thousand cytosines. We found that meQTLs are enriched with loci that is also associated with quantitative changes in gene expression, DNase I hypersensitivity, PolII occupancy, and a number of histone marks. This suggests that many molecular events are likely regulated in concert. Finally, we found that changes in transcription factor binding as well as transcription factor abundance are associated with changes in DNA methylation near transcription factor binding sites. Our results indicate that a subset of transcription factors actively regulate DNA methylation levels near their binding sites. This work contributes to our understanding of the regulation of DNA methylation in the larger context of gene regulatory landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicholas E Banovich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xun Lan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham McVicker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryce Van de Geijn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob F Degner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John D. Blischak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julien Roux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan K. Pritchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Gilad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/006171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methylation QTLs are associated with coordinated changes in transcription factor binding, histone modifications, and gene expression levels.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient site-specific editing of the C. elegans genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/007344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In just two years, genome editing with the CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 has transformed genetic analysis in conventional and emerging model organisms. The efficiency of this method varies among systems and continues to be optimized. Numerous strategies have been reported for editing the C. elegans genome. To date, these strategies do not provide a simple, rapid and inexpensive means to introduce and isolate arbitrary point mutants. Here, we report a strategy with all three of these desirable properties. It utilizes oligonucleotides as donor templates for homology-dependent repair and visible markers that are edited in parallel that markedly reduce the number of animals that must be molecularly screened in order to isolate mutants that lack visible phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Donglei Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Glotzer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/007344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient site-specific editing of the C. elegans genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genetic Architecture of Gene Expression Levels in Wild Baboons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression variation is well documented in human populations and its genetic architecture has been extensively explored. However, we still know little about the genetic architecture of gene expression variation in other species, particularly our closest living relatives, the nonhuman primates. To address this gap, we performed an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based study of 63 wild baboons, members of the intensively studied Amboseli baboon population in Kenya. Our study design allowed us to measure gene expression levels and identify genetic variants using the same data set, enabling us to perform complementary mapping of putative cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and measurements of allele-specific expression (ASE) levels. We discovered substantial evidence for genetic effects on gene expression levels in this population. Surprisingly, we found more power to detect individual eQTL in the baboons relative to a HapMap human data set of comparable size, probably as a result of greater genetic variation, enrichment of SNPs with high minor allele frequencies, and longer-range linkage disequilibrium in the baboons. eQTL were most likely to be identified for lineage-specific, rapidly evolving genes. Interestingly, genes with eQTL significantly overlapped between the baboon and human data sets, suggesting that some genes may tolerate more genetic perturbation than others, and that this property may be conserved across species. Finally, we used a Bayesian sparse linear mixed model to partition genetic, demographic, and early environmental contributions to variation in gene expression levels. We found a strong genetic contribution to gene expression levels for almost all genes, while individual demographic and environmental effects tended to be more modest. Together, our results establish the feasibility of eQTL mapping using RNA-seq data alone, and act as an important first step towards understanding the genetic architecture of gene expression variation in nonhuman primates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jenny Tung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susan C Alberts</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Stephens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Gilad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/008490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genetic Architecture of Gene Expression Levels in Wild Baboons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of a Panel of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells From Chimpanzees: a Resource for Comparative Functional Genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/008862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative genomics studies in primates are extremely restricted because we only have access to a few types of cell lines from non-human apes and to a limited collection of frozen tissues. In order to gain better insight into regulatory processes that underlie variation in complex phenotypes, we must have access to faithful model systems for a wide range of tissues and cell types. To facilitate this, we have generated a panel of 7 fully characterized chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines derived from fibroblasts of healthy donors. All lines appear to be free of integration from exogenous reprogramming vectors, can be maintained using standard iPSC culture techniques, and have proliferative and differentiation potential similar to human and mouse lines. To begin demonstrating the utility of comparative iPSC panels, we collected RNA sequencing data and methylation profiles from the chimpanzee iPSCs and their corresponding fibroblast precursors, as well as from 7 human iPSCs and their precursors, which were of multiple cell type and population origins. Overall, we observed much less regulatory variation within species in the iPSCs than in the somatic precursors, indicating that the reprogramming process has erased many of the differences observed between somatic cells of different origins. We identified 4,918 differentially expressed genes and 3,598 differentially methylated regions between iPSCs of the two species, many of which are novel inter-species differences that were not observed between the somatic cells of the two species. Our panel will help realise the potential of iPSCs in primate studies, and in combination with genomic technologies, transform studies of comparative evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Irene Gallego Romero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryan J Pavlovic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irene Hernando-Herraez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas E Banovich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney L Kagan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan E Burnett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constance H Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amy Mitrano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claudia I Chavarria</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inbar F Ben-Nun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yingchun Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karen Sabatini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevor R Leonardo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mana Parast</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomas Marques-Bonet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louise C Laurent</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeanne F Loring</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Gilad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/008862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of a Panel of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells From Chimpanzees: a Resource for Comparative Functional Genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Century-scale methylome stability in a recently diverged Arabidopsis thaliana lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There has been much excitement about the possibility that exposure to specific environments can induce an ecological memory in the form of whole-sale, genome-wide epigenetic changes that are maintained over many generations. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, numerous heritable DNA methylation differences have been identified in greenhouse-grown isogenic lines, but it remains unknown how natural, highly variable environments affect the rate and spectrum of such changes. Here we present detailed methylome analyses in a geographically dispersed A. thaliana population that constitutes a collection of near-isogenic lines, diverged for at least a century from a common ancestor. We observed little DNA methylation divergence whole-genome wide. Nonetheless, methylome variation largely reflected genetic distance, and was in many aspects similar to that of lines raised in uniform conditions. Thus, even when plants are grown in varying and diverse natural sites, genome-wide epigenetic variation accumulates in a clock-like manner, and epigenetic divergence thus parallels the pattern of genome-wide DNA sequence divergence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joerg Hagmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claude Becker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonas Müller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver Stegle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhonda C Meyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korbinian Schneeberger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joffrey Fitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Altmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joy Bergelson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karsten Borgwardt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detlef Weigel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/009225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Century-scale methylome stability in a recently diverged Arabidopsis thaliana lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling effects of colocalizing genomic annotations to functionally prioritize non-coding variants within complex trait loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying genomic annotations that differentiate causal from associated variants is critical to fine-map disease loci. While many studies have identified non-coding annotations overlapping disease variants, these annotations colocalize, complicating fine-mapping efforts. We demonstrate that conventional enrichment tests are inflated and cannot distinguish causal effects from colocalizing annotations. We developed a sensitive and specific statistical approach that is able to identify independent effects from colocalizing annotations. We first confirm that gene regulatory variants map to DNase-I hypersensitive sites (DHS) near transcription start sites. We then show that (1) 15-35% of causal variants within disease loci map to DHS independent of other annotations; (2) breast cancer and rheumatoid arthritis loci harbor potentially causal variants near the summits of histone marks rather than full peak bodies; and (3) variants associated with height are highly enriched for embryonic stem cell DHS sites. We highlight specific loci where we can most effectively prioritize causal variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gosia Trynka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harm-Jan Westra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamil Slowikowski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xinli Hu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara E Stranger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buhm Han</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soumya Raychaudhuri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/009258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling effects of colocalizing genomic annotations to functionally prioritize non-coding variants within complex trait loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accounting for experimental noise reveals that mRNA levels, amplified by post-transcriptional processes, largely determine steady-state protein levels in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/009472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells respond to their environment by modulating protein levels through mRNA transcription and post-transcriptional control. Modest observed correlations between global steady-state mRNA and protein measurements have been interpreted as evidence that mRNA levels determine roughly 40% of the variation in protein levels, indicating dominant post-transcriptional effects. However, the techniques underlying these conclusions, such as correlation and regression, yield biased results when data are noisy, missing systematically, and collinear--properties of mRNA and protein measurements--which motivated us to revisit this subject. Noise-robust analyses of 24 studies of budding yeast reveal that mRNA levels explain more than 85% of the variation in steady-state protein levels. Protein levels are not proportional to mRNA levels, but rise much more rapidly. Regulation of translation suffices to explain this nonlinear effect, revealing post-transcriptional amplification of, rather than competition with, transcriptional signals. These results substantially revise widely credited models of protein-level regulation, and introduce multiple noise-aware approaches essential for proper analysis of many biological phenomena.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gábor Csárdi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander Franks</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David S. Choi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eduardo M. Airoldi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D. Allan Drummond</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/009472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accounting for experimental noise reveals that mRNA levels, amplified by post-transcriptional processes, largely determine steady-state protein levels in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WASP: allele-specific software for robust discovery of molecular quantitative trait loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allele-specific sequencing reads provide a powerful signal for identifying molecular quantitative trait loci (QTLs), however they are challenging to analyze and prone to technical artefacts. Here we describe WASP, a suite of tools for unbiased allele-specific read mapping and discovery of molecular QTLs. Using simulated reads, RNA-seq reads and ChIP-seq reads, we demonstrate that our approach has a low error rate and is far more powerful than existing QTL mapping approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bryce van de Geijn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham McVicker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Gilad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan Pritchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/011221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WASP: allele-specific software for robust discovery of molecular quantitative trait loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multivariate genome-wide association analysis of 10 LDL subfractions, and their response to statin treatment, in 1868 Caucasians 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We conducted a genome-wide association analysis of 7 subfractions of low density lipoproteins (LDLs) and 3 subfractions of intermediate density lipoproteins (IDLs) measured by gradient gel electrophoresis, and their response to statin treatment, in 1868 individuals of European ancestry from the Pharmacogenomics and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease study. Our analyses identified four previously-implicated loci (SORT1, APOE, LPA, and CETP) as containing variants that are very strongly associated with lipoprotein subfractions (log10Bayes Factor > 15). Subsequent conditional analyses suggest that three of these (APOE, LPA and CETP) likely harbor multiple independently associated SNPs. Further, while different variants typically showed different characteristic patterns of association with combinations of subfractions, the two SNPs in CETP show strikingly similar patterns - both in our original data and in a replication cohort - consistent with a common underlying molecular mechanism. Notably, the CETP variants are very strongly associated with LDL subfractions, despite showing no association with total LDLs in our study, illustrating the potential value of the more detailed phenotypic measurements. In contrast with these strong subfraction associations, genetic association analysis of subfraction response to statins showed much weaker signals (none exceeding log10 Bayes Factor of 6). However, two SNPs (in APOE and LPA) previously-reported to be associated with LDL statin response do show some modest evidence for association in our data, and the subfraction response profiles at the LPA SNP are consistent with the LPA association, with response likely being due primarily to resistance of Lp(a) particles to statin therapy. An additional important feature of our analysis is that, unlike most previous analyses of multiple related phenotypes, we analyzed the subfractions jointly, rather than one at a time. Comparisons of our multivariate analyses with standard univariate analyses demonstrate that multivariate analyses can substantially increase power to detect associations. Software implementing our multivariate analysis methods is available at http://stephenslab.uchicago.edu/software.htmlnnAuthor SummaryLevels of plasma lipids and lipoproteins are related to risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and because of this, considerable attention has been devoted to genetic association analyses of lipid-related measures. In addition, motivated by the fact that statins are widely prescribed to lower plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and CVD risk, and that response to statins has a genetic component, several studies have searched for genetic associations with response of lipid related phenotypes to statin treatment. Here, in 1868 individuals of European ancestry from the Pharmacogenomics and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease study, we have conducted genetic association analyses of 7 subfractions of LDLs and 3 subfractions of intermediate density lipoproteins (IDLs) measured by gradient gel electrophoresis, and their response to statin treatment. These phenotypic measurements offer higher resolution information on LDLs and IDLs than available previously. Therefore, our study provides a more detailed picture of association with the entire IDL/LDL subfraction profile than any prior genetic association studies of either lipid-related measures or their response to statin treatment. Moreover, unlike most previous analyses of multiple related measurements, we analyzed the subfractions jointly, rather than one at a time. Our results demonstrate that joint analyses of related measurements can considerably increase power to detect associations compared with conventional univariate analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heejung Shim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel I Chasman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua D Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samia Mora</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul M Ridker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deborah A Nickerson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronald M Krauss</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Stephens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/011270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multivariate genome-wide association analysis of 10 LDL subfractions, and their response to statin treatment, in 1868 Caucasians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing spatial population structure with estimated effective migration surfaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/011809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic data often exhibit patterns that are broadly consistent with "isolation by distance" - a phenomenon where genetic similarity tends to decay with geographic distance. In a heterogeneous habitat, decay may occur more quickly in some regions than others: for example, barriers to gene flow can accelerate the genetic differentiation between groups located close in space. We use the concept of "effective migration" to model the relationship between genetics and geography: in this paradigm, effective migration is low in regions where genetic similarity decays quickly. We present a method to quantify and visualize variation in effective migration across the habitat, which can be used to identify potential barriers to gene flow, from geographically indexed large-scale genetic data. Our approach uses a population genetic model to relate underlying migration rates to expected pairwise genetic dissimilarities, and estimates migration rates by matching these expectations to the observed dissimilarities. We illustrate the potential and limitations of our method using simulations and geo-referenced genetic data from elephant, human and Arabidopsis thaliana populations. The resulting visualizations highlight important features of the spatial population structure that are difficult to discern using existing methods for summarizing genetic variation such as principal components analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desislava Petkova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Novembre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Stephens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/011809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing spatial population structure with estimated effective migration surfaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/012013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
msCentipede: Modeling heterogeneity across genomic sites improves accuracy in the inference of transcription factor binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/012013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationUnderstanding global gene regulation depends critically on accurate annotation of regulatory elements that are functional in a given cell type. CENTIPEDE, a powerful, probabilistic framework for identifying transcription factor binding sites from tissue-specific DNase I cleavage patterns and genomic sequence content, leverages the hypersensitivity of factor-bound chromatin and the information in the DNase I spatial cleavage profile characteristic of each DNA binding protein to accurately infer functional factor binding sites. However, the model for the spatial profile in this framework underestimates the substantial variation in the DNase I cleavage profiles across factor-bound genomic locations and across replicate measurements of chromatin accessibility.nnResultsIn this work, we adapt a multi-scale modeling framework for inhomogeneous Poisson processes to better model the underlying variation in DNase I cleavage patterns across genomic locations bound by a transcription factor. In addition to modeling variation, we also model spatial structure in the heterogeneity in DNase I cleavage patterns for each factor. Using DNase-seq measurements assayed in a lymphoblastoid cell line, we demonstrate the improved performance of this model for several transcription factors by comparing against the Chip-Seq peaks for those factors. Finally, we propose an extension to this framework that allows for a more flexible background model and evaluate the additional gain in accuracy achieved when the background model parameters are estimated using DNase-seq data from naked DNA. The proposed model can also be applied to paired-end ATAC-seq and DNase-seq data in a straightforward manner.nnAvailabilitymsCentipede, a Python implementation of an algorithm to infer transcription factor binding using this model, is made available at https://github.com/rajanil/msCentipede
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anil Raj</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heejung Shim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Gilad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan K Pritchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Stephens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/012013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[msCentipede: Modeling heterogeneity across genomic sites improves accuracy in the inference of transcription factor binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SWS2 visual pigment evolution as a test of historically contingent patterns of plumage color evolution in Warblers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Distantly related clades that occupy similar environments may differ due to the lasting imprint of their ancestors - historical contingency. The New World warblers (Parulidae) and Old World warblers (Phylloscopidae) are ecologically similar clades that differ strikingly in plumage coloration. We studied genetic and functional evolution of the short-wavelength sensitive visual pigments (SWS2 and SWS1) to ask if altered color perception could contribute to the plumage color differences between clades. We show SWS2 is short-wavelength shifted in birds that occupy open environments, such as finches, compared to those in closed environments, including warblers. Sequencing of opsin genes and phylogenetic reconstructions indicate New World warblers were derived from a finch-like form that colonized from the Old World 15-20Ma. During this process the SWS2 gene accumulated 6 substitutions in branches leading to New World warblers, inviting the hypothesis that passage through a finch-like ancestor resulted in SWS2 evolution. In fact, we show spectral tuning remained similar across warblers as well as the finch ancestor. Results reject the hypothesis of historical contingency based on opsin spectral tuning, but point to evolution of other aspects of visual pigment function. Using the approach outlined here, historical contingency becomes a generally testable theory in systems where genotype and phenotype can be connected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Natasha Bloch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James M Morrow</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belinda SW Chang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevor D Price</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/013573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SWS2 visual pigment evolution as a test of historically contingent patterns of plumage color evolution in Warblers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reprogramming LCLs to iPSCs Results in Recovery of Donor-Specific Gene Expression Signature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Renewable in vitro cell cultures, such as lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), have facilitated studies that contributed to our understanding of genetic influence on human traits. However, the degree to which cell lines faithfully maintain differences in donor-specific phenotypes is still debated. We have previously reported that standard cell line maintenance practice results in a loss of donor-specific gene expression signatures in LCLs. An alternative to the LCL model is the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) system, which carries the potential to model tissue-specific physiology through the use of differentiation protocols. Still, existing LCL banks represent an important source of starting material for iPSC generation, and it is possible that the disruptions in gene regulation associated with long-term LCL maintenance could persist through the reprogramming process. To address this concern, we studied the effect of reprogramming mature LCLs to iPSCs on the ensuing gene expression patterns within and between six unrelated donor individuals. We show that the reprogramming process results in a recovery of donor-specific gene regulatory signatures. Since environmental contributions are unlikely to be a source of individual variation in our system of highly passaged cultured cell lines, our observations suggest that the effect of genotype on gene regulation is more pronounced in the iPSCs than in the LCL precursors. Our findings indicate that iPSCs can be a powerful model system for studies of phenotypic variation across individuals in general, and the genetic association with variation in gene regulation in particular. We further conclude that LCLs are an appropriate starting material for iPSC generation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samantha M Thomas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney Kagan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryan J Pavlovic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan Burnett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristen Patterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan K Pritchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Gilad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/013631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reprogramming LCLs to iPSCs Results in Recovery of Donor-Specific Gene Expression Signature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Variation, Not Cell Type of Origin, Underlies Regulatory Differences in iPSCs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)1 revolutionized Human Genetics by allowing us to generate pluripotent cells from easily accessible somatic tissues. This technology can have immense implications for regenerative medicine, but iPSCs also represent a paradigm shift in the study of complex human phenotypes, including gene regulation and disease2-5. Yet, an unresolved caveat of the iPSC model system is the extent to which reprogrammed iPSCs retain residual phenotypes from their precursor somatic cells. To directly address this issue, we used an effective study design to compare regulatory phenotypes between iPSCs derived from two types of commonly used somatic precursor cells. We show that the cell type of origin only minimally affects gene expression levels and DNA methylation in iPSCs. Instead, genetic variation is the main driver of regulatory differences between iPSCs of different donors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Courtney L Kagan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas E Banovich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryan J Pavlovic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristen Patterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irene Gallego Romero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan K Pritchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Gilad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/013888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Variation, Not Cell Type of Origin, Underlies Regulatory Differences in iPSCs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rates of karyotypic evolution in Estrildid finches differ between island and continental clades 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reasons why chromosomal rearrangements spread to fixation and frequently distinguish related taxa remain poorly understood. We used cytological descriptions of karyotype to identify large pericentric inversions between species of Estrildid finches (family Estrildidae) and a time-dated phylogeny to assess the genomic, geographic, and phylogenetic context of karyotype evolution in this group. Inversions between finch species fixed at an average rate of one every 2.26 My. Inversions were twice as likely to fix on the sex chromosomes compared to the autosomes, possibly a result of their repeat density, and inversion fixation rate for all chromosomes scales with range size. Alternative mutagenic input explanations are not supported, as the number of inversions on a chromosome does not correlate with its length or map size. Inversions have fixed 3.3x faster in three continental clades than in two island chain clades, and fixation rate correlates with both range size and the number of sympatric species pairs. These results point to adaptation as the dominant mechanism driving fixation and suggest a role for gene flow in karyotype divergence. A review shows that the rapid karyotype evolution observed in the Estrildid finches appears to be more general across birds, and by implication other understudied taxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel M Hooper</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevor D Price</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/013987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rates of karyotypic evolution in Estrildid finches differ between island and continental clades]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancestry specific association mapping in admixed populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the last decade genome-wide association studies have proven to be a powerful approach to identifying disease-causing variants. However, for admixed populations, most current methods for performing association testing are based on the assumption that the effect of a genetic variant is the same regardless of its ancestry. This is a reasonable assumption for a causal variant, but may not hold for the genetic variants that are tested in genome-wide association studies, which are usually not causal. The effects of non-causal genetic variants depend on how strongly their presence correlate with the presence of the causal variant, which may vary between ancestral populations because of different linkage disequilibrium patterns and allele frequencies.nnMotivated by this, we here introduce a new statistical method for association testing in recently admixed populations, where the effect size is allowed to depend on the ancestry of a given allele. Our method does not rely on accurate inference of local ancestry, yet using simulations we show that in some scenarios it gives a dramatic increase in statistical power to detect associations. In addition, the method allows for testing for difference in effect size between ancestral populations, which can be used to help determine if a SNP is causal. We demonstrate the usefulness of the method on data from the Greenlandic population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Line Skotte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorfinn Sand S Korneliussen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ida Moltke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders Albrechtsen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/014001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancestry specific association mapping in admixed populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of Conditional Cooperativity Between HOXA11 and FOXO1 Through Allosteric Regulation 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) play multiple roles in different cells and stages of development. Given this multitude of functional roles it has been assumed that TFs are evolutionarily highly constrained. Here we investigate the molecular mechanisms for the origin of a derived functional interaction between two TFs that play a key role in mammalian pregnancy, HOXA11 and FOXO1. We have previously shown that the regulatory role of HOXA11 in mammalian endometrial stromal cells requires an interaction with FOXO1, and that the physical interaction between these proteins evolved long before their functional cooperativity. Through a combination of functional, biochemical, and structural approaches, we demonstrate that the derived functional cooperativity between HOXA11 and FOXO1 is due to derived allosteric regulation of HOXA11 by FOXO1. This study shows that TF function can evolve through changes affecting the functional output of a pre-existing protein complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mauris C. Nnamani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soumya Ganguly</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent J. Lynch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura S. Mizoue</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yingchun Tong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather Darling</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monika Fuxreiter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jens Meiler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunter P. Wagner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/014381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of Conditional Cooperativity Between HOXA11 and FOXO1 Through Allosteric Regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Permutation Testing in the Presence of Polygenic Variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This article discusses problems with and solutions to performing valid permutation tests for quantitative trait loci in the presence of polygenic effects. Although permutation testing is a popular approach for determining statistical significance of a test statistic with an unknown distribution-for instance, the maximum of multiple correlated statistics or some omnibus test statistic for a gene, gene-set or pathway-naive application of permutations may result in an invalid test. The risk of performing an invalid permutation test is particularly acute in complex trait mapping where polygenicity may combine with a structured population resulting from the presence of families, cryptic relatedness, admixture or population stratification. I give both analytical derivations and a conceptual understanding of why typical permutation procedures fail and suggest an alternative permutation based algorithm, MVNpermute, that succeeds. In particular, I examine the case where a linear mixed model is used to analyze a quantitative trait and show that both phenotype and genotype permutations may result in an invalid permutation test. I provide a formula that predicts the amount of inflation of the type 1 error rate depending on the degree of misspecification of the covariance structure of the polygenic effect and the heritability of the trait. I validate this formula by doing simulations, showing that the permutation distribution matches the theoretical expectation, and that my suggested permutation based test obtains the correct null distribution. Finally, I discuss situations where naive permutations of the phenotype or genotype are valid and the applicability of the results to other test statistics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mark Abney</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/014571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Permutation Testing in the Presence of Polygenic Variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial Infection Remodels the DNA Methylation Landscape of Human Dendritic Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation is thought to be robust to environmental perturbations on a short time scale. Here, we challenge that view by demonstrating that the infection of human dendritic cells (DCs) with a pathogenic bacteria is associated with rapid changes in methylation at thousands of loci. Infection-induced changes in methylation occur primarily at distal enhancer elements, including those associated with the activation of key immune-transcription factors and genes involved in the crosstalk between DCs and adaptive immunity. Active demethylation is associated with extensive epigenetic remodeling and is strongly predictive of changes in the expression levels of nearby genes. Collectively, our observations show that rapid changes in methylation play a previously unappreciated role in regulating the transcriptional response of DCs to infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alain Pacis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludovic Tailleux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Lambourne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vania Yotova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anne Dumaine</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anne Danckaert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesca Luca</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Christophe Grenier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasper Hansen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brigitte Gicquel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athma Pai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenny Tung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuan He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomi Pastinen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roger Pique-Regi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Gilad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luis Barreiro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/016022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial Infection Remodels the DNA Methylation Landscape of Human Dendritic Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mycobacterial infection induces a specific human innate immune response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/017483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The innate immune system provides the first response to pathogen infection and orchestrates the activation of the adaptive immune system. Though a large component of the innate immune response is common to all infections, pathogen-specific responses have been documented as well. The innate immune response is thought to be especially critical for fighting infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). While TB can be deadly, only 5-10% of individuals infected with MTB develop active disease. The risk for disease susceptibility is, at least partly, heritable. Studies of inter-individual variation in the innate immune response to MTB infection may therefore shed light on the genetic basis for variation in susceptibility to TB. Yet, to date, we still do not know which properties of the innate immune response are specific to MTB infection and which represent a general response to pathogen infection. To begin addressing this gap, we infected macrophages with eight different bacteria, including different MTB strains and related mycobacteria, and studied the transcriptional response to infection. Although the ensued gene regulatory responses were largely consistent across the bacterial infection treatments, we were able to identify a novel subset of genes whose regulation was affected specifically by infection with mycobacteria. Genetic variants that are associated with regulatory differences in these genes should be considered candidate loci for explaining inter-individual susceptibility TB.nnAuthor SummaryTuberculosis (TB) is a deadly disease responsible for millions of deaths annually. It is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), an ancient human pathogen. Approximately a third of the worlds population is infected with MTB, yet only an estimated 5-10% of individuals will develop an active form of the disease. While this variation in TB susceptibility has been demonstrated to be heritable, we still know little about its underlying genetic basis. The genetic variation that affects TB susceptibility likely involves the innate immune system, which is our first line of defense against invading pathogens, because infection with MTB does not prevent future infections. However, we do not fully understand how the innate immune system differs in its response to MTB versus other bacteria. To investigate this further, we infected macrophages with MTB, related mycobacteria, and other bacteria, and measured how their gene expression levels changed in response. We identified a subset of genes that respond preferentially to infection with mycobacterial species. These genes provide insight into the interactions between MTB and the innate immune system and are candidate loci for explaining inter-individual susceptibility to TB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>John D Blischak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludovic Tailleux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amy Mitrano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luis B Barreiro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Gilad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/017483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mycobacterial infection induces a specific human innate immune response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elephantid genomes reveal the molecular bases of Woolly Mammoth adaptations to the arctic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Woolly mammoths and the living elephants are characterized by major phenotypic differences that allowed them to live in very different environments. To identify the genetic changes that underlie the suite of adaptations in woolly mammoths to life in extreme cold, we sequenced the nuclear genome from three Asian elephants and two woolly mammoths, identified and functionally annotated genetic changes unique to the woolly mammoth lineage. We find that genes with mammoth specific amino acid changes are enriched in functions related to circadian biology, skin and hair development and physiology, lipid metabolism, adipose development and physiology, and temperature sensation. Finally we resurrect and functionally test the mammoth and ancestral elephant TRPV3 gene, which encodes a temperature sensitive transient receptor potential (thermoTRP) channel involved in thermal sensation and hair growth, and show that a single mammoth-specific amino acid substitution in an otherwise highly conserved region of the TRPV3 channel strongly affected its temperature sensitivity. Our results have identified a set of genetic changes that likely played important roles in the adaptation of woolly mammoths to life in the high artic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vincent Lynch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oscar C. Bedoya-Reina</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aakrosh Ratan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Sulak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniela I. Drautz-Moses</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George H. Perry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb Miller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan C. Schuster</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elephantid genomes reveal the molecular bases of Woolly Mammoth adaptations to the arctic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mass spectrometry-based quantitation of Her2 in gastroesophageal tumor tissue: Comparison to IHC and FISH 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/018747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTrastuzumab showed survival benefit for Her2-positive gastroesophageal cancers (GEC). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) currently determine eligibility for trastuzumab-based therapy. However, both assays are low throughput with various limitations.nnMethodsWe developed a selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometric (SRM-MS) assay and quantified levels (amol/ug) of Her2-SRM in cell lines (n=27) and GEC tissues (n=139). We compared Her2-SRM expression with IHC/FISH, seeking to determine optimal SRM expression cut-offs to identify HER2 amplification.nnResultsAfter demonstrating assay development, precision, and stability, Her2-SRM measurement was observed to be highly concordant with HER2/CEP17 ratio, particularly in a multivariate regression model adjusted for SRM-expression of Met, Egfr, Her3, and HER2-heterogeneity covariates, and their interactions (cell lines r2=0.9842; FFPE r2=0.7643). In GEC tissues, Her2-SRM was detected in 71.2% of cases, and 12.3% were identified as  HER2+. ROC curves demonstrated HER2-SRM levels to have high specificity (100%) at an upper-level cut-off of >750 amol/g and sensitivity (75%) at lower-level cut-off of <450 amol/ug. We observed an  equivocal-zone between 450-750 amol/ug, analogous to  IHC2+, but less frequent (9-16% of cases versus 36-41%).nnSignificanceCompared to IHC, SRM-MS provided more objective and quantitative Her2 expression with excellent HER2/CEP17 FISH correlation and fewer  equivocal cases. Along with the multiplex capability for other relevant oncoproteins, these results demonstrated a refined HER2 expression assay for clinical application.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel Catenacci</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei-Li Liao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei Zhao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emma Whitcomb</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Les Henderson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>peng Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily O'Day</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheeno Thyparambil</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathleen Bengali</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamar Uzzell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlene Darflur</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabiola Cecchi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adele Blackler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Krisman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yung-Jue Bang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Hart</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu-Yuan Xiao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sang Mee Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jon Burrows</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd Hembrough</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/018747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mass spectrometry-based quantitation of Her2 in gastroesophageal tumor tissue: Comparison to IHC and FISH]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PrediXcan: Trait Mapping Using Human Transcriptome Regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified thousands of variants robustly associated with complex traits. However, the biological mechanisms underlying these associations are, in general, not well understood. We propose a gene-based association method called PrediXcan that directly tests the molecular mechanisms through which genetic variation affects phenotype. The approach estimates the component of gene expression determined by an individuals genetic profile and correlates the "imputed" gene expression with the phenotype under investigation to identify genes involved in the etiology of the phenotype. The genetically regulated gene expression is estimated using whole-genome tissue-dependent prediction models trained with reference transcriptome datasets. PrediXcan enjoys the benefits of gene-based approaches such as reduced multiple testing burden, more comprehensive annotation of gene function compared to that derived from single variants, and a principled approach to the design of follow-up experiments while also integrating knowledge of regulatory function. Since no actual expression data are used in the analysis of GWAS data - only in silico expression - reverse causality problems are largely avoided. PrediXcan harnesses reference transcriptome data for disease mapping studies. Our results demonstrate that PrediXcan can detect known and novel genes associated with disease traits and provide insights into the mechanism of these associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eric R Gamazon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather E Wheeler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaanan Shah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahar V Mozaffari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keston Aquino-Michaels</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert J Carroll</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anne E Eyler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua C Denny</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan L Nicolae</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy J Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hae Kyung Im</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/020164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PrediXcan: Trait Mapping Using Human Transcriptome Regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coevolution of male and female reproductive traits drive cascading reinforcement in Drosophila yakuba 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When the ranges of two hybridizing species overlap, individuals may  waste gametes on inviable or infertile hybrids. In these cases, selection against maladaptive hybridization can lead to the evolution of enhanced reproductive isolation in a process called reinforcement. On the slopes of the African island of Sao Tome, Drosophila yakuba and its endemic sister species D. santomea have a well-defined hybrid zone. Drosophila yakuba females from within this zone show increased postmating-prezygotic isolation towards D. santomea males when compared with D. yakuba females from allopatric populations. To understand why reinforced gametic isolation is confined to areas of secondary contact and has not spread throughout the entire D. yakuba geographic range, we studied the costs of reinforcement in D. yakuba using a combination of natural collections and experimental evolution. We found that D. yakuba males from sympatric populations sire fewer progeny than allopatric males when mated to allopatric D. yakuba females. Our results suggest that the correlated evolution of male and female reproductive traits in sympatric D. yakuba have associated costs (i.e., reduced male fertility) that prevent the alleles responsible for enhanced isolation from spreading outside the hybrid zone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aaron A Comeault</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aarti Venkat</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel R Matute</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/022244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coevolution of male and female reproductive traits drive cascading reinforcement in Drosophila yakuba]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable recombination hotspots in birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the DNA-binding protein PRDM9 plays a critical role in the specification of meiotic recombination hotspots in mice and apes, it appears to be absent from many vertebrate species, including birds. To learn about the determinants of fine-scale recombination rates and their evolution in natural populations lacking PRDM9, we inferred fine-scale recombination maps from population resequencing data for two bird species, the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata, and the long-tailed finch, Poephila acuticauda, whose divergence is on par with that between human and chimpanzee. We find that both bird species have hotspots, and these are enriched near CpG islands and transcription start sites. In sharp contrast to what is seen in mice and apes, the hotspots are largely shared between the two species, with indirect evidence of conservation extending across bird species tens of millions of years diverged. These observations link the evolution of hotspots to their genetic architecture, suggesting that in the absence of PRDM9 binding specificity, accessibility of the genome to the cellular recombination machinery, particularly around functional genomic elements, both enables increased recombination and constrains its evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sonal Singhal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellen Leffler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keerthi Sannareddy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaac Turner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver Venn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Hooper</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alva Strand</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiye Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian Raney</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher Balakrishnan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon Griffith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil McVean</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molly Przeworski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/023101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable recombination hotspots in birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023275v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of Localization on the Stability of Mutualistic Ecological Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023275v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The relationships between the core-periphery architecture of the species interaction network and the mechanisms ensuring the stability in mutualistic ecological communities are still unclear. In particular, most studies have focused their attention on asymptotic resilience or persistence, neglecting how perturbations propagate through the system. Here we develop a theoretical framework to evaluate the relationship between architecture of the interaction networks and the impact of perturbations by studying localization, a measure describing the ability of the perturbation to propagate through the network. We show that mutualistic ecological communities are localized, and localization reduces perturbation propagation and attenuates its impact on species abundance. Localization depends on the topology of the interaction networks, and it positively correlates with the variance of the weighted degree distribution, a signature of the network topological hetereogenity. Our results provide a different perspective on the interplay between the architecture of interaction networks in mutualistic communities and their stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samir Suweis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacopo Grilli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayanth Banavar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefano Allesina</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amos Maritan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/023275</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of Localization on the Stability of Mutualistic Ecological Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Further genetic diversification in multiple tumors and an evolutionary perspective on therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/025429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractsThe genetic diversity within a single tumor can be extremely large, possibly with mutations at all coding sites (Ling et al. 2015). In this study, we analyzed 12 cases of multiple hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors by sequencing and genotyping several samples from each case. In 10 cases, tumors are clonally related by a process of cell migration and colonization. They permit a detailed analysis of the evolutionary forces (mutation, migration, drift and natural selection) that influence the genetic diversity both within and between tumors. In 23 inter-tumor comparisons, the descendant tumor usually shows a higher growth rate than the parent tumor. In contrast, neutral diversity dominates within-tumor observations such that adaptively growing clones are rarely found. The apparent adaptive evolution between tumors can be explained by the inherent bias for detecting larger tumors that have a growth advantage. Beyond these tumors are a far larger number of clones which, growing at a neutral rate and too small to see, can nevertheless be verified by molecular means. Given that the estimated genetic diversity is often very large, therapeutic strategies need to take into account the pre-existence of many drug-resistance mutations. Importantly, these mutations are expected to be in the very low frequency range in the primary tumors (and become frequent in the relapses, as is indeed reported (1-3). In conclusion, tumors may often harbor a very large number of mutations in the very low frequency range. This duality provides both a challenge and an opportunity for designing strategies against drug resistance (4-8).nnOne Sentence SummaryThe total genetic diversity across all tumors of a single patient, with large number of low frequency mutations driven by neutral and adaptive forces, presents both a challenge and an opportunity for new cancer therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yong Tao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng Hu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaoping Ling</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiou-Hwie Yeh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiwei Zhai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chunyan Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaile Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurng-Yi Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric A Hungate</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenan Onel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changqing Zeng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard R Hudson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei-Jer Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuemei Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung-I Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/025429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Further genetic diversification in multiple tumors and an evolutionary perspective on therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The regulator-executor-phenotype architecture shaped by natural selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genotype-phenotype relationships are a central focus of modern genetics. While deletion analyses have uncovered many regulatory genes of specific traits, it remains largely unknown how these regulators execute their commands through downstream genes, or executors. Here, we wish to know the number of executors for each trait, their relationships with the regulators and the role natural selection may play in shaping the regulator-executor-phenotype architecture. By analyzing [~]500 morphological traits of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae we found that a trait is often controlled directly by a large number of executors, the expressions of which are affected by regulators. By recruiting a set of "coordinating" regulators, natural selection helps organize the large number of executors into a small number of co-expression modules. This way, the individual executors can be readily recognized by observational approaches that examine the statistical association between gene activity and trait. When the trait is subject to little or no selection, however, the executors are controlled only by "non-coordinating" regulators that evolve passively and do not build the executors co-expression. As a result, none of the executors remain a statistically tractable relationship with the trait. Thus, natural selection by governing some traits strongly (such as fertility) and others weakly (such as aging-related phenotypes) profoundly influences the genotype-phenotype relationships as well as their tractability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung-I Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xionglei He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/026443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The regulator-executor-phenotype architecture shaped by natural selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference of complex population histories using whole-genome sequences from multiple populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There has been much interest in analyzing genome-scale DNA sequence data to infer population histories, but inference methods developed hitherto are limited in model complexity and computational scalability. Here we present an efficient, flexible statistical method, diCal2, that can utilize whole-genome sequence data from multiple populations to infer complex demographic models involving population size changes, population splits, admixture, and migration. Applying our method to data from Australian, East Asian, European, and Papuan populations, we find that the population ancestral to Australians and Papuans started separating from East Asians and Europeans about 100,000 years ago, and that the separation of East Asians and Europeans started about 50,000 years ago, with pervasive gene flow between all pairs of populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthias Steinrücken</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John A. Kamm</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun S. Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/026591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference of complex population histories using whole-genome sequences from multiple populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
￼TP53 copy number expansion correlates with the evolution of increased body size and an enhanced DNA damage response in elephants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major constraint on the evolution of large body sizes in animals is an increased risk of developing cancer. There is no correlation, however, between body size and cancer risk. This lack of correlation is often referred to as  Petos Paradox. Here we show that the elephant genome encodes 20 copies of the tumor suppressor gene TP53 and that the increase in TP53 copy number occurred coincident with the evolution of large body sizes, the evolution of extreme sensitivity to genotoxic stress, and a hyperactive TP53 signaling pathway in the elephant (Proboscidean) lineage. Furthermore we show that several of the TP53 retrogenes (TP53RTGs) are transcribed and likely translated. While TP53RTGs do not appear to directly function as transcription factors, they do contribute to the enhanced sensitivity of elephant cells to DNA damage and the induction of apoptosis by regulating activity of the TP53 signaling pathway. These results suggest that an increase in the copy number of TP53 may have played a direct role in the evolution of very large body sizes and the resolution of Petos paradox in Proboscideans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael Sulak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsey Fong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katelyn Mika</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sravanthi Chigurupati</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa Yon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigel P. Mongan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard D. Emes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent J. Lynch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/028522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[￼TP53 copy number expansion correlates with the evolution of increased body size and an enhanced DNA damage response in elephants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trees, Population Structure, F-statistics! 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many questions about human genetic history can be addressed by examining the patterns of shared genetic variation between sets of populations. A useful methodological framework for this purpose are F-statistics, that measure shared genetic drift between sets of two, three and four populations, and can be used to test simple and complex hypotheses about admixture between populations. Here, we put these statistics in context of phylogenetic and population genetic theory. We show how measures of genetic drift can be interpreted as branch lengths, paths through an admixture graph or in terms of the internal branches in coalescent trees. We show that the admixture tests can be interpreted as testing general properties of phylogenies, allowing us to generalize applications for arbitrary phylogenetic trees. Furthermore, we derive novel expressions for the F-statistics, which enables us to explore the behavior of F-statistic under population structure models. In particular, we show that population substructure may complicate inference.nnAuthor SummaryFor the analysis of genetic data from hundreds of populations, a commonly used technique are a set of simple statistics on data from two, three and four populations. These statistics are used to test hypotheses involving the history of populations, in particular whether data is consistent with the history of a set of populations forming a tree.nnHere, we provide context to these statistics by deriving novel expressions and by relating them to approaches in comparative phylogenetics. These results are useful because they provide a straightforward interpretation of these statistics under many demographic processes and lead to simplified expressions. However, the result also reveals the limitations of F-statistics, in that population substructure may complicate inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benjamin M Peter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/028753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trees, Population Structure, F-statistics!]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing Genetic History of Siberian and Northeastern European Populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Siberia and Western Russia are home to over 40 culturally and linguistically diverse indigenous ethnic groups. Yet, genetic variation of peoples from this region is largely uncharacterized. We present whole-genome sequencing data from 28 individuals belonging to 14 distinct indigenous populations from that region. We combine these datasets with additional 32 modern-day and 15 ancient human genomes to build and compare autosomal, Y-DNA and mtDNA trees. Our results provide new links between modern and ancient inhabitants of Eurasia. Siberians share 38% of ancestry with descendants of the 45,000-year-old Ust-Ishim people, who were previously believed to have no modern-day descendants. Western Siberians trace 57% of their ancestry to the Ancient North Eurasians, represented by the 24,000-year-old Siberian Malta boy. In addition, Siberians admixtures are present in lineages represented by Eastern European hunter-gatherers from Samara, Karelia, Hungary and Sweden (from 8,000-6,600 years ago), as well as Yamnaya culture people (5,300-4,700 years ago) and modern-day northeastern Europeans. These results provide new evidence of ancient gene flow from Siberia into Europe.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emily H.M. Wong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrey Khrunin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larissa Nichols</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmitry Pushkarev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denis Khokhrin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmitry Verbenko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oleg Evgrafov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James Knowles</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Novembre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svetlana Limborska</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton Valouev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/029421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing Genetic History of Siberian and Northeastern European Populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patterns of transcriptional response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and bacterial lipopolysaccharide in primary human monocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/030759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D), plays an important immunomodulatory role, regulating transcription of genes in the innate and adaptive immune system. The present study examines patterns of transcriptome-wide response to 1,25D and the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in primary human monocytes, to elucidate pathways underlying the effects of 1,25D on the immune system. Monocytes obtained from healthy individuals of African-African and European-American ancestry were treated with 1,25D alone or in the presence of LPS, which induced significant up-regulation of genes in the antimicrobial and autophagy pathways, while pro-inflammatory response genes were significantly down-regulated. A joint Bayesian analysis enabled clustering of genes into patterns of shared transcriptional response across treatments. The biological pathways enriched within these expression patterns highlighted several mechanisms through which 1,25D could exert its immunomodulatory role. Pathways such as mTOR signaling, EIF2 signaling, IL-8 signaling and Tec Kinase signaling were enriched among genes with opposite transcriptional responses to 1,25D and LPS, respectively, highlighting the important roles of these pathways in mediating the immunomodulatory activity of 1,25D. Furthermore, a subset of genes with evidence of inter-ethnic differences in transcriptional response was also identified, suggesting that in addition to the well-established inter-ethnic variation in circulating levels of vitamin D, the intensity of transcriptional response to 1,25D and LPS also varies between ethnic groups. We propose that dysregulation of the pathways identified in this study could contribute to immune-mediated disease risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silvia N Kariuki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John D Blischak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shigeki Nakagome</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David B Witonsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anna Di Rienzo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/030759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patterns of transcriptional response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and bacterial lipopolysaccharide in primary human monocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thousands of novel translated open reading frames in humans inferred by ribosome footprint profiling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/031617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate annotation of protein coding regions is essential for understanding how genetic information is translated into biological functions. Here we describe riboHMM, a new method that uses ribosome footprint data along with gene expression and sequence information to accurately infer translated sequences. We applied our method to human lymphoblastoid cell lines and identified 7,273 previously unannotated coding sequences, including 2,442 translated upstream open reading frames. We observed an enrichment of harringtonine-treated ribosome footprints at the inferred initiation sites, validating many of the novel coding sequences. The novel sequences exhibit significant signatures of selective constraint in the reading frames of the inferred proteins, suggesting that many of these are functional. Nearly 40% of bicistronic transcripts showed significant negative correlation in the levels of translation of their two coding sequences, suggesting a key regulatory role for these novel translated sequences. Our work significantly expands the set of known coding regions in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anil Raj</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidney Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heejung Shim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbel Harpak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang I Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brett Englemann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Stephens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Gilad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan K Pritchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/031617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thousands of novel translated open reading frames in humans inferred by ribosome footprint profiling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A contribution of novel CNVs to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic copy number variants (CNVs) have been strongly implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, apart from a small number of risk variants, elucidation of the CNV contribution to risk has been difficult due to the rarity of risk alleles, all occurring in less than 1% of cases. We sought to address this obstacle through a collaborative effort in which we applied a centralized analysis pipeline to a SCZ cohort of 21,094 cases and 20,227 controls. We observed a global enrichment of CNV burden in cases (OR=1.11, P=5.7e-15), which persisted after excluding loci implicated in previous studies (OR=1.07, P=1.7e-6). CNV burden is also enriched for genes associated with synaptic function (OR = 1.68, P = 2.8e-11) and neurobehavioral phenotypes in mouse (OR = 1.18, P=7.3e-5). We identified genome-wide significant support for eight loci, including 1q21.1, 2p16.3 (NRXN1), 3q29, 7q11.2, 15q13.3, distal 16p11.2, proximal 16p11.2 and 22q11.2. We find support at a suggestive level for nine additional candidate susceptibility and protective loci, which consist predominantly of CNVs mediated by non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christian Marshall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Howrigan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniele Merico</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenting Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas Greer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Antaki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aniket Shetty</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Holmans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalila Pinto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhusudan Gujral</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Brandler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dheeraj Malholtra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhouzhi Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karin Fuentes Fajarado</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan Ripke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingrid Agartz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esben Agerbo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margot Albus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madeline Alexander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farooq Amin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua Atkins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silviu Bacanu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Belliveau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Bergen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcelo Bertalan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Bevilacqua</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tim Bigdeli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald Black</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard Bruggeman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy Buccola</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randy Buckner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brendan Bulik-Sullivan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Byerley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiepke Cahn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiqing Cai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray Cairns</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominique Campion</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rita Ca</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A contribution of novel CNVs to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale simulations reveal key features of the proton pumping mechanism in cytochrome c oxidase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) reduces oxygen to water and uses the released free energy to pump protons across the membrane, contributing to the transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis. We have used multiscale reactive molecular dynamics simulations to explicitly characterize (with free energy profiles and calculated rates) the internal proton transport events that enable pumping and chemistry during the A[-&gt;]PR[-&gt;]F transition in the aa3-type CcO. Our results show that proton transport from amino acid residue E286 to both the pump loading site (PLS) and to the binuclear center (BNC) are thermodynamically driven by electron transfer from heme a to the BNC, but that the former (i.e., pumping) is kinetically favored while the latter (i.e., transfer of the chemical proton) is rate-limiting. The calculated rates are in quantitative agreement with experimental measurements. The back flow of the pumped proton from the PLS to E286 and from E286 to the inner side of membrane are prevented by the fast reprotonation of E286 through the D-channel and large free energy barriers for the back flow reactions. Proton transport from E286 to the PLS through the hydrophobic cavity (HC) and from D132 to E286 through the D-channel are found to be strongly coupled to dynamical hydration changes in the corresponding pathways. This work presents a comprehensive description of the key steps in the proton pumping mechanism in CcO.nnSignificanceThe long studied proton pumping mechanism in cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) continues to be a source of debate. This work provides a comprehensive computational characterization of the internal proton transport dynamics, while explicitly including the role of Grotthuss proton shuttling, that lead to both pumping and catalysis. Focusing on the A to F transition, our results show that the transfer of both the pumped and chemical protons are thermodynamically driven by electron transfer, and explain how proton back leakage is avoided by kinetic gating. This work also explicitly characterizes the coupling of proton transport with hydration changes in the hydrophobic cavity and D-channel, thus advancing our understanding of proton transport in biomolecules in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruibin Liang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessica M J Swanson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuxing Peng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marten Wikstrom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory Voth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale simulations reveal key features of the proton pumping mechanism in cytochrome c oxidase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coarse-grained simulation reveals key features of HIV-1 capsid self-assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractThe maturation of HIV-1 viral particles is essential for viral infectivity. During maturation, many copies of the capsid protein (CA) self-assemble into a capsid shell to enclose the viral RNA. The mechanistic details of the initiation and early stages of capsid assembly remain to be delineated. We present coarse-grained simulations of capsid assembly under various conditions, considering not only capsid lattice self-assembly but also the potential disassembly of capsid upon delivery to the cytoplasm of a target cell. The effects of CA concentration, molecular crowding, and the conformational variability of CA are described, with results indicating that capsid nucleation and growth is a multi-stage process requiring well-defined metastable intermediates. Generation of the mature capsid lattice is sensitive to local conditions, with relatively subtle changes in CA concentration and molecular crowding influencing self-assembly and the ensemble of structural morphologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>John M A Grime</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James F Dama</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbie K Ganser-Pornillos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cora L Woodward</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant J Jensen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark J Yeager</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory Voth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coarse-grained simulation reveals key features of HIV-1 capsid self-assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome sequencing identifies a novel factor required for secretory granule maturation in Tetrahymena thermophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unbiased genetic approaches have a unique ability to identify novel genes associated with specific biological pathways. Thanks to next generation sequencing, forward genetic strategies can be expanded into a wider range of model organisms. The formation of secretory granules, called mucocysts, in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila relies in part on ancestral lysosomal sorting machinery but is also likely to involve novel factors. In prior work, multiple strains with defect in mucocyst biogenesis were generated by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis, and characterized using genetic and cell biological approaches, but the genetic lesions themselves were unknown. Here, we show that analyzing one such mutant by whole genome sequencing reveals a novel factor in mucocyst formation. Strain UC620 has both morphological and biochemical defects in mucocyst maturation, a process analogous to dense core granule maturation in animals. Illumina sequencing of a pool of UC620 F2 clones identified a missense mutation in a novel gene called MMA1 (Mucocyst maturation). The defects in UC620 were rescued by expression of a wildtype copy of MMA1, and disruption of MMA1 in an otherwise wildtype strain generated a phenocopy of UC620. The product of MMA1, characterized as a CFP-tagged copy, encodes a large soluble cytosolic protein. A small fraction of Mma1p-CFP is pelletable, which may reflect association with endosomes. The gene has no identifiable homologs except in other Tetrahymena species, and therefore represents an evolutionarily recent innovation that is required for granule maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cassandra Kontur</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santosh Kumar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xun Lan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan K Pritchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aaron P Turkewitz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/042085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome sequencing identifies a novel factor required for secretory granule maturation in Tetrahymena thermophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian large-scale multiple regression with summary statistics from genome-wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/042457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bayesian methods for large-scale multiple regression provide attractive approaches to the analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). For example, they can estimate heritability of complex traits, allowing for both polygenic and sparse models; and by incorporating external genomic data into the priors they can increase power and yield new biological insights. However, these methods require access to individual genotypes and phenotypes, which are often not easily available. Here we provide a framework for performing these analyses without individual-level data. Specifically, we introduce a "Regression with Summary Statistics" (RSS) likelihood, which relates the multiple regression coefficients to univariate regression results that are often easily available. The RSS likelihood requires estimates of correlations among covariates (SNPs), which also can be obtained from public databases. We perform Bayesian multiple regression analysis by combining the RSS likelihood with previously-proposed prior distributions, sampling posteriors by Markov chain Monte Carlo. In a wide range of simulations RSS performs similarly to analyses using the individual data, both for estimating heritability and detecting associations. We apply RSS to a GWAS of human height that contains 253,288 individuals typed at 1.06 million SNPs, for which analyses of individual-level data are practically impossible. Estimates of heritability (52%) are consistent with, but more precise, than previous results using subsets of these data. We also identify many previously-unreported loci that show evidence for association with height in our analyses. Software is available at https://github.com/stephenslab/rss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang Zhu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Stephens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/042457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian large-scale multiple regression with summary statistics from genome-wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Can secondary contact following range expansion be distinguished from barriers to gene flow? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secondary contact is the reestablishment of gene flow between sister populations that have diverged. For instance, at the end of the Quaternary glaciations in Europe, secondary contact occurred during the northward expansion of the populations which had found refugia in the southern peninsulas. With the advent of multi-locus markers, secondary contact can be investigated using various molecular signatures including gradients of allele frequency, admixture clines, and local increase of genetic differentiation. We use coalescent simulations to investigate if molecular data provide enough information to distinguish between secondary contact following range expansion and an alternative evolutionary scenario consisting of a barrier to gene flow in an isolation-by-distance model. We find that an excess of Linkage Disequilibrium and of genetic diversity at the suture zone is a unique signature of secondary contact. We also find that the directionality index {Psi}, which was proposed to study range expansion, is informative to distinguish between the two hypotheses. However, although evidence for secondary contact is usually conveyed by statistics related to admixture coefficients, we find that they can be confounded by isolation-by-distance. We recommend to account for the spatial repartition of individuals when investigating secondary contact in order to better reflect the complex spatio-temporal evolution of populations and species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johanna Bertl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael G. B. Blum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Can secondary contact following range expansion be distinguished from barriers to gene flow?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Survey of the Heritability and Sparsity of Gene Expression Traits Across Human Tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the genetic architecture of gene expression traits is key to elucidating the underlying mechanisms of complex traits. Here, for the first time, we perform a systematic survey of the heritability and the distribution of effect sizes across all representative tissues in the human body. We find that local h2 can be relatively well characterized with 59% of expressed genes showing significant h2 (FDR < 0.1) in the DGN whole blood cohort. However, current sample sizes (n [&le;] 922) do not allow us to compute distal h2. Bayesian Sparse Linear Mixed Model (BSLMM) analysis provides strong evidence that the genetic contribution to local expression traits is dominated by a handful of genetic variants rather than by the collective contribution of a large number of variants each of modest size. In other words, the local architecture of gene expression traits is sparse rather than polygenic across all 40 tissues (from DGN and GTEx) examined. This result is confirmed by the sparsity of optimal performing gene expression predictors via elastic net modeling. To further explore the tissue context specificity, we decompose the expression traits into cross-tissue and tissue-specific components using a novel Orthogonal Tissue Decomposition (OTD) approach. Through a series of simulations we show that the cross-tissue and tissue-specific components are identifiable via OTD. Heritability and sparsity estimates of these derived expression phenotypes show similar characteristics to the original traits. Consistent properties relative to prior GTEx multi-tissue analysis results suggest that these traits reflect the expected biology. Finally, we apply this knowledge to develop prediction models of gene expression traits for all tissues. The prediction models, heritability, and prediction performance R2 for original and decomposed expression phenotypes are made publicly available (https://github.com/hakyimlab/PrediXcan).nnAuthor SummaryGene regulation is known to contribute to the underlying mechanisms of complex traits. The GTEx project has generated RNA-Seq data on hundreds of individuals across more than 40 tissues providing a comprehensive atlas of gene expression traits. Here, we systematically examined the local versus distant heritability as well as the sparsity versus polygenicity of protein coding gene expression traits in tissues across the entire human body. To determine tissue context specificity, we decomposed the expression levels into cross-tissue and tissue-specific components. Regardless of tissue type, we found that local heritability, but not distal heritability, can be well characterized with current sample sizes. We found that the distribution of effect sizes is more consistent with a sparse local architecture in all tissues. We also show that the cross-tissue and tissue-specific expression phenotypes constructed with our orthogonal tissue decomposition model recapitulate complex Bayesian multi-tissue analysis results. This knowledge was applied to develop prediction models of gene expression traits for all tissues, which we make publicly available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heather E Wheeler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaanan P Shah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathon Brenner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzintzuni Garcia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keston Aquino-Michaels</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy J Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan L Nicolae</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hae Kyung Im</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Survey of the Heritability and Sparsity of Gene Expression Traits Across Human Tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic predictors of gene expression associated with risk of bipolar disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BD) affects the quality of life of approximately 1% of the population and represents a major public health concern. It is known to be highly heritable but large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have discovered only a handful of markers associated with the disease. Furthermore, the biological mechanisms underlying these markers need to be elucidated. We recently published a gene-level association test, PrediXcan that integrates transcriptome regulation data to characterize the function of these markers in a tissue specific manner. In this study, we developed prediction models for mRNA levels in 10 brain regions using data from the GTEx project and performed PrediXcan analysis in WTCCC as well as in an independent cohort, GAIN. We replicate the association between predicted expression of PTPRE and BD risk in whole blood and recapitulate the association in brain tissues. PTPRE encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type E, that is known to be involved in RAS signaling and activation of voltage-gated K+ channels. We also found a new genome-wide significant association between lower predicted expression of BBX (bobby sox homolog) in the anterior cingulate cortex region of the brain and increased risk of BD (pWTCCC = 7.02 x 10-6, pGAIN = 4.68 x 10-3, pmeta = 1.11 x 10-7). In sum, we used our mechanistically informed approach, PrediXcan, to identify and replicate two novel genome-wide significant genes using existing GWAS studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaanan Shah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather E Wheeler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric R Gamazon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan L Nicolae</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy J Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hae Kyung Im</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic predictors of gene expression associated with risk of bipolar disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local RhoA Activation Induces Cytokinetic Furrows Independent of Spindle Position and Cell Cycle Stage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokinetic cleavage furrows assemble during anaphase at a site that is dictated by the position of the spindle. The GTPase RhoA promotes contractile ring assembly and furrow ingression during cytokinesis. While many factors that regulate RhoA during cytokinesis have been characterized, the spatiotemporal regulatory logic remains undefined. It is not known whether a local zone of RhoA activity is sufficient to induce furrow formation or whether the spindle modulates furrow assembly through other pathways. Similarly, it is not known whether the entire cortex is responsive to RhoA, nor whether contractile ring assembly is cell cycle regulated. Here, we have developed an optogenetic probe to gain tight spatial and temporal control of RhoA activity in mammalian cells and demonstrate that cytokinetic furrowing is primarily regulated at the level of RhoA activation. Light-mediated recruitment of a RhoGEF domain to the plasma membrane leads to rapid activation of RhoA, leading to assembly of cytokinetic furrows that partially ingress. Furthermore, furrow formation in response to RhoA activation is not spatially or temporally restricted. RhoA activation is sufficient to generate furrows at both the cell equator and at cell poles, in both metaphase and anaphase. Remarkably, furrow formation can be initiated in rounded interphase cells, but not adherent cells. These results indicate RhoA activation is sufficient to induce assembly of functional contractile rings and that cell rounding facilitates furrow formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Wagner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Glotzer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local RhoA Activation Induces Cytokinetic Furrows Independent of Spindle Position and Cell Cycle Stage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LeafCutter: Annotation-free quantification of RNA splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The excision of introns from pre-mRNA is an essential step in mRNA processing. We developed LeafCutter to study sample and population variation in intron splicing. LeafCutter identifies variable intron splicing events from short-read RNA-seq data and finds alternative splicing events of high complexity. Our approach obviates the need for transcript annotations and circumvents the challenges in estimating relative isoform or exon usage in complex splicing events. LeafCutter can be used both for detecting differential splicing between sample groups, and for mapping splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTLs). Compared to contemporary methods, we find 1.4-2.1 times more sQTLs, many of which help us ascribe molecular effects to disease-associated variants. Strikingly, transcriptome-wide associations between LeafCutter intron quantifications and 40 complex traits increased the number of associated disease genes at 5% FDR by an average of 2.1-fold as compared to using gene expression levels alone. LeafCutter is fast, scalable, easy to use, and available at https://github.com/davidaknowles/leafcutter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang I Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David A Knowles</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan K Pritchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/044107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LeafCutter: Annotation-free quantification of RNA splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anxiolytic treatment impairs helping behavior in rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite decades of research with humans, the biological mechanisms that motivate an individual to help others remain poorly understood. In order to investigate the roots of pro-sociality in mammals, we established the helping behavior test, a paradigm in which rats are faced with a conspecific trapped in a restrainer that can only be opened from the outside. Over the course of repeated test sessions, rats exposed to a trapped cagemate learn to open the door to the restrainer, thereby helping the trapped rat to escape (Ben-Ami Bartal et al., 2011). The discovery of this natural behavior provides a unique opportunity to probe the motivation of rodent helping behavior, leading to a deeper understanding of biological influences on human pro-sociality.nnTo determine if an affective response motivates door-opening, rats received midazolam, a benzodiazepine anxiolytic, and tested in the helping behavior test. Midazolam-treated rats showed less helping behavior than saline-treated rats or rats receiving no injection. Yet, midazolam-treated rats opened a restrainer containing chocolate, highlighting the socially specific effects of the anxiolytic. To determine if midazolam interferes with helping through a sympatholytic effect, the peripherally restricted beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist nadolol was administered; nadolol did not interfere with helping.nnThe corticosterone response of rats exposed to a trapped cagemate was measured and compared to the rats subsequent helping behavior. Rats with the greatest corticosterone responses showed the least helping behavior and those with the smallest responses showed the most consistent helping at the shortest latency. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for the interaction between stress and pro-social behavior.nnFinally, we observed that door-opening appeared to be reinforcing. A novel analytical tool was designed to interrogate the pattern of door-opening for signs that a rats behavior on one session influenced his behavior on the next session. Results suggest that helping a trapped rat has a greater motivational value than does chocolate.nnIn sum, this series of experiments clearly demonstrates the fundamental role of affect in motivating pro-social behavior in rodents and the need for a helper to resonate with the affect of a victim.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haozhe Shan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nora Molasky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teresa Murray</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasper Williams</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean Decety</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peggy Mason</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/044180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anxiolytic treatment impairs helping behavior in rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study of 40,000 individuals identifies two novel loci associated with bipolar disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a genetically complex mental illness characterized by severe oscillations of mood and behavior. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk loci that together account for a small portion of the heritability. To identify additional risk loci, we performed a two-stage meta-analysis of >9 million genetic variants in 9,784 bipolar disorder patients and 30,471 controls, the largest GWAS of BD to date. In this study, to increase power we used ~2,000 lithium-treated cases with a long-term diagnosis of BD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics, excess controls, and analytic methods optimized for markers on the X-chromosome. In addition to four known loci, results revealed genome-wide significant associations at two novel loci: an intergenic region on 9p21.3 (rs12553324, p = 5.87x10-9; odds ratio = 1.12) and markers within ERBB2 (rs2517959, p = 4.53x10-9; odds ratio = 1.13). No significant X-chromosome associations were detected and X-linked markers explained very little BD heritability. The results add to a growing list of common autosomal variants involved in BD and illustrate the power of comparing well-characterized cases to an excess of controls in GWAS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liping Hou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah E Bergen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirmala Akula</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jie Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christina M Hultman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikael Landen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazda Adli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Alda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffaella Ardau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara Arias</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Michel Aubry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lena Backlund</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judith A Badner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas B Barrett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Bauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhard T Baune</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank Bellivier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonio Benabarre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanne Bengesser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade H Berrettini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abesh Kumar Bhattacharjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joanna M Biernacka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armin Birner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinnamon S Bloss</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clara Brichant-Petitjean</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elise T Bui</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Byerley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo Cervantes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caterina Chillotti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sven Cichon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesc Colom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Coryell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David W Craig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristiana Cruceanu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piotr M Czerski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tony Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre Dayer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franziska Degenh</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/044412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study of 40,000 individuals identifies two novel loci associated with bipolar disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Costs of Clock-Environment Misalignment in Individual Cyanobacterial Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms are endogenously generated daily oscillations in physiology found in all kingdoms of life. Experimental studies have shown that the fitness of Synechococcus elongatus, a photosynthetic microorganism, is severely affected in non-24h environments. However, it has been difficult to study the effects of clock-environment mismatch on cellular physiology because such measurements require the precise determination of both clock state and growth rates in the same cell. Here, we designed a microscopy platform that allows us to expose cyanobacterial cells to pulses of light and dark while quantitatively measuring their growth, division rate, and circadian clock state over many days. Our measurements reveal that decreased fitness can result from a catastrophic growth arrest caused by unexpected darkness in a small subset of cells with incorrect clock times corresponding to the subjective morning. We find that the clock generates rhythms in the instantaneous growth rate of the cell, and that time of darkness vulnerability coincides with the time of most rapid growth. Thus, the clock mediates a fundamental trade-off between growth and starvation tolerance in cycling environments. By measuring the response of the circadian rhythm to dark pulses of varying lengths, we constrain a mathematical model of a populations fitness under arbitrary light/dark schedules. This model predicts that the circadian clock is only advantageous in highly regular cycling environments with frequencies sufficiently close to the natural frequency of the clock.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guillaume Lambert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael J. Rust</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justin Chew</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Costs of Clock-Environment Misalignment in Individual Cyanobacterial Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating tissue specific mechanisms into GWAS summary results 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scalable, integrative methods to understand mechanisms that link genetic variants with phenotypes are needed. Here we derive a mathematical expression to compute PrediXcan (a gene mapping approach) results using summary data (S-PrediXcan) and show its accuracy and general robustness to misspecified reference sets. We apply this framework to 44 GTEx tissues and 100+ phenotypes from GWAS and meta-analysis studies, creating a growing public catalog of associations that seeks to capture the effects of gene expression variation on human phenotypes. Replication in an independent cohort is shown. Most of the associations were tissue specific, suggesting context specificity of the trait etiology. Colocalized significant associations in unexpected tissues underscore the need for an agnostic scanning of multiple contexts to improve our ability to detect causal regulatory mechanisms. Monogenic disease genes are enriched among significant associations for related traits, suggesting that smaller alterations of these genes may cause a spectrum of milder phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvaro Barbeira</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott P Dickinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason M Torres</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric S Torstenson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiamao Zheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather E Wheeler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaanan P Shah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd Edwards</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan Nicolae</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy J Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hae Kyung Im</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating tissue specific mechanisms into GWAS summary results]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recent Cis-Trans Coevolution Driven by the Emergence of A Novel Gene in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Young, or newly evolved, genes arise ubiquitously across the tree of life, and can rapidly acquire novel functions that influence a diverse array of biological processes1. Previous work identified a young regulatory gene in Drosophila, Zeus, which diverged rapidly from its parent Caf40 and took on roles in the male reproductive system. This neofunctionalization was accompanied by differential binding of the Zeus protein to loci throughout the Drosophila melanogaster genome2. However, the way in which new DNA-binding proteins acquire and coevolve with their targets in the genome is not understood. Here, by comparing Zeus ChIP-seq data from D. melanogaster and D. simulans to the ancestral Caf40 binding events from D. yakuba, a species that diverged before the duplication event, we find a dynamic pattern in which Zeus binding rapidly co-evolved with a previously unknown DNA motif under the influence of positive selection. Interestingly, while both copies of Zeus acquired targets at male-biased and testis-specific genes, D. melanogaster and D. simulans proteins have specialized binding on different chromosomes, a pattern echoed in the evolution of the associated motif. Our results suggest that evolution of young regulatory genes can be coupled to substantial rewiring of the transcriptional networks into which they integrate, even over short evolutionary timescales. Our results thus uncover dynamic, genome-wide evolutionary processes associated with new genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benjamin H Krinsky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Arthur</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kevin P White</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manyuan Long</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recent Cis-Trans Coevolution Driven by the Emergence of A Novel Gene in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crossover in the dynamics of cell wall growth controls bacterial division times 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/047589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell size is specific to each species and impacts their ability to function. While various phenomenological models for cell size regulation have been proposed, recent work in bacteria have demonstrated an adder model, in which a cell increments its size by a constant amount between each division. However, the coupling between cell size, shape and constriction, remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate size control and the cell cycle dependence of bacterial growth, using multigenerational cell growth and shape data for single Caulobacter crescentus cells. Our analysis reveals a biphasic mode of growth: a relative timer phase before constriction where cell growth is correlated to its initial size, followed by a pure adder phase during constriction. Cell wall labeling measurements reinforce this biphasic model: a crossover from uniform lateral growth to localized septal growth is observed. We present a mathematical model that quantitatively explains this biphasic mixer model for cell size control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shiladitya Banerjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klevin Lo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Kuntz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew K Daddysman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aaron R Dinner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norbert F Scherer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/047589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crossover in the dynamics of cell wall growth controls bacterial division times]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time observation of DNA recognition and rejection by the RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Binding specificity of Cas9-guide RNA complexes to DNA is important for genome engineering applications, but how mismatches influence target recognition and rejection kinetics is not well understood. We used single-molecule FRET to probe real-time interactions between Cas9-RNA and DNA targets. The bimolecular association rate is only weakly dependent on sequence, but the dissociation rate greatly increases from < 0.006 s-1 to > 2 s-1 upon introduction of mismatches proximal to the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), demonstrating that mismatches encountered early during heteroduplex formation induce rapid rejection of off-target DNA. In contrast, PAM-distal mismatches up to 12 base pairs in length, which prevent DNA cleavage, still allow the formation of a stable complex (off-rate < 0.006 s-1), suggesting that extremely slow rejection could sequester Cas9-RNA, increasing the Cas9 expression level necessary for genome editing thereby aggravating off-target effects. We also observed at least two different bound FRET states that may represent distinct steps in target search and proofreading.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Digvijay Singh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel H. Sternberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jingyi Fei</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taekjip Ha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer A. Doudna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time observation of DNA recognition and rejection by the RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variance Adaptive Shrinkage (vash): Flexible Empirical Bayes estimation of variances 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationWe consider the problem of estimating variances on a large number of "similar" units, when there are relatively few observations on each unit. This problem is important in genomics, for example, where it is often desired to estimate variances for thousands of genes (or some other genomic unit) from just a few measurements on each. A common approach to this problem is to use an Empirical Bayes (EB) method that assumes the variances among genes follow an inverse-gamma distribution. Here we describe a more flexible EB method, whose main assumption is that the distribution of the variances (or, as an alternative, the precisions) is unimodal.nnResultsWe show that this more flexible assumption provides competitive performance with existing methods when the variances truly come from an inverse-gamma distribution, and can outperform them when the distribution of the variances is more complex. In analyses of several human gene expression datasets from the Genotype Tissues Expression (GTEx) consortium, we find that our more flexible model often fits the data appreciably better than the single inverse gamma distribution. At the same time we find that, for variance estimation, the differences between methods is often small, suggesting that the simpler methods will often suffice in practice.nnAvailabilityOur methods are implemented in an R package vashr available from http://github.com/mengyin/vashr.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mengyin Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Stephens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variance Adaptive Shrinkage (vash): Flexible Empirical Bayes estimation of variances]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The rate and effect of de novo mutations in natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By following the evolution of populations that are initially genetically homogeneous, much can be learned about core biological principles. For example, it allows for detailed studies of the rate of emergence of de novo mutations and their change in frequency due to drift and selection. Unfortunately, in multicellular organisms with generation times of months or years, it is difficult to set up and carry out such experiments over many generations. An alternative is provided by "natural evolution experiments" that started from colonizations or invasions of new habitats by selfing lineages. With limited or missing gene flow from other lineages, new mutations and their effects can be easily detected. North America has been colonized in historic times by the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and although multiple intercrossing lineages are found today, many of the individuals belong to a single lineage, HPG1. To determine in this lineage the rate of substitutions - the subset of mutations that survived natural selection and drift -, we have sequenced genomes from plants collected between 1863 and 2006. We identified 73 modern and 27 herbarium specimens that belonged to HPG1. Using the estimated substitution rate, we infer that the last common HPG1 ancestor lived in the early 17th century, when it was most likely introduced by chance from Europe. Mutations in coding regions are depleted in frequency compared to those in other portions of the genome, consistent with purifying selection. Nevertheless, a handful of mutations is found at high frequency in present-day populations. We link these to detectable phenotypic variance in traits of known ecological importance, life history and growth, which could reflect their adaptive value. Our work showcases how, by applying genomics methods to a combination of modern and historic samples from colonizing lineages, we can directly study new mutations and their potential evolutionary relevance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moises Exposito-Alonso</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claude Becker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verena J. Schuenemann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ella Reitter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claudia Setzer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radka Slovak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Brachi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joerg Hagmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominik G. Grimm</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen Jiahui</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang Busch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joy Bergelson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rob W. Ness</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannes Krause</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernan A. Burbano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detlef Weigel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/050203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The rate and effect of de novo mutations in natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demographic and immune-based selection shifts before and after European contact inferred from 50 ancient and modern exomes from the Northwest Coast of North America 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The susceptibility of Native Americans to infectious disease has been postulated as a major factor for their population decline after European contact. To investigate if a preexisting genetic component contributed to this phenomenon, we analyzed 50 exomes of both ancient and modern individuals from the Northwest Coast of North America, dating from before and after European contact. We confirmed the genetic continuity between the ancient and modern individuals and modeled the population collapse after European contact, inferring a 57% reduction in effective population size. We also identified signatures of positive selection on immune-related genes in the ancient but not the modern group. The strongest selection signal in the ancients came from the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene HLA-DQA1, with alleles that are close to fixation. The important immune function of HLA-DQA1 supports an ancient adaptation to the environments of the Americas. The modern individuals show a marked decrease in the frequency of the associated alleles (the most pronounced variant showing a 64% difference). This decrease is likely due to the environmental change associated with European colonization, which resulted in a shift of selection pressures, whereby negative selection may have acted on the same gene after contact. Furthermore, the selection pressure shift could correlate to the European-borne epidemics of the 1800s, suffered in the Northwest Coast region. This is among the first studies to examine a single population through time and exemplifies the power of such studies in uncovering nuanced demographic and adaptive histories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>John Lindo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emilia Huerta-Sanchez</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shigeki Nakagome</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morten Rasmussen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara Petzelt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joycellyn Mitchell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerome S Cybulski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eske Willerslev</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael DeGiorgio</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripan S Malhi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demographic and immune-based selection shifts before and after European contact inferred from 50 ancient and modern exomes from the Northwest Coast of North America]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonin-dependent kinetics of bursts of feeding underlie a graded response to food availability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals integrate physiological and environmental signals to modulate their food uptake. Failure to regulate feeding may have devastating results, including obesity and diabetes, underscoring the importance of understanding its underlying mechanisms. The nematode C. elegans, whose food uptake consists of pumping bacteria from the environment into the gut, provides excellent opportunities for discovering principles of conserved regulatory mechanisms. Here we show that worms implement a graded feeding response to the concentration of environmental bacteria by modulating a commitment to bursts of fast pumping. Using long-term, high-resolution, longitudinal recordings of feeding dynamics under defined conditions, we find that the frequency and duration of pumping bursts increase and the duration of long pauses diminishes in environments richer in bacteria. The bioamine serotonin, a known feeding regulator in metazoa, is required for food-dependent induction of bursts as well as for maintaining their high rate of pumping through two distinct mechanisms. Following this phenotype quantitatively we identify the essential serotonergic neurons and the differential roles of distinct families of serotonin receptors. We propose that regulation of bursts is a conserved mechanism of behavior and motor control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kyung Suk Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shachar Iwanir</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronen Kopito</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monika Scholz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Biron</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erel Levine</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonin-dependent kinetics of bursts of feeding underlie a graded response to food availability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A scalable method for automatically measuring pharyngeal pumping in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a scalable automated method for measuring the pharyngeal pumping of Caenorhabditis elegans in controlled environments. Our approach enables unbiased measurements for prolonged periods, a high throughput, and measurements in controlled yet dynamically changing feeding environments. The automated analysis compares well with scoring pumping by visual inspection, a common practice in the field. In addition, we observed overall low rates of pharyngeal pumping and long correlation times when food availability was oscillated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monika Scholz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dylan J Lynch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyung Suk Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erel Levine</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Biron</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A scalable method for automatically measuring pharyngeal pumping in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clustering RNA-seq expression data using grade of membership models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Grade of membership models, also known as "admixture models", "topic models" or "Latent Dirichlet Allocation", are a generalization of cluster models that allow each sample to have membership in multiple clusters. These models are widely used in population genetics to model admixed individuals who have ancestry from multiple "populations", and in natural language processing to model documents having words from multiple "topics". Here we illustrate the potential for these models to cluster samples of RNA-seq gene expression data, measured on either bulk samples or single cells. We also provide methods to help interpret the clusters, by identifying genes that are distinctively expressed in each cluster. By applying these methods to several example RNA-seq applications we demonstrate their utility in identifying and summarizing structure and heterogeneity. Applied to data from the GTEx project on 53 human tissues, the approach highlights similarities among biologically-related tissues and identifies distinctively-expressed genes that recapitulate known biology. Applied to single-cell expression data from mouse preimplantation embryos, the approach highlights both discrete and continuous variation through early embryonic development stages, and highlights genes involved in a variety of relevant processes - from germ cell development, through compaction and morula formation, to the formation of inner cell mass and trophoblast at the blastocyst stage. The methods are implemented in the Bioconductor package CountClust.nnAuthor SummaryGene expression profile of a biological sample (either from single cells or pooled cells) results from a complex interplay of multiple related biological processes. Consequently, for example, distal tissue samples may share a similar gene expression profile through some common underlying biological processes. Our goal here is to illustrate that grade of membership (GoM) models - an approach widely used in population genetics to cluster admixed individuals who have ancestry from multiple populations - provide an attractive approach for clustering biological samples of RNA sequencing data. The GoM model allows each biological sample to have partial memberships in multiple biologically-distinct clusters, in contrast to traditional clustering methods that partition samples into distinct subgroups. We also provide methods for identifying genes that are distinctively expressed in each cluster to help biologically interpret the results. Applied to a dataset of 53 human tissues, the GoM approach highlights similarities among biologically-related tissues and identifies distinctively-expressed genes that recapitulate known biology. Applied to gene expression data of single cells from mouse preimplantation embryos, the approach highlights both discrete and continuous variation through early embryonic development stages, and genes involved in a variety of relevant processes. Our study highlights the potential of GoM models for elucidating biological structure in RNA-seq gene expression data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kushal K Dey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiaowen Joyce Hsiao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Stephens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clustering RNA-seq expression data using grade of membership models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local field potentials primarily reflect inhibitory neuron activity in human and monkey cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/052282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The local field potential (LFP) is generated by large populations of neurons, but unitary contribution of spiking neurons to LFP is not well characterised. We investigated this contribution in multi-electrode array recordings from human and monkey neocortex by examining the spike-triggered LFP average (st-LFP). The resulting st-LFPs were dominated by broad spatio-temporal components due to ongoing activity, synaptic inputs and recurrent connectivity. To reduce the spatial reach of the st-LFP and observe the local field related to a single spike we applied a spatial filter, whose weights were adapted to the covariance of ongoing LFP. The filtered st-LFPs were limited to the perimeter of 800 m around the neuron, and propagated at axonal speed, which is consistent with their unitary nature. In addition, we discriminated between putative inhibitory and excitatory neurons and found that the inhibitory st-LFP peaked at shorter latencies, consistently with previous findings in hippocampal slices. Thus, in human and monkey neocortex, the LFP reflects primarily inhibitory neuron activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartosz Telenczuk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nima Dehghani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel Le Van Quyen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sydney S Cash</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric Halgren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas G Hatsopoulos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alain Destexhe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/052282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local field potentials primarily reflect inhibitory neuron activity in human and monkey cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Range overlap drives chromosome inversion fixation in passerine birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome inversions evolve frequently but the reasons why remain largely enigmatic. I used cytological descriptions of 410 species of passerine birds (order Passeriformes) to identify pericentric inversion differences between species. Using a new fossil-calibrated phylogeny I examine the phylogenetic, demographic, and genomic context in which these inversions have evolved. The number of inversion differences between closely related species was highly variable yet consistently predicted by a single factor: whether the ranges of species overlapped. This observation holds even when the analysis is restricted to sympatric sister pairs known to hybridize, and which have divergence times estimated similar to allopatric pairs. Inversions were significantly more likely to have fixed on a sex chromosome than an autosome yet variable mutagenic input alone (by chromosome size, map length, GC content, or repeat density) cannot explain the differences between chromosomes in the number of inversions fixed. Together, these results support a model in which inversions in passerines are adaptive and spread by selection when gene flow occurs before reproductive isolation is complete.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daniel M Hooper</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Range overlap drives chromosome inversion fixation in passerine birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An improved reversibly dimerizing mutant of the FK506-binding protein FKBP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FK506-binding protein (FKBP) is a monomer that binds to FK506, rapamycin, and related ligands. The F36M substitution, in which Phe36 in the ligand-binding pocket is changed to Met, leads to formation of antiparallel FKBP dimers, which can be dissociated into monomers by ligand binding. This FKBP(M) mutant has been employed in the mammalian secretory pathway to generate aggregates that can be dissolved by ligand addition to create cargo waves. However, when testing this approach in yeast, we found that dissolution of FKBP(M) aggregates was inefficient. An improved reversibly dimerizing FKBP formed aggregates that dissolved more readily. This FKBP(L,V) mutant carries the F36L mutation, which increases the affinity of ligand binding, and the I90V mutation, which accelerates ligand-induced dissociation of the dimers. The FKBP(L,V) mutant expands the utility of reversibly dimerizing FKBP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Juan J. Barrero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Effrosyni Papanikou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason C. Casler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasey J. Day</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin S. Glick</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An improved reversibly dimerizing mutant of the FK506-binding protein FKBP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cerebellar learning using perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebellum aids the learning and execution of fast coordinated movements, with acquired information being stored by plasticity of parallel fibre--Purkinje cell synapses. According to the current consensus, erroneously active parallel fibre synapses are depressed by complex spikes arising when climbing fibres signal movement errors. However, this theory cannot solve the credit assignment problem of using the limited information from a global movement evaluation to optimise behaviour by guiding the plasticity in numerous neurones. We identify the possible implementation of an algorithm solving this problem, whereby spontaneous complex spikes perturb ongoing movements, create an eligibility trace for plasticity and signal resulting error changes to guide plasticity. These error changes are extracted by adaptively cancelling the average error. This framework, stochastic gradient descent with estimated global errors, generates specific predictions for synaptic plasticity rules that contradict the current consensus. However, in vitro plasticity experiments under physiological conditions verified our predictions, highlighting the sensitivity of plasticity studies to unphysiological conditions. Using numerical and analytical approaches we demonstrate the convergence and estimate the capacity of learning in our implementation. Finally, a similar mechanism may operate during optimisation of action sequences by the basal ganglia, where dopamine could both initiate movements and signal rewards, analogously to the dual perturbation and correction role of the climbing fibre outlined here.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guy Bouvier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claudia Clopath</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Célian Bimbard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Pierre Nadal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas Brunel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent Hakim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boris Barbour</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cerebellar learning using perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome reduction in an abundant and ubiquitous soil bacterial lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/053942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although bacteria within the Verrucomicrobia phylum are pervasive in soils around the world, they are underrepresented in both isolate collections and genomic databases. Here we describe a single verrucomicrobial phylotype within the class Spartobacteria that is not closely related to any previously described taxa. We examined >1000 soils and found this spartobacterial phylotype to be ubiquitous and consistently one of the most abundant soil bacterial phylotypes, particularly in grasslands, where it was typically the most abundant phylotype. We reconstructed a nearly complete genome of this phylotype from a soil metagenome for which we propose the provisional name  Candidatus Udaeobacter copiosus. The Ca. U. copiosus genome is unusually small for soil bacteria, estimated to be only 2.81 Mbp compared to the predicted effective mean genome size of 4.74 Mbp for soil bacteria. Metabolic reconstruction suggests that Ca. U. copiosus is an aerobic chemoorganoheterotroph with numerous amino acid and vitamin auxotrophies. The large population size, relatively small genome and multiple putative auxotrophies characteristic of Ca. U. copiosus suggests that it may be undergoing streamlining selection to minimize cellular architecture, a phenomenon previously thought to be restricted to aquatic bacteria. Although many soil bacteria need relatively large, complex genomes to be successful in soil, Ca. U. copiosus appears to have identified an alternate strategy, sacrificing metabolic versatility for efficiency to become dominant in the soil environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tess Brewer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim Handley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Carini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jack Gibert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noah Fierer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/053942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome reduction in an abundant and ubiquitous soil bacterial lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale trans-eQTLs affect hundreds of transcripts and mediate patterns of transcriptional co-regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variation affecting gene regulation is a driver of phenotypic differences between individuals and can be used to uncover how biological processes are organized in a cell. Although detecting cis-eQTLs is now routine, trans-eQTLs have proven more challenging to find due to the modest variance explained and the multiple testing burden when comparing millions of SNPs for association to thousands of transcripts. Here, we provide evidence for the existence of trans-eQTLs by looking for SNPs associated with the expression of multiple genes simultaneously. We find substantial evidence of trans-eQTLs, with an 1.8-fold enrichment in nominally significant markers in all three populations and significant overlap between results across the populations. These trans-eQTLs target the same genes and show the same direction of effect across populations. We define a high-confidence set of eight independent trans-eQTLs which are associated to multiple transcripts in all three populations, and affect the same targets in all three populations with the same direction of effect. We then show that target transcripts of trans-eQTLs encode proteins that interact more frequently than expected by chance, and are enriched for pathway annotations indicative of roles in basic cell homeostasis. Thus, we have demonstrated that trans-eQTLs can be accurately identified even in studies of limited sample size.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boel Brynedal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>JinMyung Choi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towfique Raj</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Bjornson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara Stranger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Neale</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin Voight</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chris Cotsapas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/056283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale trans-eQTLs affect hundreds of transcripts and mediate patterns of transcriptional co-regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An ancient fecundability-associated polymorphism switches a repressor into an enhancer of endometrial TAP2 expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in female reproductive traits such as fertility, fecundity, and fecundability are heritable in humans, but identifying and functionally characterizing genetic variants associated with these traits has been challenging. Here we explore the functional significance and evolutionary history of a C/T polymorphism of SNP rs2071473, which we have previously shown is an eQTL for TAP2 and significantly associated with fecundability (time to pregnancy). We replicated the association between rs2071473 genotype and TAP2 expression using GTEx data and demonstrate that TAP2 is expressed by decidual stromal cells at the maternal-fetal interface. Next, we show that rs2071473 is located within a progesterone responsive cis-regulatory element that functions as a repressor with the T allele and an enhancer with the C allele. Remarkably, we found this polymorphism arose before the divergence of modern and archaic humans, is segregating at intermediate to high frequencies across human populations, and has genetic signatures of long-term balancing selection. This variant has also previously been identified in GWA studies of immune related disease, suggesting both alleles are maintained due to antagonistic pleiotropy.nnAuthor SummaryFemale reproductive traits such as fertility and the time it takes to become pregnant are heritable. Many factors, including widespread contraceptive use and environmental influences, make identifying the genetic differences between individuals that are responsible for fertility differences between women difficult. We previously identified a common single nucleotide polymorphism that affects the expression of the gene TAP2 and is significantly associated with how long it takes woman to become pregnant. Here we show that TAP2 is expressed at the maternal-fetal interface in the uterus during pregnancy. We then show that the T version of the polymorphism functions to repress TAP2 expression whereas the C form enhances TAP2 expression. Remarkably, the C variant arose before the divergence of Neanderthals and modern humans and has become common in all human populations. This derived variant has previously associated with immune related diseases, suggesting the ancestral T and derived C variants are being maintained because they affect multiple traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katelyn M. Mika</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent J. Lynch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/058388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An ancient fecundability-associated polymorphism switches a repressor into an enhancer of endometrial TAP2 expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking comparative genomics and environmental distribution patterns of microbial populations through metagenomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/058750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Combining well-established practices from comparative genomics and the emerging opportunities from assembly-based metagenomics can enhance the utility of increasing number of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). Here we used protein clustering to characterize 48 MAGs and 10 cultivars based on their entire gene content, and linked this information to their environmental distribution patterns to better understand the microbial response to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico coastline. Our results suggest that while most oil-associated bacterial populations originated from the ocean, a few actually emerged from the sand rare biosphere. These new findings suggest that there are considerable benefits to employ approaches from comparative genomics to study the whole content of newly identified genomes, and the investigation of emerging patterns in the environmental context can augment the efficacy of assembly-based metagenomic surveys.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tom O Delmont</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A. Murat Eren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/058750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking comparative genomics and environmental distribution patterns of microbial populations through metagenomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic Reconstruction and Modeling Microbial Electrosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/059410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial electrosynthesis is a renewable energy and chemical production platform that relies on microbial taxa to capture electrons from a cathode and fix carbon. Yet the metabolic capacity of multispecies microbial communities on electrosynthetic biocathodes remains unknown. We assembled 13 genomes from a high-performing electroacetogenic culture, and mapped their transcriptional activity from a range of conditions. This allowed us to create a metabolic model of the primary community members (Acetobacterium, Sulfurospirillum, and Desulfovibrio). Acetobacterium was the primary carbon fixer, and a keystone member of the community. Based on transcripts upregulated near the electrode surface, soluble hydrogenases and ferredoxins from Acetobacterium and hydrogenases, formate dehydrogenase, and cytochromes of Desulfovibrio were essential conduits for electron flow from the electrode into the electrosynthetic community. A nitrogenase gene cluster with an adjacent ferredoxin and one of two Rnf complexes within the genome of the Acetobacterium were also upregulated on the electrode. Nitrogenase is known to serve as a hydrogenase, thereby it would contribute to hydrogen production by the biocathode. Oxygenases of microaerobic members of the community throughout the cathode chamber, including Sulfurospirillum and Rhodobacteraceae, were expressed. While the reactors were maintained anaerobically, this gene expression would support anaerobic growth and thus electrosynthesis by scrubbing small amounts of O2 out of the reactor. These molecular discoveries and metabolic modeling now serve as a foundation for future examination and development of electrosynthetic microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christopher Marshall</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Ross</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim Handley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamela Weisenhorn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janaka Edirisinghe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher Henry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jack Gilbert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harold May</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>R Sean Norman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/059410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic Reconstruction and Modeling Microbial Electrosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/061739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simultaneous measurement of chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, and nucleosome phasing in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/061739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gaining insights into the regulatory mechanisms that underlie the transcriptional variation observed between individual cells necessitates the development of methods that measure chromatin organization in single cells. Here I adapted Nucleosome Occupancy and Methylome-sequencing (NOMe-seq) to measure chromatin accessibility and endogenous DNA methylation in single cells (scNOMe-seq). scNOMe-seq recovered characteristic accessibility and DNA methylation patterns at DNase hypersensitive sites (DHSs). An advantage of scNOMe-seq is that sequencing reads are sampled independently of the accessibility measurement. scNOMe-seq therefore controlled for fragment loss, which enabled direct estimation of the fraction of accessible DHSs within individual cells. In addition, scNOMe-seq provided high resolution of chromatin accessibility within individual loci which was exploited to detect footprints of CTCF binding events and to estimate the average nucleosome phasing distances in single cells. scNOMe-seq is therefore well-suited to characterize the chromatin organization of single cells in heterogeneous cellular mixtures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sebastian Pott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/061739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simultaneous measurement of chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, and nucleosome phasing in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host genetic variation in mucosal immunity pathways influences the upper airway microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The degree to which host genetic variation can modulate microbial communities in humans remains an open question. Here we performed a genetic mapping study of the microbiome in two accessible upper airway sites, the nasopharynx and the nasal vestibule, during two seasons in 144 adult members of a founder population of European decent. We estimated the relative abundances (RAs) of genus level bacteria from 16S rRNA gene sequences and examined associations with 148,653 genetic variants (linkage disequilibrium [LD] r2 < 0.5) selected from among all common variants discovered in genome sequences in this population. We identified 37 microbiome quantitative trait loci (mbQTLs) that showed evidence of association with the RAs of 22 genera (q < 0.05), and were enriched for genes in mucosal immunity pathways. The most significant association was between the RA of Dermacoccus (phylum Actinobacteria) and a variant 8kb upstream of TINCR (rs117042385; p = 1.61[x]10-8; q = 0.002), a long non-coding RNA that binds to peptidoglycan recognition protein 3 (PGLYRP3) mRNA, a gene encoding a known antimicrobial protein. A second association was between a missense variant in PGLYRP4 (rs3006458) and the RA of an unclassified genus of family Micrococcaceae (phylum Actinobacteria) (p = 5.10[x]10-7; q = 0.032). Our findings provide evidence of host genetic influences on upper airway microbial composition in humans, and implicate mucosal immunity genes in this relationship.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Catherine Igartua</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily R Davenport</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Gilad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan L Nicolae</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayant Pinto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carole Ober</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/062232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host genetic variation in mucosal immunity pathways influences the upper airway microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assocplots: a python package for static and interactive visualization of multiple-group GWAS results 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryOver the last decade, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have generated vast amounts of analysis results, requiring development of novel tools for data visualization. Quantile-quantile plots and Manhattan plots are classical tools which have been utilized to visually summarize GWAS results and identify genetic variants significantly associated with traits of interest. However, static visualizations are limiting in the information that can be shown. Here we present Assocplots, a python package for viewing and exploring GWAS results not only using classic static Manhattan and quantile-quantile plots, but also through a dynamic extension which allows to visualize data interactively, and to visualize the relationships between GWAS results from multiple cohorts or studies.nnAvailabilityThe Assocplots package is open source and distributed under the MIT license via GitHub (https://github.com/khramts/assocplots) along with examples, documentation and installation instructions.nncontactekhramts@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu, bstranger@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ekaterina A Khramtsova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara E. Stranger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/062737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assocplots: a python package for static and interactive visualization of multiple-group GWAS results]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Batch effects and the effective design of single-cell gene expression studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) can be used to characterize variation in gene expression levels at high resolution. However, the sources of experimental noise in scRNA-seq are not yet well understood. We investigated the technical variation associated with sample processing using the single cell Fluidigm C1 platform. To do so, we processed three C1 replicates from three human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. We added unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) to all samples, to account for amplification bias. We found that the major source of variation in the gene expression data was driven by genotype, but we also observed substantial variation between the technical replicates. We observed that the conversion of reads to molecules using the UMIs was impacted by both biological and technical variation, indicating that UMI counts are not an unbiased estimator of gene expression levels. Based on our results, we suggest a framework for effective scRNA-seq studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Po-Yuan Tung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John D Blischak</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiaowen Hsiao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David A Knowles</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan E Burnett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan K Pritchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoav Gilad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/062919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Batch effects and the effective design of single-cell gene expression studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Origin of Coupled Chloride and Proton Transport in a Cl-/H+ Antiporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ClC family of transmembrane proteins functions throughout nature to control the transport of Cl- ions across biological membranes. ClC-ec1 from Escherichia coli is an antiporter, coupling the transport of Cl- and H+ ions in opposite directions and driven by the concentration gradients of the ions. Despite keen interest in this protein, the molecular mechanism of the Cl-/H+ coupling has not been fully elucidated. Here, we have used multiscale simulation to help identify the essential mechanism of the Cl-/H+ coupling. We find that the highest barrier for proton transport (PT) from the intra- to extracellular solution is attributable to a chemical reaction--the deprotonation of glutamic acid 148 (E148). This barrier is significantly reduced by the binding of Cl- in the "central" site (Cl-cen), which displaces E148 and thereby facilitates its deprotonation. Conversely, in the absence of Cl-cen E148 favors the "down" conformation, which results in a much higher cumulative rotation and deprotonation barrier that effectively blocks PT to the extracellular solution. Thus, the rotation of E148 plays a critical role in defining the Cl-/H+ coupling. As a control, we have also simulated PT in the ClC-ec1 E148A mutant to further understand the role of this residue. Replacement with a non-protonatable residue greatly increases the free energy barrier for PT from E203 to the extracellular solution, explaining the experimental result that PT in E148A is blocked whether or not Cl-cen is present. The results presented here suggest both how a chemical reaction can control the rate of PT and also how it can provide a mechanism for a coupling of the two ion transport processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sangyun Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather B. Mayes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessica M. J. Swanson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory A Voth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Origin of Coupled Chloride and Proton Transport in a Cl-/H+ Antiporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population and individual effects of non-coding variants inform genetic risk factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying functional non-coding variants can enhance genome interpretation and inform novel genetic risk factors. We used whole genomes and peripheral white blood cell transcriptomes from 624 Sardinian individuals to identify non-coding variants that contribute to population, family, and individual differences in transcript abundance. We identified 21,183 independent expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) and 6,768 independent splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTLs) influencing 73 and 41% of all tested genes. When we compared Sardinian eQTLs to those previously identified in Europe, we identified differentiated eQTLs at genes involved in malarial resistance and multiple sclerosis, reflecting the long-term epidemiological history of the islands population. Taking advantage of pedigree data for the population sample, we identify segregating patterns of outlier gene expression and allelic imbalance in 61 Sardinian trios. We identified 809 expression outliers (median z-score of 2.97) averaging 13.3 genes with outlier expression per individual. We then connected these outlier expression events to rare non-coding variants. Our results provide new insight into the effects of non-coding variants and their relationship to population history, traits and individual genetic risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mauro Pala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachary Zappala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mara Marongiu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe R Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberto Cusano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesca Crobu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimberly R Kukurba</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederic Reiner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riccardo Berutti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maria G Piras</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonella Mulas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magdalena Zoledziewska</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michele Marongiu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabio Busonero</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Maschio</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maristella Steri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlo Sidore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serena Sanna</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edoardo Fiorillo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Novembre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chris Jones</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Angius</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalo R Abecasis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Schlessinger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesco Cucca</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen B Montgomery</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/065144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population and individual effects of non-coding variants inform genetic risk factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A rodent model of social rejection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rats help conspecifics by releasing them from a restrainer only when they have previous social experience with the strain of the restrained rat. When rats have been cross-fostered with rats of a different strain than their own since birth and have never interacted with rats of their own strain, they do not help rats of their own strain when tested as adults. Here we interrogated whether a cross-fostered rat expressed his lack of motivation to help through any behaviors beyond not-helping. Accordingly, a cross-fostered rat was placed in an arena with a trapped rat and the door to the centrally located restrainer was taped shut. We found that cross-fostered rats moved more slowly and approached the trapped rat less than did control, regularly-raised rats tested under the same conditions. We then asked whether the behavior of the cross-fostered rats influenced the trapped rat. After being restrained with cross-fostered rats, trapped rats showed a decrease in exploratory behavior in an open field test compared to trapped rats who were raised normally. The same decrease in movement was observed after subject rats were allowed to freely interact with cross-fostered rats. These results suggest that rats that do not help demonstrate their disinterest to a trapped rat and that trapped rats exposed to apathetic rats show behavior suggestive of an increase in anxiety. In sum, the paradigm introduced here could serve as a rodent model for social rejection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haozhe Shan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peggy Mason</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/066993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A rodent model of social rejection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A FLIC motility assay reveals myosin-6 coordination limited by actin filament buckling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Teams of myosin motors carry out intracellular transport and contract the actin cytoskeleton. To fully understand the behavior of multi-myosin ensembles we need to know the properties of individual myosins and the mode of interaction between them. Current models of the interactions within the myosin complex treat the actin filament as a stiff rod, not contributing to the regulation of collective myosin dynamics. Here, we present data suggesting that force transduction through the actin filament is an important element of interaction within myosin-6 ensembles in vitro. Multiple myosin-6s coordinate their steps if they are separated by a short (and therefore high-force bearing) segment of actin. The measurements were performed using Fluorescence Interference Contrast Microscopy (FLIC) to measure small changes in the height of fluorescently labeled actin. Using FLIC, we assign the positions of myosins in a gliding filament assay geometry and measure their attachment time to actin. We also identify actin segments that are buckled or under tension. We show that myosin-6 holds actin about 10 nm above the surface. However, due to asynchronous myosin stepping, frequent buckles up to about 60 nm high appear. The buckle lifetime decreases as the distance between the myosin-6s is reduced, a sign of inter-motor coordination. Our data are consistent with coordinated stepping of closely spaced myosins, but uncoordinated motility with widely separated myosins where buckles can form. These features would be expected to operate on myosins in the cell, where motor spacing may vary considerably depending on the target organelle.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMyosins are molecular motors that carry out intracellular transport. Interactions between the myosins are crucial for understanding their function. Using Fluorescence Interference Contrast (FLIC) microscopy we characterized the interaction between multiple myosin-6 motors immobilized to the surface of a slide and pulling the same actin filament. Our results point towards coordination of myosin steps as a mechanism governing the behavior of a multi-myosin complex. We also demonstrated the unique application of FLIC microscopy for highly parallel identification and measurement of single myosin motors in a gliding filament format. These features of FLIC enable a robust study of collective myosin dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agata K Krenc</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagoda J Rokicka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronald S Rock</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/068163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A FLIC motility assay reveals myosin-6 coordination limited by actin filament buckling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing the Geography of Genetic Variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the key characteristics of any genetic variant is its geographic distribution. The geographic distribution can shed light on where an allele first arose, what populations it has spread to, and in turn on how migration, genetic drift, and natural selection have acted. The distribution of a genetic variant can also be of great utility for medical/clinical geneticists. Collectively the geographic distribution of many genetic variants can reveal population structure. As a result, visual inspection of geographic maps for genetic variants is common practice in genetic studies. Here we develop an interactive visualization tool for rapidly displaying the geographic distribution of genetic variants. Through a REST API and dynamic front-end the Geography of Genetic Variants (GGV) browser provides maps of allele frequencies in populations distributed across the globe.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joseph H Marcus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Novembre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/068536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing the Geography of Genetic Variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissection of molecular assembly dynamics by tracking orientation and position of single molecules in live cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of order, such as orientation and conformation, drives the function of most molecular assemblies in living cells, yet remains difficult to measure accurately through space and time. We built an instantaneous fluorescence polarization microscope, which simultaneously images position and orientation of fluorophores in living cells with single-molecule sensitivity and a time resolution of 100ms. We developed image acquisition and analysis methods to track single particles that interact with higher-order assemblies of molecules. We tracked the fluctuations in position and orientation of molecules from the level of an ensemble of fluorophores down to single fluorophores. We tested our system in vitro using fluorescently labeled DNA and F-actin in which the ensemble orientation of polarized fluorescence is known. We then tracked the orientation of sparsely labeled F-actin network at the leading edge of migrating human keratinocytes, revealing the anisotropic distribution of actin filaments relative to the local retrograde flow of the F-actin network. Additionally, we analyzed the position and orientation of septin-GFP molecules incorporated in septin bundles in growing hyphae of a filamentous fungus. Our data indicate that septin-GFP molecules undergo positional fluctuations within, [~]350nm of the binding site and angular fluctuations within [~]30{degrees} of the central orientation of the bundle. By reporting position and orientation of molecules while they form dynamic higher-order structures, our approach can provide new insights into how micron-scale ordered assemblies emerge from nanoscale molecules in living cells.nnSignificance StatementIn living cells, the 3D architecture of molecular assemblies such as chromosomes, lipid bilayers, and the cytoskeleton is regulated through the interaction among their component molecules. Monitoring the position and orientation of constituent molecules is important for understanding the mechanisms that govern the structure and function of these assemblies. We have developed an instantaneous fluorescence polarization microscope to track the position and orientation of fluorescently labeled particles, including single molecules, which form micron-scale macromolecular assemblies in living cells. Our imaging approach is broadly applicable to the study of dynamic molecular interactions that underpin the function of micron-scale assemblies in living cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shalin B. Mehta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molly McQuilken</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick La Riviere</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patricia Occhipinti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amitabh Verma</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolf Oldenbourg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amy S. Gladfelter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomomi Tani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/068767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissection of molecular assembly dynamics by tracking orientation and position of single molecules in live cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetically controlled cargo shows full length human myosin VI integrates activation signals in vivo and in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myosins play countless critical roles in the cell, each requiring it to be activated at a specific location and time. To control myosin VI with this specificity, we created a novel optogenetic tool for activating myosin VI by fusing the light-sensitive Avena sativa phototropin1 LOV2 domain to a peptide from Dab2 (LOVDab), a myosin VI cargo protein. Our approach harnesses the native targeting and activation mechanism of myosin VI, allowing direct inferences on myosin VI function. LOVDab robustly recruits human full length myosin VI to various organelles in vivo and hinders peroxisome motion in a light-controllable manner. LOVDab also activates myosin VI in an in vitro gliding filament assay. Our data suggest that protein and lipid cargoes cooperate to activate myosin VI, allowing myosin VI to integrate Ca2+, lipid, and protein cargo signals in the cell to deploy in a site-specific manner.nnSignificance StatementMyosins are a broad class of motor proteins that generate force on actin filaments and fulfill contractile, transport, and anchoring roles. Myosin VI, the only myosin to walk toward the pointed end of actin filaments, is implicated in cancer metastasis and deafness. Intriguingly, myosin VI may play both transport and anchoring roles, depending upon where it is activated in the cell. Here we develop an optogenetic tool for studying myosin VI activation with high spatial and temporal resolution. Our approach photoactivates unmodified myosin VI through its native cargo pathway, enabling investigation of motor function and activation partners with minimal perturbation. This approach allows us to detect how and where myosin VI integrates multiple protein and second messenger signals to activate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander R French</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin R Sosnick</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronald Rock</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/068965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetically controlled cargo shows full length human myosin VI integrates activation signals in vivo and in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating time to the common ancestor for a beneficial allele 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The haplotypes of a beneficial allele carry information about its history that can shed light on its age and putative cause for its increase in frequency. Specifically, the signature of an alleles age is contained in the pattern of local ancestry that mutation and recombination impose on its haplotypic background. We provide a method to exploit this pattern and infer the time to the common ancestor of a positively selected allele following a rapid increase in frequency. We do so using a hidden Markov model which leverages the length distribution of the shared ancestral haplotype, the accumulation of derived mutations on the ancestral background, and the surrounding background haplotype diversity. Using simulations, we demonstrate how the inclusion of information from both mutation and recombination events increases accuracy relative to approaches that only consider a single type of event. We also show the behavior of the estimator in cases where data do not conform to model assumptions, and provide some diagnostics for assessing and improving inference. Using the method, we analyze population-specific patterns in the 1000 Genomes Project data to provide a global perspective on the timing of adaptation for several variants which show evidence of recent selection and functional relevance to diet, skin pigmentation, and morphology in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joel Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham Coop</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Stephens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Novembre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/071241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating time to the common ancestor for a beneficial allele]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recent advances in the study of fine-scale population structure in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Empowered by modern genotyping and large samples, population structure can be accurately described and quantified even when it only explains a fraction of a percent of total genetic variance. This is especially relevant and interesting for humans, where fine-scale population structure can both confound disease-mapping studies and reveal the history of migration and divergence that shaped our species diversity. Here we review notable recent advances in the detection, use, and understanding of population structure. Our work addresses multiple areas where substantial progress is being made: improved statistics and models for better capturing differentiation, admixture, and the spatial distribution of variation; computational speed-ups that allow methods to scale to modern data; and advances in haplotypic modeling that have wide ranging consequences for the analysis of population structure. We conclude by outlining four important open challenges: The limitations of discrete population models, uncertainty in individual origins, the incorporation of both fine-scale structure and ancient DNA in parametric models, and the development of efficient computational tools, particularly for haplotype-based methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>John Novembre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin M Peter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/073221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recent advances in the study of fine-scale population structure in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo extraction of microbial strains from metagenomes reveals intra-species niche partitioning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/073825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWe introduce DESMAN for De novo Extraction of Strains from MetAgeNomes. Metagenome sequencing generates short reads from throughout the genomes of a microbial community. Increasingly large, multi-sample metagenomes, stratified in space and time are being generated from communities with thousands of species. Repeats result in fragmentary co-assemblies with potentially millions of contigs. Contigs can be binned into metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) but strain level variation will remain. DESMAN identifies variants on core genes, then uses co-occurrence across samples to link variants into strain sequences and abundance profiles. These strain profiles are then searched for on non-core genes to determine the accessory genes present in each strain.nnResultsWe validated DESMAN on a synthetic twenty genome community with 64 samples. We could resolve the five E. coli strains present with 99.58% accuracy across core gene variable sites and their gene complement with 95.7% accuracy. Similarly, on real fecal metagenomes from the 2011 E. coli (STEC) O104:H4 outbreak, the outbreak strain was reconstructed with 99.8% core sequence accuracy. Application to an anaerobic digester metagenome time series reveals that strain level variation is endemic with 16 out of 26 MAGs (61.5%) examined exhibiting two strains. In almost all cases the strain proportions were not statistically different between replicate reactors, suggesting intra-species niche partitioning. The only exception being when the two strains had almost identical gene complement and, hence, functional capability.nnConclusionsDESMAN will provide a provide a powerful tool for de novo resolution of fine-scale variation in microbial communities. It is available as open source software from https://github.com/chrisquince/DESMAN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christopher Quince</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephanie Connelly</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebastien Raguideau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannes Alneberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seung Gu Shin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavin Collins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A. Murat Eren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/073825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo extraction of microbial strains from metagenomes reveals intra-species niche partitioning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excitable RhoA dynamics drive pulsed contractions in the early C. elegans embryo. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulsed actomyosin contractility underlies diverse modes of tissue morphogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we combine quantitative imaging with genetic perturbations to identify a core mechanism for pulsed contractility in early C. elegans embryos. We show that pulsed accumulation of actomyosin is governed by local control of assembly and disassembly downstream of RhoA. Pulsed activation and inactivation of RhoA precede, respectively, accumulation and disappearance of actomyosin, and persist in the nearly complete absence of Myosin II. We find that fast positive feedback on RhoA activation drives pulse initiation, while F-actin dependent accumulation of the RhoA GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) RGA-3/4 provides delayed negative feedback to terminate each pulse. An experimentally constrained mathematical model confirms that in principle these feedbacks are sufficient to generate locally excitable RhoA dynamics. We propose that excitable RhoA dynamics are a common driver for pulsed contractility that can be differently tuned or coupled to actomyosin dynamics to produce a diversity of morphogenetic outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>François B Robin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan B Michaux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William M McFadden</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwin M Munro</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/076356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excitable RhoA dynamics drive pulsed contractions in the early C. elegans embryo.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic analyses for age at menarche identify 389 independent signals and indicate BMI-independent effects of puberty timing on cancer susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The timing of puberty is a highly polygenic childhood trait that is epidemiologically associated with various adult diseases. Here, we analyse 1000-Genome reference panel imputed genotype data on up to ~370,000 women and identify 389 independent signals (all P<5x10-8) for age at menarche, a notable milestone in female pubertal development. In Icelandic data from deCODE, these signals explain ~7.4% of the population variance in age at menarche, corresponding to one quarter of the estimated heritability. We implicate over 250 genes via coding variation or associated gene expression, and demonstrate enrichment across genes active in neural tissues. We identify multiple rare variants near the imprinted genes MKRN3 and DLK1 that exhibit large effects on menarche only when paternally inherited. Disproportionate effects of variants on early or late puberty timing are observed: single variant and heritability estimates are larger for early than late puberty timing in females. The opposite pattern is seen in males, with larger estimates for late than early puberty timing. Mendelian randomization analyses indicate causal inverse associations, independent of BMI, between puberty timing and risks for breast and endometrial cancers in women, and prostate cancer in men. In aggregate, our findings reveal new complexity in the genetic regulation of puberty timing and support new causal links with adult cancer risks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Felix Day</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deborah Thompson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannes Helgason</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Chasman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilary Finucane</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick Sulem</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katherine Ruth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sean Whalen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhishek Sarkar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eva Albrecht</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisabeth Altmaier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzyeh Amini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caterina Barbieri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibaud Boutin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archie Campbell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellen Demerath</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayush Giri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chunyan He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouke Hottenga</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Karlsson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivana Kolcic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Po-Ru Loh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathryn Lunetta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massimo Mangino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumat Marco</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerorge McMahon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Medland</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilja Nolte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond Noordam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teresa Nutile</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavinia Paternoster</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natalia Perjakova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleonora Porcu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynda Rose</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katharina Schraut</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayellet Segre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisette Stolk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander Teumer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irene Andrulis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefania Ban</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/076794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic analyses for age at menarche identify 389 independent signals and indicate BMI-independent effects of puberty timing on cancer susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contribution of de novo non-coding mutations to autism and identification of risk genes from whole-genome sequencing of affected families 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of de novo mutations (DNMs) from sequencing data of nuclear families has identified risk genes for many complex diseases, including multiple neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Most of these efforts have focused on mutations in protein-coding sequences. Evidence from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) strongly suggests that variants important to human diseases often lie in non-coding regions. Extending DNM-based approaches to non-coding sequences is, however, challenging because the functional significance of non-coding mutations is difficult to predict. We propose a new statistical framework for analyzing DNMs from whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. This method, TADA-Annotations (TADA-A), is a major advance of the TADA method we developed earlier for DNM analysis in coding regions. TADA-A is able to incorporate many functional annotations such as conservation and enhancer marks, learn from data which annotations are informative of pathogenic mutations and combine both coding and non-coding mutations at the gene level to detect risk genes. It also supports meta-analysis of multiple DNM studies, while adjusting for study-specific technical effects. We applied TADA-A to WGS data of [~]300 autism family trios across five studies, and discovered several new autism risk genes. The software is freely available for all research uses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuwen Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A. Ercument Cicek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanyu Liang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jinchen Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebecca A Muhle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas Knoblauch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martina Krenzer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue Mei</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi Jiang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Even Geller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhongshan Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iuliana Ionita-Laza</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jinyu Wu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kun Xia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James P Noonan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong Sheng Sun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/077578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contribution of de novo non-coding mutations to autism and identification of risk genes from whole-genome sequencing of affected families]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying cis-mediators for trans-eQTLs across many human tissues using genomic mediation analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impact of inherited genetic variation on gene expression in humans is well-established. The majority of known expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) impact expression of local genes (cis-eQTLs). More research is needed to identify effects of genetic variation on distant genes (trans-eQTLs) and understand their biological mechanisms. One common trans-eQTLs mechanism is "mediation" by a local (cis) transcript. Thus, mediation analysis can be applied to genome-wide SNP and expression data in order to identify transcripts that are "cis-mediators" of trans-eQTLs, including those "cis-hubs" involved in regulation of many trans-genes. Identifying such mediators helps us understand regulatory networks and suggests biological mechanisms underlying trans-eQTLs, both of which are relevant for understanding susceptibility to complex diseases. The multi-tissue expression data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) program provides a unique opportunity to study cis-mediation across human tissue types. However, the presence of complex hidden confounding effects in biological systems can make mediation analyses challenging and prone to confounding bias, particularly when conducted among diverse samples. To address this problem, we propose a new method: Genomic Mediation analysis with Adaptive Confounding adjustment (GMAC). It enables the search of a very large pool of variables, and adaptively selects potential confounding variables for each mediation test. Analyses of simulated data and GTEx data demonstrate that the adaptive selection of confounders by GMAC improves the power and precision of mediation analysis. Application of GMAC to GTEx data provides new insights into the observed patterns of cis-hubs and trans-eQTL regulation across tissue types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan Yang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiebiao Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the GTEx consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandon L. Pierce</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin S. Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/078683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying cis-mediators for trans-eQTLs across many human tissues using genomic mediation analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/080721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chironomus riparius (Diptera) genome sequencing reveals the impact of minisatellite transposable elements on population divergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/080721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Active transposable elements (TEs) may result in divergent genomic insertion and abundance patterns among conspecific populations. Upon secondary contact, such divergent genetic backgrounds can theoretically give rise to classical Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities (DMI), a way how TEs can contribute to the evolution of endogenous genetic barriers and eventually population divergence. We investigated whether differential TE activity created endogenous selection pressures among conspecific populations of the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius, focussing on a Chironomus-specific TE, the minisatellite-like Cla-element, whose activity is associated with speciation in the genus. Using an improved and annotated draft genome for a genomic study with five natural C. riparius populations, we found highly population-specific TE insertion patterns with many private insertions. A highly significant correlation of pairwise population FST from genome-wide SNPs with the FST estimated from TEs suggests drift as the major force driving TE population differentiation. However, the significantly higher Cla-element FST level due to a high proportion of differentially fixed Cla-element insertions indicates that segregating, i.e. heterozygous insertions are selected against. With reciprocal crossing experiments and fluorescent in-situ hybridisation of Cla-elements to polytene chromosomes, we documented phenotypic effects on female fertility and chromosomal mispairings that might be linked to DMI in hybrids. We propose that the inferred negative selection on heterozygous Cla-element insertions causes endogenous genetic barriers and therefore acts as DMI among C. riparius populations. The intrinsic genomic turnover exerted by TEs, thus, may have a direct impact on population divergence that is operationally different from drift and local adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oppold, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellmann, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolze, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripp, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt-Ott, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kofler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hankeln, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfenninger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/080721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chironomus riparius (Diptera) genome sequencing reveals the impact of minisatellite transposable elements on population divergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transposable element exaptation is the primary source of novelty in the primate gene regulatory landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulation plays a critical role in the evolution of phenotypic diversity. We investigated the evolution of liver promoters and enhancers in six primate species. We performed ChlP-seq for two histone modifications and RNA-seq to profile cis-regulatory element (CRE) activity and gene expression. The primate regulatory landscape is largely conserved across the lineage. Conserved CRE function is associated with sequence conservation, proximity to coding genes, cell type specificity of CRE function, and transcription factor binding. Newly evolved CREs are enriched in immune response and neurodevelopmental functions, while conserved CREs bind master regulators. Transposable elements (TEs) are the primary source of novelty in primate gene regulation. Newly evolved CREs are enriched in young TEs that affect gene expression. However, only 17% of conserved CREs overlap a TE, suggesting that target gene expression is under strong selection. Finally, we identified specific genomic features driving the functional recruitment of newly inserted TEs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trizzino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holsbach-Beltrame, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aracena, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mika, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caliskan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/083980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transposable element exaptation is the primary source of novelty in the primate gene regulatory landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic and spatio-taxonomic response of uncultivated seafloor bacteria following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/084707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The release of 700 million liters of oil into the Gulf of Mexico over a few months in 2010 produced dramatic changes in the microbial ecology of the water and sediment. Previous 4 studies have examined the phylogeny and function of these changes, but until now a 5 fundamental examination of the extant hydrocarbon metabolisms that supported these 6 changes had not been performed. Here, we reconstructed the genomes of 57 widespread 7 uncultivated bacteria from post spill sediments, and recovered their gene expression 8 pattern across the seafloor. These genomes comprised a common collection of bacteria 9 that were highly enriched in heavily affected sediments around the wellhead. While rare in distal sediments, some members were still detectable at sites up to 60 km away. Many of these genomes exhibited phylogenetic clustering indicative of common trait selection by the environment, and within half we identified 264 genes associated with hydrocarbon degradation. Observed alkane degradation ability was near ubiquitous among candidate hydrocarbon degraders, while just 3 harbored elaborate gene inventories for the degradation of alkanes and (poly)aromatic hydrocarbons. Differential gene expression profiles revealed a spill-promoted microbial sulfur cycle alongside gene up-regulation associated with polyaromatic hydrocarbon degradation. Gene expression associated with alkane degradation was widespread, although active alkane degrader identities changed along the pollution gradient. The resulting analysis suggests a broad metabolic capacity to respond to oil exists across a large array of usually rare bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Handley, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yvette, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tom, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, O. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansson, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/084707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic and spatio-taxonomic response of uncultivated seafloor bacteria following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T cell co-stimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for PD-1-mediated inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/086652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a co-inhibitory receptor that suppresses T cell activation and is an important cancer immunotherapy target. Upon activation by its ligand PD-L1, PD-1 is thought to suppress signaling through the T cell receptor (TCR). Here, by titrating the strength of PD-1 signaling in both biochemical reconstitution systems and in T cells, we demonstrate that the coreceptor CD28 is strongly preferred over the TCR as a target for dephosphorylation by PD-1- recruited Shp2 phosphatase. We also show that PD-1 colocalizes with the costimulatory receptor CD28 in plasma membrane microclusters but partially segregates from the TCR. These results reveal that PD-1 suppresses T cell function primarily by inactivating CD28 signaling, suggesting that costimulatory pathways may play unexpected roles in regulating effector T cell function and therapeutic responses to anti-PD-L1/PD-1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hui, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallweber, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasmal, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/086652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T cell co-stimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for PD-1-mediated inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Domains of methylated CAC and CG target MeCP2 to tune transcription in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the gene encoding the methyl-CG binding protein MeCP2 cause neurological disorders including Rett syndrome. The di-nucleotide methyl-CG (mCG) is the canonical MeCP2 DNA recognition sequence, but additional targets including non-methylated sequences have been reported. Here we use brain-specific depletion of DNA methyltransferase to show that DNA methylation is the primary determinant of MeCP2 binding in mouse brain. In vitro and in vivo analyses reveal that MeCP2 binding to non-CG methylated sites in brain is largely confined to the tri-nucleotide sequence mCAC. Structural modeling suggests that mCG and mCAC may be interchangeable as minimal structural perturbation of MeCP2 accompanies binding. MeCP2 binding to chromosomal DNA in mouse brain is proportional to mCG + mCAC density and defines domains within which transcription is sensitive to MeCP2 occupancy. The results suggest that MeCP2 interprets patterns of mCAC and mCG in the brain to negatively modulate transcription of genes critical for neuronal function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lagger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connelly, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweikert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selfridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsahoye, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSousa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seiser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanguinetti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowers, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walkinshaw, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Domains of methylated CAC and CG target MeCP2 to tune transcription in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reducing mitochondrial reads in ATAC-seq using CRISPR/Cas9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ATAC-seq is a high-throughput sequencing technique that aims at identifying DNA sequences located in open chromatin. Depending on the cell type, ATAC-seq may yield a high number of mitochondrial sequencing reads (~20-80% of the reads). As the regions of open chromatin of interest are usually located in the nuclear genome, mitochondrial reads are typically discarded from the analysis. To decrease wasted sequencing, we performed targeted cleavage of mitochondrial DNA using CRISPR/Cas9 and 100 mtDNA-specific guide RNAs. We also tested a modified ATAC-seq protocol that does not include detergent in the cell lysis buffer. Both treatments resulted in considerable reduction of mitochondrial reads (1.7 and 3-fold, respectively). The removal of detergent, however, resulted in increased background and fewer peaks identified. The highest number of peaks and highest quality data was obtained by preparing samples with the original ATAC-seq protocol (using detergent) and treating them with anti-mitochondrial guide RNAs and Cas9. This strategy could lead to considerable cost reduction and improved peak calling when performing ATAC-seq on a moderate to large number of samples and in cell types that contain a large amount of mitochondria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montefiori, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobrega, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakabe, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reducing mitochondrial reads in ATAC-seq using CRISPR/Cas9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Slow and steady wins the race: encounters of myosin-5 and myosin-6 on shared actin filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/087940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the cellular environment multiple myosins use the same filamentous actin (F-actin) tracks, yet little is known about how this track sharing is achieved and maintained. To assess the influence that different myosin classes have on each other, we developed an assay that combines two dynamic elements: elongating actin filaments with identified barbed and pointed ends, and myosins moving along these filaments. We studied two different myosins, myosin-5 and myosin-6. These myosins have distinct functions in the cell and are known to travel in opposite directions along actin filaments. Myosin-5 walks towards the barbed end of F-actin and generally into dynamically rearranging actin at the cell periphery. Myosin-6 is a pointed-end directed myosin that generally walks towards the cell center. We successfully reconstituted simultaneous bidirectional motility of myosin-5 and myosin-6 on single polymerizing filaments of actin. We report and provide statistical analysis of encounters between myosin-5 and myosin-6 walking along the single filaments. When myosin-5 and myosin-6 collide, myosin-5 detaches more frequently than myosin-6. The experimental observations are consistent with a stochastic stepping model based upon known myosin kinetics, which suggests that faster motors are more likely to detach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalita, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/087940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Slow and steady wins the race: encounters of myosin-5 and myosin-6 on shared actin filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eco-evolutionary theory and insect outbreaks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eco-evolutionary theory argues that population cycles in consumer-resource interactions are partly driven by natural selection, such that changes in densities and changes in trait values are mutually reinforcing. Evidence that this theory explains cycles in nature, however, is almost nonexistent. Experimental tests of model predictions are almost always impossible because of the long time scales over which cycles occur, but for most organisms, even tests of model assumptions are logistically impractical. For insect baculoviruses in contrast, tests of model assumptions are straightforward, and baculoviruses often drive outbreaks of forest-defoliating insects, as in the gypsy moth that we study here. We therefore used field experiments with the gypsy moth baculovirus to test two key assumptions of eco-evolutionary models of host-pathogen population cycles, that reduced host infection risk is heritable and costly. Our experiments confirm the two assumptions, and inserting parameters estimated from our data into the models gives cycles closely resembling gypsy moth outbreak cycles in North America, whereas standard models predict unrealistic stable equilibria. Our work shows that eco-evolutionary models are useful for explaining outbreaks of forest insect defoliators, while widespread observations of intense selection imposed by natural enemies on defoliators, and frequent laboratory observations of heritable and costly resistance in defoliators, suggest that eco-evolutionary dynamics may play a general role in defoliator outbreaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dukic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dushoff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming-Davies, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/088047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eco-evolutionary theory and insect outbreaks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling the Effects of Weather and Densityon the Dynamics of a Fungal Pathogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonlinear fitting algorithms have illuminated the role of weather in human diseases, by allowing for robust tests of mechanistic transmission models, but a lack of data has prevented applications to animal diseases. This is important because classical models that neglect weather predict that there will be a host density threshold, below which epidemic intensity will be slight, but models that include weather predict that this threshold will often be obliterated by weather variability. To test the applicability of thresholds to animal diseases, we estimated infection rates of the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga in the gypsy moth, by collecting larvae during epidemics at a range of host densities and weather conditions, and we estimated the pathogen's force of infection, by exposing experimental larvae to the pathogen for 24 h periods in the field. By fitting a range of models to our data, we show that epidemics of this pathogen are best explained by a model that allows for positive effects of both host density and cool, moist weather on transmission, such that weather-only and density-dependence-only models provide vastly poorer explanations for the data. Despite the effects of weather, the combined model shows that the effects of density in E. maimaiga are strong enough to ensure that the density threshold will have important effects on the probability of epidemics. Our work shows that weather and density-dependent transmission can interact in non-intuitive ways, and provides an illustration of the usefulness of nonlinear fitting for understanding animal diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kyle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldwyn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/088054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling the Effects of Weather and Densityon the Dynamics of a Fungal Pathogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution tracking of microbial colonization in Fecal Microbiota Transplantation experiments via metagenome-assembled genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection and shows promise for treating other medical conditions associated with intestinal dysbioses. However, we lack a sufficient understanding of which microbial populations successfully colonize the recipient gut, and the widely used approaches to study the microbial ecology of FMT experiments fail to provide enough resolution to identify populations that are likely responsible for FMT-derived benefits. Here we used shotgun metagenomics to reconstruct 97 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from fecal samples of a single donor and followed their distribution in two FMT recipients to identify microbial populations with different colonization properties. Our analysis of the occurrence and distribution patterns post-FMT revealed that 22% of the MAGs transferred from the donor to both recipients and remained abundant in their guts for at least eight weeks. Most MAGs that successfully colonized the recipient gut belonged to the order Bacteroidales. The vast majority of those that lacked evidence of colonization belonged to the order Clostridiales and colonization success was negatively correlated with the number of genes related to sporulation. Although our dataset showed a link between taxonomy and the ability of a MAG to colonize the recipient gut, we also identified MAGs with different colonization properties that belong to the same taxon, highlighting the importance of genome-resolved approaches to explore the functional basis of colonization and to identify targets for cultivation, hypothesis generation, and testing in model systems for mechanistic insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmont, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonopoulos, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution tracking of microbial colonization in Fecal Microbiota Transplantation experiments via metagenome-assembled genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of regulatory variation across human iPSCs and differentiated cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are an essential tool for studying cellular differentiation and cell types that are otherwise difficult to access. We investigated the use of iPSCs and iPSC-derived cells to study the impact of genetic variation across different cell types and as models for studies of complex disease. We established a panel of iPSCs from 58 well-studied Yoruba lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs); 14 of these lines were further differentiated into cardiomyocytes. We characterized regulatory variation across individuals and cell types by measuring gene expression, chromatin accessibility and DNA methylation. Regulatory variation between individuals is lower in iPSCs than in the differentiated cell types, consistent with the intuition that developmental processes are generally canalized. While most cell type-specific regulatory quantitative trait loci (QTLs) lie in chromatin that is open only in the affected cell types, we found that 20% of cell type-specific QTLs are in shared open chromatin. Finally, we developed a deep neural network to predict open chromatin regions from DNA sequence alone and were able to use the sequences of segregating haplotypes to predict the effects of common SNPs on cell type-specific chromatin accessibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenside, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myrthil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrows, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallego Romero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovic, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of regulatory variation across human iPSCs and differentiated cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population history of the Sardinian people inferred from whole-genome sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The population of the Mediterranean island of Sardinia has made important contributions to genome-wide association studies of traits and diseases. The history of the Sardinian population has also been the focus of much research, and in recent ancient DNA (aDNA) studies, Sardinia has provided unique insight into the peopling of Europe and the spread of agriculture. In this study, we analyze whole-genome sequences of 3,514 Sardinians to address hypotheses regarding the founding of Sardinia and its relation to the peopling of Europe, including examining fine-scale substructure, population size history, and signals of admixture. We find the population of the mountainous Gennargentu region shows elevated genetic isolation with higher levels of ancestry associated with mainland Neolithic farmers and depleted ancestry associated with more recent Bronze Age Steppe migrations on the mainland. Notably, the Gennargentu region also has elevated levels of pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherer ancestry and increased affinity to Basque populations. Further, allele sharing with pre-Neolithic and Neolithic mainland populations is larger on the X chromosome compared to the autosome, providing evidence for a sex-biased demographic history in Sardinia. These results give new insight to the demography of ancestral Sardinians and help further the understanding of sharing of disease risk alleles between Sardinia and mainland populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiang, C. W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Asadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoledziewska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitzalis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busonero, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maschio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pistis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angius, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohmueller, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abecasis, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlessinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cucca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/092148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population history of the Sardinian people inferred from whole-genome sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fitness landscapes reveal simple strategies for steering evolution to minimize antibiotic resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of antibiotic resistance presents a practical and theoretical challenge: the design of strategies that limit the risk of evolved resistance while effectively treating current patients. Sequentially cycling antibiotics has been proposed as a way to slow the evolution of resistance by reducing the extent of adaptation to a given drug, and clinical trials have demonstrated its effectiveness in some settings. Empirical fitness landscapes in theory allow the sequence of drugs to be refined to maximize tradeoffs between drugs and thereby slow adaptation even further. Using the measured growth rates of 16 genotypes of Escherichia coli in the presence of {beta}-lactam antibiotics, we test an adaptive strategy, based on a Markov chain transition matrix, to select drug sequences that continuously minimize resistance. Cycling is never selected over the long term. Instead, monotherapy with the antibiotic that permits the least growth in its landscapes absorbing state is rapidly selected from different starting conditions. Analysis of a synthetic fitness landscape shows that cycling drugs that induce sensitivity to one other could, in theory, outperform monotherapy. These results underscore the importance of considering the specific topologies of fitness landscape in determining whether to cycle drugs and suggest a general computational approach to identify high performing, practical strategies to manage resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fitness landscapes reveal simple strategies for steering evolution to minimize antibiotic resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient individuals from the North American Northwest Coast reveal 10,000 years of regional genetic continuity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent genome-wide studies of both ancient and modern indigenous people of the Americas have shed light on the demographic processes involved during the first peopling. The Pacific northwest coast proves an intriguing focus for these studies due to its association with coastal migration models and genetic ancestral patterns that are difficult to reconcile with modern DNA alone. Here we report the genome-wide sequence of an ancient individual known as "Shuka Kaa" ("Man Ahead of Us") recovered from the On Your Knees Cave (OYKC) in southeastern Alaska (archaeological site 49-PET-408). The human remains date to approximately 10,300 cal years before present (BP). We also analyze low coverage genomes of three more recent individuals from the nearby coast of British Columbia dating from approximately 6075 to 1750 cal years BP. From the resulting time series of genetic data, we show that the Pacific Northwest Coast exhibits genetic continuity for at least the past 10,300 cal BP. We also infer that population structure existed in the late Pleistocene of North America with Shuka Kaa on a different ancestral line compared to other North American individuals (i.e., Anzick-1 and Kennewick Man) from the late Pleistocene or early Holocene. Despite regional shifts in mitochondrial DNA haplogroups we conclude from individuals sampled through time that people of the northern Northwest Coast belong to an early genetic lineage that may stem from a late Pleistocene coastal migration into the Americas.nnSignificance StatementThe peopling of the Americas has been examined on the continental level with the aid of single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, next generation sequencing, and advancements in ancient DNA, all of which have helped elucidate major population movements. Regional paleogenomic studies, however, have received less attention and may reveal a more nuanced demographic history. Here we present genomewide sequences of individuals from the northern Northwest Coast covering a time span of ~10,000 years and show that continental patterns of demography do not necessarily apply on the regional level. In comparison with existing paleogenomic data, we demonstrate that geographically linked population samples from the Northwest Coast exhibit an early ancestral lineage and find that population structure existed among Native North American groups as early as the late Pleistocene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achilli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perego, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdiosera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petzelt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worl, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fifield, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willerslev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cybulski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGiorgio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhi, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient individuals from the North American Northwest Coast reveal 10,000 years of regional genetic continuity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-occurring eQTLs and mQTLs: detecting shared causal variants and shared biological mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/094656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inherited genetic variation impacts local gene expression and DNA methylation in humans. Expression and methylation quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTLs and cis-mQTLs) often occur at the same genomic location, suggesting a common causal variant and shared mechanism. Using DNA and RNA from peripheral blood of Bangladeshi individuals, we use "co-localization" methods to identify 3,695 eQTL-mQTL pairs that are likely to share a causal variant. Using partial correlation analysis and mediation analysis, we identify >500 pairs with evidence of a causal relationships between expression and methylation (i.e., shared mechanism) with many additional pairs that we are underpowered to detect. These co-localized pairs are enriched for SNPs showing opposite effects on expression and methylation, although a many affect multiple CpGs in opposite directions. Evidence of shared SNP-age interaction also supports shared mechanisms for two eQTL-mQTL pairs. This work demonstrates the pervasiveness of co-regulated expression and methylation traits in the human genome. This approach can be applied to other types of molecular QTLs to enhance our understanding of regulatory mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pierce, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasmine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakibuz-Zaman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarwar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahriar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibriya, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahsan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/094656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-occurring eQTLs and mQTLs: detecting shared causal variants and shared biological mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii formin and profilin are optimized for acute rapid actin filament assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The regulated assembly of multiple filamentous actin (F-actin) networks from an actin monomer pool is important for a variety of cellular processes. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga expressing a conventional and divergent actin that is an emerging system for investigating the complex regulation of actin polymerization. One actin network that contains exclusively conventional F-actin in Chlamydomonas is the fertilization tubule, a mating structure at the apical cell surface in gametes. In addition to two actin genes, Chlamydomonas expresses a profilin (PRF1) and four formin genes (FOR1-4), one of which (FOR1) we have characterized for the first time. We found that unlike typical profilins, PRF1 prevents unwanted actin assembly by strongly inhibiting both F-actin nucleation and barbed end elongation at equimolar concentrations to actin. However, FOR1 stimulates the assembly of rapidly elongating actin filaments from PRF1-bound actin. PRF1 further favors FOR1-mediated actin assembly by potently inhibiting Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin assembly. Furthermore, for1 and prf1-1 mutants, as well as the small molecule formin inhibitor SMIFH2, prevent fertilization tubule formation in gametes, suggesting that polymerization of F-actin for fertilization tubule formation is a primary function of FOR1. Together, these findings indicate that FOR1 and PRF1 cooperate to selectively and rapidly assemble F-actin at the right time and place.nnSUMMARY STATEMENTThe Chlamydomonas reinhardtii formin FOR1 initiates rapid assembly of fertilization tubule actin filaments from monomers associated with the actin-assembly inhibitor profilin PRF1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christensen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glista, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sees, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skau, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mets, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avasthi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/096008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chlamydomonas reinhardtii formin and profilin are optimized for acute rapid actin filament assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Super-resolution Imaging of Synaptic and Extra-synaptic Pools of AMPA Receptors with Different-sized Fluorescent Probes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether AMPA receptors (AMPARs) enter into neuronal synapses, by exocytosis from an internal pool, or by diffusion from an external membrane-bound pool, is hotly contested. 3D super-resolution fluorescent nanoscopy to measure the dynamics and placement of AMPAR is a powerful method for addressing this issue. However, probe size and accessibility to tightly packed spaces can be limiting. We have therefore labeled AMPARs with differently sized fluorophores: small organic fluorescent dyes (~ 4 nm), small quantum dots (sQD, ~10 nm in diameter), or big (commercial) quantum dots (bQD, ~ 20 nm in diameter). We then compared their diffusion rate, trajectories, and placement with respect to a postsynaptic density (PSD) protein, Homer 1c. Labeled with the small probes of sQDs or organic fluorophores, we find that AMPARs are located largely within PSDs (~73-93%), and generally reside in "nanodomains" with constrained diffusion. In contrast, when labeled with bQDs, only 5-10% of AMPARs are within PSDs. The results can be explained by relatively free access, or lack thereof, to synaptic clefts of the AMPARs when labeled with small or big probes, respectively. This implies that AMPARs primarily enter PSDs soon after their exocytosis and not from a large diffusive pool of extrasynaptic AMPARs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishitsuka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomaz, A. A. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nall, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baday, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeyifous, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demonte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dundas, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvin, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/096966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Super-resolution Imaging of Synaptic and Extra-synaptic Pools of AMPA Receptors with Different-sized Fluorescent Probes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Karp: Accurate and fast taxonomic classification using pseudoalignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/097949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pooled DNA from multiple unknown organisms arises in a variety of contexts, for example microbial samples from ecological or human health research. Determining the composition of pooled samples can be difficult, especially at the scale of modern sequencing data and reference databases. Here we propose the novel pooled DNA classification method Karp. Karp combines the speed and low-memory requirements of k-mer based pseudoalignment with a likelihood framework that uses base quality information to better resolve multiply mapped reads. In this text we apply Karp to the problem of classifying 16S rRNA reads, commonly used in microbiome research. Using simulations, we show Karp is accurate across a variety of read lengths and when samples contain reads originating from organisms absent from the reference. We also assess performance in real 16S data, and show that relative to other widely used classification methods Karp can reveal stronger statistical association signals and should empower future discoveries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reppell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/097949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Karp: Accurate and fast taxonomic classification using pseudoalignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Higher genetic risk of schizophrenia is associated with lower cognitive performance in healthy individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychotic disorders including schizophrenia are commonly accompanied by cognitive deficits. Recent studies have reported negative genetic correlations between schizophrenia and indicators of cognitive ability such as general intelligence and processing speed. Here we compare the effect of the genetic risk of schizophrenia (PRSSCZ) on measures that differ in their relationships with psychosis onset: a measure of current cognitive abilities (the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, BACS) that is greatly reduced in psychosis patients; a measure of premorbid intelligence that is minimally affected by psychosis (the Wide-Range Achievement Test, WRAT); and educational attainment (EY), which covaries with both BACS and WRAT. Using genome-wide SNP data from 314 psychotic and 423 healthy research participants in the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) Consortium, we investigated the association of PRSSCZ with BACS, WRAT and EY. Among apparently healthy individuals, greater genetic risk for schizophrenia (PRSSCZ) was associated with lower BACS scores (r = -0.19, p = 1 x 10-4 at PT = 1 x 10-4) but did not associate with WRAT or EY, suggesting that these areas of cognition vary in their etiologic relationships with schizophrenia. Among individuals with psychosis, PRSSCZ did not associate with variation in cognitive performance. These findings suggest that the same cognitive abilities that are disrupted in psychotic disorders are also associated with schizophrenia genetic risk in the general population. Specific cognitive phenotypes, independent of education or general intelligence, could be more deeply studied for insight into the specific processes affected by the genetic influences on psychosis.nnSignificancePsychotic disorders such as schizophrenia often involve profound cognitive deficits, the genetic underpinnings of which remain to be elucidated. Poor educational performance early in life is a well-known risk factor for future psychotic illness, potentially reflecting either shared genetic influences or other risk factors that are epidemiologically correlated. Here we show that, in apparently healthy individuals, common genetic risk factors for schizophrenia associate with lower performance in areas of cognition that are impaired in psychotic disorders but do not associate independently with educational attainment or more general measures of intelligence. These results suggest that specific cognitive phenotypes - independent of education or general intelligence - could be more deeply studied for insight into the processes affected by the genetic influences on psychosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shafee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alliey-Rodriguez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keefe, R. S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementz, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamminga, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/103622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Higher genetic risk of schizophrenia is associated with lower cognitive performance in healthy individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting susceptibility to tuberculosis based on gene expression profiling in dendritic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/104729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) is a deadly infectious disease, which kills millions of people every year. The causative pathogen, Mycobac-terium tuberculosis (MTB), is estimated to have infected up to a third of the worlds population; however, only approximately 10% of infected healthy individuals progress to active TB. Despite evidence for heritability, it is not currently possible to predict who may develop TB. To explore approaches to classify susceptibility to TB, we infected with MTB dendritic cells (DCs) from putatively resistant individuals diagnosed with latent TB, and from susceptible individuals that had recovered from active TB. We measured gene expression levels in infected and non-infected cells and found hundreds of differentially expressed genes between susceptible and resistant individuals in the non-infected cells. We further found that genetic polymorphisms nearby the differentially expressed genes between susceptible and resistant individuals are more likely to be associated with TB susceptibility in published GWAS data. Lastly, we trained a classifier based on the gene expression levels in the non-infected cells, and demonstrated decent performance on our data and an independent data set. Overall, our promising results from this small study suggest that training a classifier on a larger cohort may enable us to accurately predict TB susceptibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blischak, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tailleux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myrthil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlois, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergot, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morizot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheny, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Platen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrmann, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/104729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting susceptibility to tuberculosis based on gene expression profiling in dendritic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bursting on a two states stochastic model for gene transcription in Drosophila embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/107979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent experimental data on the transcription dynamics of eve gene stripe two formation of Drosophila melanogaster embryos occurs in bursts of multiple sizes and durations. That has motivated the proposition of a transcription model having multiple ON states for the promoter of the eve gene each of them characterized by different synthesis rate. To understand the role of multiple ON states on gene transcription we approach the exact solutions for a two state stochastic model for gene transcription in D. melanogaster embryos and derive its bursting limit. Simulations based on the Gillespie algorithm at the bursting limit show the occurrence of bursts of multiple sizes and durations. Based on our theoretical approach, we interpret the aforementioned experimental data as a demonstration of the intrinsic stochasticity of the transcriptional processes in fruit fly embryos. Then, we conceive the experimental arrangement to determine when gene transcription has multiple ON promoter state in a noisy environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yvinec, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, L. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prata, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira Ramos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/107979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bursting on a two states stochastic model for gene transcription in Drosophila embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative cross tissue analysis of gene expression identifies novel type 2 diabetes genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand the mechanistic underpinnings of type 2 diabetes (T2D) loci mapped through GWAS, we performed a tissue-specific gene association study in a cohort of over 100K individuals (ncases {approx} 26K,ncontrols {approx} 84K) across 44 human tissues using MetaXcan, a summary statistics extension of PrediXcan. We found that 90 genes significantly (FDR < 0.05) associated with T2D, of which 24 are previously reported T2D genes, 29 are novel in established T2D loci, and 37 are novel genes in novel loci. Of these, 13 reported genes, 15 novel genes in known loci, and 6 genes in novel loci replicated (FDRrep < 0.05) in an independent study (ncases {approx} 10K, ncontrols {approx} 62K). We also found enrichment of significant associations in expected tissues such as liver, pancreas, adipose, and muscle but also in tibial nerve, fibroblasts, and breast. Finally, we found that monogenic diabetes genes are enriched in T2D genes from our analysis suggesting that moderate alterations in monogenic (severe) diabetes genes may promote milder and later onset type 2 diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/108134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative cross tissue analysis of gene expression identifies novel type 2 diabetes genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/109595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing optogenetics to probe sub-cellular mechanics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/109595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanics of the actin cytoskeleton regulates cell morphogenesis during essential physiological processes. While cellular contractility is known to be largely RhoA-dependent, the process by which localized biochemical signals are translated into cell-level responses is not well understood. Here we combine optogenetic control of RhoA in space and time, live cell imaging and traction force microscopy to investigate the dynamics of actomyosin-based force generation in adherent fibroblasts. Local activation of RhoA not only stimulates local recruitment of actin and myosin, but also leads to increased traction forces outside the activation region that rapidly propagate across the cell via stress fibers and drive actin flow towards the region of heightened RhoA. Surprisingly, the flow reverses direction when local RhoA activation stops. We identify zyxin as a regulator of stress fiber mechanics, as stress fibers are fluid-like without flow reversal in its absence. These experimental data are used to constrain a physical model, which demonstrates that stress fibers are elastic-like, even at time scales exceeding turnover of constituent proteins. Such molecular control of actin mechanics likely plays critical roles in regulation of morphogenic events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oakes, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probst, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glotzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/109595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing optogenetics to probe sub-cellular mechanics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study of asthma in individuals of African ancestry reveals novel asthma susceptibility loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/112953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDAsthma is a complex disease with striking disparities across racial and ethnic groups, which may be partly attributable to genetic factors. One of the main goals of the Consortium on Asthma among African-ancestry Populations in the Americas (CAAPA) is to discover genes conferring risk to asthma in populations of African descent.nnMETHODSWe performed a genome-wide meta-analysis of asthma across 11 CAAPA datasets (4,827 asthma cases and 5,397 controls), genotyped on the African Diaspora Power Chip (ADPC) and including existing GWAS array data. The genotype data were imputed up to a whole genome sequence reference panel from n=880 African ancestry individuals for a total of 61,904,576 SNPs. Statistical models appropriate to each study design were used to test for association, and results were combined using the weighted Z-score method. We also used admixture mapping as a complementary approach to identify loci involved in asthma pathogenesis in subjects of African ancestry.nnRESULTSSNPs rs787160 and rs17834780 on chromosome 2q22.3 were significantly associated with asthma (p=6.57 x 10-9 and 2.97 x 10-8, respectively). These SNPs lie in the intergenic region between the Rho GTPase Activating Protein 15 (ARHGAP15) and Glycosyltransferase Like Domain Containing 1 (GTDC1) genes. Four low frequency variants on chromosome 1q21.3, which may be involved in the "atopic march" and which are not polymorphic in Europeans, also showed evidence for association with asthma (1.18 x10-6 [&le;] p [&le;] 3.06 x10-6). SNP rs11264909 on chromosome 1q23.1, close to a region previously identified by the EVE asthma meta-analysis as having a putative African ancestry specific effect, only showed differences in counts in subjects homozygous for alleles of African ancestry. Admixture mapping also identified a significantly associated region on chromosome 6q23.2, which includes the Transcription Factor 21 (TCF21) gene, previously shown to be differentially expressed in bronchial tissues of asthmatics and non-asthmatics.nnCONCLUSIONSWe have identified a number of novel asthma association signals warranting further investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Daya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafaels, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boorgula, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maul, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torgerson, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doumatey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleecker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunston, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faruque, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueiredo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourraud, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansel, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Paz, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight-Madden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayorga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolae, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olopad</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/112953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study of asthma in individuals of African ancestry reveals novel asthma susceptibility loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell cycle entry triggers a switch between two modes of Cdc42 activation during yeast polarization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/114504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell polarization underlies many cellular and organismal functions. The GTPase Cdc42 orchestrates polarization in many contexts. In budding yeast, polarization is associated with a focus of Cdc42*GTP which is thought to self sustain by recruiting a complex containing Cla4, a Cdc42-binding effector, Bem1, a scaffold and Cdc24, a Cdc42 GEF. Using optogenetics, we probe yeast polarization and find that local recruitment of Cdc24 or Bem1 is sufficient to induce polarization by triggering self-sustaining Cdc42 activity. However, the response to these perturbations depends on the recruited molecule, the cell cycle stage, and existing polarization sites. Before cell cycle entry, recruitment of Cdc24, but not Bem1, induces a metastable pool of Cdc42 that is sustained by positive feedback. Upon Cdk1 activation, recruitment of either Cdc24 or Bem1 creates a stable site of polarization that induces budding and inhibits formation of competing sites. Local perturbations have therefore revealed unexpected features of polarity establishment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Witte, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strickland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glotzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/114504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell cycle entry triggers a switch between two modes of Cdc42 activation during yeast polarization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Co-regulation Data Harvester for Tetrahymenathermophila: automated high-throughput geneannotation and functional inference in a microbialeukaryote 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying co-regulated genes can provide a useful approach for defining pathway-specific machinery in an organism. To be efficient, this approach relies on thorough genome annotation, which is not available for most organisms with sequenced genomes. Studies in Tetrahymena thermophila, the most experimentally accessible ciliate, have generated a rich transcriptomic database covering many well-defined physiological states. Genes that are involved in the same pathway show significant co-regulation, and screens based on gene co-regulation have identified novel factors in specific pathways, for example in membrane trafficking. However, a limitation has been the relatively sparse annotation of the Tetrahymena genome, making it impractical to approach genome-wide analyses. We have therefore developed an efficient approach to analyze both co-regulation and gene annotation, called the Co-regulation Data Harvester (CDH). The CDH automates identification of co-regulated genes by accessing the Tetrahymena transcriptome database, determines their orthologs in other organisms via reciprocal BLAST searches, and collates the annotations of those orthologs' functions. Inferences drawn from the CDH reproduce and expand upon experimental findings in Tetrahymena. The CDH, which is freely available, represents a powerful new tool for analyzing cell biological pathways in Tetrahymena. Moreover, to the extent that genes and pathways are conserved between organisms, the inferences obtained via the CDH should be relevant, and can be explored, in many other systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsypin, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkewitz, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/115816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Co-regulation Data Harvester for Tetrahymenathermophila: automated high-throughput geneannotation and functional inference in a microbialeukaryote]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/118521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bootstrapping and Empirical Bayes Methods Improve Rhythm Detection in Sparsely Sampled Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/118521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThere is much interest in using genome-wide expression time series to identify circadian genes. However, the cost and effort of such measurements often limits data collection. Consequently, it is difficult to assess the experimental uncertainty in the measurements and, in turn, to detect periodic patterns with statistical confidence.nnResultsWe show that parametric bootstrapping and empirical Bayes methods for variance shrinkage can improve rhythm detection in genome-wide expression time series. We demonstrate these approaches by building on the empirical JTK_CYCLE method (eJTK) to formulate a method that we term BooteJTK. Our procedure rapidly and accurately detects cycling time series by combining information about measurement uncertainty with information about the rank order of the time series values. We exploit a publicly available genome-wide dataset with high time resolution to show that BooteJTK provides more consistent rhythm detection thanexisting methods at typical sampling frequencies. Then, we apply BooteJTK to genome-wide expression time series from multiple tissues and show that it reveals biologically sensible tissue relationships that eJTK misses.nnAvailabilityBootstrap eJTK (BooteJTK) is implemented in Python and is freely available on GitHub at https://github.com/alanlhutchison/BooteJTK.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hutchison, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allada, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/118521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bootstrapping and Empirical Bayes Methods Improve Rhythm Detection in Sparsely Sampled Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/118547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correcting for Dependent P-values in Rhythm Detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/118547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is much interest in using genome-wide expression time series to identify circadian genes. Several methods have been developed to test for rhythmicity in sparsely sampled time series typical of such measurements. Because these methods are statistical in nature, they rely on estimating the probabilities that patterns arise by chance (i.e., p-values). Here we show that leading methods implicitly make inappropriate assumptions of independence when estimating p-values. We show how to correct for the dependence to obtain accurate estimates for statistical significance during rhythm detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hutchison, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/118547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correcting for Dependent P-values in Rhythm Detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brucella abortus Induces A Warburg Shift In Host Metabolism That Enhances Intracellular Replication Of The Pathogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/120527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular bacterial pathogens exploit host cell resources to replicate and survive inside the host. Targeting these host systems is one promising approach to developing novel antimicrobials to treat intracellular infections. We show that human macrophage-like cells infected with Brucella abortus undergo a metabolic shift characterized by attenuated tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism, reduced amino acid consumption, altered mitochondrial localization, and increased lactate production. This shift to an aerobic glycolytic state resembles the Warburg effect, a change in energy production that is well-described in cancer cells, and also occurs in activated inflammatory cells. B. abortus efficiently uses lactic acid as its sole carbon and energy source and requires the ability to metabolize lactate for normal survival in human macrophage-like cells. We demonstrate that chemical inhibitors of host glycolysis and lactate production do not affect in vitro growth of B. abortus in axenic culture, but decrease its survival in the intracellular niche. Our data support a model in which infection shifts host metabolism to a Warburg-like state, and B. abortus uses this change in metabolism to promote intracellular survival. Pharmacological perturbation of these features of host cell metabolism may be a useful strategy to inhibit infection by intracellular pathogens.nnIMPORTANCEBrucella spp. are intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause disease in a range of mammals, including livestock. Transmission from livestock to humans is common and can lead to chronic human disease. Human macrophage-like cells infected with Brucella abortus undergo a Warburg-like metabolic shift to an aerobic glycolytic state where the host cells produce lactic acid and have reduced amino acid catabolism. We provide evidence that the pathogen can exploit this change in host metabolism to support growth and survival in the intracellular niche. Drugs that inhibit this shift in host cell metabolism inhibit intracellular replication and decrease the survival of B. abortus in an in vitro infection model; these drugs may be broadly useful therapeutics for intracellular infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Czyz, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/120527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brucella abortus Induces A Warburg Shift In Host Metabolism That Enhances Intracellular Replication Of The Pathogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Formin-Dependent Adhesions Are Required For Invasion By Epithelial Tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/124297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developing tissues change shape, and tumors initiate spreading, through collective cell motility. Conserved mechanisms by which tissues initiate motility into their surroundings are not known. We investigated cytoskeletal regulators during collective invasion by mouse tumor organoids and epithelial MDCK acini undergoing branching morphogenesis. Inhibition of formins, but not Arp2/3, prevented the formation of migrating cell fronts in both cell types. MDCK cells depleted of the formin protein Dia1 formed polarized acini and could execute planar cell motility, either within the acinus or in 2D scattering assays. However, Dia1 was required to form protrusions into the collagen matrix. Live imaging of actin, myosin, and collagen in control acini revealed adhesions that deformed individual collagen fibrils, while Dia1-depleted acini exhibited unstable adhesions with minimal collagen deformation. This work identifies Dia1-mediated adhesions as essential regulators of tissue shape changes, through their role in focal adhesion maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fessenden, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckham, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Neut, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chourasia, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macleod, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/124297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Formin-Dependent Adhesions Are Required For Invasion By Epithelial Tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limited contribution of rare, noncoding variation to autism spectrum disorder from sequencing of 2,076 genomes in quartet families 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/127043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic studies to date in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have largely focused on newly arising mutations that disrupt protein coding sequence and strongly influence risk. We evaluate the contribution of noncoding regulatory variation across the size and frequency spectrum through whole genome sequencing of 519 ASD cases, their unaffected sibling controls, and parents. Cases carry a small excess of de novo (1.02-fold) noncoding variants, which is not significant after correcting for paternal age. Assessing 51,801 regulatory classes, no category is significantly associated with ASD after correction for multiple testing. The strongest signals are observed in coding regions, including structural variation not detected by previous technologies and missense variation. While rare noncoding variation likely contributes to risk in neurodevelopmental disorders, no category of variation has impact equivalent to loss-of-function mutations. Average effect sizes are likely to be smaller than that for coding variation, requiring substantially larger samples to quantify this risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Werling, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glessner, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markenscoff-Papadimitriou, E.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currall, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duhn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handsaker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowakowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pochareddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kriegstein, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenstein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willsey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>State, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marth, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devli</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/127043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limited contribution of rare, noncoding variation to autism spectrum disorder from sequencing of 2,076 genomes in quartet families]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-monotonic spatial structure of interneuronal correlations in prefrontal microcircuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Correlated fluctuations of single neuron discharges, on a mesoscopic scale, decrease as a function of lateral distance in early sensory cortices, reflecting a rapid spatial decay of lateral connection probability and excitation. However, spatial periodicities in horizontal connectivity and associational input as well as an enhanced probability of lateral excitatory connections in the association cortex could theoretically result in non-monotonic correlation structures. Here we show such a spatially non-monotonic correlation structure, characterized by significantly positive long-range correlations, in the inferior convexity of the macaque prefrontal cortex. This functional connectivity kernel was more pronounced during wakefulness than anesthesia and could be largely attributed to the spatial pattern of correlated variability between functionally similar neurons during structured visual stimulation. These results suggest that the spatial decay of lateral functional connectivity is not a common organizational principle of neocortical microcircuits. A non-monotonic correlation structure could reflect a critical topological feature of prefrontal microcircuits, facilitating their role in integrative processes.nnSignificance statementThe spatial structure of correlated activity of neurons in lower-order visual areas has been shown to linearly decrease as a measure of distance. The shape of correlated variability is a defining feature of cortical microcircuits as it constrains the computational power and diversity of a region. We show here for the first time a non-monotonic spatial structure of functional connectivity in the pre-frontal cortex where distal interactions are just as strong as proximal interactions during visual engagement of functionally similar PFC neurons. Such a nonmonotonic structure of functional connectivity could have far-reaching consequences in rethinking the nature and the role of prefrontal microcircuits in various cognitive states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Safavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwarakanath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopoulos, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logothetis, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panagiotaropoulos, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-monotonic spatial structure of interneuronal correlations in prefrontal microcircuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host population structure and treatment frequency maintain balancing selection on drug resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is a truism that antimicrobial drugs select for resistance, but explaining pathogen- and population-specific variation in patterns of resistance remains an open problem. Like other common commensals, Streptococcus pneumoniae has demonstrated persistent coexistence of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains. Theoretically, this outcome is unlikely. We modeled the dynamics of competing strains of S. pneumoniae to investigate the impact of transmission dynamics and treatment-induced selective pressures on the probability of stable coexistence. We find that the outcome of competition is extremely sensitive to structure in the host population, although coexistence can arise from age-assortative transmission models with age-varying rates of antibiotic use. Moreover, we find that the selective pressure from antibiotics arises not so much from the rate of antibiotic use per se but from the frequency of treatment: frequent antibiotic therapy disproportionately impacts the fitness of sensitive strains. This same phenomenon explains why serotypes with longer durations of carriage tend to be more resistant. These dynamics may apply to other potentially pathogenic, microbial commensals and highlight how population structure, which is often omitted from models, can have a large impact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cobey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskerville, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colijn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanage, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipsitch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host population structure and treatment frequency maintain balancing selection on drug resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservation of single amino-acid polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 and association with severe pathophysiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) is a parasite protein encoded by a multigene family known as var. Expressed on the surface of infected red blood cells, PfEMP1 plays a central role in parasite virulence. The DBL domain of PfEMP1 contains short sequence motifs termed homology blocks. Variation within homology blocks, at the level of single amino-acid modifications, has not been considered before in association with severe disease. Here we identify a total of 2701 amino-acid polymorphisms within DBL homology blocks, the majority of which are shared between two geographically distant study populations in existing transcription data from Kenya and in a new genomic dataset sampled in Ghana. Parasitemia levels and the transcription levels of specific polymorphisms are as predictive of severe disease (AUC=0.83) and of the degree of rosetting (forecast skill SS=0.45) as the transcription of classic var groups. 11 newly categorized polymorphisms were strongly correlated with grpA var gene expression (SS=0.93) and a different set of 16 polymorphisms was associated with the H3 subset (SS=0.20). These associations provide the basis for a novel method of relating pathophysiology to parasite gene expression levels--one that, being site-specific, has more molecular detail than previous models based on var groups or homology blocks. This newly described variation influences disease outcome, and can help develop anti-malarial intervention strategies such as vaccines that target severe disease. Further replication of this analysis in geographically disparate populations and for larger sample sizes can help improve the identification of the molecular causes of severe disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zinder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rorick, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiedje, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruybal-Pesantez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservation of single amino-acid polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 and association with severe pathophysiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nitrogen-Fixing Populations Of Planctomycetes And Proteobacteria Are Abundant In The Surface Ocean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrogen fixation in the surface ocean impacts the global climate by regulating the microbial primary productivity and the sequestration of carbon through the biological pump. Cyanobacterial populations have long been thought to represent the main suppliers of the bio-available nitrogen in this habitat. However, recent molecular surveys of nitrogenase reductase gene revealed the existence of rare non-cyanobacterial populations that can also fix nitrogen. Here, we characterize for the first time the genomic content of some of these heterotrophic bacterial diazotrophs (HBDs) inhabiting the open surface ocean waters. They represent new lineages within Planctomycetes and Proteobacteria, a phylum never linked to nitrogen fixation prior to this study. HBDs were surprisingly abundant in the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean northwest, conflicting with decades of PCR surveys. The abundance and widespread occurrence of non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs in the surface ocean emphasizes the need to re-evaluate their role in the nitrogen cycle and primary productivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delmont, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quince, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaiber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esen, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/129791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nitrogen-Fixing Populations Of Planctomycetes And Proteobacteria Are Abundant In The Surface Ocean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian Integrated Analysis Of Multiple Types Of Rare Variants To Infer Risk Genes For Schizophrenia And Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIntegrating rare variation from trio family and case/control studies has successfully implicated specific genes contributing to risk of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), developmental disorders (DD), and epilepsy (EPI). For schizophrenia (SCZ), however, while sets of genes have been implicated through study of rare variation, only two risk genes have been identified.nnMethodsWe used hierarchical Bayesian modeling of rare variant genetic architecture to estimate mean effect sizes and risk-gene proportions, analyzing the largest available collection of whole exome sequence (WES) data for schizophrenia (1,077 trios, 6,699 cases and 13,028 controls), and data for four NDDs (ASD, ID, DD, and EPI; total 10,792 trios, and 4,058 cases and controls).nnResultsFor SCZ, we estimate 1,551 risk genes, more risk genes and weaker effects than for NDDs. We provide power analyses to predict the number of risk gene discoveries as more data become available, demonstrating greater value of case-control over trio samples. We confirm and augment prior risk gene and gene set enrichment results for SCZ and NDDs. In particular, we detected 98 new DD risk genes at FDR < 0.05. Correlations of risk-gene posterior probabilities are high across four NDDs ({rho} > 0.55), but low between SCZ and the NDDs ({rho} < 0.3). In depth analysis of 288 NDD genes shows highly significant protein-protein interaction (PPI) network connectivity, and functionally distinct PPI subnetworks based on pathway enrichments, single-cell RNA-seq (scRNAseq) cell types and multi-region developmental brain RNA-seq.nnConclusionsWe have extended a pipeline used in ASD studies and applied it to infer rare genetic parameters for SCZ and four NDDs. We find many new DD risk genes, supported by gene set enrichment and PPI network connectivity analyses. We find greater similarity among NDDs than between NDDs and SCZ. NDD gene subnetworks are implicated in postnatally expressed presynaptic and postsynaptic genes, and for transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation in prenatal neural progenitor and stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/135293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian Integrated Analysis Of Multiple Types Of Rare Variants To Infer Risk Genes For Schizophrenia And Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comparative Study Of Endoderm Differentiation In Humans And Chimpanzees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is substantial interest in the evolutionary forces that shaped the regulatory framework that is established in early human development. Progress in this area has been slow because it is difficult to obtain relevant biological samples. Inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide the ability to establish in vitro models of early human and non-human primate developmental stages. Using matched iPSC panels from humans and chimpanzees, we comparatively characterized gene regulatory changes through a four-day timecourse differentiation of iPSCs (day 0) into primary streak (day 1), endoderm progenitors (day 2), and definitive endoderm (day 3). As might be expected, we found that differentiation stage is the major driver of variation in gene expression levels, followed by species. We identified thousands of differentially expressed genes between humans and chimpanzees in each differentiation stage. Yet, when we considered gene-specific dynamic regulatory trajectories throughout the timecourse, we found that 75.. of genes, including nearly all known endoderm developmental markers, have similar trajectories in the two species. Interestingly, we observed a marked reduction of both intra-and inter-species variation in gene expression levels in primitive streak samples compared to the iPSCs, with a recovery of regulatory variation in endoderm progenitors. The reduction of variation in gene expression levels at a specific developmental stage, paired with overall high degree of conservation of temporal gene regulation, is consistent with the dynamics of developmental canalization. Overall, we conclude that endoderm development in iPSC-based models are highly conserved and canalized between humans and our closest evolutionary relative.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blake, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blischak, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavarria, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myrthil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovic, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/135442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comparative Study Of Endoderm Differentiation In Humans And Chimpanzees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Point Of No Return Leading To Death During Heat-Shock In C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is considerable insight into pathways and genes associated with heat-stress conditions. Most genes involved in stress response have been identified using mutant screens or gene knockdowns. Yet, there is limited understanding of the temporal dynamics of global gene expression in stressful environments. Here, we studied global gene expression profiles during 12 hours of heat stress in the nematode C. elegans. Using a high-resolution time series of increasing stress exposures, we found a distinct shift in gene expression patterns between 3-4 hours into the stress response, separating an initially highly dynamic phase from a later relatively stagnant phase. This turning point in expression dynamics coincided with a phenotypic turning point, as shown by a strong decrease in movement, survival and, progeny count in the days following the stress. Both detectable at transcriptional and phenotypic level, this study pin-points a relatively small time frame during heat stress at which enough damage is accumulated, making it impossible to recover the next few days.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jovic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterken, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grilli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bevers, R. P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riksen, J. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allesina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kammenga, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snoek, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/135988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Point Of No Return Leading To Death During Heat-Shock In C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accumulation And Functional Architecture Of Deleterious Genetic Variants During The Extinction Of Wrangel Island Mammoths 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Woolly mammoths were among the most abundant cold adapted species during the Pleistocene. Their once large populations went extinct in two waves, an end-Pleistocene extinction of continental populations followed by the mid-Holocene extinction of relict populations on St. Paul Island ~5,600 years ago and Wrangel Island ~4,000 years ago. Wrangel Island mammoths experienced an episode of rapid demographic decline coincident with their isolation, leading to a small population, reduced genetic diversity, and the fixation of putatively deleterious alleles, but the functional consequences of these processes are unclear. Here we show that the Wrangel Island mammoth accumulated many putative deleterious mutations that are predicted to cause diverse behavioral and developmental defects. Resurrection and functional characterization of Wrangel Island mammoth genes carrying these substitutions identified both loss and gain of function mutations in genes associated with developmental defects (HYLS1), oligozoospermia and reduced male fertility (NKD1), diabetes (NEUROG3), and the ability to detect floral scents (OR5A1). These results suggest that Wrangel Island mammoths may have suffered adverse consequences from their reduced population sizes and isolation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fry, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chigurapti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mika, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dammermann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accumulation And Functional Architecture Of Deleterious Genetic Variants During The Extinction Of Wrangel Island Mammoths]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role Of Competition In The Strain Structure Of Rotavirus Under Invasion And Reassortment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of competitive interactions in the formation and coexistence of viral strains remains unresolved. Neglected aspects of existing strain theory are that viral pathogens are repeatedly introduced from animal sources and readily exchange their genes. The combined effect of introduction and reassortment opposes strain structure, in particular the predicted stable coexistence of antigenically differentiated strains under strong frequency-dependent selection mediated by cross-immunity. Here we use a stochastic model motivated by rotavirus, the most common cause of childhood diarrheal mortality, to investigate serotype structure under these conditions. We describe a regime in which the transient coexistence of distinct strains emerges despite only weak cross-immunity, but is disturbed by invasions of new antigenic segments that reassort into existing backgrounds. We find support for this behavior in global rotavirus sequence data and present evidence for the displacement of new strains towards open antigenic niches. Our work extends previous work to bacterial and viral pathogens that share these rotavirus-like characteristics, with important implications for the effects of interventions such as vaccination on strain composition, and for the understanding of the factors promoting emergence of new subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zinder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riolo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role Of Competition In The Strain Structure Of Rotavirus Under Invasion And Reassortment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transparency in Authors’ Contributions and Responsibilities to Promote Integrity in Scientific Publication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In keeping with the growing movement in scientific publishing toward transparency in data and methods, we argue that the names of authors accompanying journal articles should provide insight into who is responsible for which contributions, a process should exist to confirm that the list is complete, clearly articulated standards should establish whether and when the contributions of an individual justify authorship credit, and those involved in the generation of scientific knowledge should follow these best practices.nnTo accomplish these goals, we recommend that journals adopt common and transparent standards for authorship, outline responsibilities for corresponding authors, adopt the CRediT (Contributor Roles Taxonomy)1 methodology for attributing contributions, include this information in article metadata, and encourage authors to use the digital persistent identifier ORCID.2 Furthermore, we suggest that research institutions have regular open conversations on authorship criteria and ethics and that funding agencies adopt ORCID and accept CRediT. Scientific societies should further authorship transparency by promoting these recommendations through their meetings and publications programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McNutt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drazen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiermer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magoulias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schekman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/140228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transparency in Authors’ Contributions and Responsibilities to Promote Integrity in Scientific Publication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exact Topological Inference For Paired Brain Networks Via Persistent Homology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a novel framework for characterizing paired brain networks using techniques in hyper-networks, sparse learning and persistent homology. The framework is general enough for dealing with any type of paired images such as twins, multimodal and longitudinal images. The exact nonparametric statistical inference procedure is derived on testing monotonic graph theory features that do not rely on time consuming permutation tests. The proposed method computes the exact probability in quadratic time while the permutation tests require exponential time. As illustrations, we apply the method to simulated networks and a twin fMRI study. In case of the latter, we determine the statistical significance of the heritability index of the large-scale reward network where every voxel is a network node.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalta-Gil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathouz, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahey, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zald, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/140533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exact Topological Inference For Paired Brain Networks Via Persistent Homology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141788v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High lumenal chloride in the lysosome is critical for lysosome function. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141788v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomes are organelles responsible for the breakdown and recycling of cellular machinery. Dysfunctional lysosomes give rise to lysosomal storage disorders as well as common neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we use a DNA-based, fluorescent chloride reporter to measure lysosomal chloride in Caenorhabditis elegans as well as murine and human cell culture models of lysosomal diseases. We find that the lysosome is highly enriched in chloride, and that chloride reduction correlates directly with a loss in the degradative function of the lysosome. In nematodes and mammalian cell culture models of diverse lysosomal disorders, where previously only lysosomal pH dysregulation has been described, massive reduction of lumenal chloride is observed that is ~104-fold greater than the accompanying pH change. Reducing chloride within the lysosome impacts Ca2+ release from the lysosome and impedes the activity of specific lysosomal enzymes indicating a broader role for chloride in lysosomal function. -149 words.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141788</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High lumenal chloride in the lysosome is critical for lysosome function.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Filament Rigidity And Connectivity Tune The Deformation Modes Of Active Biopolymer Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular motors embedded within collections of actin and microtubule filaments underlie the dynamic behaviors of cytoskeletal assemblies. Understanding the physics of such motor-filament materials is critical to developing a physical model of the cytoskeleton and the design of biomimetic active materials. Here, we demonstrate through experiments and simulations that the rigidity and connectivity of filaments in active biopolymer networks regulates the anisotropy and the length scale of the underlying deformations, yielding materials with varying contractility. Semi-flexible filaments that can be compressed and bent by motor stresses undergo deformations that are predominantly biaxial. By contrast, rigid filament bundles contract via actomyosin sliding deformations that are predominantly uniaxial. Networks dominated by filament buckling are robustly contractile under a wide range of connectivities, while networks dominated by actomyosin sliding can be tuned from contractile to extensile through reduced connectivity via cross-linking. These results identify physical parameters that control the forces generated within motor-filament arrays, and provide insight into the self-organization and mechanics of cytoskeletal assemblies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weirich, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Filament Rigidity And Connectivity Tune The Deformation Modes Of Active Biopolymer Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sepsis Reconsidered: Identifying Novel Metrics For Behavioral Landscape Characterization With A High-Performance Computing Implementation Of An Agent-Based Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Objectives: Sepsis affects nearly 1 million people in the United States per year, has a mortality rate of 28-50m% and requires more than $20 billion a year in hospital costs. Over a quarter century of research has not yielded a single reliable diagnostic test or a directed therapeutic agent for sepsis. Central to this insufficiency is the fact that sepsis remains a clinical/physiological diagnosis representing a multitude of molecularly heterogeneous pathological trajectories. Advances in computational capabilities offered by High Performance Computing (HPC) platforms call for an evolution in the investigation of sepsis to attempt to define the boundaries of traditional research (bench, clinical and computational) through the use of computational proxy models. We present a novel investigatory and analytical approach, derived from how HPC resources and simulation are used in the physical sciences, to identify the epistemic boundary conditions of the study of clinical sepsis via the use of a proxy agent-based model of systemic inflammation. Design: Current predictive models for sepsis use correlative methods are limited by patient heterogeneity and data sparseness. We address this issue by using an HPC version of a system-level validated agent-based model of sepsis, the Innate Immune Response ABM (IIRBM), as a proxy system in order to identify boundary conditions for the possible behavioral space for sepsis. We then apply advanced analysis derived from the study of Random Dynamical Systems (RDS) to identify novel means for characterizing system behavior and providing insight into the tractability of traditional investigatory methods. Results: The behavior space of the IIRABM was examined by simulating over 70 million sepsis patients for up to 90 days for the following parameters: cardio-respiratory-metabolic resilience; microbial invasiveness; microbial toxigenesis; and degree of nosocomial exposure. In addition to using established methods for describing parameter space, we developed two novel methods for characterizing the behavior of a RDS: Probabilistic Basins of Attraction (PBoA) and Stochastic Trajectory Analysis (STA). Computationally generated behavioral landscapes demonstrated attractor structures around stochastic regions of behavior that could be described in a complementary fashion through use of PBoA and STA. The stochasticity of the boundaries of the attractors highlights the challenge for correlative attempts to characterize and classify clinical sepsis. Conclusions: HPC simulations of models like the IIRABM can be used to generate approximations of the behavior space of sepsis to both establish "boundaries of futility" with respect to existing investigatory approaches and apply system engineering principles to investigate the general dynamic properties of sepsis to provide a pathway for developing control strategies. The issues that bedevil the study and treatment of sepsis, namely clinical data sparseness and inadequate experimental sampling of system behavior space, are fundamental to nearly all biomedical research, manifesting in the "Crisis of Reproducibility" at all levels. HPC-augmented simulation-based research offers an investigatory strategy more consistent with that seen in the physical sciences (which combine experiment, theory and simulation), and an opportunity to utilize the leading advances in HPC, namely deep machine learning and evolutionary computing, to form the basis of an iterative scientific process to meet the full promise of Precision Medicine (right drug, right patient, right time).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cockrell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sepsis Reconsidered: Identifying Novel Metrics For Behavioral Landscape Characterization With A High-Performance Computing Implementation Of An Agent-Based Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare non-coding variants are associated with plasma lipid traits in a founder population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Founder populations are ideally suited for studies on the clinical effects of alleles that are rare in general populations but occur at higher frequencies in these isolated populations. Whole genome sequencing in 98 South Dakota Hutterites, a founder population of European descent, and subsequent imputation to the Hutterite pedigree revealed 660,238 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; 98.9% non-coding) that are rare (<1%) or absent in European populations, but occur at frequencies greater than 1% in the Hutterites. We examined the effects of these rare in European variants on plasma levels of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) in 828 Hutterites and applied a Bayesian hierarchical framework to prioritize potentially causal variants based on functional annotations. We identified two novel non-coding rare variants associated with LDL-C (rs17242388 in LDLR) and HDL-C (rs189679427 between GOT2 and APOOP5), and replicated previous associations of a splice variant in APOC3 (rs138326449) with TG and HDL-C. All three variants are at well-replicated loci in genome wide association study (GWAS) but are independent from and have larger effect sizes than the known common variation in these regions. We also identified variants at two novel loci (rs191020975 in EPHA6 and chr1:224811120 in CNIH3) at suggestive levels of significance with LDL-C. Candidate expression quantitative loci (eQTL) analyses in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) in the Hutterites suggest that these rare non-coding variants are likely to mediate their effects on lipid traits by regulating gene expression. Overall, we provide insights into the mechanisms regulating lipid traits and potentially new therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Igartua, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozaffari, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolae, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare non-coding variants are associated with plasma lipid traits in a founder population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation Of Chromatin Accessibility In Prefrontal Cortex Of Schizophrenia Cases And Controls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified over 150 regions of the genome that are associated with disease risk, yet there is little evidence that coding mutations contribute to this disorder. To explore the mechanism of non-coding regulatory elements in schizophrenia, we performed ATAC-seq on adult prefrontal cortex brain samples from 135 individuals with schizophrenia and 137 controls, and identified 118,152 ATAC-seq peaks. These accessible chromatin regions in brain are highly enriched for SNP-heritability for schizophrenia (10.6 fold enrichment, P=2.4x10-4, second only to genomic regions conserved in Eutherian mammals) and replicated in an independent dataset (9.0 fold enrichment, P=2.7x10-4). This degree of enrichment of schizophrenia heritability was higher than in open chromatin found in 138 different cell and tissue types. Brain open chromatin regions that overlapped highly conserved regions exhibited an even higher degree of heritability enrichment, indicating that conservation can identify functional subsets within regulatory elements active in brain. However, we did not identify chromatin accessibility differences between schizophrenia cases and controls, nor did we find an interaction of chromatin QTLs with case-control status. This indicates that although causal variants map within regulatory elements, mechanisms other than differential chromatin may govern the contribution of regulatory element variation to schizophrenia risk. Our results strongly implicate gene regulatory processes involving open chromatin in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and suggest a strategy to understand the hundreds of common variants emerging from large genomic studies of complex brain diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giusti-Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demur, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullard, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haroutunian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockmeier, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wray, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley-Koch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation Of Chromatin Accessibility In Prefrontal Cortex Of Schizophrenia Cases And Controls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Silencing Of Transposable Elements May Not Be A Major Driver Of Regulatory Evolution In Primate Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TEs) comprise a substantial proportion of primate genomes. The regulatory potential of TEs can result in deleterious effects, especially during development. It has been suggested that, in pluripotent stem cells, TEs are targeted for silencing by KRAB-ZNF proteins, which recruit the TRIM28-SETDB1 complex, to deposit the repressive histone modification H3K9me3. TEs, in turn, can acquire mutations that allow them to evade detection by the host, and hence KRAB-ZNF proteins need to rapidly evolve to counteract them. To investigate the short-term evolution of TE silencing, we profiled the genome-wide distribution of H3K9me3 in induced pluripotent stem cells from ten human and seven chimpanzee individuals. We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) for H3K9me3, as well as total RNA sequencing. We focused specifically on cross-species H3K9me3 ChIP-seq data that mapped to four million orthologous TEs. We found that, depending on the TE class, 10-60% of elements are marked by H3K9me3, with SVA, LTR and LINE elements marked most frequently. We found little evidence of inter-species differences in TE silencing, with as many as 80% of orthologous, putatively silenced, TEs marked at similar levels in humans and chimpanzees. Our data suggest limited species-specificity of TE silencing across six million years of primate evolution. Interestingly, the minority of TEs enriched for H3K9me3 in one species are not more likely to be associated with gene expression divergence of nearby orthologous genes. We conclude that orthologous TEs may not play a major role in driving gene regulatory divergence between humans and chimpanzees.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovic, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimi, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/142455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Silencing Of Transposable Elements May Not Be A Major Driver Of Regulatory Evolution In Primate Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/146936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetics of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): genome-wide association study of delay discounting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/146936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delay discounting (DD), which is the tendency to discount the value of delayed versus current rewards, is elevated in a constellation of diseases and behavioral conditions. We performed a genome-wide association study of DD using 23,127 research participants of European ancestry. The most significantly associated SNP was rs6528024 (P = 2.40 x 10-8), which is located in an intron of the gene GPM6B. We also showed that 12% of the variance in DD was accounted for by genotype, and that the genetic signature of DD overlapped with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, major depression, smoking, personality, cognition, and body weight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>- The 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abecasis, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKillop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/146936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetics of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): genome-wide association study of delay discounting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study of Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) scores in 20,328 research participants of European ancestry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic factors contribute to the risk for developing alcohol use disorder (AUD). In collaboration with the genetics company 23andMe, Inc., we performed a genome-wide association (GWAS) study of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), an instrument designed to screen for alcohol misuse over the past year. Our final sample consisted of 20,328 research participants of European ancestry (55.3% females; mean age = 53.8, SD = 16.1) who reported ever using alcohol. Our results showed that the  chip-heritability of AUDIT score, when treated as a continuous phenotype, was 12%. No loci reached genome-wide significance. The gene ADH1C, which has been previously implicated in AUD, was among our most significant associations (4.4 x 10-7; rs141973904). We also detected a suggestive association on chromosome 1 (2.1 x 10-7; rs182344113) near the gene KCNJ9, which has been implicated in mouse models of high ethanol drinking. Using LD score regression, we identified positive genetic correlations between AUDIT score and AUD, high alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking. We also observed an unexpected positive genetic correlation between AUDIT and educational attainment, and additional unexpected negative correlations with BMI/obesity and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We conclude that conducting a genetic study using data from a population unselected for AUD and responding to an online questionnaire may represent a cost-effective strategy for elucidating the etiology of AUD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>- the 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKillop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/147397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study of Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) scores in 20,328 research participants of European ancestry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parent of Origin Effects on Quantitative Phenotypes in a Founder Population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impact of the parental origin of associated alleles in GWAS has been largely ignored. Yet sequence variants could affect traits differently depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or the father. To explore this possibility, we studied 21 quantitative phenotypes in a large Hutterite pedigree. We first identified variants with significant single parent (maternal-only or paternal-only) effects, and then used a novel statistical model to identify variants with opposite parental effects. Overall, we identified parent of origin effects (POEs) on 11 phenotypes, most of which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Many of the loci with POEs have features of imprinted regions and many of the variants with POE are associated with the expression of nearby genes. Overall, our results indicate that POEs, which are often opposite in direction, are relatively common in humans, have potentially important clinical effects, and will be missed in traditional GWAS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mozaffari, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeCara, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolae, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/150185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parent of Origin Effects on Quantitative Phenotypes in a Founder Population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid adaptation with gene flow via a reservoir of chromosomal inversion variation? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increased recognition of frequent divergence with gene flow has renewed interest in chromosomal inversions as a source for promoting adaptive divergence. Inversions can suppress recombination between heterokaryotypes so that local adapted inversions will be protected from introgression with the migrants. However, we do not have a clear understanding of the conditions for which adaptive divergence is more or less likely to be promoted by inversions when the availability of inversion variation is considered. Standing genetic variation, as opposed to new mutations, could offer a quick way to respond to sudden environmental changes, making it a likely avenue for rapid adaptation. For a scenario of secondary contact between locally-adapted populations, we might intuit that standing inversion variation would predominate over new inversion mutations in maintaining local divergence. Our results show that this is not always the case. Maladaptive gene flow, as both a demographic parameter and the cause for selection that favors locally-adapted inversions, differentiates the dynamics of standing inversion variation from that of segregating point mutations. Counterintuitively, in general, standing inversion variation will be less important to the adaptation than new inversions under the demographic and genetic conditions that are more conducive to adaptive divergence via inversions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/150771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid adaptation with gene flow via a reservoir of chromosomal inversion variation?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TET-mediated epimutagenesis of the Arabidopsis thaliana methylome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/151027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation in the promoters of plant genes sometimes leads to transcriptional repression, and the wholesale removal of DNA methylation as seen in methyltransferase mutants results in drastic changes in gene expression and severe developmental defects. However, many cases of naturally-occurring DNA methylation variations have been reported, whereby the altered expression of differentially methylated genes is responsible for agronomically important traits. The ability to manipulate plant methylomes to generate populations of epigenetically distinct individuals could provide invaluable resources for breeding and research purposes. Here we describe "epimutagenesis", a novel method to rapidly generate variation of DNA methylation through random demethylation of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. This method involves the expression of a human Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzyme, and results in widespread hypomethylation that can be inherited to subsequent generations, mimicking mutants in the maintenance DNA methyltransferase met1. Application of TET-mediated epimutagenesis to agriculturally significant plants may result in differential expression of alleles normally silenced by DNA methylation, uncovering previously hidden phenotypic variations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/151027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TET-mediated epimutagenesis of the Arabidopsis thaliana methylome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Partitioning and Enhanced Self-Assembly of Actin in Polypeptide Coacervates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecules exist and function in cellular micro-environments that control their spatial organization, local concentration and biochemical reactivity. Due to the complexity of native cytoplasm, the development of artificial bioreactors and cellular mimics to compartmentalize, concentrate and control the local physicochemical properties is of great interest. Here, we employ self-assembling polypeptide coacervates to explore the partitioning of the ubiquitous cytoskeletal protein actin into liquid polymer-rich droplets. We find that actin spontaneously partitions into coacervate droplets and is enriched by up to {approx}30-fold. Actin polymerizes into micrometer-long filaments and, in contrast to the globular protein BSA, these filaments localize predominately to the droplet periphery. We observe up to a 50-fold enhancement in the actin filament assembly rate inside coacervate droplets, consistent with the enrichment of actin within the coacervate phase. Together these results suggest that coacervates can serve as a versatile platform in which to localize and enrich biomolecules to study their reactivity in physiological environments.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLiving cells harbor many protein-rich membrane-less organelles, the biological functions of which are defined by compartment composition and properties. Significant differences between the physico-chemical properties of these crowded compartments and the dilute solutions in which biochemical reactions are traditionally studied pose a major challenge for understanding regulation of organelle composition and component activity. Here, we report the spontaneous partitioning and accelerated polymerization of the cytoskeletal protein actin inside model polypeptide coacervates as a proof-of-concept demonstration of coacervates as bioreactors for studying biomolecular reactions in cell-like environments. Our work introduces exciting avenues for the use of synthetic polymers to control the physical and biological properties of bioreactors in vitro, enabling studies of biochemical reactions in cell-like micro-environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCall, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirrell, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/152025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Partitioning and Enhanced Self-Assembly of Actin in Polypeptide Coacervates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Free-living human cells reconfigure their chromosomes in the evolution back to uni-cellularity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells of multi-cellular organisms evolve toward uni-cellularity in the form of cancer and, if humans intervene, continue to evolve in cell culture. During this process, gene dosage relationships may evolve in novel ways to cope with the new environment and may regress back to the ancestral unicellular state. In this context, the evolution of sex chromosomes vis-a-vis autosomes is of particular interest. Here, we report the chromosomal evolution in ~600 cancer cell lines. Many of them jettisoned either Y or the inactive X; thus, free-living male and female cells converge by becoming "de-sexualized". Surprisingly, the active X often doubled, accompanied by the addition of one haploid complement of autosomes, leading to an X:A ratio of 2:3 from the extant ratio of 1:2. Theoretical modeling of the frequency distribution of X:A karyotypes suggests that the 2:3 ratio confers a higher fitness and may reflect aspects of sex chromosome evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/152223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Free-living human cells reconfigure their chromosomes in the evolution back to uni-cellularity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An adder behavior in mammalian cells achieves size control by modulation of growth rate and cell cycle duration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite decades of research, it remains unclear how mammalian cell growth varies with cell size and across the cell division cycle to maintain size control. Answers have been limited by the difficulty of directly measuring growth at the single cell level. Here we report direct measurement of single cell volumes over complete cell division cycles. The volume added across the cell cycle was independent of cell birth size, a size homeostasis behavior called "adder". Single-cell growth curves revealed that the homeostatic behavior relied on adaptation of G1 duration as well as growth rate modulations. We developed a general mathematical framework that characterizes size homeostasis behaviors. Applying it on datasets ranging from bacteria to mammalian cells revealed that a near-adder is the most common type of size control, but only mammalian cells achieve it using modulation of both cell growth rate and cell-cycle progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cadart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monnier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grilli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terriac, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosentino-Lagomarsino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/152728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An adder behavior in mammalian cells achieves size control by modulation of growth rate and cell cycle duration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determining controllability of sepsis using genetic algorithms on a proxy agent-based model of systemic inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sepsis, a manifestation of the bodys inflammatory response to injury and infection, has a mortality rate of between 28%-50% and affects approximately 1 million patients annually in the United States. Currently, there are no therapies targeting the cellular/molecular processes driving sepsis that have demonstrated the ability to control this disease process in the clinical setting. We propose that this is in great part due to the considerable heterogeneity of the clinical trajectories that constitute clinical "sepsis," and that determining how this system can be controlled back into a state of health requires the application of concepts drawn from the field of dynamical systems. In this work, we consider the human immune system to be a random dynamical system, and investigate its potential controllability using an agent-based model of the innate immune response (the Innate Immune Response ABM or IIRABM) as a surrogate, proxy system. Simulation experiments with the IIRABM provide an explanation as to why single/limited cytokine perturbations at a single, or small number of, time points is unlikely to significantly improve the mortality rate of sepsis. We then use genetic algorithms (GA) to explore and characterize multi-targeted control strategies for the random dynamical immune system that guide it from a persistent, non-recovering inflammatory state (functionally equivalent to the clinical states of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis) to a state of health. We train the GA on a single parameter set with multiple stochastic replicates, and show that while the calculated results show good generalizability, more advanced strategies are needed to achieve the goal of adaptive personalized medicine. This work evaluating the extent of interventions needed to control a simplified surrogate model of sepsis provides insight into the scope of the clinical challenge, and can serve as a guide on the path towards true "precision control" of sepsis.nnAuthor summarySepsis, characterized by the bodys inflammatory response to injury and infection, has a mortality rate of between 28%-50% and affects approximately 1 million patients annually in the United States. Currently, there are no therapies targeting the cellular/molecular processes driving sepsis that have demonstrated the ability to control this disease process. In this work, we utilize a computational model of the human immune response to infectious injury to offer an explanation as to why previously attempted treatment strategies are inadequate and why the current approach to drug/therapy-development is inadequate. We then use evolutionary computation algorithms to explore drug-intervention space using this same computational model. This allows us to characterize the scale and scope of interventions needed to successfully control sepsis, as well as the types of data needed to derive these interventions. We demonstrate that multi-point and time-dependent varying controls are necessary and able to control the cytokine network dynamics of the immune system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cockrell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/153080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determining controllability of sepsis using genetic algorithms on a proxy agent-based model of systemic inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Positional effects revealed in Illumina Methylation Array and the impact on analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the evolution of rapid epigenetic research, Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation BeadChips have been widely used to study DNA methylation. However, in evaluating the accuracy of this method, we found that the commonly used Illumina HumanMethylation BeadChips are substantially affected by positional effects; the DNA samples location in a chip affects the measured methylation levels. We analyzed three HumanMethylation450 and three HumanMethylation27 datasets by using four methods to prove the existence of positional effects. Three datasets were analyzed further for technical replicate analysis or differential methylation CpG sites analysis. The pre- and post-correction comparisons indicate that the positional effects could alter the measured methylation values and downstream analysis results. Nevertheless, ComBat, linear regression and functional normalization could all be used to minimize such artifact. We recommend performing ComBat to correct positional effects followed by the correction of batch effects in data preprocessing as this procedure slightly outperforms the others. In addition, randomizing the sample placement should be a critical laboratory practice for using such experimental platforms. Code for our method is freely available at: https://github.com/ChuanJ/posibatch.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giase, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/153858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Positional effects revealed in Illumina Methylation Array and the impact on analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Molecular Genetic Basis of Herbivory between Butterflies and their Host-Plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between herbivorous insects and their host-plants are a central component of terrestrial food webs and a critical topic in agriculture, where a substantial fraction of potential crop yield is lost annually to pests. Important insights into plant-insect interactions have come from research on specific plant defenses and insect detoxification mechanisms. Yet, much remains unknown about the molecular mechanisms that mediate plant-insect interactions. Here we use multiple genome-wide approaches to map the molecular basis of herbivory from both plant and insect perspectives, focusing on butterflies and their larval host-plants. Parallel genome-wide association studies in the Cabbage White butterfly, Pieris rapae, and its host-plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, pinpointed a small number of butterfly and plant genes that influenced herbivory. These genes, along with much of the genome, were regulated in a dynamic way over the time course of the feeding interaction. Comparative analyses, including diverse butterfly/plant systems, showed a variety of genome-wide responses to herbivory, yet a core set of highly conserved genes in butterflies as well as their host-plants. These results greatly expand our understanding of the genomic causes and evolutionary consequences of ecological interactions across two of Natures most diverse taxa, butterflies and flowering plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nallu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Don, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahagun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meslin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snell-Rood, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morehouse, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheat, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronforst, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Molecular Genetic Basis of Herbivory between Butterflies and their Host-Plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reflective imaging improves resolution, speed, andcollection efficiency in light sheet microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) enables high-speed, high-resolution, gentle imaging of live biological specimens over extended periods. Here we describe a technique that improves the spatiotemporal resolution and collection efficiency of LSFM without modifying the underlying microscope. By imaging samples on reflective coverslips, we enable simultaneous collection of multiple views, obtaining 4 complementary views in 250 ms, half the period it would otherwise take to collect only two views in symmetric dual-view selective plane illumination microscopy (diSPIM). We also report a modified deconvolution algorithm that removes the associated epifluorescence contamination and fuses all views for resolution recovery. Furthermore, we enhance spatial resolution (to < 300 nm in all three dimensions) by applying our method to a new asymmetric diSPIM, permitting simultaneous acquisition of two high-resolution views otherwise difficult to obtain due to steric constraints at high numerical aperture (NA). We demonstrate the broad applicability of our method in a variety of samples of moderate (< 50 m) thickness, studying mitochondrial, membrane, Golgi, and microtubule dynamics in single cells and calcium activity in nematode embryos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardiel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandris, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey-Suarez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwasrao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reflective imaging improves resolution, speed, andcollection efficiency in light sheet microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cofilin Drives Rapid Turnover and Fluidization of Entangled F-actin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The shape of most animal cells is controlled by the actin cortex, a thin, isotropic network of dynamic actin filaments (F-actin) situated just beneath the plasma membrane. The cortex is held far from equilibrium by both active stresses and turnover: Myosin-II molecular motors drive deformations required for cell division, migration, and tissue morphogenesis, while turnover of the molecular components of the actin cortex relax stress and facilitate network reorganization. While many aspects of F-actin network viscoelasticity are well-characterized in the presence and absence of motor activity, a mechanistic understanding of how non-equilibrium actin turnover contributes to stress relaxation is still lacking. To address this, we developed a reconstituted in vitro system wherein the steady-state length and turnover rate of F-actin in entangled solutions are controlled by the actin regulatory proteins cofilin, profilin, and formin, which sever, recycle, and nucleate filaments, respectively. Cofilin-mediated severing accelerates the turnover and spatial reorganization of F-actin, without significant changes to filament length. Microrheology measurements demonstrate that cofilin-mediated severing is a single-timescale mode of stress relaxation that tunes the low-frequency viscosity over two orders of magnitude. These findings serve as the foundation for understanding the mechanics of more physiological F-actin networks with turnover, and inform an updated microscopic model of single-filament turnover. They also demonstrate that polymer activity, in the form of ATP hydrolysis on F-actin coupled to nucleotide-dependent cofilin binding, is sufficient to generate a form of active matter wherein asymmetric filament disassembly preserves filament number in spite of sustained severing.nnSignificance StatementWhen an animal cell moves or divides, a disordered network of actin filaments (F-actin) plays a central role in controlling the resulting changes in cell shape. While it is known that continual turnover of F-actin by cofilin-mediated severing aids in reorganization of the cellular cytoskeleton, it is unclear how the turnover of structural elements alters the mechanical properties of the network. Here we show that severing of F-actin by cofilin results in a stress relaxation mechanism in entangled solutions characterized by a single-timescale set by the severing rate. Additionally, we identify ATP hydrolysis and nucleotide-dependent cofilin binding as sufficient ingredients to generate a non-equilibrium steady-state in which asymmetric F-actin disassembly preserves filament number in spite of sustained severing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCall, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKintosh, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cofilin Drives Rapid Turnover and Fluidization of Entangled F-actin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Habitat preference of an herbivore shapes the habitat distribution of its host plant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant distributions can be limited by habitat-biased herbivory, but the proximate causes of such biases are rarely known. Distinguishing plant-centric from herbivore-centric mechanisms driving differential herbivory between habitats is difficult without experimental manipulation of both plants and herbivores. Here we tested alternative hypotheses driving habitat-biased herbivory in bittercress (Cardamine cordifolia), which is more abundant under shade of shrubs and trees (shade) than in nearby meadows (sun) where herbivory is intense from the specialist fly Scaptomyza nigrita. This system has served as a textbook example of habitat-biased herbivory driving a plants distribution across an ecotone, but the proximate mechanisms underlying differential herbivory are still unclear. First, we found that higher S. nigrita herbivory in sun habitats contrasts sharply with their preference to attack plants from shade habitats in laboratory choice experiments. Second, S. nigrita strongly preferred leaves in simulated sun over simulated shade habitats, regardless of plant source habitat. Thus, herbivore preference for brighter, warmer habitats overrides their preference for more palatable shade plants. This promotes the sun-biased herbivore pressure that drives the distribution of bittercress into shade habitats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexandre, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrery, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affeldt, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Habitat preference of an herbivore shapes the habitat distribution of its host plant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patchwork of contrasting medication cultures across the USA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Health care in the United States is markedly heterogeneous, with large disparities in treatment choices and health spending. Drug prescription is one major component of health care--reflecting the accuracy of diagnosis, the adherence to evidence-based guidelines, susceptibility to drug marketing, and regulatory factors. Using medical claims data covering nearly half of the USA population, we have developed a framework to compare prescription rates of 600 popular drugs in 2,334 counties. Our approach uncovers geographically separated sub-Americas, where patients receive treatment for different diseases, and where physicians choose different drugs for the same disease. The geographical variation suggests influences of racial composition, state-level health care laws, and wealth. Some regions consistently prefer more expensive drugs, even when they have not been proven more efficacious than cheaper alternatives. Our study underlines the benefit of aggregating massive information on medical practice into a summarized and actionable form. We hope that our methodology and conclusions will guide policy measures for aligning prescriptions with best-practice guidelines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melamed, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rzhetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patchwork of contrasting medication cultures across the USA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic variants affecting plant size and chemical defenses jointly shape herbivory in Arabidopsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/156299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Herbivorous insects exhibit strong feeding preferences when choosing among plant genotypes, yet experiments to map loci mediating plant susceptibility to herbivory rarely incorporate host choice. To address this gap, we applied genome-wide association (GWA) mapping to uncover genetic polymorphisms mediating damage from foraging insects (two populations of Scaptomyza flava) across a mixture of Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes in experimental enclosures. The effect of chemical defenses (glucosinolates) on herbivory depended on herbivore genotype. Unlike many studies that minimize the effects of host choice behavior, we also found a large effect of plant size on herbivory--likely through its effect on plant apparency--that was independent of herbivore genotype. These herbivory-associated loci are polymorphic at fine spatial scales, and thus have potential to shape variation in herbivory within natural populations. We also show that the polymorphism with the largest effect on herbivory underlies adaptive latitudinal variation in Arabidopsis plant size across Europe. Overall, our results provide genetic support for ecological observations that variation in both chemical defenses and non-canonical defense traits (e.g., plant size and phenology) jointly shapes plant-herbivore interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brachi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldmann, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groen, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartoli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouzy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPlante, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyon, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogan, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/156299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic variants affecting plant size and chemical defenses jointly shape herbivory in Arabidopsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Universal Microfluidic System for Analysis and Control of Cell Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamical control of the cellular microenvironment is highly desired for quantitative studies of stem cells and immune signaling. Here, we present an automated microfluidic system for high-throughput culture, differentiation and analysis of a wide range of cells in precisely defined dynamic microenvironments recapitulating cellular niches. This system delivers complex, time-varying biochemical signals to 1,500 independently programmable cultures containing either single cells, 2-D populations, or 3-D organoids, and dynamically stimulates adherent or non-adherent cells while tracking and retrieving them for end-point analysis. Using this system, we investigated the signaling landscape of neural stem cell differentiation under combinatorial and dynamic stimulation with growth factors. Experimental and computational analyses identified "cellular logic rules" for stem cell differentiation, and demonstrated the importance of signaling sequence and timing in brain development. This universal platform greatly enhances capabilities of microfluidic cell culture, allows dissection of previously hidden aspects of cellular dynamics, and enables accelerated biological discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhtar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rzhetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Universal Microfluidic System for Analysis and Control of Cell Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/158550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Despite egg-adaptive mutations, the 2012-13 H3N2 influenza vaccine induced comparable antibody titers to the intended strain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/158550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundInfluenza vaccination aims to prevent infection by influenza virus and reduce associated morbidity and mortality; however, vaccine effectiveness (VE) can be modest, especially for subtype A/H3N2. Failure to achieve consistently high VE has been attributed both to mismatches between the vaccine and circulating influenza strains and to the vaccine's elicitation of protective immunity in only a subset of the population. The low H3N2 VE in 2012-13 was attributed to egg-adaptive mutations that created antigenic mismatch between the intended (A/Victoria/361/2011) and actual vaccine strain (IVR-165).nnMethodsWe investigate the basis of the low VE in 2012-2013 by evaluating whether vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals were infected by different viral strains and assessing the serologic responses to A/Victoria/361/2011 and the IVR-165 vaccine strain in an adult cohort before and after vaccination.nnResultsWe found no significant genetic differences between the strains that infected vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Vaccination increased titers to A/Victoria/361/2011 as much as to IVR-165. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that vaccination served merely to boost preexisting cross-reactive immune responses, which provided limited protection against infection with the circulating influenza strains.nnConclusionsIn contrast to suggestive analyses based on ferret antisera, low H3N2 VE in 2012-13 does not appear to be due to the failure of the egg-adapted strain to induce a response to the intended vaccine strain. Instead, low VE might have been caused by the emergence of anti-genically novel influenza strains and low vaccine immunogenicity in a subset of the population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cobey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkhouse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertl, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmader, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halpin, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockwell, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngster, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wentworth, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grad, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/158550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Despite egg-adaptive mutations, the 2012-13 H3N2 influenza vaccine induced comparable antibody titers to the intended strain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A large-scale genome-wide enrichment analysis identifies new trait-associated genes, pathways and tissues across 31 human phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/160770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) aim to identify genetic factors that are associated with complex traits. Standard analyses test individual genetic variants, one at a time, for association with a trait. However, variant-level associations are hard to identify (because of small effects) and can be difficult to interpret biologically. "Enrichment analyses" help address both these problems by focusing on sets of biologically-related variants. Here we introduce a new model-based enrichment analysis method that requires only GWAS summary statistics, and has several advantages over existing methods. Applying this method to interrogate 3,913 biological pathways and 113 tissue-based gene sets in 31 human phenotypes identifies many previously-unreported enrichments. These include enrichments of the endochondral ossification pathway for adult height, the NFAT-dependent transcription pathway for rheumatoid arthritis, brain-related genes for coronary artery disease, and liver-related genes for late-onset Alzheimers disease. A key feature of our method is that inferred enrichments automatically help identify new trait-associated genes. For example, accounting for enrichment in lipid transport genes yields strong evidence for association between MTTP and low-density lipoprotein levels, whereas conventional analyses of the same data found no significant variants near this gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/160770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A large-scale genome-wide enrichment analysis identifies new trait-associated genes, pathways and tissues across 31 human phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-Scale Uniform Analysis of Cancer Whole Genomes in Multiple Computing Environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/161638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC)s Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) project aimed to categorize somatic and germline variations in both coding and non-coding regions in over 2,800 cancer patients. To provide this dataset to the research working groups for downstream analysis, the PCAWG Technical Working Group marshalled ~800TB of sequencing data from distributed geographical locations; developed portable software for uniform alignment, variant calling, artifact filtering and variant merging; performed the analysis in a geographically and technologically disparate collection of compute environments; and disseminated high-quality validated consensus variants to the working groups. The PCAWG dataset has been mirrored to multiple repositories and can be located using the ICGC Data Portal. The PCAWG workflows are also available as Docker images through Dockstore enabling researchers to replicate our analysis on their own data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yung, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakneen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellrott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinheinz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyoshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raine, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Royo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saksena, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlesner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorser, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weischenfeldt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis-Dusenbery, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eils, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferretti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harismendy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newhouse, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrents, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>- PCAWG Technical Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/161638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-Scale Uniform Analysis of Cancer Whole Genomes in Multiple Computing Environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Working memory implements distinct maintenance mechanisms depending on task goals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory is the function by which we temporarily maintain information to achieve current task goals. Models of working memory typically debate where this information is stored, rather than how it is stored. Here we ask instead what neural mechanisms are involved in storage, and how these mechanisms change as a function of task goals. Participants either had to reproduce the orientation of a memorized bar (continuous recall task), or identify the memorized bar in a search array (visual search task). The sensory input and retention interval were identical in both tasks. Next, we used decoding and forward modeling on multivariate electroencephalogram (EEG) and time-frequency decomposed EEG to investigate which neural signals carry more informational content during the retention interval. In the continuous recall task, working memory content was preferentially carried by induced oscillatory alpha-band power, while in the visual search task it was more strongly carried by the distribution of evoked (consistently elevated and non-oscillatory) EEG activity. To show the independence of these two signals, we were able to remove informational content from one signal without affecting informational content in the other. Finally, we show that the tuning characteristics of both signals change in opposite directions depending on the current task goal. We propose that these signals reflect oscillatory and elevated firing-rate mechanisms that respectively support location-based and object-based maintenance. Together, these data challenge current models of working memory that place storage in particular regions, but rather emphasize the importance of different distributed maintenance signals depending on task goals.nnSignificance statement (120 words)Without realizing, we are constantly moving things in and out of our minds eye, an ability also referred to as  working memory. Where did I put my screwdriver? Do we still have milk in the fridge? A central question in working memory research is how the brain maintains this information temporarily. Here we show that different neural mechanisms are involved in working memory depending on what the memory is used for. For example, remembering what a bottle of milk looks like invokes a different neural mechanism from remembering how much milk it contains: the first one primarily involved in being able to find the object, and the other one involving spatial position, such as the milk level in the bottle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fahrenfort, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Leeuwen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivers, C. N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/162537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Working memory implements distinct maintenance mechanisms depending on task goals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/163204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA 5-Hydroxymethylcytosines from Cell-free Circulating DNA as Diagnostic Biomarkers for Human Cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/163204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA modifications such as 5-methylcytosines (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosines (5hmC) are epigenetic marks known to affect global gene expression in mammals(1, 2). Given their prevalence in the human genome, close correlation with gene expression, and high chemical stability, these DNA epigenetic marks could serve as ideal biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. Taking advantage of a highly sensitive and selective chemical labeling technology(3), we report here genome-wide 5hmC profiling in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and in genomic DNA of paired tumor/adjacent tissues collected from a cohort of 90 healthy individuals and 260 patients recently diagnosed with colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, liver, or thyroid cancer. 5hmC was mainly distributed in transcriptionally active regions coincident with open chromatin and permissive histone modifications. Robust cancer-associated 5hmC signatures in cfDNA were identified with specificity for different cancers. 5hmC-based biomarkers of circulating cfDNA demonstrated highly accurate predictive value for patients with colorectal and gastric cancers versus healthy controls, superior to conventional biomarkers, and comparable to 5hmC biomarkers from tissue biopsies. This new strategy could lead to the development of effective blood-based, minimally-invasive cancer diagnosis and prognosis approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meckel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bissonnette, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/163204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA 5-Hydroxymethylcytosines from Cell-free Circulating DNA as Diagnostic Biomarkers for Human Cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/163295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immature HIV-1 Lattice Assembly Dynamics are Regulated by Scaffolding from Nucleic Acid and the Plasma Membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/163295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The packaging and budding of Gag polyprotein and viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a critical step in the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) lifecycle. High-resolution structures of the Gag polyprotein have revealed that the capsid (CA) and spacer peptide 1 (SP1) domains contain important interfaces for Gag self-assembly. However, the molecular details of the multimerization process, especially in the presence of RNA and the cell membrane, have remained unclear. In this work, we investigate the mechanisms that work in concert between the polyproteins, RNA, and membrane to promote immature lattice growth. We develop a coarse-grained (CG) computational model that is derived from sub-nanometer resolution structural data. Our simulations recapitulate contiguous and hexameric lattice assembly driven only by weak anisotropic attractions at the helical CA-SP1 junction. Importantly, analysis from CG and single-particle tracking photoactivated localization (spt-PALM) trajectories indicates that viral RNA and the membrane are critical constituents that actively promote Gag multimerization through scaffolding, while over-expression of short competitor RNA can suppress assembly. We also find that the CA amino-terminal domain imparts intrinsic curvature to the Gag lattice. As a consequence, immature lattice growth appears to be coupled to the dynamics of spontaneous membrane deformation. Our findings elucidate a simple network of interactions that regulate the early stages of HIV-1 assembly and budding.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn order for human immunodeficiency virus to proliferate, viral proteins and genomic dimers are assembled at host cell membranes and released as immature virions. Disrupting this key intermediate step in viral replication is a potential target for treatment. However, a detailed molecular view of this process remains lacking. Here, we elucidate a network of constitutive interactions that regulate viral assembly dynamics through a combined computational and experimental approach. Specifically, our analysis reveals the active roles of nucleic acid and the membrane as scaffolds that promote the multimerization of Gag polyprotein which proceeds through multi-step and self-correcting nucleation. Our findings also illustrate the functional importance of the N-terminal, C-terminal, and spacer peptide 1 protein domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grime, J. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durumeric, A. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeager, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, J. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/163295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immature HIV-1 Lattice Assembly Dynamics are Regulated by Scaffolding from Nucleic Acid and the Plasma Membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/163741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection and neutral mutations drive pervasive mutability losses in long-lived B cell lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/163741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-affinity antibodies arise within weeks of infection from the evolution of B cell receptors under selection to improve antigen recognition. This rapid adaptation is enabled by the frequency and distribution of highly mutable "hotspotx" motifs in B cell receptor genes. High mutability in antigen binding regions (CDRs) creates variation in binding affinity, whereas low mutability in structurally important regions (FRs) may reduce the frequency of destabilizing mutations. During the response, the loss of mutational hotspots and changes in their distribution across CDRs and FRs are predicted to compromise the adaptability of B cell receptors, yet the contributions of different mechanisms to gains and losses of hotspots remain unclear. We reconstructed changes in anti-HIV B cell receptor sequences and show that mutability losses were about 60% more frequent than gains in both CDRs and FRs, with the higher relative mutability of CDRs maintained throughout the response. At least 34% of the mutability losses were caused by synonymous mutations. However, non-synonymous substitutions caused most of the mutability loss in CDRs. Because CDRs also show strong positive selection, this result suggests positive selection contributed to as much as 66% of the mutability loss in those regions. Although recurrent adaptation to the evolving virus could indirectly select for high mutation rates, we found no evidence of indirect selection to increase or retain hotspots. Our results suggest mutability losses are intrinsic to the neutral and adaptive evolution of B cell populations and might constrain their adaptation to rapidly evolving pathogens such as HIV and influenza.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Costa Vieira, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/163741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection and neutral mutations drive pervasive mutability losses in long-lived B cell lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic selection underlies evolution of human brain structure and behavioral traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seemingly paradoxical characteristics of psychiatric disorders, including moderate to high prevalence, reduced fecundity, and high heritability have motivated explanations for the persistence of common risk alleles for severe psychiatric phenotypes throughout human evolution. Proposed mechanisms include balancing selection, drift, and weak polygenic adaptation acting either directly, or indirectly through selection on correlated traits. While many mechanisms have been proposed, few have been empirically tested. Leveraging publicly available data of unprecedented sample size, we studied twenty-five traits (i.e., ten neuropsychiatric disorders, three personality traits, total intracranial volume, seven subcortical brain structure volume traits, and four complex traits without neuropsychiatric associations) for evidence of several different signatures of selection over a range of evolutionary time scales. Consistent with the largely polygenic architecture of neuropsychiatric traits, we found no enrichment of trait-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in regions of the genome that underwent classical selective sweeps (i.e., events which would have driven selected alleles to near fixation). However, we discovered that SNPs associated with some, but not all, behaviors and brain structure volumes are enriched in genomic regions under selection since divergence from Neanderthals ~600,000 years ago, and show further evidence for signatures of ancient and recent polygenic adaptation. Individual subcortical brain structure volumes demonstrate genome-wide evidence in support of a mosaic theory of brain evolution while total intracranial volume and height appear to share evolutionary constraints consistent with concerted evolution. We further characterized the biological processes potentially targeted by selection, through expression Quantitative Trait Locus (eQTL) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses and found evidence for the role of regulatory functions among selected SNPs in immune and brain tissues. Taken together, our results suggest that alleles associated with neuropsychiatric, behavioral, and brain volume phenotypes have experienced both ancient and recent polygenic adaptation in human evolution, acting through neurodevelopmental and immune-mediated pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beiter, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khramtsova, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Merwe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chimusa, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic selection underlies evolution of human brain structure and behavioral traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multinucleotide mutations cause false inferences of positive selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/165969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetic tests of adaptive evolution, which infer positive selection from an excess of nonsynonymous changes, assume that nucleotide substitutions occur singly and independently. But recent research has shown that multiple errors at adjacent sites often occur in single events during DNA replication. These multinucleotide mutations (MNMs) are overwhelmingly likely to be nonsynonymous. We therefore evaluated whether phylogenetic tests of adaptive evolution, such as the widely used branch-site test, might misinterpret sequence patterns produced by MNMs as false support for positive selection. We explored two genome-wide datasets comprising thousands of coding alignments - one from mammals and one from flies - and found that codons with multiple differences (CMDs) account for virtually all the support for lineage-specific positive selection inferred by the branch-site test. Simulations under genome-wide, empirically derived conditions without positive selection show that realistic rates of MNMs cause a strong and systematic bias in the branch-site and related tests; the bias is sufficient to produce false positive inferences approximately as often as the branch-site test infers positive selection from the empirical data. Our analysis indicates that genes may often be inferred to be under positive selection simply because they stochastically accumulated one or a few MNMs. Because these tests do not reliably distinguish sequence patterns produced by authentic positive selection from those caused by neutral fixation of MNMs, many published inferences of adaptive evolution using these techniques may therefore be artifacts of model violation caused by unincorporated neutral mutational processes. We develop an alternative model that incorporates MNMs and may be helpful in reducing this bias.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/165969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multinucleotide mutations cause false inferences of positive selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conjunction of Factors Triggering Waves of Seasonal Influenza 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the subtle confluence of factors triggering pan-continental, seasonal epidemics of influenza-like illness is an extremely important problem, with the potential to save tens of thousands of lives and billions of dollars every year in the US alone. Beginning with several large, longitudinal datasets on putative factors and clinical data on the disease and health status of over 150 million human subjects observed over a decade, we investigated the source and the mechanistic triggers of epidemics. Our analysis included insurance claims for a significant cross-section of the US population in the past decade, human movement patterns inferred from billions of tweets, whole-US weekly weather data covering the same time span as the medical records, data on vaccination coverage over the same period, and sequence variations of key viral proteins. We also explicitly accounted for the spatio-temporal auto-correlations of infectious waves, and a host of socioeconomic and demographic factors. We carried out multiple orthogonal statistical analyses on these diverse, large geo-temporal datasets to bolster and corroborate our findings. We conclude that the initiation of a pan-continental influenza wave emerges from the simultaneous realization of a complex set of conditions, the strongest predictor groups are as follows, ranked by importance: (1) the host populations socio- and ethno-demographic properties; (2) weather variables pertaining to relevant area specific humidity, temperature, and solar radiation; (3) the virus antigenic drift over time; (4) the host populations land-based travel habits, and; (5) the spatio-temporal dynamics immediate history, as reflected in the influenza wave autocorrelation. The models we infer are demonstrably predictive (area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve {approx} 80%) when tested with out-of-sample data, opening the door to the potential formulation of new population-level intervention and mitigation policies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chattopadhyay, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiciman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rzhetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/168476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conjunction of Factors Triggering Waves of Seasonal Influenza]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trajectory-Based Parameterization of a Coarse-Grained Forcefield for High-Throughput Protein Simulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169326v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The traditional trade-off in biomolecular simulation between accuracy and computational efficiency is predicated on the assumption that detailed forcefields are typically well-parameterized (i.e. obtaining a significant fraction of possible accuracy). We re-examine this trade-off in the more realistic regime in which parameterization is a greater source of bias than the level of detail in the forcefield. To address parameterization of coarse-grained forcefields, we use the contrastive divergence technique from machine learning to train directly from simulation trajectories on 450 proteins. In our scheme, the computational efficiency of the model enables high accuracy through precise tuning of the Boltzmann ensemble over a large collection of proteins. This method is applied to our recently developed Upside model [1], where the free energy for side chains are rapidly calculated at every time-step, allowing for a smooth energy landscape without steric rattling of the side chains. After our contrastive divergence training, the model is able to fold proteins up to approximately 100 residues de novo on a single core in CPU core-days. Additionally, the improved Upside model is a strong starting point both for investigation of folding dynamics and as an inexpensive Bayesian prior for protein physics that can be integrated with additional experimental or bioinformatic data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jumper, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freed, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/169326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trajectory-Based Parameterization of a Coarse-Grained Forcefield for High-Throughput Protein Simulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tropomyosin and a-actinin cooperation inhibits fimbrin association with actin filament networks in fission yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/169961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously discovered that competition between fission yeast actin binding proteins (ABPs) for association with F-actin helps facilitate their sorting to different F-actin networks. Specifically, competition between actin patch ABPs fimbrin Fim1 and cofilin Adf1 enhances each others activities, and rapidly displaces tropomyosin Cdc8 from the F-actin network. However, these interactions dont explain how Fim1, a robust competitor, is prevented from associating equally well with other F-actin networks. Here, with a combination of fission yeast genetics, live cell fluorescent imaging, and in vitro TIRF microscopy, we identified the contractile ring ABP -actinin Ain1 as a key sorting factor. Fim1 competes with Ain1 for association with F-actin, which is dependent upon their residence time on F-actin. Remarkably, although Fim1 outcompetes both contractile ring ABPs Ain1 and Cdc8 individually, Cdc8 enhances the bundling activity of Ain1 10-fold, allowing the combination of Ain1 and Cdc8 to inhibit Fim1 association with contractile ring F-actin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christensen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/169961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tropomyosin and a-actinin cooperation inhibits fimbrin association with actin filament networks in fission yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The global biogeography of amino acid variants within a single SAR11 population is governed by natural selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diversity and geographical distribution of populations within major marine microbial lineages are largely governed by temperature and its co-variables. However, neither the mechanisms by which genomic heterogeneity emerges within a single population nor how it drives the partitioning of ecological niches are well understood. Here we took advantage of billions of metagenomic reads to study one of the most abundant and widespread microbial populations in the surface ocean. We characterized its substantial amount of genomic heterogeneity using single-amino acid variants (SAAVs), and identified systematic purifying selection and adaptive mechanisms governing non-synonymous variation within this population. Our Deep Learning analysis of SAAVs across metagenomes revealed two main ecological niches that reflect large-scale oceanic current temperatures, as well as six proteotypes demarcating finer-resolved niches. We identified significantly more protein variants in cold currents and an increased number of protein sweeps in warm currents, exposing a global pattern of alternating genomic diversity for this SAR11 population as it drifts along with surface ocean currents. Overall, the geographic partitioning of SAAVs suggests natural selection, rather than neutral evolution, is the main driver of the evolution of SAR11 in surface oceans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delmont, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiefl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilinc, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esen, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uysal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappe, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovannoni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/170639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The global biogeography of amino acid variants within a single SAR11 population is governed by natural selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common variants of NRXN1, LRP1B and RORA are associated with increased ventricular volumes in psychosis - GWAS findings from the B-SNIP deep phenotyping study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective, and Bipolar Disorders share common illness traits, intermediate phenotypes and a partially overlapping polygenic basis. We performed GWAS on deep phenotyping data, including structural MRI and DTI, clinical, and behavioral scales from 1,115 cases and controls. Significant associations were observed with two cerebrospinal fluid volumes: the temporal horn of left lateral ventricle was associated with NRXN1, and the volume of the cavum septum pellucidum was associated with LRP1B and RORA. Both volumes were associated with illness. Suggestive associations were observed with local gyrification indices, fractional anisotropy and age at onset. The deep phenotyping approach allowed unexpected genetic sharing to be found between phenotypes, including temporal horn of left lateral ventricle and age at onset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alliey-Rodriguez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grey, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klinger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spring, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gage, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lencer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivleva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamminga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keedy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/175489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common variants of NRXN1, LRP1B and RORA are associated with increased ventricular volumes in psychosis - GWAS findings from the B-SNIP deep phenotyping study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo mutations involved in post-transcriptional dysregulation contribute to six neuropsychiatric disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While deleterious de novo mutations (DNMs) in coding region conferring risk in neuropsychiatric disorders have been revealed by next-generation sequencing, the role of DNMs involved in post-transcriptional regulation in pathogenesis of these disorders remains to be elucidated. Here, we identified 1,736 post-transcriptionally impaired DNMs (piDNMs), and prioritized 1,482 candidate genes in four neuropsychiatric disorders from 7,748 families. Our results revealed higher prevalence of piDNMs in the probands than in controls (P = 8.19x10-17), and piDNM-harboring genes were enriched for epigenetic modifications and neuronal or synaptic functions. Moreover, we identified 86 piDNM-containing genes forming convergent co-expression modules and intensive protein-protein interactions in at least two neuropsychiatric disorders. These cross-disorder genes carrying piDNMs could form interaction network centered on RNA binding proteins, suggesting a shared post-transcriptional etiology underlying these disorders. Our findings illustrate the significant contribution of piDNMs to four neuropsychiatric disorders, and lay emphasis on combining functional and network-based evidences to identify regulatory causes of genetic disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/175844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo mutations involved in post-transcriptional dysregulation contribute to six neuropsychiatric disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From foodwebs to gene regulatory networks (GRNs) - weak repressions by microRNAs confer system stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
More than 30% of mRNAs are repressed by microRNAs (miRNAs) but most repressions are too weak to have a phenotypic consequence. The diffuse actions have been a central conundrum in understanding the functions of miRNAs. By applying the May-Wigner theory used in foodweb studies, we show that i) weak repressions cumulatively enhance the stability of gene regulatory network (GRN), and ii) broad and weak repressions confer greater stability than a few strong ones. Transcriptome data show that yeast cells, which do not have miRNAs, use strong and non-specific mRNA degradation to stabilize their GRN; in contrast, human cells use miRNAs to increase degradation more modestly and selectively. Simulations indicate that miRNA repressions should be distributed broadly to >25% of mRNAs, in agreement with observations. As predicted, extremely highly expressed genes are avoided and transcription factors are preferred by miRNAs. In conclusion, the diffuse repression by miRNAs is likely a system-level strategy for enhancing GRN stability. This stability control may be the mechanistic basis of "canalization" (i.e., developmental homeostasis within each species), sometimes hypothesized to be a main function of miRNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allesina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From foodwebs to gene regulatory networks (GRNs) - weak repressions by microRNAs confer system stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurring infection with ecologically distinct human papillomavirus (HPV) types explains high prevalence and diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The high prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV), the most common sexually transmitted infection, arises from the coexistence of over 200 genetically distinct types. Accurately predicting the impact of vaccines that target multiple types requires understanding the factors that determine HPV diversity. The diversity of many pathogens is driven by type-specific or "homologous" immunity, which promotes the spread of variants to which hosts have little immunity. To test for homologous immunity and to identify mechanisms determining HPV transmission, we fitted nonlinear mechanistic models to longitudinal data on genital infections in unvaccinated men. Our results provide no evidence for homologous immunity, instead showing that infection with one HPV type strongly increases the risk of infection with that type for years afterwards. For HPV16, the type responsible for most HPV-related cancers, an initial infection increases the one-year probability of reinfection by 20-fold, and the probability of reinfection remains 14-fold higher two years later. This increased risk occurs in both sexually active and celibate men, suggesting that it arises from auto-inoculation, episodic reactivation of latent virus, or both. Overall our results show that high HPV prevalence and diversity can be explained by a combination of a lack of homologous immunity, frequent reinfections, weak competition between types, and variation in type fitness between host subpopulations. Due to the high risk of reinfection, vaccinating boys that have not yet been exposed may be crucial to reduce prevalence, but our results suggest that there may also be large benefits from vaccinating previously infected individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranjeva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskerville, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dukic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazcano-Ponce, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giuliano, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurring infection with ecologically distinct human papillomavirus (HPV) types explains high prevalence and diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chiron: Translating nanopore raw signal directly into nucleotide sequence using deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/179531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequencing by translocating DNA fragments through an array of nanopores is a rapidly maturing technology which offers faster and cheaper sequencing than other approaches. However, accurately deciphering the DNA sequence from the noisy and complex electrical signal is challenging. Here, we report Chiron, the first deep learning model to achieve end-to-end basecalling: directly translating the raw signal to DNA sequence without the error-prone segmentation step. Trained with only a small set of 4000 reads, we show that our model provides state-of-the-art basecalling accuracy even on previously unseen species. Chiron achieves basecalling speeds of over 2000 bases per second using desktop computer graphics processing units.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/179531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chiron: Translating nanopore raw signal directly into nucleotide sequence using deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Climate change will lead to pronounced shifts in the diversity of soil microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soil bacteria are key to ecosystem function and maintenance of soil fertility. Leveraging associations of current geographic distributions of bacteria with historic climate, we predict that soil bacterial diversity will increase across the majority (~75%) of the Tibetan Plateau and northern North America if bacterial communities equilibrate with existing climatic conditions. This prediction is possible because the current distributions of soil bacteria have stronger correlations with climate from ~50 years ago than with current climate. This lag is likely associated with the time it takes for soil properties to adjust to changes in climate. The predicted changes are location specific and differ across bacterial taxa, including some bacteria that are predicted to have reductions in their distributions. These findings demonstrate the widespread influence that climate change will have on belowground diversity and highlight the importance of considering bacterial communities when assessing climate impacts on terrestrial ecosystems.nnIMPORTANCEThere have been many studies highlighting how plant and animal communities lag behind climate change, causing extinction and diversity debts that will slowly be paid as communities equilibrate. By virtue of their short generation times and dispersal abilities, soil bacteria might be expected to respond to climate change quickly and to be effectively in equilibrium with current climatic conditions. We found strong evidence to the contrary in Tibet and North America. These findings could significantly improve understanding of climate impacts on soil microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ladau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jing, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fierer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/180174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Climate change will lead to pronounced shifts in the diversity of soil microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/181651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene co-expression networks in whole blood implicate multiple interrelated molecular pathways in obese asthma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/181651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAsthmatic children who develop obesity have poorer outcomes compared to those that do not, including poorer control, more severe symptoms, and greater resistance to standard treatment. Gene expression networks are powerful statistical tools for characterizing the underpinnings of human disease that leverage the putative co-regulatory relationships of genes to infer biological pathways altered in disease states.nnObjectiveThe aim of this study was to characterize the biology of childhood asthma complicated by adult obesity.nnMethodsWe performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of gene expression data in whole blood from 514 adult subjects from the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP). We then performed module preservation and association replication analyses in 418 subjects from two independent asthma cohorts (one pediatric and one adult).nnResultsWe identified a multivariate model in which four gene co-expression network modules were associated with incident obesity in CAMP (each P < 0.05). The module memberships were enriched for genes in pathways related to platelets, integrins, extracellular matrix, smooth muscle, NF-{kappa}B signaling, and Hedgehog signaling. The network structures of each of the four obese asthma modules were significantly preserved in both replication cohorts (permutation P = 9.999E-05). The corresponding module gene sets were significantly enriched for differential expression in obese subjects in both replication cohorts (each P < 0.05).nnConclusionsOur gene co-expression network profiles thus implicate multiple interrelated pathways in the biology of an important endotype of obese asthma.nnKey MessagesO_LIWe hypothesized that individuals with asthma complicated by obesity had distinct blood gene expression signatures.nC_LIO_LIGene co-expression network analysis implicated several inflammatory biological pathways in one form of obese asthma.nC_LInnCapsule SummaryThis work addresses a knowledge gap about the molecular relationship between asthma and obesity, suggesting that an endotype of obese asthma, known as asthma complicated by obesity, is underpinned by coherent biological mechanisms.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Croteau-Chonka, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barraza-Villarreal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celedon, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauderman, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilliland, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naureckas, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolae, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raby, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/181651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene co-expression networks in whole blood implicate multiple interrelated molecular pathways in obese asthma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correction of autoimmune IL2RA mutations in primary human T cells using non-viral genome targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/183418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human T cells are central to physiological immune homeostasis, which protects us from pathogens without collateral autoimmune inflammation. They are also the main effectors in most current cancer immunotherapy strategies1. Several decades of work have aimed to genetically reprogram T cells for therapeutic purposes2-5, but as human T cells are resistant to most standard methods of large DNA insertion these approaches have relied on recombinant viral vectors, which do not target transgenes to specific genomic sites6, 7. In addition, the need for viral vectors has slowed down research and clinical use as their manufacturing and testing is lengthy and expensive. Genome editing brought the promise of specific and efficient insertion of large transgenes into target cells through homology-directed repair (HDR), but to date in human T cells this still requires viral transduction8, 9. Here, we developed a non-viral, CRISPR-Cas9 genome targeting system that permits the rapid and efficient insertion of individual or multiplexed large (>1 kilobase) DNA sequences at specific sites in the genomes of primary human T cells while preserving cell viability and function. We successfully tested the potential therapeutic use of this approach in two settings. First, we corrected a pathogenic IL2RA mutation in primary T cells from multiple family members with monogenic autoimmune disease and demonstrated enhanced signalling function. Second, we replaced the endogenous T cell receptor (TCR) locus with a new TCR redirecting T cells to a cancer antigen. The resulting TCR-engineered T cells specifically recognized the tumour antigen, with concomitant cytokine release and tumour cell killing. Taken together, these studies provide preclinical evidence that non-viral genome targeting will enable rapid and flexible experimental manipulation and therapeutic engineering of primary human immune cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roth, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shifrut, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiatt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferris, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schickel, J.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellerin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmody, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkorta-Aranburu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Gaudio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsumoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quadros, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurumurthy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haugwitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupfer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greeley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacchetta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meffre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roncarolo, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herold, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonetti, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/183418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correction of autoimmune IL2RA mutations in primary human T cells using non-viral genome targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/186437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The lamellipodium is a myosin independent mechanosensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/186437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of adherent cells to sense changes in the mechanical properties of their extracellular environments is critical to numerous aspects of their physiology. It has been well documented that cell attachment and spreading are sensitive to substrate stiffness. Here we demonstrate that this behavior is actually biphasic, with a transition that occurs around a Youngs modulus of [~]7 kPa. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, contrary to established assumptions, this property is independent of myosin II activity. Rather, we find that cell spreading on soft substrates is inhibited due to reduced nascent adhesion formation within the lamellipodium. Cells on soft substrates display normal leading edge protrusion activity, but these protrusions are not stabilized due to impaired adhesion assembly. Enhancing integrin-ECM affinity through addition of Mn2+ recovers nascent adhesion assembly and cell spreading on soft substrates. Using a computational model to simulate nascent adhesion assembly, we find that biophysical properties of the integrin-ECM bond are optimized to stabilize interactions above a threshold matrix stiffness that is consistent with the experimentally observations. Together these results suggest that myosin II-independent forces in the lamellipodium are responsible for mechanosensation by regulating new adhesion assembly, which in turn, directly controls cell spreading. This myosin II-independent mechanism of substrate stiffness sensing could potentially regulate a number of other stiffness sensitive processes.nnSignificance StatementCell physiology can be regulated by the mechanics of the extracellular environment. Here, we demonstrate that cell spreading is a mechanosensitive process regulated by weak forces generated at the cell periphery and independent of motor activity. We show that stiffness sensing depends on the kinetics of the initial adhesion bonds that are subjected to forces driven by protein polymerization. This work demonstrates how the binding kinetics of adhesion molecules are sensitively tuned to a range of forces that enable mechanosensation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oakes, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidone, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckham, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skeeters, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-San Juan, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/186437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The lamellipodium is a myosin independent mechanosensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A zombie LIF gene in elephants is up-regulated by TP53 to induce apoptosis in response to DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large bodied organisms have more cells that can potentially turn cancerous than smallbodied organisms with fewer cells, imposing an increased risk of developing cancer. This expectation predicts a positive correlation between body size and cancer risk, however, there is no correlation between body size and cancer risk across species ( Petos Paradox). Here we show that elephants and their extinct relatives (Proboscideans) may have resolved Petos Paradox in part through re-functionalizing a leukemia inhibitory factor pseudogene (LIF6) with pro-apoptotic functions. The LIF6 gene is transcriptionally up-regulated by TP53 in response to DNA damage, and translocates to the mitochondria where it induces apoptosis. Phylogenetic analyses of living and extinct Proboscidean LIF6 genes indicates its TP53 response element evolved coincident with the evolution of large body sizes in the Proboscidean stem-lineage. These results suggest that re-functionalizing of a pro-apoptotic LIF pseudogene may have been permissive (though not sufficient) for the evolution of large body sizes in Proboscideans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chigurupati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/187922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A zombie LIF gene in elephants is up-regulated by TP53 to induce apoptosis in response to DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic analysis of isoform usage in the human anti-viral response reveals influenza-specific regulation of ERAP2 transcripts under balancing selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the impact of common genetic variants on gene expression response to cellular stimuli has been analyzed in depth, less is known about how stimulation modulates the genetic control of isoform usage. Analyzing RNA-seq profiles of monocyte-derived dendritic cells from 243 individuals, we uncovered thousands of unannotated isoforms synthesized in response to viral infection and stimulation with type I interferon. We identified more than a thousand single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with isoform usage (isoQTLs), > 40% of which are independent of expression QTLs for the same gene. Compared to eQTLs, isoQTLs are enriched for splice sites and untranslated regions, and depleted of sequences upstream of annotated transcription start sites. Both eQTLs and isoQTLs in stimulated cells explain a significant proportion of the disease heritability attributed to common genetic variants. At the IRF7 locus, we found alternative promoter usage in response to influenza as a possible mechanism by which DNA variants previously associated with immune-related disorders mediate disease risk. At the ERAP2 locus, we shed light on the function of the major haplotype that has been maintained under long-term balancing selection. At baseline and following type 1 interferon stimulation, the major haplotype is associated with absence of ERAP2 expression while the minor haplotype, known to increase Crohns disease risk, is associated with high ERAP2 expression. Surprisingly, in response to influenza infection, the major haplotype results in the expression of two uncharacterized, alternatively transcribed, spliced and translated short isoforms. Thus, genetic variants at a single locus could modulate independent gene regulatory processes in the innate immune response, and in the case of ERAP2, may confer a historical fitness advantage in response to virus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chun, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villani, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gate, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhangale, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychowdhury, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imboywa, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chipendo, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frohlich, I. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacohen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic analysis of isoform usage in the human anti-viral response reveals influenza-specific regulation of ERAP2 transcripts under balancing selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive contingency and entrenchment in a billion years of Hsp90 evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/189803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although many potential mutations within proteins modulate each others effects1-4, the extent to which these epistatic interactions influenced the fitness effects of the sequence changes that actually occurred during historical evolution - and thus made molecular evolution contingent and irreversible - is controversial5-16. We addressed this question directly by precisely measuring the fitness effects in both extant and reconstructed ancestral sequence contexts of all historical amino acid substitutions that occurred during the billion-year evolutionary history of the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) ATPase domain beginning from a deep eukaryotic ancestor to modern Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find a pervasive influence of epistasis on historical sequence evolution: the majority of the 98 derived states that evolved during history were deleterious at times before they happened, and the vast majority also became subsequently entrenched6, with the ancestral state becoming deleterious after its substitution. A few of these epistatic interactions were of massive fitness consequence, but the majority were of small but evolutionarily relevant effect size. We find that both the large- and small-effect epistasis were largely caused by specific interactions among sites rather than a general permissive or restrictive effect17. Our results highlight how epistasis continually opens and closes windows of mutational opportunity over evolutionary timescales, producing histories and biological states that reflect, in significant part, the transient internal constraints imposed by a proteins fleeting sequence states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Starr, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolon, D. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/189803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive contingency and entrenchment in a billion years of Hsp90 evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of multiple sources of genetic drift on pathogen variation within hosts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in pathogen genetic variation within hosts alter the severity and spread of infectious diseases, with important implications for clinical disease and public health. Genetic drift may play a strong role in shaping pathogen variation, but analyses of drift in pathogens have oversimplified pathogen population dynamics, either by considering dynamics only at a single scale (within hosts, between hosts), or by making drastic simplifying assumptions (host immune systems can be ignored, transmission bottlenecks are complete). Moreover, previous studies used genetic data to infer the strength of genetic drift, whereas we test whether the genetic drift imposed by pathogen population processes can be used to explain genetic data. We first constructed and parameterized a mathematical model of gypsy moth baculovirus dynamics that allows genetic drift to act within and between hosts. We then quantified the genome-wide diversity of baculovirus populations within each of 143 field-collected gypsy moth larvae using Illumina sequencing. Finally, we determined whether the genetic drift imposed by host-pathogen population dynamics in our model explains the levels of pathogen diversity in our data. We found that when the model allows drift to act at multiple scales, including within hosts, between hosts, and between years, it can accurately reproduce the data, but when the effects of drift are simplified by neglecting transmission bottlenecks and stochastic variation in virus replication within hosts, the model fails. A de novo mutation model and a purifying selection model similarly fail to explain the data. Our results show that genetic drift can play a strong role in determining pathogen variation, and that mathematical models that account for pathogen population growth at multiple scales of biological organization can be used to explain this variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of multiple sources of genetic drift on pathogen variation within hosts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
USA300 MRSA lineages persist on multiple body sites following infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractnnBACKGROUNDUSA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a community- and hospital- acquired pathogen that frequently causes infections but also can survive on the human body asymptomatically as a part of the normal flora. We devised a comparative genomic strategy to track colonizing USA300 at different body sites after S. aureus infection.nnMETHODSWe sampled ST8 S. aureus from subjects at the site of a first known MRSA infection. Within 60 days of this infection and again 12 months later, each subject was tested for asymptomatic colonization in the nose, throat and perirectal region. 93 S. aureus strains underwent whole genome shotgun sequencing.nnRESULTSGenome sequencing revealed that 23 patients carried USA300 intra-subject lineages (ISLs), defined as having an index infection isolate (III) and closely related strains. Pairwise distance between strains in different ISLs was 48 to 162 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), whereas within the same ISL it was 0 to 26 SNPs. At the initial sampling time among 23 subjects, we isolated S. aureus from the nose, throat and perirectal sites from 15, 11 and 15 of them, respectively. Twelve months later we isolated S. aureus within the same ISL from 9 subjects, with 6, 3 and 3 strains from the nose, throat and perirectal area, respectively. The median time from initial acquisition of the S. aureus USA300 strains to culture of the index infection was estimated at 18 weeks. Strains in ISLs from the same subject differed in plasmid and prophage content, and contained deletions that removed the mecA-containing SCCmec and ACME regions. Five strains contained frameshift mutations in agr toxin-regulating genes. Persistence of an ISL was not associated with clinical or demographic subject characteristics.nnCONCLUSIONClonal lineages of USA300 may continue to colonize people at one or more anatomic sites up to a year after an initial infection and experience loss of the SCCmec, loss and gain of other mobile genetic elements, and mutations in the agr operon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Read, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petit, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNulty, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[USA300 MRSA lineages persist on multiple body sites following infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of improved specificity of engineered Cas9s revealed by single molecule analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In microbes, CRISPR-Cas systems provide adaptive immunity against invading genetic elements. Cas9 in complex with a guide-RNA targets complementary DNA for cleavage and has been repurposed for wide-ranging biological applications. New Cas9s have been engineered (eCas9 and Cas9-HF1) to improve specificity, but how they help reduce off-target cleavage is not known. Here, we developed single molecule DNA unwinding assay to show that sequence mismatches affect cleavage reactions through rebalancing the internal unwinding/rewinding equilibrium. Increasing PAM-distal mismatches facilitate rewinding, and the associated cleavage impairment shows that cleavage proceeds from the unwound state. Engineered Cas9s depopulate the unwound state more readily upon mismatch detection. Intrinsic cleavage rate is much lower for engineered Cas9s, preventing cleavage from transiently unwound off-targets. DNA interrogation experiments showed that engineered Cas9s require about one additional base pair match for stable binding, freeing them from sites that would otherwise sequester them. Therefore, engineered Cas9s achieve their improved specificity (1) by inhibiting stable DNA binding to partially matching sequences, (2) by making DNA unwinding more sensitive to mismatches, and (3) by slowing down intrinsic cleavage reaction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poddar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceylan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of improved specificity of engineered Cas9s revealed by single molecule analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The contribution of common genetic risk variants for ADHD to a general factor of childhood psychopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heritable neurodevelopmental disorder, with common genetic risk variants implicated in the clinical diagnosis and symptoms of ADHD. However, given evidence of comorbidity and genetic overlap across neurodevelopmental and externalizing conditions, it remains unclear whether these genetic risk variants are ADHD-specific. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between ADHD genetic risks and related neurodevelopmental and externalizing conditions, and to quantify the extent to which any such associations can be attributed to a general genetic liability towards psychopathology. We derived ADHD polygenic risk scores (PRS) for 13,460 children aged 9 and 12 years from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden, using results from an independent meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of ADHD diagnosis and symptoms. Associations between ADHD PRS, a latent general psychopathology factor, and six latent neurodevelopmental and externalizing factors were estimated using structural equation modelling. ADHD PRS were statistically significantly associated with elevated levels of inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, autistic traits, learning difficulties, oppositional-defiant, and conduct problems (standardized regression coefficients=0.07-0.12). Only the association with specific hyperactivity/impulsivity remained significant after accounting for a general psychopathology factor, on which all symptoms loaded positively (standardized mean loading=0.61, range=0.32-0.91). ADHD PRS simultaneously explained 1% (p-value<0.001) of the variance in the general psychopathology factor and 0.50% (p-value<0.001) in the specific hyperactivity/impulsivity factor. Our results suggest that common genetic risk variants associated with ADHD have largely general pleiotropic effects on neurodevelopmental and externalizing traits in the general population, in addition to a specific association with hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brikell, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettersson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuja-Halkola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahey, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenstein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/193573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The contribution of common genetic risk variants for ADHD to a general factor of childhood psychopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developing an in silico minimum inhibitory concentration panel test for Klebsiella pneumoniae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial resistant infections are a serious public health threat worldwide. Whole genome sequencing approaches to apidly identify pathogens and predict antibiotic resistance phenotypes are becoming more feasible and may offer a way to reduce clinical test turnaround times compared to conventional culture-based methods, and in turn, improve patient outcomes. In this study, we use whole genome sequence data from 1668 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae to develop a XGBoost-based machine learning model that accurately predicts minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for 20 antibiotics. The overall accuracy of the model, within {+/-}1 two-fold dilution factor, is 92%. Individual accuracies are[&ge;]90% for 15/20 antibiotics. We show that the MICs predicted by the model correlate with known antimicrobial resistance genes. Importantly, the genome-wide approach described in this study offers a way to predict MICs for isolates without knowledge of the underlying gene content. This study shows that machine learning can be used to build a complete in silico MIC prediction panel for K. pneumoniae and provides a framework for building MIC prediction models for other pathogenic bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brettin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musser, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/193797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developing an in silico minimum inhibitory concentration panel test for Klebsiella pneumoniae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enriched pathogen diversity under host-type heterogeneity and immune-mediated competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogen strains can stably coexist if they specialize on different hosts. Multiple strains can also coexist on a single host through negative frequency-dependent interactions mediated by partial cross-immunity. Understanding pathogen diversity remains a challenge however when both host specificity and cross-immunity are acting and may be functionally linked, as has been proposed for rotavirus, where a single protein is both antigenically important and determines host specificity by binding to the genetically encoded human blood group antigens. This situation is akin to the more general question in ecology of species coexistence when stabilizing and equalizing mechanisms interact. We examine this interaction with a theoretical model motivated by rotavirus and apply an adaptive dynamics framework to show how these two kinds of competition, typically considered separately, affect diversity. When cross-immunity depends on host-pathogen affinity, diversity is magnified as long-term evolution allows for the coexistence of multiple semi-specialized strains, similar to observations in rotavirus. In contrast, the simultaneous co-occurrence of several semi-specialized individuals is not observed when the degree of cross-immunity is independent from affinity distance among strains. The interplay of equalizing and stabilizing mechanisms fundamentally modifies diversity patterns and should be considered when addressing strain coexistence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/195065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enriched pathogen diversity under host-type heterogeneity and immune-mediated competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of an Intrinsic Skin Sensor for Blood Glucose Level with CRISPR-mediated Genome Editing in Epidermal Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/195529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biointegrated sensors can address various challenges in medicine by transmitting a wide variety of biological signals. A tempting possibility that has not been explored before is whether we can take advantage of genome editing technology to transform a small portion of endogenous tissue into an intrinsic and long-lasting sensor of physiological signals. The human skin and the epidermal stem cells have several unique advantages, making them particularly suitable for genetic engineering and applications in vivo. In this report, we took advantage of a novel platform for manipulation and transplantation of epidermal stem cells, and presented the key evidence that genome-edited skin stem cells can be exploited for continuous monitoring of blood glucose level in vivo. Additionally, by advanced design of genome editing, we developed an autologous skin graft that can sense glucose level and deliver therapeutic proteins for diabetes treatment. Our results revealed the clinical potential for skin somatic gene therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/195529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of an Intrinsic Skin Sensor for Blood Glucose Level with CRISPR-mediated Genome Editing in Epidermal Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiethnic Meta-analysis Identifies New Loci for Pulmonary Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nearly 100 loci have been identified for pulmonary function, almost exclusively in studies of European ancestry populations. We extend previous research by meta-analyzing genome-wide association studies of 1000 Genomes imputed variants in relation to pulmonary function in a multiethnic population of 90,715 individuals of European (N=60,552), African (N=8,429), Asian (N=9,959), and Hispanic/Latino (N=11,775) ethnicities. We identified over 50 novel loci at genome-wide significance in ancestry-specific and/or multiethnic meta-analyses. Recent fine mapping methods incorporating functional annotation, gene expression, and/or differences in linkage disequilibrium between ethnicities identified potential causal variants and genes at known and newly identified loci. Sixteen of the novel genes encode proteins with predicted or established drug targets, including KCNK2 and CDK12.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wyss, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terzikhan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahousse, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latourelle, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feitosa, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahluwalia, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldmeadow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojczynski, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noordam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartwig, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeidat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kichaev, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalhan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paternoster, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkart, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holliday, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonk, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Mutsert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baptista Menezes, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, H. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Be</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiethnic Meta-analysis Identifies New Loci for Pulmonary Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput cancer hypothesis testing with an integrated PhysiCell-EMEWS workflow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCancer is a complex, multiscale dynamical system, with interactions between tumor cells and non-cancerous host systems. Therapies act on this combined cancer-host system, sometimes with unexpected results. Systematic investigation of mechanistic computational models can augment traditional laboratory and clinical studies, helping identify the factors driving a treatments success or failure. However, given the uncertainties regarding the underlying biology, these multiscale computational models can take many potential forms, in addition to encompassing high-dimensional parameter spaces. Therefore, the exploration of these models is computationally challenging. We propose that integrating two existing technologies--one to aid the construction of multiscale agent-based models, the other developed to enhance model exploration and optimization--can provide a computational means for high-throughput hypothesis testing, and eventually, optimization.nnResultsIn this paper, we introduce a high throughput computing (HTC) framework that integrates a mechanistic 3-D multicellular simulator (PhysiCell) with an extreme-scale model exploration platform (EMEWS) to investigate high-dimensional parameter spaces. We show early results in applying PhysiCell-EMEWS to 3-D cancer immunotherapy and show insights on therapeutic failure. We describe a generalized PhysiCell-EMEWS workflow for high-throughput cancer hypothesis testing, where hundreds or thousands of mechanistic simulations are compared against data-driven error metrics to perform hypothesis optimization.nnConclusionsWhile key notational and computational challenges remain, mechanistic agent-based models and high-throughput model exploration environments can be combined to systematically and rapidly explore key problems in cancer. These high-throughput computational experiments can improve our understanding of the underlying biology, drive future experiments, and ultimately inform clinical practice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wozniak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockrell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaffarizadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput cancer hypothesis testing with an integrated PhysiCell-EMEWS workflow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/197459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Analysis of Deep Phenotyping Projects in Common Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/197459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several studies of complex psychotic disorders with large numbers of neurobiological phenotypes are currently under way, in living patients and controls, and on assemblies of brain specimens. Genetic analyses of such data typically present challenges, because of the choice of underlying hypotheses on genetic architecture of the studied disorders and phenotypes, large numbers of phenotypes, the appropriate multiple testing corrections, limited numbers of subjects, imputations required on missing phenotypes and genotypes, and the cross-disciplinary nature of the phenotype measures. Advances in genotype and phenotype imputation, and in genome-wide association (GWAS) methods, are useful in dealing with these challenges. As compared with the more traditional single-trait analyses, deep phenotyping with simultaneous genome-wide analyses serves as a discovery tool for previously unsuspected relationships of phenotypic traits with each other, and with specific molecular involvements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamminga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alliey-Rodriguez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keedy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivleva, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/197459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Analysis of Deep Phenotyping Projects in Common Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/197954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Networks of genetic similarity reveal non-neutral processes shape strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/197954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogens compete for hosts through patterns of cross-protection conferred by immune responses to antigens. In Plasmodium falciparum malaria, the var multigene family encoding for the major blood-stage antigen PfEMP1 has evolved enormous genetic diversity through ectopic recombination and mutation. With 50-60 var genes per genome, it is unclear whether immune selection can act as a dominant force in structuring var repertoires of local populations. The combinatorial complexity of the var system remains beyond the reach of existing strain theory, and previous evidence for non-random structure cannot demonstrate immune selection without comparison to neutral models. We develop two neutral models that encompass malaria epidemiology but exclude competitive interactions between parasites. These models, combined with networks of genetic similarity, reveal non-neutral strain structure in both simulated systems and an extensively sampled population in Ghana. The unique population structure we identify underlies the large transmission reservoir characteristic of highly endemic regions in Africa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilosof, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiedje, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruybal-Pesantez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artzy-Randrup, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskerville, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/197954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Networks of genetic similarity reveal non-neutral processes shape strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution-informed forecasting of seasonal influenza A (H3N2) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inter-pandemic or seasonal influenza exacts an enormous annual burden both in terms of human health and economic impact. Incidence prediction ahead of season remains a challenge largely because of the virus antigenic evolution. We propose here a forecasting approach that incorporates evolutionary change into a mechanistic epidemiological model. The proposed models are simple enough that their parameters can be estimated from retrospective surveillance data. These models link amino-acid sequences of hemagglutinin epitopes with a transmission model for seasonal H3N2 influenza, also informed by H1N1 levels. With a monthly time series of H3N2 incidence in the United States over 10 years, we demonstrate the feasibility of prediction ahead of season and an accurate real-time forecast for the 2016/2017 influenza season.nnSUMMARYSkillful forecasting of seasonal (H3N2) influenza incidence ahead of the season is shown to be possible by means of a transmission model that explicitly tracks evolutionary change in the virus, integrating information from both epidemiological surveillance and readily available genetic sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/198168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution-informed forecasting of seasonal influenza A (H3N2)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attractor dynamics in networks with learning rules inferred from in vivo data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/199521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The attractor neural network scenario is a popular scenario for memory storage in association cortex, but there is still a large gap between models based on this scenario and experimental data. We study a recurrent network model in which both learning rules and distribution of stored patterns are inferred from distributions of visual responses for novel and familiar images in inferior temporal cortex (ITC). Unlike classical attractor neural network models, our model exhibits graded activity in retrieval states, with distributions of firing rates that are close to lognormal. Inferred learning rules are close to maximizing the number of stored patterns within a family of unsupervised Hebbian learning rules, suggesting learning rules in ITC are optimized to store a large number of attractor states. Finally, we show that there exists two types of retrieval states: one in which firing rates are constant in time, another in which firing rates fluctuate chaotically.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pereira, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/199521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attractor dynamics in networks with learning rules inferred from in vivo data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine modification and the YTHDF2 reader protein play cell type specific roles in lytic viral gene expression during Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylation at the N6 position of adenosine (m6A) is a highly prevalent and reversible modification within eukaryotic mRNAs that has been linked to many stages of RNA processing and fate. Recent studies suggest that m6A deposition and proteins involved in the m6A pathway play a diverse set of roles in either restricting or modulating the lifecycles of select viruses. Here, we report that m6A levels are significantly increased in cells infected with the oncogenic human DNA virus Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Transcriptome-wide m6A-sequencing of the KSHV-positive renal carcinoma cell line iSLK.219 during lytic reactivation revealed the presence of m6A across multiple kinetic classes of viral transcripts, and a concomitant decrease in m6A levels across much of the host transcriptome. However, we found that depletion of the m6A machinery had differential pro- and anti-viral impacts on viral gene expression depending on the cell-type analyzed. In iSLK.219 and iSLK.BAC16 cells the pathway functioned in a pro-viral manner, as depletion of the m6A writer METTL3 and the reader YTHDF2 significantly impaired virion production. In iSLK.219 cells the defect was linked to their roles in the post-transcriptional accumulation of the major viral lytic transactivator ORF50, which is m6A modified. In contrast, although the ORF50 mRNA was also m6A modified in KSHV infected B cells, ORF50 protein expression was instead increased upon depletion of METTL3, or, to a lesser extent, YTHDF2. These results highlight that the m6A pathway is centrally involved in regulating KSHV gene expression, and underscore how the outcome of this dynamically regulated modification can vary significantly between cell types.nnAuthor SummaryIn addition to its roles in regulating cellular RNA fate, methylation at the N6 position of adenosine (m6A) of mRNA has recently emerged as a mechanism for regulating viral infection. While it has been known for over 40 years that the mRNA of nuclear replicating DNA viruses contain m6A, only recently have studies began to examine the distribution of this modification across viral transcripts, as well as characterize its functional impact upon viral lifecycles. Here, we apply m6A-sequencing to map the location of m6A modifications throughout the transcriptome of the oncogenic human DNA virus Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). We show that the m6A machinery functions in a cell type specific manner to either promote or inhibit KSHV gene expression. Thus, the KSHV lifecycle is impacted by the m6A pathway, but the functional outcome may depend on cell lineage specific differences in m6A-based regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hesser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karijolich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominissini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/201475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N6-methyladenosine modification and the YTHDF2 reader protein play cell type specific roles in lytic viral gene expression during Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.873299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
REPIC: A database for exploring N6-methyladenosine methylome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.873299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The REPIC (RNA Epitranscriptome Collection) database records about 10 million peaks called from publicly available m6A-seq and MeRIP-seq data using our unified pipeline. These data were collected from 672 samples of 49 studies, covering 61 cell lines or tissues in 11 organisms. REPIC allows users to query N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification sites by specific cell lines or tissue types. In addition, it integrates m6A/MeRIP-seq data with 1,418 histone ChIP-seq and 118 DNase-seq data tracks from the ENCODE project in a modern genome browser to present a comprehensive atlas of m6A, histone modification sites and chromatin accessibility regions. REPIC is accessible at http://epicmod.uchicago.edu/repic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.11.873299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[REPIC: A database for exploring N6-methyladenosine methylome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.873471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Islet architecture controls synchronous β cell response to glucose in the intact mouse pancreas in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.873471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatial architecture of the islets of Langerhans is hypothesized to facilitate synchronized insulin secretion between {beta} cells, yet testing this in vivo in the intact pancreas is challenging. Robo {beta}KO mice, in which the genes Robo1 and Robo2 are deleted selectively in {beta} cells, provide a unique model of altered islet spatial architecture without loss of {beta} cell differentiation or islet damage from diabetes. Combining Robo {beta}KO mice with intravital microscopy, we show here that Robo {beta}KO islets lose synchronized intra-islet Ca2+ oscillations between {beta} cells in vivo. We provide evidence that this loss is not due to a {beta} cell-intrinsic function of Robo, loss of Connexin36 gap junctions, or changes in islet vascularization, suggesting that the islet architecture itself is required for synchronized Ca2+ oscillations. These results have implications for understanding structure-function relationships in the islets during progression to diabetes as well as engineering islets from stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reissaus, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szulczewski, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwulet, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyman, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sdao, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimkulrat, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponik, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrins, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benninger, R. K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnemann, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.11.873471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Islet architecture controls synchronous β cell response to glucose in the intact mouse pancreas in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.874651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extraction of near-complete genomes from metagenomic samples: a new service in PATRIC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.874651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLarge volumes of metagenomic samples are being processed and submitted to PATRIC for analysis as reads or assembled contigs. Effective analysis of these samples requires solutions to a number of problems, including the binning of assembled, mixed, metagenomically-derived contigs into taxonomic units.

DescriptionThe PATRIC metagenome binning service utilizes the PATRIC database to furnish a large, diverse set of reference genomes. Reference genomes are assigned based on the presence of single-copy universal marker proteins in the sample, and contigs are assigned to the bin corresponding to the most similar reference genome. Each set of binned contigs represents a draft genome that will be annotated by RASTtk in PATRIC. A structured-language binning report is provided containing quality measurements and taxonomic information about the contig bins.

ConclusionWe provide a new service for rapid and interpretable metagenomic contig binning and annotation in PATRIC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parrello, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chlenski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusch, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overbeek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.874651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extraction of near-complete genomes from metagenomic samples: a new service in PATRIC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.876003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning shape and internal structure of protein droplets via biopolymer filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.876003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macromolecules can phase separate to form liquid condensates, which are emerging as critical compartments in fields as diverse as intracellular organization and soft materials design. A myriad of macromolecules, including the protein FUS, form condensates which behave as isotropic liquids. Here, we investigate the influence of filament dopants on the material properties of protein liquids. We find that the short, biopolymer filaments of actin spontaneously partition into FUS droplets to form composite liquid droplets. As the concentration of the filament dopants increases, the coalescence time decreases, indicating that the dopants control the relative surface tension to viscosity. The droplet shape is tunable ranging from spherical to tactoid as the filament length or concentration is increased. We find that the tactoids are well described by a model of a bipolar liquid crystal droplet, where nematic order from the anisotropic actin filaments competes with isotropic interfacial energy from the FUS, controlling droplet shape in a size-dependent manner. Our results demonstrate a versatile approach to construct tunable, anisotropic macromolecular liquids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scheff, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weirich, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasbiswas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaikuntanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.876003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning shape and internal structure of protein droplets via biopolymer filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
To mock or not: a comprehensive comparison of mock IP and DNA input for ChIP-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.17.880013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (IP) followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) is the gold standard to detect genome-wide DNA-protein binding. The binding sites of transcription factors facilitate many biological studies. Of emerging concern is the abundance of spurious sites in ChIP-seq, which are mainly caused by uneven genomic sonication and nonspecific interactions between chromatin and antibody. A "mock" IP is designed to correct for both factors, whereas a DNA input control corrects only for uneven sonication. However, a mock IP is more susceptible to technical noise than a DNA input, and empirically, these two controls perform similarly for ChIP-seq. Therefore, DNA input is currently being used almost exclusively. With a large dataset, we demonstrate that using a DNA input control results in a definable set of spurious sites, and their abundance is tightly associated with the intrinsic properties of the ChIP-seq sample. For example, compared to human cell lines, samples such as human tissues and whole worm and fly have more accessible genomes, and thus have more spurious sites. The large and varying abundance of spurious sites may impede comparative studies across multiple samples. In contrast, using a mock IP as control substantially removes these spurious sites, resulting in high-quality binding sites and facilitating their comparability across samples. Although outperformed by mock IP, DNA input is still informative and has unique advantages. Therefore, we have developed a method to use both controls in combination to further improve binding site detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kudron, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victorsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ammouri, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, F. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gevirtzman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterston, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinke, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.17.880013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[To mock or not: a comprehensive comparison of mock IP and DNA input for ChIP-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.30.891143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capturing multiple timescales of adaptation to second-order statistics with generalized linear models: gain scaling and fractional differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.30.891143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single neurons can dynamically change the gain of their spiking responses to account for shifts in stimulus variance. Moreover, gain adaptation can occur across multiple timescales. Here, we examine the ability of a simple statistical model of spike trains, the generalized linear model (GLM), to account for these adaptive effects. The GLM describes spiking as a Poisson process whose rate depends on a linear combination of the stimulus and recent spike history. The GLM successfully replicates gain scaling observed in Hodgkin-Huxley simulations of cortical neurons that occurs when the ratio of spike-generating potassium and sodium conductances approaches one. Gain scaling in the GLM depends on the length and shape of the spike history filter. Additionally, the GLM captures adaptation that occurs over multiple timescales as a fractional derivative of the stimulus variance, which has been observed in neurons that include long timescale after hyperpolarization conductances. Fractional differentiation in GLMs requires long spike history that span several seconds. Together, these results demonstrate that the GLM provides a tractable statistical approach for examining single-neuron adaptive computations in response to changes in stimulus variance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Latimer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhall, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.30.891143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capturing multiple timescales of adaptation to second-order statistics with generalized linear models: gain scaling and fractional differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.30.891382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancestral neural computations constrain the evolution of novel computations in simulated color vision networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.30.891382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient coding has been a successful organizational principle in neuroscience, but a more general theoretical framework needs to include the capacity for biological constraints to impede the realization of optimal circuit design. Here, we explore how evolution shapes the computational organization of a circuit using color vision as a model system. Taking a theoretical, machine learning approach allowed us to simulate the evolution of tetrachromatic color vision from a trichromatic ancestor both within and across distinct phylogenetic lineages. Analyzing network performance showed that trichromatic starting weights impose a significant constraint on learning rate, although the incremental increase in input layer complexity leads to better overall performance. Analyzing hidden layer computations showed that ancestry severely constrained evolution into a restricted and predictable portion of the theoretically available computational state space. Overall, our simulations of color vision evolution suggest that phylogenetic history is an important aspect of the functional organization of neural circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buerkle, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.30.891382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancestral neural computations constrain the evolution of novel computations in simulated color vision networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.01.892406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An antigenic diversification threshold for falciparum malaria and its control at high endemicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.01.892406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In malaria and several other important infectious diseases, high prevalence occurs concomitantly with incomplete immunity. This apparent paradox poses major challenges to malaria elimination in highly endemic regions, where asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections are present across all age classes creating a large reservoir that maintains transmission. This reservoir is in turn enabled by extreme antigenic diversity of the parasite and turnover of new variants. We present here the concept of a threshold in local pathogen diversification that defines a sharp transition in transmission intensity below which new antigen-encoding genes generated by either recombination or migration cannot establish. Transmission still occurs below this threshold, but diversity of these genes can neither accumulate nor recover from interventions that further reduce it. An analytical expectation for this threshold is derived and compared to numerical results from a stochastic individual-based model of malaria transmission that incorporates the major antigen-encoding multigene family known as var. This threshold corresponds to an "innovation" number we call Rdiv; it is different from, and complementary to, the one defined by the classic basic reproductive number of infectious diseases, R0, which does not easily apply under large and dynamic strain diversity. This new threshold concept can be exploited for effective malaria control and applied more broadly to other pathogens with large multilocus antigenic diversity.

Author summaryThe vast diversity of the falciparum malaria parasite as seen by the immune system of hosts in high transmission regions, underlies both high prevalence of asymptomatic infections and partial protection to re-infection despite previous exposure. This large antigenic diversity of the parasite challenges control and elimination efforts. We propose a threshold quantity for antigenic innovation, we call Rdiv, measuring the potential of transmission to accumulate new antigenic variants over time. When Rdiv is pushed below one by reduced transmission intensity, new genes encoding this variation can no longer accumulate, resulting in a lower number of strains and facilitating further intervention. This innovation number can be applied to other infectious diseases with fast turnover of antigens, where large standing diversity similarly opposes successful intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.01.892406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An antigenic diversification threshold for falciparum malaria and its control at high endemicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.05.895136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alignment of single-cell RNA-seq samples without over-correction using kernel density matching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.05.895136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology is poised to replace bulk cell RNA sequencing for most biological and medical applications as it allows users to measure gene expression levels in a cell-type-specific manner. However, data produced by scRNA-seq often exhibit batch effects that can be specific to a cell-type, to a sample, or to an experiment, which prevent integration or comparisons across multiple experiments. Here, we present Dmatch, a method that leverages an external expression atlas of human primary cells and kernel density matching to align multiple scRNA-seq experiments for downstream biological analysis. Dmatch facilitates alignment of scRNA-seq datasets with cell-types that may overlap only partially, and thus allows integration of multiple distinct scRNA-seq experiments to extract biological insights. In simulation, Dmatch compares favorably to other alignment methods, both in terms of reducing sample-specific clustering, and in terms of avoiding over-correction. When applied to scRNA-seq data collected from clinical samples in a healthy individual and five autoimmune disease patients, Dmatch enabled cell-type-specific differential gene expression comparisons across biopsy sites and disease conditions, and uncovered a shared population of pro-inflammatory monocytes across biopsy sites in RA patients. We further show that Dmatch increases the number of eQTLs mapped from population scRNA-seq data. Dmatch is fast, scalable, and improves the utility of scRNA-seq for several important applications. Dmatch is freely available online (https://qzhan321.github.io/dmatch/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.05.895136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alignment of single-cell RNA-seq samples without over-correction using kernel density matching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-binding protein Syncrip regulates Starvation-Induced Hyperactivity in adult Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How to respond to starvation determines fitness. One prominent behavioral response is increased locomotor activities upon starvation, also known as Starvation-Induced Hyperactivity (SIH). SIH is paradoxical as it promotes food seeking but also increases energy expenditure. Despite its importance in fitness, the genetic contributions to SIH as a behavioral trait remains unexplored. Here, we examined SIH in the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) and performed genome-wide association studies. We identified 23 significant loci, corresponding to 14 genes, significantly associated with SIH in adult Drosophila. Gene enrichment analyses indicated that genes encoding ion channels and mRNA binding proteins (RBPs) were most enriched in SIH. We are especially interested in RBPs because they provide a potential mechanism to quickly change protein expression in response to environmental challenges. Using RNA interference, we validated the role of syp in regulating SIH. syp encodes Syncrip (Syp), an RBP. While ubiquitous knockdown of syp led to semi-lethality in adult flies, adult flies with neuron-specific syp knockdown were viable and exhibited decreased SIH. Using the Temporal and Regional Gene Expression Targeting (TARGET) system, we further confirmed the role of Syp in adult neurons in regulating SIH. To determine how syp is regulated by starvation, we performed RNA-seq using the heads of flies maintained under either food or starvation conditions. RNA-seq analyses revealed that syp was alternatively spliced under starvation while its expression level was unchanged. We further generated an alternatively-spliced-exon-specific knockout (KO) line and found that KO flies showed reduced SIH. Together, this study demonstrates a significant genetic contribution to SIH as a behavioral trait, identifies syp as a SIH gene, and highlights the significance of RBPs and post-transcriptional processes in the brain in regulating behavioral responses to starvation.

Author summaryAnimals living in the wild often face periods of starvation. How to physiologically and behaviorally respond to starvation is essential for survival. One behavioral response is Starvation-Induced Hyperactivity (SIH). We used the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel, derived from a wild population, to study the genetic basis of SIH. Our results show that there is a significant genetic contribution to SIH in this population, and that genes encoding RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are especially important. Using RNA interference and the TARGET system, we confirmed the role of an RBP Syp in adult neurons in SIH. Using RNA-seq and Western blotting, we found that syp was alternatively spliced under starvation while its expression level was unchanged. Further studies from syp exon-specific knockout flies showed that alternative splicing involving two exons in syp was important for SIH. Together, this study identifies syp as a SIH gene and highlights an essential role of post-transcriptional modification in regulating this behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckscher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-binding protein Syncrip regulates Starvation-Induced Hyperactivity in adult Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.899252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessment of Brain Glucose Metabolism Following Cardiac Arrest by FDG Positron Emission Tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.899252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCardiac arrest (CA) patients who survived by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can present different levels of neurological deficits ranging from minor cognitive impairments to persistent vegetative state and brain death. The pathophysiology of the resulting brain injury is poorly understood and whether changes in post-CA brain metabolism contribute to the injury are unknown. Here we utilized [18F]FDG-PET to study in vivo cerebral glucose metabolism 72 hours following CA in a murine cardiac arrest model.

MethodsAnesthetized and ventilated adult C57BL/6 mice underwent 12-minute KCl-induced CA followed by CPR. Seventy-two hours following cardiac arrest, surviving mice were intraperitoneally injected with [18F]FDG (~186 Ci/200 L) and imaged on Molecubes preclinical micro PET/CT imaging systems after a 30-minute awake uptake period. Brain [18F]FDG uptake was determined by the VivoQuant software on fused PET/CT images with the 3D brain atlas. Upon completion of PET imaging, remaining [18F]FDG radioactivity in the brain, heart, and liver was determined using a gamma counter.

ResultsGlobal increases in brain [18F]FDG uptake in post-CA mice were observed compared to shams and controls. The median standardized uptake value (SUV) of [18F]FDG for CA animals was 1.79 vs. sham 1.25 (p<0.05) and control animals 0.78 (p<0.01). This increased uptake was consistent throughout the 60-minute imaging period and across all brain regions reaching statistical significance in the midbrain, pons, and medulla. Biodistribution analyses of various key organs yielded similar observations that the median [18F]FDG uptake for brain were 7.04%ID/g tissue for CA mice vs 5.537%ID/g tissue for sham animals, p<0.05).

ConclusionsThis study has successfully applied [18F]FDG-PET/CT to measure changes in brain metabolism in a murine model of asystolic CA. Our results demonstrate increased [18F]FDG uptake in the brain 72 hours following CA, suggesting increased metabolic demand in the case of severe neurological injury. Further study is warranted to determine the etiology of these changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, H.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ousta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.08.899252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessment of Brain Glucose Metabolism Following Cardiac Arrest by FDG Positron Emission Tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.901132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression of Cytotoxic T Cell Functions and Decreased Levels of Tissue Resident Memory T cell During H5N1 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.901132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seasonal influenza virus infections cause mild illness in healthy adults, as timely viral clearance is mediated by the functions of cytotoxic T cells. However, avian H5N1 influenza virus infections can result in prolonged and fatal illness across all age groups, which has been attributed to the overt and uncontrolled activation of host immune responses. Here we investigate how excessive innate immune responses to H5N1 impair subsequent adaptive T cell responses in the lungs. Using recombinant H1N1 and H5N1 strains sharing 6 internal genes, we demonstrate that H5N1 (2:6) infection in mice causes higher stimulation and increased migration of lung dendritic cells to the draining lymph nodes, resulting in higher numbers of virus specific T cells in the lungs. Despite robust T cell responses in the lungs, H5N1 (2:6) infected mice showed inefficient and delayed viral clearance as compared to H1N1 infected mice. In addition, we observed higher levels of inhibitory signals including increased PD1 and IL-10 expression by cytotoxic T cells in H5N1 (2:6) infected mice, suggesting that delayed viral clearance of H5N1 (2:6) was due to suppression of T cell functions in vivo. Importantly, H5N1 (2:6) infected mice displayed decreased numbers of tissue resident memory T cells as compared to H1N1 infected mice; however, despite decreased number of tissue resident memory T cells, H5N1 (2:6) were protected against a heterologous challenge from H3N2 virus (X31). Taken together, our study provides mechanistic insight for the prolonged viral replication and protracted illness observed in H5N1 infected patients.

ImportanceInfluenza viruses cause upper respiratory tract infections in humans. In healthy adults, seasonal influenza virus infections result in mild disease. Occasionally, influenza viruses endemic in domestic birds can cause severe and fatal disease even in healthy individuals. In avian influenza virus infected patients, the host immune system is activated in an uncontrolled manner and is unable to control infection in a timely fashion. In this study, we investigated why the immune system fails to effectively control a modified form of avian influenza virus. Our studies show that T cell functions important for clearing virally infected cells are impaired by higher negative regulatory signals during modified avian influenza virus infection. In addition, memory T cell numbers were decreased in modified avian influenza virus infected mice. Our studies provide a possible mechanism for the severe and prolonged disease associated with avian influenza virus infections in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kandasamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.09.901132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression of Cytotoxic T Cell Functions and Decreased Levels of Tissue Resident Memory T cell During H5N1 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PIE-FLIM measurements of two different FRET-based biosensor activities in the same living cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.902213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the use of pulsed interleaved excitation-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (PIE-FLIM) to measure the activities of two different biosensor probes simultaneously in single living cells. Many genetically encoded biosensors rely on the measurement of Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to detect changes in biosensor conformation that accompany the targeted cell signaling event. One of the most robust ways of quantifying FRET is to measure changes in the fluorescence lifetime of the donor fluorophore using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). The study of complex signaling networks in living cells demands the ability to track more than one of these cellular events at the same time. Here, we demonstrate how PIE-FLIM can separate and quantify the signals from different FRET-based biosensors to simultaneously measure changes in the activity of two cell signaling pathways in the same living cells in tissues. The imaging system described here uses selectable laser wavelengths and synchronized detection gating that can be tailored and optimized for each FRET pair. Proof-of-principle studies showing simultaneous measurement of cytosolic calcium and protein kinase A activity are shown, but the PIE-FLIM approach is broadly applicable to other signaling pathways.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEHere, we demonstrate that PIE-FLIM can separate and quantify the signals from two different FRETbased biosensors expressed in the same cells in intact tissues. PIE imaging excites the sample with two pulsed lasers of different wavelengths. The individual excitation pulses are delayed relative to one-another so that they are interleaved at the sample, and the detection channels are synchronized to the laser pulses to permit the discrete measurement of two different probe lifetimes. This enables the independent quantification of changing signals from two FRET-based biosensors. The advantage of PIE-FLIM for multiplexed imaging of FRET-based biosensor probes is that the different donor emission signals are separated in time as well as in spectral space minimizing the problem of crosstalk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Day, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reissaus, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavalko, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.902213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PIE-FLIM measurements of two different FRET-based biosensor activities in the same living cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.112102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Within and cross species predictions of plant specialized metabolism genes using transfer learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.112102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant specialized metabolites mediate interactions between plants and the environment and have significant agronomical/pharmaceutical value. Most genes involved in specialized metabolism (SM) are unknown because of the large number of metabolites and the challenge in differentiating SM genes from general metabolism (GM) genes. Plant models like Arabidopsis thaliana have extensive, experimentally derived annotations, whereas many non-model species do not. Here we employed a machine learning strategy, transfer learning, where knowledge from A. thaliana is transferred to predict gene functions in cultivated tomato with fewer experimentally annotated genes. The first tomato SM/GM prediction model using only tomato data performs well (F-measure=0.74, compared with 0.5 for random and 1.0 for perfect predictions), but from manually curating 88 SM/GM genes, we found many mis-predicted entries were likely mis-annotated. When the SM/GM prediction models built with A. thaliana data were used to filter out genes where the A. thaliana-based model predictions disagreed with tomato annotations, the new tomato model trained with filtered data improved significantly (F-measure=0.92). Our study demonstrates that SM/GM genes can be better predicted by leveraging cross-species information. Additionally, our findings provide an example for transfer learning in genomics where knowledge can be transferred from an information-rich species to an information-poor one.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenck, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugimoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Last, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehti-Shiu, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiu, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.112102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Within and cross species predictions of plant specialized metabolism genes using transfer learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.901090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the teneurin-latrophilin complex: Alternative splicing controls synapse specificity by a novel mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.901090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The trans-synaptic interaction of the cell-adhesion molecules teneurins (Tenms) with latrophilins (Lphns) promotes excitatory synapse formation when Lphns simultaneously interact with FLRTs. Insertion of a short alternatively-spliced region within Tenms abolishes the Tenm-Lphn interaction and switches Tenm function to specify inhibitory synapses. How Tenms bind to Lphns in a manner regulated by alternative splicing remains unclear. Here, we report the high-resolution cryo-EM structure of the Tenm2-Lphn3 complex, and describe the trimeric Tenm2-Lphn3-FLRT3 complex. The structure reveals that the N-terminal lectin-like domain of Lphn3 binds to the Tenm2 barrel at a site far away from the alternatively-spliced region. Alternative-splicing regulates the Tenm2-Lphn3 interaction by hindering access to the Lphn-binding surface rather than altering it. Strikingly, mutagenesis of the Lphn-binding surface of Tenm2 abolishes the Lphn3 interaction and impairs excitatory but not inhibitory synapse formation. These results suggest that a multi-level coincident binding mechanism mediated by a cryptic adhesion complex between Tenms and Lphns regulates synapse specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelius, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordon, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sando, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudhof, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arac, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.901090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the teneurin-latrophilin complex: Alternative splicing controls synapse specificity by a novel mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.903641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic interactions between the RNA chaperone Hfq, small regulatory RNAs and mRNAs in live bacterial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.903641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA binding proteins play myriad roles in controlling and regulating RNAs and RNA-mediated functions, often through simultaneous binding to other cellular factors. In bacteria, the RNA chaperone Hfq modulates post-transcriptional gene regulation. Absence of Hfq leads to the loss of fitness and compromises the virulence of bacterial pathogens. Using live-cell super-resolution imaging, we are able to distinguish Hfq binding to different sizes of cellular RNAs. We demonstrate that under normal growth conditions, Hfq exhibits widespread mRNA binding activity. Particularly, the distal face of Hfq contributes mostly to the mRNA binding in vivo. In addition, binding of Hfq to these mRNAs can recruit RNase E to promote turnover of these mRNAs in an sRNA-independent manner, providing one mechanism to release Hfq from the pre-bound mRNAs. Finally, our data indicate that sRNAs, once expressed, can either co-occupy Hfq with the mRNA or displace the mRNA from Hfq, suggesting mechanisms through which sRNAs rapidly access Hfq to induce sRNA-mediated gene regulation. Our data collectively demonstrate that Hfq dynamically changes its interactions with different RNAs in response to changes in cellular conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prevost, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heideman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrier, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.903641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic interactions between the RNA chaperone Hfq, small regulatory RNAs and mRNAs in live bacterial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Species-specific, age-varying plant traits affect herbivore growth and survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seasonal windows of opportunity represent intervals of time within a year during which organisms have improved prospects of achieving life history aims such as growth or reproduction, and may be commonly structured by temporal variation in abiotic factors, bottom-up factors, and top-down factors. Although seasonal windows of opportunity are likely to be common, few studies have examined the factors that structure seasonal windows of opportunity in time. Here, we experimentally manipulated host plant age in two milkweed species (Asclepias fascicularis and Asclepias speciosa) in order to investigate the role of plant species-specific and plant age-varying traits on the survival and growth of monarch caterpillars (Danaus plexippus). We show that the two plant species showed diverging trajectories of defense traits with increasing age. These species-specific and age-varying host plant traits significantly affected the growth and survival of monarch caterpillars through both resource quality- and resource quantity-based constraints. The effects of plant age on monarch developmental success were comparable to and sometimes larger than those of plant species identity. We conclude that species-specific and age-varying plant traits are likely to be important factors with the potential to structure seasonal windows of opportunity for monarch development, and examine the implications of these findings for both broader patterns in the ontogeny of plant defense traits and the specific ecology of milkweed-monarch interactions in a changing world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cenzer, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.14.906859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Species-specific, age-varying plant traits affect herbivore growth and survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.907022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating the rate of cell type degeneration from epigenetic sequencing of cell-free DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.15.907022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the bloodstream originates from dying cells and is a promising non-invasive biomarker for cell death. Here, we develop a method to accurately estimate the relative abundances of cell types contributing to cfDNA. We leverage the distinct DNA methylation profile of each cell type throughout the body. Decomposing the cfDNA mixture is difficult, as fragments from relevant cell types may only be present in a small amount. We propose an algorithm, CelFiE, that estimates cell type proportion from both whole genome cfDNA input and reference data. CelFiE accommodates low coverage data, does not rely on CpG site curation, and estimates contributions from multiple unknown cell types that are not available in reference data. In simulations we show that CelFiE can accurately estimate known and unknown cell type of origin of cfDNA mixtures in low coverage and noisy data. Simulations also demonstrate that we can effectively estimate cfDNA originating from rare cell types composing less than 0.01% of the total cfDNA. To validate CelFiE, we use a positive control: cfDNA extracted from pregnant and non-pregnant women. CelFiE estimates a large placenta component specifically in pregnant women (p = 9.1 x 10-5). Finally, we use CelFiE to decompose cfDNA from ALS patients and age matched controls. We find increased cfDNA concentrations in ALS patients (p = 3.0 x 10-3). Specifically, CelFiE estimates increased skeletal muscle component in the cfDNA of ALS patients (p = 2.6 x 10-3), which is consistent with muscle impairment characterizing ALS. Quantification of skeletal muscle death in ALS is novel, and overall suggests that CelFiE may be a useful tool for biomarker discovery and monitoring of disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caggiano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celona, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garton, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mefford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomen-Hoerth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.15.907022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating the rate of cell type degeneration from epigenetic sequencing of cell-free DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.909549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of DNA sequences in the DNA duplex opening by the Rad4/XPC nucleotide excision repair complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.909549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rad4/XPC is a key DNA damage sensor for nucleotide excision repair (NER) in eukaryotes. Rad4/XPC recognizes diverse bulky lesions by flipping out two lesion-containing nucleotide pairs and inserting a {beta}-hairpin from the BHD3 domain ({beta}-hairpin3) into the DNA duplex. We have previously observed that Rad4 can form the same  open structure when covalently tethered to a normal DNA sequence containing consecutive C/Gs (CCC/GGG) and that a similar open-like structure can be formed even when the {beta}-hairpin3 is lacking. Here, we report a crystal structure of the {Delta}{beta}-hairpin3 mutant tethered to a sequence containing alternating C/Gs (CGC/GCG). In contrast to the previous structures, Rad4 bound to CGC/GCG in a 180{degrees}-reversed manner, capping the end of the duplex without flipping out the nucleotides. MD simulations showed that CGC/GCG was inherently less  openable than CCC/GGG and that Rad4 failed to engage with its minor groove, a hallmark of productive binding towards  opening. These results reveal that DNA sequences significantly influence the thermodynamic barrier for DNA opening by Rad4, which may render certain DNA structures/sequences resistant to  opening despite a long residence time of Rad4. The reverse- mode may indicate unproductive binding for NER whereas the DNA end-binding may hint at Rad4/XPCs functions beyond NER.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Min, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broyde, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavakoli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.16.909549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of DNA sequences in the DNA duplex opening by the Rad4/XPC nucleotide excision repair complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.19.911917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endogenous itaconate is not required for particulate matter-induced NRF2 expression or inflammatory response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.19.911917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Particulate matter (PM) air pollution causing significant cardiopulmonary mortality via macrophage-driven lung inflammation; however, the mechanisms are not completely understood. RNA-sequencing demonstrated Acod1 (Aconitate decarboxylase 1) as one of the top genes induced by PM in macrophages. Acod1 encodes a mitochondrial enzyme that produces itaconate, which has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects via NRF2 after LPS. Here, we demonstrate that PM induces Acod1 and itaconate, which reduced mitochondrial respiration via complex II inhibition. Using Acod1-/- macrophages, we found that Acod1/endogenous itaconate was not required for PM-induced inflammation or NRF2 activation. In contrast to endogenous itaconate, exogenous cell permeable form of itaconate (4-octyl itaconate (OI)) attenuated the PM-induced inflammation and activated NRF2 but NRF2 was not required for the anti-inflammatory effects of OI. We conclude that the effects of itaconate production on inflammation are stimulus-dependent, and that there are important differences between endogenous and exogenously-applied itaconate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meliton, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmig, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamanaka, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutlu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.19.911917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endogenous itaconate is not required for particulate matter-induced NRF2 expression or inflammatory response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.916981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hox-dependent coordination of cardiac progenitor cell patterning and differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.23.916981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perturbation of addition of second heart field (SHF) cardiac progenitor cells to the poles of the heart tube results in congenital heart defects (CHD). The transcriptional programs and upstream regulatory events operating in different subpopulations of the SHF remain unclear. Here, we profile the transcriptome and chromatin accessibility of anterior and posterior SHF sub-populations at genome-wide levels and demonstrate that Hoxb1 negatively regulates differentiation in the posterior SHF. Spatial mis-expression of Hoxb1 in the anterior SHF results in hypoplastic right ventricle. Activation of Hoxb1 in embryonic stem cells arrests cardiac differentiation, whereas Hoxb1-deficient embryos display premature cardiac differentiation. Moreover, ectopic differentiation in the posterior SHF of embryos lacking both Hoxb1 and its paralog Hoxa1 results in atrioventricular septal defects. Our results show that Hoxb1 plays a key role in patterning cardiac progenitor cells that contribute to both cardiac poles and provide new insights into the pathogenesis of CHD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stefanovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laforest, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desvignes, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lescroart, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurel-Zaffran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salgado, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bono, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theveniau-Ruissy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beroud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puceat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavalas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaffran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.23.916981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hox-dependent coordination of cardiac progenitor cell patterning and differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.919217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metastable attractors explain the variable timing of stable behavioral action sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.919217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural animal behavior displays rich lexical and temporal dynamics, even in a stable environment. The timing of self-initiated actions shows large variability even when they are executed in reliable, well-learned sequences. To elucidate the neural mechanism underlying this mix of reliability and stochasticity, we trained rats to perform a stereotyped sequence of self-initiated actions and recorded neural ensemble activity in secondary motor cortex (M2), known to reflect trial-by-trial action timing fluctuations. Using hidden Markov models, we established a dictionary between ensemble activity patterns and actions. We then showed that metastable attractors, with a reliable sequential structure yet high transition timing variability, could be produced by coupling a high-dimensional recurrent network and a low-dimensional feedforward one. Transitions between attractors in our model were generated by correlated variability arising from the feedback loop between the two networks. This mechanism predicted aligned, low-dimensional noise correlations that were empirically verified in M2 ensembles. Our work establishes a novel framework for investigating the circuit origins of self-initiated behavior based on correlated variability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Recanatesi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira Obilinovic, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murakami, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mainen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzucato, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.919217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metastable attractors explain the variable timing of stable behavioral action sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.26.920363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoscale Chromatin Imaging and Analysis (nano-ChIA) platform bridges 4-D chromatin organization with molecular function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.26.920363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotic cells, chromatin structure is linked to transcription processes through the regulation of genome organization. Extending across multiple length-scales - from the nucleosome to higher-order three-dimensional structures - chromatin is a dynamic system which evolves throughout the lifetime of a cell. However, no individual technique can fully elucidate the behavior of chromatin organization and its relation to molecular function at all length- and timescales at both a single-cell and a cell population level. Herein, we present a multi-technique nanoscale Chromatin Imaging and Analysis (nano-ChIA) platform that bridges electron tomography and optical superresolution imaging of chromatin conformation and transcriptional processes, with resolution down to the level of individual nucleosomes, with high-throughput, label-free analysis of chromatin packing and its dynamics in live cells. Utilizing nano-ChIA, we observed that chromatin is localized into spatially separable packing domains, with an average diameter of around 200 nm, sub-Mb genomic size, and an internal fractal structure. The chromatin packing behavior of these domains is directly influenced by active gene transcription. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the chromatin packing domain structure is correlated among progenitor cells and all their progeny, indicating that the organization of chromatin into fractal packing domains is heritable across cell division. Further studies employing the nano-ChIA platform have the potential to provide a more coherent picture of chromatin structure and its relation to molecular function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LI, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eshein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanDerway, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujadas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pablo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szleifer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dravid, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almassalha, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.26.920363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoscale Chromatin Imaging and Analysis (nano-ChIA) platform bridges 4-D chromatin organization with molecular function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.925255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deoxyribozyme-based Method for Site-specific Absolute Quantification of N6-methyladenosine Modification Fraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.925255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent modified base in eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA). Although candidate sites for m6A modification are identified at the transcriptomic level, site-specific quantification methods for m6A modifications are still limited. Herein, we present a facile method implementing deoxyribozyme that preferentially cleaves the unmodified RNA. We leverage reverse transcription and real-time quantitative PCR along with key control experiments to quantify the absolute methylation fraction of specific m6A sites. We validate the accuracy of the method using synthetic RNA with controlled methylation fraction and apply our method on several endogenous sites that were previously identified in sequencing-based studies. This method provides a time and cost-effective approach for absolute quantification of the m6A fraction at specific loci, expanding the current toolkit for studying RNA modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bujnowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heideman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.925255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deoxyribozyme-based Method for Site-specific Absolute Quantification of N6-methyladenosine Modification Fraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.926527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline genetic contribution to the immune landscape of cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.926527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of germline genetics in shaping the tumor immune landscape is largely unknown. Using genotypes from >9,000 individuals in The Cancer Genome Atlas, we investigated the association of common and rare variants with 139 well-defined immune traits. Our analysis of common variants identified 10 immune traits with significant heritability estimates, and an additional 23 with suggestive heritability, including estimates of T-cell subset abundance and interferon signaling. We performed genome-wide association on the 33 heritable traits and identified 23 genome-wide significant loci associated with at least one immune trait, including SNPs in the IFIH1 locus previously associated with several autoimmune diseases. We also found significant associations between immune traits and pathogenic or likely-pathogenic rare variants in BRCA1 and in genes functionally linked to telomere stabilization, and Wnt/Beta-catenin signaling. We conclude that germline genetic variants significantly impact the composition and functional orientation of the tumor immune microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sayaman, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorsson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickx, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roelands, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokrab, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farshidfar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhoff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweis, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bathe, O. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porta-Pardo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stretch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntsman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radvanyi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marincola, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceccarelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedognetti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.926527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline genetic contribution to the immune landscape of cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.31.927327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A helical assembly of human ESCRT-I scaffolds reverse-topology membrane scission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.31.927327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ESCRT complexes drive membrane scission in HIV-1 release, autophagosome closure, MVB biogenesis, cytokinesis, and other cell processes. ESCRT-I is the most upstream complex and bridges the system to HIV-1 Gag in virus release. The crystal structure of the headpiece of human ESCRT-I comprising TSG101:VPS28:VPS37B:MVB12A was determined, revealing an ESCRT-I helical assembly with a 12 molecule repeat. Electron microscopy confirmed that ESCRT-I subcomplexes form helical filaments in solution. Mutation of VPS28 helical interface residues blocks filament formation in vitro and autophagosome closure and HIV-1 release in human cells. Coarse grained simulations of ESCRT assembly at HIV-1 budding sites suggest that formation of a 12-membered ring of ESCRT-I molecules is a geometry-dependent checkpoint during late stages of Gag assembly and HIV-1 budding, and templates ESCRT-III assembly for membrane scission. These data show that ESCRT-I is not merely a bridging adaptor, but has an essential scaffolding and mechanical role in its own right.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flower, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudait, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjahjono, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokom, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouamr, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.31.927327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A helical assembly of human ESCRT-I scaffolds reverse-topology membrane scission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.944561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing the tumor microenvironment of metastatic ovarian cancer by single cell transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.944561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial ovarian cancer is a highly heterogenous, metastatic and lethal disease. The presence of CD8+T cells within ovarian tumors is positively associated with overall patient survival. Determining if a patient has T cells that respond to immunotherapies, their characteristics and how they can be manipulated to target cancer cells is an area of intense investigation in cancer therapy. This study determines the cellular composition and the transcriptional state of immune cells in metastatic ovarian cancer samples from patients using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Hierarchical clustering stratified our patient cohort into 2 main groups: 1) a high T cell infiltration (high Tinf) group and 2) a low T cell infiltration (low Tinf) group. To assess the immune response in these patient samples, we performed an unsupervised clustering of the T cell population in each group. The T cell population clustered into 4 and 3 subpopulations in the high Tinf T cell and low Tinf respectively. A granulysin expressing T cell cluster was identified and unique to the High Tinf group. Interestingly, although both groups had resident memory CD8+T (CD8+Trm) cells, only the CD8+Trm cells in the high Tinf group expressed TOX, a recently described transcription factor. TOX confers longevity to T cells within immunosuppressive environment such as cancer. Interestingly, along with TOX+ T cells, we found a unique plasmablast cluster and an IRF8+ macrophage cluster unique to the high Tinf group. Our comprehensive scRNA-seq study provides important insights in elucidating the immune response in ovarian cancer patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olalekan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Back, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckart, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.944561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing the tumor microenvironment of metastatic ovarian cancer by single cell transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.944421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel hemorrhage models of cerebral cavernous malformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.944421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are ectatic capillary-venous malformations that develop in approximately 0.5% of the population. Patients with CCMs may develop headaches, focal neurologic deficits, seizures, and hemorrhages. While symptomatic CCMs, depending upon the anatomic location, can be surgically removed, there is currently no pharmaceutical therapy to treat CCMs. Several mouse models have been developed to better understand CCM pathogenesis and test therapeutics. The most common mouse models induce a large CCM burden that is anatomically restricted to the cerebellum and contributes to lethality in the early days of life. These inducible models thus have a relatively short period for drug administration. We developed an inducible CCM3 mouse model that develops CCMs after weaning and provides a longer period for potential therapeutic intervention. Using this new model, three recently proposed CCM therapies - fasudil, tempol, vitamin D3, and a combination of the three drugs failed to substantially reduce CCM formation when treatment was administered for five weeks, from postnatal day 21 (P21) to P56. We next restricted Ccm3 deletion to the brain vasculature and provided greater time (121 days) for CCMs to develop chronic hemorrhage, recapitulating the human lesions. We also developed the first model of acute CCM hemorrhage by injecting mice harboring CCMs with lipopolysaccharide. These efficient models will enable future drug studies to more precisely target clinically relevant features of CCM disease: CCM formation, chronic hemorrhage, and acute hemorrhage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Detter, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenkar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benavides, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neilson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lightle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallione, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchuk, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.12.944421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel hemorrhage models of cerebral cavernous malformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.945659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional specialization of human salivary glands and origins of proteins intrinsic to human saliva 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.945659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salivary proteins are essential for maintaining health in the oral cavity and proximal digestive tract and serve as a diagnostic window into human disease. However, their precise organ origins remain unclear. Through transcriptomic analysis of major adult and fetal salivary glands, and integration with the saliva proteome and transcriptomes of 28+ organs, we linked human saliva proteins to their source, identified salivary gland-specific genes, and uncovered fetal- and adult-specific gene repertoires. Our results also provide new insights into the degree of gene retention during maturation and suggest that functional diversity between adult gland-types is driven by specific dosage combinations of hundreds of transcriptional regulators rather than a few gland-specific factors. Finally, we demonstrate the hitherto unrecognized heterogeneity of the human acinar cell lineage. Our results pave the way for future investigations into glandular biology and pathology, as well as salivas use as a diagnostic fluid.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saitou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaylord, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neznanova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grawe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knox, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokcumen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.12.945659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional specialization of human salivary glands and origins of proteins intrinsic to human saliva]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.946319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The West African lungfish provides insights into the evolution of tetrapod tail regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.946319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salamanders, frog tadpoles, and diverse lizards have the remarkable ability to regenerate tails. Paleontological data suggests that this capacity is plesiomorphic, yet when the developmental and genetic architecture of tail regeneration arose is poorly understood. Here we show morphological and molecular hallmarks of tetrapod tail regeneration in the West African lungfish Protopterus annectens, a living representative of the sister group of tetrapods. As in salamanders, lungfish tail regeneration occurs via formation of a proliferative blastema and restores original structures, including muscle, skeleton and spinal cord. In contrast to lizards and similar to salamanders and frogs, lungfish regenerate spinal cord neurons and reconstitute dorsoventral patterning of the tail. Similar to salamander and frog tadpoles, Shh is required for lungfish tail regeneration. Through RNA-seq analysis of uninjured and regenerating tail blastema, we show that the genetic program deployed during lungfish tail regeneration maintains extensive overlap with that of tetrapods, with the upregulation of genes and signaling pathways previously implicated in amphibian and lizard tail regeneration. Furthermore, the lungfish tail blastema showed marked upregulation of genes encoding post-transcriptional RNA processing components and transposon-derived genes. Our results show that developmental processes and genetic program of tetrapod tail regeneration were present at least near the base of the sarcopterygian clade and establish the lungfish as a valuable research system for regenerative biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verissimo, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragalzew, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senevirathne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darnet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendes, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neves, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Santos, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moraes, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubin, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froebisch, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.12.946319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The West African lungfish provides insights into the evolution of tetrapod tail regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Humanisation of the zebrafish C5a receptor confers targeting by human-specific staphylococcal virulence factors. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus infects approximately 30% of the human population and causes a spectrum of pathologies ranging from mild skin infections to life-threatening invasive diseases. The strict host specificity of its virulence factors has severely limited the accuracy of in vivo models for the development of vaccines and therapeutics. To resolve this, we generated a humanised zebrafish model and determined that neutrophil-specific expression of the human C5a receptor conferred susceptibility to the S. aureus toxins PVL and HlgCB, leading to reduced neutrophil numbers at the site of infection and increased infection-associated mortality as a direct result of the interaction between S. aureus and the receptor. These results show that humanised zebrafish provide a valuable platform to study the contribution of human-specific S. aureus virulence factors to infection in vivo that could facilitate the development of novel therapeutic approaches and essential vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buchan, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Gent, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prajsnar, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogryzko, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolata, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Strijp, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renshaw, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.955021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Humanisation of the zebrafish C5a receptor confers targeting by human-specific staphylococcal virulence factors.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.960005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergence, gene flow and the origin of leapfrog geographic distributions: The history of color pattern variation in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.960005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The geographic distribution of phenotypic variation among closely related populations is a valuable source of information about the evolutionary processes that generate and maintain biodiversity. Leapfrog distributions, in which phenotypically similar populations are disjunctly distributed and separated by one or more phenotypically distinct populations, represent geographic replicates for the existence of a phenotype, and are therefore especially informative. These geographic patterns have mostly been studied from phylogenetic perspectives to understand how common ancestry and divergent evolution drive their formation. Other processes, such as gene flow between populations, have not received as much attention. Here we investigate the roles of divergence and gene flow between populations in the origin and maintenance of a leapfrog distribution in Phyllobates poison frogs. We found evidence for high levels of gene flow between neighboring populations but not over long distances, indicating that gene flow between populations exhibiting the central phenotype may have a homogenizing effect that maintains their similarity, and that introgression between "leapfroging" taxa has not played a prominent role as a driver of phenotypic diversity in Phyllobates. Although phylogenetic analyses suggest that the leapfrog distribution was formed through independent evolution of the peripheral (i.e. leapfrogging) populations, the elevated levels of gene flow between geographically close populations poise alternative scenarios, such as the history of phenotypic change becoming decoupled from genome-averaged patterns of divergence, which we cannot rule out. These results highlight the importance of incorporating gene flow between populations into the study of geographic variation in phenotypes, both as a driver of phenotypic diversity and as a confounding factor of phylogeographic inferences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marquez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linderoth, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejía-Vargas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronforst, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amezquita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.960005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergence, gene flow and the origin of leapfrog geographic distributions: The history of color pattern variation in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.965285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nicotine exposure and neuronal activity regulate Golgi membrane dispersal and distribution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.965285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How nicotine exposure produces long-lasting changes that remodel neural circuits with addiction is unknown. Here, we report that long-term nicotine exposure alters the trafficking of 4{beta}2-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (4{beta}2Rs) by dispersing and redistributing the Golgi apparatus. In cultured neurons, dispersed Golgi membranes were distributed throughout somata, dendrites and axons. Small, mobile vesicles in dendrites and axons lacked standard Golgi markers and were identified by other Golgi enzymes that modify glycans. Nicotine exposure increased levels of dispersed Golgi membranes, which required 4{beta}2R expression. Similar nicotine-induced changes occurred in vivo at dopaminergic neurons at mouse nucleus accumbens terminals, consistent with these events contributing to nicotines addictive effects. Characterization in vitro demonstrated that dispersal was reversible, that dispersed Golgi membranes were functional, and that membranes were heterogenous in size, with smaller vesicles emerging from larger "ministacks", similar to Golgi dispersal induced by nocadazole. Protocols that increased cultured neuronal synaptic excitability also increased Golgi dispersal, without the requirement of 4{beta}2R expression. Our findings reveal novel activity- and nicotine-dependent changes in neuronal intracellular morphology. These changes regulate levels and location of dispersed Golgi membranes at dendrites and axons, which function in local trafficking at subdomains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Govind, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeyifous, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaasjo, L. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koranda, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valbuena, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.25.965285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nicotine exposure and neuronal activity regulate Golgi membrane dispersal and distribution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.968099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subphase Material Stabilizes Films of Pulmonary Surfactant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.968099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When compressed by the shrinking alveolar surface area during exhalation, films of pulmonary surfactant in situ reduce surface tension to levels, at which surfactant monolayers collapse from the surface in vitro. Vesicles of pulmonary surfactant added below these monolayers slow collapse. X-ray scattering here determined the structural changes that improve stability. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction on monolayers of extracted calf surfactant detected an ordered phase. Mixtures of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, but not the phospholipid alone, mimic that structure. At concentrations that stabilize the monolayers, vesicles in the subphase had no effect on the unit cell, and the film remained monomolecular. The added vesicles, however, produced a concentration-dependent increase in the diffracted intensity. These results suggest that the enhanced resistance to collapse results from components of an ordered interfacial phase which partition from subphase to the surface, increasing the area of the ordered structure.

SIGNIFICANCELow alveolar surface tensions are essential for maintaining the integrity of the pulmonary air-sacks during normal breathing. Films of pulmonary surfactant cause the low tensions. The interfacial structures required for the low surface tensions remain uncertain. These studies used X-ray scattering to determine the initial structure of pulmonary surfactant monolayers, and to establish how vesicles of pulmonary surfactant enhance the ability of those initial monolayers to sustain low tensions. The initial monolayers contained ordered structures that differ from the crystalline forms widely speculated to occur in alveolar films. The added vesicles had no effect on the local structure of the initial monolayer, but substantially increased the area of the ordered regions. This structural change reasonably explains the functional improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andreev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martynowycz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzmenko, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gidalevitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.27.968099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subphase Material Stabilizes Films of Pulmonary Surfactant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.968297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-protein interaction mapping via MS2 or Cas13-based APEX targeting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.968297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-protein interactions underlie a wide range of cellular processes. Improved methods are needed to systematically map RNA-protein interactions in living cells in an unbiased manner. Capitalizing on the ability of the engineered peroxidase APEX2 to identify protein interaction partners via proximity-dependent biotinylation, we used two approaches to target APEX2 to specific cellular RNAs. Both an MS2-MCP system and an engineered CRISPR-Cas13 system were able to deliver APEX2 to the human telomerase RNA hTR with high specificity. One-minute proximity biotinylation captured endogenous protein interaction partners of hTR, including more than a dozen proteins not previously linked to hTR. We validated the unexpected interaction between hTR and the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase ALKBH5. Further investigation showed that endogenous hTR is modified by m6A, which can be erased by ALKBH5, and that ALKBH5 influences both telomerase complex assembly and activity. These results highlight the ability of MS2- and Cas13-targeted APEX2 to identify novel RNA-protein interactions in living cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.27.968297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-protein interaction mapping via MS2 or Cas13-based APEX targeting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.965418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The within-host viral kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.29.965418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this work, we use a within-host viral dynamic model to describe the SARS-CoV-2 kinetics in host. Chest radiograph score data are used to estimate the parameters of that model. Our result shows that the basic reproductive number of SARS-CoV-2 in host growth is around 3.79. Using the same method we also estimate the basic reproductive number of MERS virus is 8.16 which is higher than SARS-CoV-2. The PRCC method is used to analyze the sensitivities of model parameters and the drug effects on virus growth are also implemented to analyze the model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jinhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.29.965418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The within-host viral kinetics of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.972083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial organization of the kelp microbiome at micron scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.01.972083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroalgae are colonized by complex and diverse microbial communities that are distinct from those on inert substrates, suggesting intimate symbioses that likely play key roles in both macroalgal and bacterial biology. Canopy-forming kelp fix teragrams of carbon per year in coastal kelp forest ecosystems, yet little is known about the structure and development of their associated microbial communities. We characterized the spatial organization of bacterial communities on blades of the canopy-forming kelp Nereocystis luetkeana using fluorescence in situ hybridization and spectral imaging with a probe set combining phylum, class and genus-level probes to target >90% of the microbial community. We show that kelp blades host a dense microbial biofilm, generally less than 20 m thick, in which disparate microbial taxa live in close contact with one another. The biofilm is spatially differentiated, with tightly clustered cells of the dominant symbiont Granulosicoccus sp. (Gammaproteobacteria) close to the kelp surface and filamentous Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria relatively more abundant near the biofilm-seawater interface. Further, a community rich in Bacteroidetes colonized the interior of kelp tissues. Microbial community structure and cell density increased along the length of the kelp blade, from sparse microbial colonization of newly produced tissues at the meristematic base of the blade to an abundant microbial biofilm on older tissues at the blade tip. Finally, kelp from a declining population hosted fewer microbial cells compared to kelp from a stable population, indicating that biofilms are characteristic of health and that biofilm loss may be related to the condition of the host.

ImportanceThe microbial community coating the surfaces of macroalgae may play a key but underexplored role both in the biology of the macroalgal host and in the biogeochemistry of the coastal ocean. We show that photosynthetic blades of the canopy-forming kelp Nereocystis luetkeana host a complex microbial biofilm that is both dense and spatially differentiated. Microbes of different taxa are in intimate cell-to-cell contact with one another; microbial cells invade the interior of kelp cells as well as cover their external surfaces; and a subset of the surface microbiota projects into the water column. These results highlight the potential for metabolic interactions between key members of the kelp microbiome as well as between microbes and their host. The dense layer of microbes coating the surface of the kelp blade is well-positioned to mediate interactions between the host and surrounding organisms and to modulate the chemistry of the surrounding water column.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Puebla, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jack, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlundt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfister, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Welch, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.01.972083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial organization of the kelp microbiome at micron scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.968388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystal structure of Nsp15 endoribonuclease NendoU from SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.968388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 is rapidly spreading around the world. There is no existing vaccine or proven drug to prevent infections and stop virus proliferation. Although this virus is similar to human and animal SARS- and MERS-CoVs the detailed information about SARS-CoV-2 proteins structures and functions is urgently needed to rapidly develop effective vaccines, antibodies and antivirals. We applied high-throughput protein production and structure determination pipeline at the Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases to produce SARS-CoV-2 proteins and structures. Here we report the high-resolution crystal structure of endoribonuclease Nsp15/NendoU from SARS-CoV-2 - a virus causing current world-wide epidemics. We compare this structure with previously reported models of Nsp15 from SARS and MERS coronaviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedrzejczak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maltseva, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godzik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joachimiak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.968388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystal structure of Nsp15 endoribonuclease NendoU from SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.973503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenomics of piranhas and pacus (Serrasalmidae) uncovers how convergent diets obfuscate traditional morphological taxonomy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.973503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Amazon and neighboring South American river basins harbor the worlds most diverse assemblages of freshwater fishes. One of the most prominent South American fish families are the Serrasalmidae (pacus and piranhas), found in nearly every continental basin. Serrasalmids are keystone ecological taxa, being some of the top riverine predators as well as the primary seed dispersers in the flooded forest. Despite their widespread occurrence and notable ecologies, serrasalmid evolutionary history and systematics are controversial. For example, the sister taxon to serrasalmids is contentious, the relationships of major clades within the family are obfuscated by different methodologies, and half of the extant serrasalmid genera are suggested to be non-monophyletic. We used exon capture to explore the evolutionary relationships among 64 (of 99) species across all 16 serrasalmid genera and their nearest outgroups, including multiple individuals per species in order to account for cryptic lineages. To reconstruct the timeline of serrasalmid diversification, we time-calibrated this phylogeny using two different fossil-calibration schemes to account for uncertainty in taxonomy with respect to fossil teeth. Finally, we analyzed diet evolution across the family and comment on associated changes in dentition, highlighting the ecomorphological diversity within serrasalmids. We document widespread non-monophyly within Myleinae, as well as between Serrasalmus and Pristobrycon, and propose that reliance on traits like teeth to distinguish among genera is confounded by ecological convergence, especially among herbivorous and omnivorous taxa. We clarify the relationships among all serrasalmid genera, propose new subfamily affiliations, and support hemiodontids as the sister taxon to Serrasalmidae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kolmann, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcila, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betancur-R., R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabaj, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Fernandez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.973503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenomics of piranhas and pacus (Serrasalmidae) uncovers how convergent diets obfuscate traditional morphological taxonomy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.974345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolites alleviate staphylococcal bloodstream infection in a NO-dependent manner via arginase inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.974345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious bacterial pathogen that often causes soft tissue and bloodstream infections and invariably garners resistance mechanisms against new antibiotics. Host innate immunity modulated by metabolites has been proved as a powerful strategy against bacterial infections. However, few studies focus on the application of this strategy against S. aureus infection. Here, we identified four metabolite biomarkers, L-proline, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, and L-valine (PILV), by a metabolomics study. In animal models of S. aureus bloodstream infection, exogenous administration of each metabolite or PILV shows an anti-infective effect, while PILV treatment has higher protection than individual metabolite treatment. Each metabolite targets nitric oxide (NO) to kill S. aureus via arginase inhibition, and PILV exhibits additive inhibition of arginase activity that causes further killing. This suppression also contributes to the metabolite-mediated phagocytic killing of S. aureus in human blood. Our finding demonstrates the metabolite-mediated innate immunity as a therapeutic intervention for S. aureus infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.974345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolites alleviate staphylococcal bloodstream infection in a NO-dependent manner via arginase inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.966796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissection of the Fgf8 regulatory landscape by in vivo CRISPR-editing reveals extensive inter- and intra-enhancer redundancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.966796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental genes are often regulated by multiple elements with overlapping activity. Yet, in most cases, the relative function of those elements and their contribution to endogenous gene expression remain uncharacterized. Illustrating this situation, distinct sets of enhancers have been proposed to direct Fgf8 in the limb apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB). Using in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering, we functionally dissect this complex regulatory ensemble and demonstrate two distinct regulatory logics. In the AER, the control of Fgf8 expression appears extremely distributed between different enhancers. In contrast, in the MHB, one of the three active enhancers is essential while the other two are dispensable. Further dissection of the essential MHB enhancer revealed another layer of redundancy and identified two sub-parts required independently for Fgf8 expression and formation of midbrain and cerebellar structures. Interestingly, cross-species transgenic analysis of this enhancer suggests changes of the organisation of this essential regulatory node in the vertebrate lineage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hornblad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langenfeld, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastide, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langa-Vives, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.03.966796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissection of the Fgf8 regulatory landscape by in vivo CRISPR-editing reveals extensive inter- and intra-enhancer redundancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.958165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural bacterial assemblages in Arabidopsis thaliana tissues become more distinguishable and diverse during host development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.04.958165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To study the spatial and temporal dynamics of bacterial colonization under field conditions, we planted and sampled Arabidopsis thaliana during two years at two Michigan sites and surveyed colonists by sequencing 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Mosaic and dynamic assemblages revealed the plant as a patchwork of tissue habitats that differentiated with age. Although assemblages primarily varied between roots and shoots, amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) also differentiated phyllosphere tissues. Increasing assemblage diversity indicated that variants dispersed more widely over time, decreasing the importance of stochastic variation in early colonization relative to tissue differences. As tissues underwent developmental transitions, the root and phyllosphere assemblages became more distinct. This pattern was driven by common variants rather than those restricted to a particular tissue or transiently present at one developmental stage. Patterns also depended critically on fine phylogenetic resolution: when ASVs were grouped at coarse taxonomic levels, their associations with host tissue and age weakened. Thus, the observed spatial and temporal variation in colonization depended upon bacterial traits that were not broadly shared at the family level. Some colonists were consistently more successful at entering specific tissues, as evidenced by their repeatable spatial prevalence distributions across sites and years. However, these variants did not overtake plant assemblages, which instead became more even over time. Together, these results suggested that the increasing effect of tissue type was related to colonization bottlenecks for specific ASVs rather than to their ability to dominate other colonists once established.

ImportanceDeveloping synthetic microbial communities that can increase plant yield or deter pathogens requires basic research on several fronts, including the efficiency with which microbes colonize plant tissues, how plant genes shape the microbiome, and the microbe-microbe interactions involved in community assembly. Findings on each of these fronts depend upon the spatial and temporal scales at which plant microbiomes are surveyed. In our study, phyllosphere tissues housed increasingly distinct microbial assemblages as plants aged, indicating that plants can be considered as collections of tissue habitats in which microbial colonists-- natural or synthetic-- establish with differing success. Relationships between host genes and community diversity might vary depending on when samples are collected, given that assemblages grew more diverse as plants aged. Both spatial and temporal trends weakened when colonists were grouped by family, suggesting that functional rather than taxonomic profiling will be necessary to understand the basis for differences in colonization success.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beilsmith, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perisin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.958165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural bacterial assemblages in Arabidopsis thaliana tissues become more distinguishable and diverse during host development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.974105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient interactions and influence among bacteria in field-grown Arabidopsis thaliana tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.974105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between bacteria are thought to play an important role in the assembly of plant microbial communities (1), yet the extent of temporal variation in these interactions is unclear. We inferred interactions from sequence-based counts of bacteria in a series of Arabidopsis thaliana tissue samples spanning major developmental transitions in the plant life cycle (2). Bacterial interactions were transient, even among variants found together at consecutive developmental stages. The overwhelming majority of these interactions were positive, indicating that competition for the plant niche might be a less important driver of bacterial abundances than cooperation or common responses to host and environmental factors. Over time, interaction networks diverged from an initial scale-free structure and became increasingly modular. In all networks, we found evidence of a hierarchical structure in which hub bacteria bridged network modules. However, the identities of bacteria in these influential roles also varied during plant growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beilsmith, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perisin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.974105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient interactions and influence among bacteria in field-grown Arabidopsis thaliana tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.980649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary diverse LIM domain-containing proteins bind stressed actin filaments through a conserved mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.06.980649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The actin cytoskeleton assembles into diverse load-bearing networks including stress fibers, muscle sarcomeres, and the cytokinetic ring to both generate and sense mechanical forces. The LIM (Lin11, Isl-1 & Mec-3) domain family is functionally diverse, but most members can associate with the actin cytoskeleton with apparent force-sensitivity. Zyxin rapidly localizes via its LIM domains to failing stress fibers in cells, known as strain sites, to initiate stress fiber repair and maintain mechanical homeostasis. The mechanism by which these LIM domains associate with stress fiber strain sites is not known. Additionally, it is unknown how widespread strain sensing is within the LIM protein family. We observe that many, but not all, LIM domains from functionally diverse proteins localize to spontaneous or induced stress fiber strain sites in mammalian cells. Additionally, the LIM domain region from the fission yeast protein paxillin like 1 (Pxl1) also localizes to stress fiber strain sites in mammalian cells, suggesting that the strain sensing mechanism is ancient and highly conserved. Sequence analysis and mutagenesis of the LIM domain region of zyxin indicate a requirement of tandem LIM domains, which contribute additively, for sensing stress fiber strain sites. In vitro, purified LIM domains from mammalian zyxin and fission yeast Pxl1 bind to mechanically stressed F-actin networks but do not associate with relaxed actin filaments. We propose that tandem LIM domains recognize an F-actin conformation that is rare in the relaxed state but is enriched in the presence of mechanical stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winkelman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.06.980649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary diverse LIM domain-containing proteins bind stressed actin filaments through a conserved mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.987412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early-life microbial intervention reduces colitis risk promoted by antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.987412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perturbations in the early life gut microbiome are associated with increased risk to complex immune disorder like inflammatory bowel diseases. We previously showed maternal antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis vertically passed to offspring increases experimental colitis risk in IL-10 gene deficient (IL-10-/-) mice. While this could arise from emergence of pathobionts or loss/lack of essential microbes needed for appropriate immunological education, our findings suggest the latter. A dominant Bacteroides strain absent following antibiotic-induced perturbation was cultivated from murine fecal samples. Addition of this strain into mice with antibiotic-induced dysbiosis significantly promoted immune tolerance and reduced incidence of colitis in IL-10-/- mice, but only if engrafted early in life, and not during adulthood. Thus, key members of the gut microbiome are essential for development of immune tolerance to commensal microbes in early life and their addition in presence of gut dysbiosis during this period can reduce colitis risk in genetically prone hosts.

HighlightsO_LISpecific gut microbes promote early life immune tolerance to key commensal microbes
C_LIO_LILoss of early life keystone microbes increases colitis risk in genetically prone hosts
C_LIO_LIEmergence of absent commensal microbes late in life worsened colitis outcome
C_LIO_LIEarly life exposure to a missing keystone Bacteroides strain reduced colitis risk
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miyoshi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyoshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmont, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cham, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakatani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiefl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousef, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonopoulos, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.11.987412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early-life microbial intervention reduces colitis risk promoted by antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rho1 activation recapitulates early gastrulation events in the ventral, but not dorsal, epithelium of Drosophila embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.989285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ventral furrow formation, the first step in Drosophila gastrulation, is a well-studied example of tissue morphogenesis. Rho1 is highly active in a subset of ventral cells and is required for this morphogenetic event. However, it is unclear whether spatially patterned Rho1 activity alone is sufficient to recapitulate all aspects of this morphogenetic event, including anisotropic apical constriction and coordinated cell movements. Here, using an optogenetic probe that rapidly and robustly activates Rho1 in Drosophila tissues, we show that Rho1 activity induces ectopic deformations in the dorsal and ventral epithelia of Drosophila embryos. These perturbations reveal substantial differences in how ventral and dorsal cells, both within and outside the zone of Rho1 activation, respond to spatially and temporally identical patterns of Rho1 activation. Our results demonstrate that an asymmetric zone of Rho1 activity is not sufficient to recapitulate ventral furrow formation and indicate that additional, ventral-specific factors contribute to the cell- and tissue-level behaviors that emerge during ventral furrow formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glotzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.989285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rho1 activation recapitulates early gastrulation events in the ventral, but not dorsal, epithelium of Drosophila embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.993675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered spike timing-dependent plasticity rules in physiological calcium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.993675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Like many forms of long-term synaptic plasticity, spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) depends on intracellular Ca2+ signaling for its induction. Yet, all in vitro studies devoted to STDP used abnormally high external Ca2+ concentration. We measured STDP at the CA3-CA1 hippocampal synapses under different extracellular Ca2+ concentrations and found that the sign, shape and magnitude of plasticity strongly depend on Ca2+. A pre-post protocol that results in robust LTP in high Ca2+, yielded only LTD or no plasticity in the physiological Ca2+ range. LTP could be restored by either increasing the number of post-synaptic spikes or increasing the pairing frequency. A calcium-based plasticity model in which depression and potentiation depend on post-synaptic Ca2+ transients was found to fit quantitatively all the data, provided NMDA receptor-mediated non-linearities were implemented. In conclusion, STDP rule is profoundly altered in physiological Ca2+ but specific activity regimes restore a classical STDP profile.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inglebert, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aljadeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debanne, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.16.993675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered spike timing-dependent plasticity rules in physiological calcium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.993931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insulin dissociates by diverse mechanisms of coupled unfolding and unbinding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.993931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protein hormone insulin exists in various oligomeric forms, and a key step in binding its cellular receptor is dissociation of the dimer. This dissociation process and its corresponding association process have come to serve as a paradigms of coupled (un)folding and (un)binding more generally. Despite its fundamental and practical importance, the mechanism of insulin dimer dissociation remains poorly understood. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations, leveraging recent developments in umbrella sampling, to characterize the energetic and structural features of dissociation in unprecedented detail. We find that the dissociation is inherently multipathway with limiting behaviors corresponding to conformational selection and induced fit, the two prototypical mechanisms of coupled folding and binding. Along one limiting path, the dissociation leads to detachment of the C-terminal segment of the insulin B chain from the protein core, a feature believed to be essential for receptor binding. We simulate IR spectroscopy experiments to aid in interpreting current experiments and identify sites where isotopic labeling can be most effective for distinguishing the contributions of the limiting mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antoszewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiede, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weare, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokmakoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.16.993931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insulin dissociates by diverse mechanisms of coupled unfolding and unbinding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamin-related Irgm proteins modulate LPS-induced caspase-4 activation and septic shock 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.997460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation associated with gram-negative bacterial infections is often instigated by the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS-induced inflammation and resulting life-threatening sepsis are mediated by the two distinct LPS receptors TLR4 and caspase-4. Whereas the regulation of TLR4 activation by extracellular and phago-endosomal LPS has been studied in great detail, auxiliary host factors that specifically modulate recognition of cytosolic LPS by caspase-4 are largely unknown. This study identifies dynamin-related membrane remodeling proteins belonging to the family of Immunity related GTPases M clade (IRGM) as negative regulators of caspase-4 activation in macrophages. Phagocytes lacking expression of mouse isoform Irgm2 aberrantly activate caspase-4-dependent inflammatory responses when exposed to extracellular LPS, bacterial outer membrane vesicles or gram-negative bacteria. Consequently, Irgm2-deficient mice display increased susceptibility to caspase-4-mediated septic shock in vivo. This Irgm2 phenotype is partly reversed by the simultaneous genetic deletion of the two additional Irgm paralogs Irgm1 and Irgm3, indicating that dysregulated Irgm isoform expression disrupts intracellular LPS processing pathways that limit LPS availability for caspase-4 activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Finethy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dockterman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutsch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orench-Rivera, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luoma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haldar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.18.997460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamin-related Irgm proteins modulate LPS-induced caspase-4 activation and septic shock]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.997213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-mapping and QTL tissue-sharing information improve causal gene identification and transcriptome prediction performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.997213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integration of transcriptomic studies and GWAS (genome-wide association studies) via imputed expression has seen extensive application in recent years, enabling the functional characterization and causal gene prioritization of GWAS loci. However, the techniques for imputing transcriptomic traits from DNA variation remain underdeveloped. Furthermore, associations found when linking eQTL studies to complex traits through methods like PrediXcan can lead to false positives due to linkage disequilibrium between distinct causal variants. Therefore, the best prediction performance models may not necessarily lead to more reliable causal gene discovery. With the goal of improving discoveries without increasing false positives, we develop and compare multiple transcriptomic imputation approaches using the most recent GTEx release of expression and splicing data on 17,382 RNA-sequencing samples from 948 post-mortem donors in 54 tissues. We find that informing prediction models with posterior causal probability from fine-mapping (dap-g) and borrowing information across tissues (mashr) lead to better performance in terms of number and proportion of significant associations that are colocalized and the proportion of silver standard genes identified as indicated by precision-recall and ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves. All prediction models are made publicly available at predictdb.org.

Author summaryIntegrating molecular biology information with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) sheds light on the mechanisms tying genetic variation to complex traits. However, associations found when linking eQTL studies to complex traits through methods like PrediXcan can lead to false positives due to linkage disequilibrium of distinct causal variants. By integrating fine-mapping information into the models, and leveraging the widespread tissue-sharing of eQTLs, we improve the proportion of likely causal genes among significant gene-trait associations, as well as the prediction of "ground truth" genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.997213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-mapping and QTL tissue-sharing information improve causal gene identification and transcriptome prediction performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.998427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD56 regulates human NK cell cytotoxicity through Pyk2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.998427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that control viral infection and tumorigenic cell growth through targeted cell lysis and cytokine secretion. Human NK cells are classically defined as CD56+CD3- in peripheral blood. CD56 is neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM1), and despite its ubiquitous expression on human NK cells, the role of CD56 in human NK cell cytotoxic function has not been fully explored. In non-immune cells, NCAM can induce signaling, mediate adhesion, and promote exocytosis, in part through interactions with focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Here we describe the generation and use of CD56-deficient human NK cell lines to define a novel requirement for CD56 in target cell lysis. Namely, we demonstrate that deletion of CD56 on the NK92 cell line led to impaired cytotoxic function against multiple susceptible target cell lines. Deletion of CD56 in a second NK cell line, YTS cells, led to a less severe cytotoxicity defect but impairment in cytokine secretion. Confocal microscopy of wild-type and CD56-KO NK92 cells conjugated to susceptible targets revealed that CD56-KO cells failed to polarize during immunological synapse (IS) formation and had severely impaired exocytosis of lytic granules at the IS. Phosphorylation of the FAK family member Pyk2 at tyrosine 402 was decreased in NK92 CD56-KO cells, demonstrating a functional link between CD56 and IS formation and signaling in human NK cells. Cytotoxicity, lytic granule exocytosis, and the phosphorylation of Pyk2 were rescued by the reintroduction of NCAM140 (CD56), into NK92 CD56-KO cells. These data highlight a novel functional role for CD56 in stimulating exocytosis and promoting cytotoxicity in human NK cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gunesch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrien-Elliott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatineni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solloa, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehniger, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mace, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.998427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD56 regulates human NK cell cytotoxicity through Pyk2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.000257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A microscopy-based kinetic analysis of yeast vacuolar protein sorting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.000257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is amenable to studying membrane traffic by live-cell fluorescence microscopy. We used this system to explore two aspects of cargo protein traffic through prevacuolar endosome (PVE) compartments to the vacuole. First, at what point during Golgi maturation does a biosynthetic vacuolar cargo depart from the maturing cisternae? To address this question, we modified a regulatable fluorescent secretory cargo by adding a vacuolar targeting signal. Traffic of the vacuolar cargo requires the GGA clathrin adaptors, which arrive during the early-to-late Golgi transition. Accordingly, the vacuolar cargo begins to exit the Golgi near the midpoint of maturation, significantly before exit of a secretory cargo. Second, how are cargoes delivered from PVE compartments to the vacuole? To address this question, we tracked biosynthetic and endocytic cargoes after they had accumulated in PVE compartments. The results imply that stable PVE compartments repeatedly deliver material to the vacuole by a kiss-and-run mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casler, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.000257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A microscopy-based kinetic analysis of yeast vacuolar protein sorting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.004481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of islet lipid composition remodeling in regulation of beta-cell death via ADP-ribosyl-acceptor glycohydrolase ARH3 signaling in insulitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.004481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipids have been implicated as mediators of insulitis and {beta}-cell death in type 1 diabetes development, but the mechanisms underlying this association are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the changes in islet/{beta}-cell lipid composition using three models of insulitis: human islets and EndoC-{beta}H1 {beta}-cells treated with the cytokines IL-1{beta} and IFN-{gamma}, and islets from non-obese diabetic mice. Across all three models, lipidomic analyses showed a consistent change in abundance of the lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol species. We also showed that lysophosphatidylcholine and its biosynthetic enzyme PLA2G6 are enriched in murine islets. We determined that the ADP-ribosyl-acceptor glycohydrolase ARH3 is regulated by cytokines downstream of PLA2G6, which in turn regulates proteins involved in apoptosis, lipid metabolism, antigen processing and presentation and chemokines. ARH3 reduced cytokine-induced apoptosis, which may represent a negative feedback mechanism. Overall, these data show the importance of lipid metabolism in regulating {beta}-cell death in type 1 diabetes.

HighlightsO_LILipidomics of 3 insulitis models revealed commonly regulated lipid classes.
C_LIO_LIIdentification of 35 proteins regulated by cytokines via PLA2G6 signaling.
C_LIO_LIARH3 reduces cytokine-induced apoptosis via PLA2G6 regulation.
C_LIO_LIARH3 regulates the levels of proteins related to insulitis and type 1 diabetes.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakayasu, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarbaugh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deiter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicora, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juan-Mateu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans-Molina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eizirik, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb-Robertson, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnum-Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laskin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sussel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.004481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of islet lipid composition remodeling in regulation of beta-cell death via ADP-ribosyl-acceptor glycohydrolase ARH3 signaling in insulitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.007252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal transcription factors determine circuit membership by altering motor neuron-to-muscle synaptic partnerships 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.25.007252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previously, using the Drosophila motor system as a model, we found the classic temporal transcription factor, Hunchback acts in NB7-1 neuronal stem cells as a molecular switch to control which circuits are populated by NB7-1 neuronal progeny (Meng et al., 2019). Here, we manipulate cardinal transcription factors, Nkx6 and Hb9, which are candidate effectors of Hunchback and which alter axon pathfinding in embryos. Yet manipulation of these cardinal transcription factors does not permanently alter neuromuscular synaptic partnerships. This demonstrates that compensation can correct early defects. We perform additional temporal transcription factor manipulations, precociously expressing Pdm and Castor in NB7-1 and prolonging expression of Hunchback in NB3-1. In every case, we find permanent alterations in neuromuscular synaptic partnerships. These data support the idea that temporal transcription factors are uniquely potent determinants of circuit membership, which do not trigger compensatory programs because they act to establish the expected pattern of wiring for the motor system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heckscher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.007252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal transcription factors determine circuit membership by altering motor neuron-to-muscle synaptic partnerships]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demystifying "drop-outs" in single cell UMI data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of scRNA-seq data has been challenging particularly because of excessive zeros observed in UMI counts. Prevalent opinions are that many of the detected zeros are "drop-outs" that occur during experiments and that those zeros should be accounted for through procedures such as normalization, variance stabilization, and imputation. Here, we extensively analyze publicly available UMI datasets and challenge the existing scRNA-seq workflows. Our results strongly suggest that resolving cell-type heterogeneity should be the foremost step of the scRNA-seq analysis pipeline because once cell-type heterogeneity is resolved, "drop-outs" disappear. Additionally, we show that the simplest parametric count model, Poisson, is sufficient to fully leverage the biological information contained in the UMI data, thus offering a more optimistic view of the data analysis. However, if the cell-type heterogeneity is not appropriately taken into account, pre-processing such as normalization or imputation becomes inappropriate and can introduce unwanted noise. Inspired by these analyses, we propose a zero inflation test that can select gene features contributing to cell-type heterogeneity. We integrate feature selection and clustering into iterative pre-processing in our novel, efficient, and straightforward framework for UMI analysis, HIPPO (Heterogeneity Inspired Pre-Processing tOol). HIPPO leads to downstream analysis with much better interpretability than alternatives in our comparative studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.018911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demystifying "drop-outs" in single cell UMI data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.020487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution-based design of chorismate mutase enzymes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.020487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rational design of enzymes is an important goal for both fundamental and practical reasons. Here, we describe a design process in which we learn the constraints for specifying proteins purely from evolutionary sequence data, build libraries of synthetic genes, and test them for activity in vivo using a quantitative complementation assay. For chorismate mutase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids, we demonstrate the design of natural-like catalytic function with substantial sequence diversity. Further optimization focuses the generative model towards function in a specific genomic context. The data show that sequence-based statistical models suffice to specify proteins and provide access to an enormous space of synthetic functional sequences. This result provides a foundation for a general process for evolution-based design of artificial proteins.

One-sentence summaryAn evolution-based, data-driven engineering process can build synthetic functional enzymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russ, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figliuzzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrat-Charlaix, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socolich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kast, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilvert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monasson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.01.020487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution-based design of chorismate mutase enzymes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.019075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid community-driven development of a SARS-CoV-2 tissue simulator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.019075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 2019 novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is a pathogen of critical significance to international public health. Knowledge of the interplay between molecular-scale virus-receptor interactions, single-cell viral replication, intracellular-scale viral transport, and emergent tissue-scale viral propagation is limited. Moreover, little is known about immune system-virus-tissue interactions and how these can result in low-level (asymptomatic) infections in some cases and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in others, particularly with respect to presentation in different age groups or pre-existing inflammatory risk factors. Given the nonlinear interactions within and among each of these processes, multiscale simulation models can shed light on the emergent dynamics that lead to divergent outcomes, identify actionable "choke points" for pharmacologic interventions, screen potential therapies, and identify potential biomarkers that differentiate patient outcomes. Given the complexity of the problem and the acute need for an actionable model to guide therapy discovery and optimization, we introduce and iteratively refine a prototype of a multiscale model of SARS-CoV-2 dynamics in lung tissue. The first prototype model was built and shared internationally as open source code and an online interactive model in under 12 hours, and community domain expertise is driving regular refinements. In a sustained community effort, this consortium is integrating data and expertise across virology, immunology, mathematical biology, quantitative systems physiology, cloud and high performance computing, and other domains to accelerate our response to this critical threat to international health. More broadly, this effort is creating a reusable, modular framework for studying viral replication and immune response in tissues, which can also potentially be adapted to related problems in immunology and immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford Versypt, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockrell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazier, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.019075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid community-driven development of a SARS-CoV-2 tissue simulator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subcellular localization of the J-protein Sis1 regulates the heat shock response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.02.022491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells exposed to heat shock induce a conserved gene expression program - the heat shock response (HSR) - encoding chaperones like Hsp70 and other protein homeostasis (proteostasis) factors. Heat shock also triggers proteostasis factors to form subcellular quality control bodies, but the relationship between these spatial structures and the HSR is unclear. Here we show that localization of the J-protein Sis1 - a co-chaperone for Hsp70 - controls HSR activation in yeast. Under nonstress conditions, Sis1 is concentrated in the nucleoplasm where it promotes Hsp70 binding to the transcription factor Hsf1, repressing the HSR. Upon heat shock, Sis1 forms an interconnected network with other proteostasis factors that spans the nucleolus and the surface of the cortical ER. We propose that localization of Sis1 to this network directs Hsp70 activity away from Hsf1 in the nucleoplasm, leaving Hsf1 free to induce the HSR. In this manner, Sis1 couples HSR activation to the spatial organization of the proteostasis network.

One sentence summaryLocalization of the J-protein Sis1 to a subcellular network of proteostasis factors activates the heat shock response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feder, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakowiak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bindokas, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgeher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kron, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.02.022491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subcellular localization of the J-protein Sis1 regulates the heat shock response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.017079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome and regulatory maps of decidua-derived stromal cells inform gene discovery in preterm birth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.017079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While a genetic component of preterm birth (PTB) has long been recognized and recently mapped by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), the molecular determinants underlying PTB remain elusive. This stems in part from an incomplete availability of comprehensive functional genomic annotations in human cell types relevant to pregnancy and PTB. Here, we generated extensive transcriptional and chromatin annotations of cultured primary decidua-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and in vitro differentiated decidual stromal cells (DSCs) and developed a computational framework to integrate these functional annotations with results from a GWAS of gestational duration in 56,384 women. This resulted in a significant enrichment of heritability estimates in functional noncoding regions in stromal cells, as well as in the discovery of additional loci associated with gestational duration and target genes of associated loci. Our strategy illustrates how systematic functional annotations in pregnancy-relevant cell types aid in the experimental follow-up of GWAS for PTB and, likely, other pregnancy-related conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sakabe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aneas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoblauch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobreira, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziffra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotegut, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teramo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murtha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grobman, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muglia, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobrega, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.017079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome and regulatory maps of decidua-derived stromal cells inform gene discovery in preterm birth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.030007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Separating measurement and expression models clarifies confusion in single cell RNA-seq analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.030007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe high proportion of zeros in typical scRNA-seq datasets has led to widespread but inconsistent use of terminology such as "dropout" and "missing data". Here, we argue that much of this terminology is unhelpful and confusing, and outline simple ideas to help reduce confusion. These include: (1) observed scRNA-seq counts reflect both true gene expression levels and measurement error, and carefully distinguishing these contributions helps clarify thinking; and (2) method development should start with a Poisson measurement model, rather than more complex models, because it is simple and generally consistent with existing data. We outline how several existing methods can be viewed within this framework and highlight how these methods differ in their assumptions about expression variation. We also illustrate how our perspective helps address questions of biological interest, such as whether mRNA expression levels are multimodal among cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.07.030007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Separating measurement and expression models clarifies confusion in single cell RNA-seq analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.035949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating XMALab and DeepLabCut for high-throughput XROMM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.035949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marker tracking is a major bottleneck in studies involving X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM). Here, we tested whether DeepLabCut, a new deep learning package built for markerless tracking, could be applied to videoradiographic data to improve data processing throughput. Our novel workflow integrates XMALab, the existing XROMM marker tracking software, and DeepLabCut while retaining each programs utility. XMALab is used for generating training datasets, error correction, and 3D reconstruction, whereas the majority of marker tracking is transferred to DeepLabCut for automatic batch processing. In the two case studies that involved an in vivo behavior, our workflow achieved a 6 to 13-fold increase in data throughput. In the third case study, which involved an acyclic, post mortem manipulation, DeepLabCut struggled to generalize to the range of novel poses and did not surpass the throughput of XMALab alone. Deployed in the proper context, this new workflow facilitates large scale XROMM studies that were previously precluded by software constraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laurence-Chasen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manafzadeh, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arce-McShane, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.10.035949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating XMALab and DeepLabCut for high-throughput XROMM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.12.038034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution in Sinocyclocheilus cavefish is marked by rate shifts, reversals and origin of novel traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.12.038034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epitomized by the well-studied Astyanax mexicanus, cavefishes provide important model organisms to understand adaptations in response to divergent natural selection. However, the spectacular Sinocyclocheilus diversification of China, the most diverse cavefish clade in the world harboring nearly 75 species, demonstrate evolutionary convergence for many traits, yet remain poorly understood in terms of their morphological evolution. Here, using a broad sample of 49 species representative of this diversification, we analyze patterns of Sinocylocheilus evolution in a phylogenetic context. We categorized species into morphs based on eye-related condition: Blind, Micro-eyed (small-eyed), and Normal-eyed and we also considered three habitat types (Troglodytic - cave-restricted; Troglophilic - cave-associated; Surface - outside of caves). Geometric morphometric analyses show Normal-eyed morphs with fusiform shapes being segregated from Blind/Micro-eyed (Eye-regressed) morphs with deeper bodies along the first principal component ("PC") axis. The second PC axis accounts for shape complexity related to the presence of horns. Ancestral character reconstructions of morphs suggest at least three independent origins of Blind morphs, each with different levels of modification in relation to the typical morphology of ancestral Normal-eyed morphs. Interestingly, only some Blind or Micro-eyed morphs bear horns and they are restricted to a single clade (Clade B) and arising from a Troglodytic ancestral species. Our geophylogeny shows an east-to-west diversification spanning the Pliocene and the Pleistocene, with Troglodytic species dominating karstic subterranean habitats of the plains whereas predominantly Surface species inhabit streams and pools in hills to the west (perhaps due to the scarcity of caves). Integration of morphology, phylogeny and geography suggests Sinocyclocheilus are pre-adapted for cave dwelling. Analyses of evolutionary rates suggest that lineages leading to Blind morphs were characterized by significant rate shifts, such as a slowdown in body size evolution and a 3.3 to 12.5 fold increase in the evolutionary rate of eye regression. Furthermore, body size and eye size have undergone reversals, but horns have not, a trait that seem to require substantial evolutionary time to form. These results, compared to the Astyanax model system, indicate Sinocyclocheilus fishes demonstrate extraordinary morphological diversity and variation, offering an invaluable model system to explore evolutionary novelty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mao, T.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meegaskumbura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellepola, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senevirathne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pie, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.12.038034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution in Sinocyclocheilus cavefish is marked by rate shifts, reversals and origin of novel traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.037531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cabozantinib unlocks efficient in vivo targeted delivery of neutrophil-loaded nanoparticles into murine prostate tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.037531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major barrier to the successful application of nanotechnology for cancer treatment is the efficient delivery of therapeutic payloads to metastatic tumor deposits. We have previously discovered that cabozantinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, triggers neutrophil-mediated anti-cancer innate immunity, resulting in tumor regression in an aggressive PTEN/p53-deficient genetically engineered murine model of advanced prostate cancer. Here, we specifically investigated the potential of cabozantinib-induced neutrophil activation and recruitment to enhance delivery of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) into murine PTEN/p53-deficient prostate tumors. Based on the observation that BSA-coating of NPs enhanced association and internalization by activated neutrophils in vitro, relative to uncoated NPs, we systemically injected BSA-coated, dye-loaded NPs into prostate-specific PTEN/p53-deficient mice that were pre-treated with cabozantinib. Flow cytometric analysis revealed a 4-fold increase of neutrophil-associated NPs within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of mice pre-treated with cabozantinib relative to untreated controls. At steady-state, following 3 days of cabozantinib/NP administration, 1% of systemically injected dye-loaded NPs selectively accumulated within the TME of mice that were pre-treated with cabozantinib, compared to 0.11% uptake for mice that did not receive cabozantinib pre-treatment. Strikingly, neutrophil depletion with Ly6G antibody abolished NP accumulation in tumors to baseline levels, demonstrating targeted neutrophil-mediated NP delivery to the prostate TME. In summary, we have discovered a novel nano-immunotherapeutic strategy for enhanced intratumoral delivery of injected NPs, which results in significantly higher NP accumulation than reported strategies in the nanotechnology literature to-date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaudagar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landon-Brace, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hieromnimon, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegermiller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bynoe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clohessy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patnaik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.13.037531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cabozantinib unlocks efficient in vivo targeted delivery of neutrophil-loaded nanoparticles into murine prostate tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.038638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering the Molecular Determinants of Phaeobacter inhibens susceptibility to Phaeobacter phage MD18 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.038638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteriophage technologies have immense potential as antibiotic therapies and in genetic engineering. Understanding the mechanisms that bacteriophages implement to infect their hosts will allow researchers to manipulate these systems and adapt them to specific bacterial targets. Here, we isolated a bacteriophage capable of infecting the marine alphaproteobacterium Phaeobacter inhibens and dissected its mechanism of infection. Phaeobacter phage MD18, a novel species of bacteriophage isolated in Woods Hole, MA, exhibits potent lytic ability against P. inhibens and appears to be of the Siphoviridae morphotype. Consistent with this finding, the sequence of the MD18 revealed significant similarity to another siphophage, the recently discovered Roseobacter phage DSS3P8. We incubated MD18 with a library of barcoded P. inhibens transposon insertion mutants and identified 22 genes that appear to be required for phage predation of this host. Network analysis of these genes using genomic position, GO term enrichment, and protein associations reveals that these genes are enriched for roles in assembly of a type IV pilus (T4P) and regulators of cellular morphology. Our results suggest that T4P serve as receptors for a novel marine virus that targets P. inhibens.

ImportanceBacteriophages are useful non-antibiotic therapeutics for bacterial infections as well as threats to industries utilizing bacterial agents. This study identifies Phaeobacter phage MD18, the first documented phage of Phaeobacter inhibens, a bacterium with promising use as a probiotic for aquatic farming industries. Genomic analysis suggests that the P

haeobacter phage MD18 has evolved to enhance its replication in P. inhibens by adopting favorable tRNA genes as well as through genomic sequence adaptation to resemble host codon usage. Lastly, a high-throughput analysis of P. inhibens transposon insertion mutants identifies genes that modulate host susceptibility to phage MD18 and implicates the type IV pilus as the likely receptor recognized for adsorption. This study marks the first characterization of the relationship between P. inhibens and an environmentally sampled phage, which informs our understanding of natural threats to the bacterium and may promote the development of novel phage technologies for genetic manipulation of this host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Urtecho, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hershey, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitaker, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Toole, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.13.038638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering the Molecular Determinants of Phaeobacter inhibens susceptibility to Phaeobacter phage MD18]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Existing actin filaments orient new filament growth to provide structural memory of filament alignment during cytokinesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During cytokinesis, animal cells rapidly remodel the equatorial cortex to build an aligned array of actin filaments called the contractile ring. Local reorientation of filaments by equatorial contraction is thought to underlie the emergence of filament alignment during ring assembly. Here, combining single molecule analysis and modeling in one-cell C. elegans embryos, we show that filaments turnover is far too fast for reorientation of single filaments by equatorial contraction/cortex compression to explain the observed alignment, even if favorably oriented filaments are selectively stabilized. Instead, by tracking single Formin/CYK-1::GFP speckles to monitor local filament assembly, we identify a mechanism that we call filament-guided filament assembly (FGFA), in which existing filaments serve as templates to guide/orient the growth of new filaments. We show that FGFA sharply increases the effective lifetime of filament orientation, providing structural memory that allows slow equatorial contraction to build and maintain highly aligned filament arrays, despite rapid turnover of individual filaments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.13.039586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Existing actin filaments orient new filament growth to provide structural memory of filament alignment during cytokinesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.043398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal Subcompartment Classification and Merge Error Correction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.043398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in 3d electron microscopy are yielding ever larger reconstructions of brain tissue, encompassing thousands of individual neurons interconnected by millions of synapses. Interpreting reconstructions at this scale demands advances in the automated analysis of neuronal morphologies, for example by identifying morphological and functional subcompartments within neurons. We present a method that for the first time uses full 3d input (voxels) to automatically classify reconstructed neuron fragments as axon, dendrite, or somal subcompartments. Based on 3d convolutional neural networks, this method achieves a mean f1-score of 0.972, exceeding the previous state of the art of 0.955. The resulting predictions can support multiple analysis and proofreading applications. In particular, we leverage finely localized subcompartment predictions for automated detection and correction of merge errors in the volume reconstruction, successfully detecting 90.6% of inter-class merge errors with a false positive rate of only 2.7%.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Januszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.043398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal Subcompartment Classification and Merge Error Correction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.046896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding the diversity of bacterioplankton isolates and modeling isolation efficacy with large scale dilution-to-extinction cultivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.046896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cultivated bacterioplankton representatives from diverse lineages and locations are essential for microbiology, but the large majority of taxa either remain uncultivated or lack isolates from diverse geographic locales. We paired large scale dilution-to-extinction (DTE) cultivation with microbial community analysis and modeling to expand the phylogenetic and geographic diversity of cultivated bacterioplankton and to evaluate DTE cultivation success. Here, we report results from 17 DTE experiments totaling 7,820 individual incubations over three years, yielding 328 repeatably transferable isolates. Comparison of isolates to microbial community data of source waters indicated that we successfully isolated 5% of the observed bacterioplankton community throughout the study. 43% and 26% of our isolates matched operational taxonomic units and amplicon single nucleotide variants, respectively, within the top 50 most abundant taxa. Isolates included those from previously uncultivated clades such as SAR11 LD12 and Actinobacteria acIV, as well as geographically novel members from other ecologically important groups like SAR11 subclade IIIa, SAR116, and others; providing the first isolates in eight putatively new genera and seven putatively new species. Using a newly developed DTE cultivation model, we evaluated taxon viability by comparing relative abundance with cultivation success. The model i) revealed the minimum attempts required for successful isolation of taxa amenable to growth on our media, and ii) identified possible subpopulation viability variation in abundant taxa such as SAR11 that likely impacts cultivation success. By incorporating viability in experimental design, we can now statistically constrain the effort necessary for successful cultivation of specific taxa on a defined medium.

ImportanceEven before the coining of the term "great plate count anomaly" in the 1980s, scientists had noted the discrepancy between the number of microorganisms observed under the microscope and the number of colonies that grew on traditional agar media. New cultivation approaches have reduced this disparity, resulting in the isolation of some of the "most wanted" bacterial lineages. Nevertheless, the vast majority of microorganisms remain uncultured, hampering progress towards answering fundamental biological questions about many important microorganisms. Furthermore, few studies have evaluated the underlying factors influencing cultivation success, limiting our ability to improve cultivation efficacy. Our work details the use of dilution-to-extinction (DTE) cultivation to expand the phylogenetic and geographic diversity of available axenic cultures. We also provide a new model of the DTE approach that uses cultivation results and natural abundance information to predict taxon-specific viability and iteratively constrain DTE experimental design to improve cultivation success.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henson, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanclos, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitre, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weckhorst, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucchesi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temperton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thrash, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.17.046896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding the diversity of bacterioplankton isolates and modeling isolation efficacy with large scale dilution-to-extinction cultivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.047498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The crystal structure of nsp10-nsp16 heterodimer from SARS CoV-2in complex with S-adenosylmethionine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.17.047498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the coronaviridae family and is the etiological agent of the respiratory Coronavirus Disease 2019. The virus has spread rapidly around the world resulting in over two million cases and nearly 150,000 deaths as of April 17, 2020. Since no treatments or vaccines are available to treat COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, respiratory complications derived from the infections have overwhelmed healthcare systems around the world. This virus is related to SARS-CoV-1, the virus that caused the 2002-2004 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. In January 2020, the Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases implemented a structural genomics pipeline to solve the structures of proteins essential for coronavirus replication-transcription. Here we show the first structure of the SARS-CoV-2 nsp10-nsp16 2-O-methyltransferase complex with S-adenosylmethionine at a resolution of 1.80 [A]. This heterodimer complex is essential for capping viral mRNA transcripts for efficient translation and to evade immune surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosas Lemus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minasov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuvalova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inniss, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryukhina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiersum, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedrzejczak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enders, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaroszewski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godzik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joachimiak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satchell, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.17.047498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The crystal structure of nsp10-nsp16 heterodimer from SARS CoV-2in complex with S-adenosylmethionine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.18.048272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of early-stage type 1 diabetes in germ-free interleukin-10 deficient mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.18.048272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several experimental models demonstrate a role for gut microbiota in the progression of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in genetically prone hosts. While the association between disturbances in gut microbiota, or microbial dysbiosis, and complex immune diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are well established, less is known about its role in T1D pathogenesis. In IBD-prone interleukin-10 deficient (IL-10 KO) mice, the absence of gut microbiota under germ-free (GF) conditions prevents IBD development. However, in aged GF IL-10 KO mice (>6-months of age), polyuria and pancreatic lymphocytic infiltration resembling T1D lesions was observed. Approximately 50% of male and female mice above 6-months of age develop pancreatic immune cell infiltration, as compared to none in conventionally-raised and fecal microbiota transplanted (FMT) IL-10 KO counterparts. Immunofluorescence staining of islet infiltrates was positive for adaptive and innate immunological markers, including lymphoid and myeloid cell markers, which typically characterize autoimmune T1D lesions. A subset of GF IL-10 KO mice was also positive for insulin autoantibodies (IAA), but the majority of mice did not become diabetic. Our findings of early stage lymphocytic infiltrates in the pancreas and IAA in the absence of overt diabetes in GF IL-10 KO mice embody the early stages of T1D pathogenesis. As such, we propose that the presence of gut microbiota play a protective role against immune infiltration in the pancreas of genetically prone hosts. Moreover, our model provides an opportunity to better understand the role of the microbiota in the early stages of immune pathogenesis and perhaps conceive the development of microbe-mediated prophylactic strategies to treat or even prevent T1D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bobe, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyoshi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devkota, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriault, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musch, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserfall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.18.048272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of early-stage type 1 diabetes in germ-free interleukin-10 deficient mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.049973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two decades of suspect evidence for adaptive DNA-sequence evolution - Less negative selection misconstrued as positive selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.049973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence for biological adaptation is often obtained by studying DNA sequence evolution. Since the analyses are affected by both positive and negative selection, studies usually assume constant negative selection in the time span of interest. For this reason, hundreds of studies that conclude adaptive evolution might have reported false signals caused by relaxed negative selection. We test this suspicion two ways. First, we analyze the fluctuation in population size, N, during evolution. For example, the evolutionary rate in the primate phylogeny could vary by as much as 2000 fold due to the variation in N alone. Second, we measure the variation in negative selection directly by analyzing the polymorphism data from four taxa (Drosophila, Arabidopsis, primates, and birds, with 64 species in total). The strength of negative selection, as measured by the ratio of nonsynonymous/synonymous polymorphisms, fluctuates strongly and at multiple time scales. The two approaches suggest that the variation in the strength of negative selection may be responsible for the bulk of the reported adaptive genome evolution in the last two decades. This study corroborates the recent report1 on the inconsistent patterns of adaptive genome evolution. Finally, we discuss the path forward in detecting adaptive sequence evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.21.049973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two decades of suspect evidence for adaptive DNA-sequence evolution - Less negative selection misconstrued as positive selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.054445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mythical and observable trends in human sex ratio at birth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.054445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human sex ratio at birth (SRB) is defined as the ratio between the number of newborn boys to the total number of newborns per time unit. It is, typically, slightly greater than [Formula] (more boys than girls) and fluctuates over time. In this study, we sought to "myth-check" previously reported associations (and test new hypotheses) using variants of mixed-effect regression analyses and time-series models on two very large electronic health record datasets, representing the populations in the United States and Sweden, respectively. Our results revealed that neither dataset supported models in which the SRB changed seasonally or in response to variations in ambient temperature, and that an increased level of a diverse array of pollutants were associated with lower SRBs. Moreover, we found that increased levels of industrial and agricultural activity, which served as proxies for water pollution, were also associated with lower SRBs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rzhetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.21.054445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mythical and observable trends in human sex ratio at birth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.050666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable unified framework of total and allele-specific counts for cis-QTL, fine-mapping, and prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.050666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been highly successful in identifying genomic loci associated with complex traits. However, identification of the causal genes that mediate these associations remains challenging, and many approaches integrating transcriptomic data with GWAS have been proposed. However, there currently exist no computationally scalable methods that integrate total and allele-specific gene expression to maximize power to detect genetic effects on gene expression. Here, we describe a unified framework that is scalable to studies with thousands of samples. Using simulations and data from GTEx, we demonstrate an average power gain equivalent to a 29% increase in sample size for genes with sufficient allele-specific read coverage. We provide a suite of freely available tools, mixQTL, mixFine, and mixPred, that apply this framework for mapping of quantitative trait loci, fine-mapping, and prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.050666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable unified framework of total and allele-specific counts for cis-QTL, fine-mapping, and prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.043653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pleiotropy-guided transcriptome imputation from normal and tumor tissues identifies new candidate susceptibility genes for breast and ovarian cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.043653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Familial, genome-wide association (GWAS), and sequencing studies and genetic correlation analyses have progressively unraveled the shared or pleiotropic germline genetics of breast and ovarian cancer. In this study, we aimed to leverage this shared germline genetics to improve the power of transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) to identify candidate breast cancer and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes. We built gene expression prediction models using the PrediXcan method in 681 breast and 295 ovarian tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas and 211 breast and 99 ovarian normal tissue samples from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project and integrated these with GWAS meta-analysis data from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (122,977 cases/105,974 controls) and the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (22,406 cases/40,941 controls). The integration was achieved through novel application of a pleiotropy-guided conditional/conjunction false discovery rate approach for the first time in the setting of a TWAS. This identified 14 new candidate breast cancer susceptibility genes spanning 11 genomic regions and 8 new candidate ovarian cancer susceptibility genes spanning 5 genomic regions at conjunction FDR < 0.05 that were > 1 Mb away from known breast and/or ovarian cancer susceptibility loci. We also identified 38 candidate breast cancer susceptibility genes and 17 candidate ovarian cancer susceptibility genes at conjunction FDR < 0.05 at known breast and/or ovarian susceptibility loci. Overlaying candidate causal risk variants identified by GWAS fine mapping onto expression prediction models for genes at known loci suggested that the association for 55% of these genes was driven by the underlying GWAS signal.

SignificanceThe 22 new genes identified by our cross-cancer analysis represent promising candidates that further elucidate the role of the transcriptome in mediating germline breast and ovarian cancer risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Considine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezem, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodelon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang-Claude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenevix-Trench, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deFazio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekici, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewing, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fountzilas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goode, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillemanns, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogdall, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogdall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huzarski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khusnutdinova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemeney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjaer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klapdor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebrich, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Permuth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterlongo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radice, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saloustros, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szafron, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vierkant, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winha</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.043653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pleiotropy-guided transcriptome imputation from normal and tumor tissues identifies new candidate susceptibility genes for breast and ovarian cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.057505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Degradation of Alzheimers Amyloid-beta by a Catalytically Inactive Insulin Degrading Enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.057505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is known that insulin-degrading-enzyme (IDE) plays a crucial role in the clearance of Alzheimers amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}). The cysteine-free IDE mutant (cf-E111Q-IDE) is catalytically inactive against insulin, but its effect on A{beta} degradation is unknown that would help in the allosteric modulation of the enzyme activity. Herein, the degradation of A{beta}(1-40) by cf-E111Q-IDE via a non-chaperone mechanism is demonstrated by NMR and LC-MS, and the aggregation of fragmented peptides is characterized using fluorescence and electron microscopy. cf-E111Q-IDE presented a reduced effect on the aggregation kinetics of A{beta}(1-40) when compared with the wild-type IDE. Whereas LC-MS and diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy revealed the generation of A{beta} fragments by both wild-type and cf-E111Q-IDE. The aggregation propensities and the difference in the morphological phenotype of the full-length A{beta}(1-40) and its fragments are explained using multi-microseconds molecular dynamics simulations. Notably, our results reveal that zinc binding to A{beta}(1-40) inactivates cf-E111Q-IDEs catalytic function, whereas zinc removal restores its function as evidenced from high-speed AFM, electron microscopy, chromatography, and NMR results. These findings emphasize the catalytic role of cf-E111Q-IDE on A{beta} degradation and urge the development of zinc chelators as an alternative therapeutic strategy that switches on/off IDEs function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramamoorthy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.057505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Degradation of Alzheimers Amyloid-beta by a Catalytically Inactive Insulin Degrading Enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.058818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The trajectory of discrete gating charges in a voltage-gated potassium channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.058818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Positively-charged amino acids respond to membrane potential changes to drive voltage sensor movement in voltage-gated ion channels, but determining the trajectory of voltage sensor gating charges has proven difficult. We optically tracked the movement of the two most extracellular charged residues (R1, R2) in the Shaker potassium channel voltage sensor using a fluorescent positively-charged bimane derivative (qBBr) that is strongly quenched by tryptophan. By individually mutating residues to tryptophan within the putative trajectory of gating charges, we observed that the charge pathway during activation is a rotation and a tilted translation that differs between R1 and R2 and is distinct from their deactivation pathway. Tryptophan-induced quenching of qBBr also indicates that a crucial residue of the hydrophobic plug is linked to the Cole-Moore shift through its interaction with R1. Finally, we show that this approach extends to additional voltage-sensing membrane proteins using the Ciona intestinalis voltage sensitive phosphatase (CiVSP).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Priest, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezanilla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.058818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The trajectory of discrete gating charges in a voltage-gated potassium channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.029207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian Hidden Markov modeling and model selection by Kalman filtering applied to multi-dimensional data of ion channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.029207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inferring adequate kinetic schemes for ion channel gating from ensemble currents is a daunting task due to limited information in the data. We address this problem by using a parallelized Bayesian filter to specify hidden Markov models for current and fluorescence data. We demonstrate the flexibility of this algorithm by including different noise distributions. Our generalized Kalman filter outperforms both a classical Kalman filter and a rate equation approach when applied to patch-clamp data exhibiting realistic open-channel noise. The derived generalization also enables inclusion of orthogonal fluorescence data, making unidentifiable parameters identifiable and increasing the accuracy of the parameter estimates by an order of magnitude. By using Bayesian highest credibility volumes, we found that our approach, in contrast to the rate equation approach, yields a realistic quantification of uncertainty. Furthermore, the Bayesian filter delivers unbiased estimates for a wider range of data quality and identifies parameters which the rate equation approach does not identify. These results also demonstrate the power of assessing the validity of algorithms by Bayesian credibility volumes in general. Finally, we show that our Bayesian filter is more robust against errors induced by either analog filtering before analog-to-digital conversion or by limited time resolution of fluorescence data than a rate equation approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muench, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmauder, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benndorf, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.029207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian Hidden Markov modeling and model selection by Kalman filtering applied to multi-dimensional data of ion channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Criterion Validity and Relationships between Alternative Hierarchical Dimensional Models of General and Specific Psychopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychopathology can be viewed as a hierarchy of correlated dimensions. Many studies have supported this conceptualization, but they have used alternative statistical models with differing interpretations. In bifactor models, every symptom loads on both the general factor and one specific factor (e.g., internalizing), which partitions the total explained variance in each symptom between these orthogonal factors. In second-order models, symptoms load on one of several correlated lower-order factors. These lower-order factors load on a second-order general factor, which is defined by the variance shared by the lower-order factors. Thus, the factors in second-order models are not orthogonal. Choosing between these valid statistical models depends on the hypothesis being tested. Because bifactor models define orthogonal phenotypes with distinct sources of variance, they are optimal for studies of shared and unique associations of the dimensions of psychopathology with external variables putatively relevant to etiology and mechanisms. Concerns have been raised, however, about the reliability of the orthogonal specific factors in bifactor models. We evaluated this concern using parent symptom ratings of 9-10 year olds in the ABCD Study. Psychometric indices indicated that all factors in both bifactor and second-order models exhibited at least adequate construct reliability and estimated replicability. The factors defined in bifactor and second-order models were highly to moderately correlated across models, but have different interpretations. All factors in both models demonstrated significant associations with external criterion variables of theoretical and clinical importance, but the interpretation of such associations in second-order models was ambiguous due to shared variance among factors.

General Scientific SummarySome investigators have proposed that viewing the correlated symptoms of psychopathology as a hierarchy in which all symptoms are related to both a general (p) factor of psychopathology and a more specific factor will make it easier to distinguish potential risk factors and mechanisms that are nonspecifically related to all forms of psychopathology versus those that are associated with specific dimensions of psychopathology. Parent ratings of child psychopathology items from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study were analyzed using two alternative statistical models of the proposed hierarchy. All factors of psychopathology defined in both bifactor and second-order models demonstrated adequate psychometric properties and criterion validity, but associations of psychopathology factors with external variables were more easily interpreted in bifactor than in second-order models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczkurkin, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durham, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDowell, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Applegate, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tackett, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas-Iniguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akcelik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stier, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedeker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahey, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.064303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Criterion Validity and Relationships between Alternative Hierarchical Dimensional Models of General and Specific Psychopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.067074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The phylogenetic functional conservation of Drosophila Seven-In-Absentia (SINA) E3 ligase and its two human paralogs, SIAH1 and SIAH2, in Drosophila eye development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.28.067074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seven-IN-Absentia (SINA) is the most downstream signaling gatekeeper identified thus far in the RAS/EGFR pathway that controls photoreceptor cell fate determination in Drosophila. Underscoring the central importance of SINA is its phylogenetic conservation in metazoans, with over 83% amino acid identities shared between Drosophila SINA and human SINA homologs (SIAHs). SIAH is a major tumor vulnerability in multidrug-resistant and incurable cancer. SIAH inhibition is an effective strategy to shut down the tumor-driving K-RAS/EGFR/HER2 pathway activation that promotes malignant tumor growth and metastatic dissemination. To further delineate the SINA function in the RAS/EGFR pathway, a genetic modifier screen was conducted, and 28 new sina mutant alleles were isolated via ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and X-ray mutagenesis. Among them, 26 of the new sina mutants are embryonic, larval, or pupal lethal, and stronger than the five published sina mutants (sina1, sina2, sina3, sina4, and sina5) which are early adult lethal. By sequencing the SINA-coding region of sinaES10, sinaES26, sinaES79, and sinaES473 homozygous mutant animals, we identified three invariable amino acid residues in SINAs RING-domain whose single point mutation ablates SINA function. To demonstrate the functional conservation of this medically important family of RING domain E3 ligases in Drosophila, we established a collection of transgenic lines, expressing either wild type (WT) or proteolysis-deficient (PD) SINA/SIAH inhibitors of Drosophila SINAWT/PD and human SIAH1WT/PD/2WT/PD under tissue-specific GAL4-drivers in Drosophila eye, wing, and salary gland. Our results showed that Drosophila SINA and human SIAH1/2 are functionally conserved. Our bioengineered SINAPD/SIAHPD inhibitors are effective in blocking the RAS-dependent neuronal cell fate determination in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Sciver, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.28.067074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The phylogenetic functional conservation of Drosophila Seven-In-Absentia (SINA) E3 ligase and its two human paralogs, SIAH1 and SIAH2, in Drosophila eye development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Antimicrobial Resistance Using Conserved Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.068254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing number of studies have shown that machine learning algorithms can be used to accurately predict antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes from bacterial sequence data. In these studies, models are typically trained using input features derived from comprehensive sets of known AMR genes or whole genome sequences. However, it can be difficult to determine whether genomes and their corresponding sets of AMR genes are complete when sequencing contaminated or metagenomic samples. In this study, we explore the possibility of using incomplete genome sequence data to predict AMR phenotypes. Machine learning models were built from randomly-selected sets of core genes that are held in common among the members of a species, and the AMR-conferring genes were removed based on their protein annotations. For Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus, we report that it is possible to classify susceptible and resistant phenotypes with average F1 scores ranging from 0.80-0.89 with as few as 100 conserved non-AMR genes, with very major error rates ranging from 0.11-0.23 and major error rates ranging from 0.10-0.20. Models built from core genes have predictive power in the cases where the primary AMR mechanism results from SNPs or horizontal gene transfer. By randomly sampling non-overlapping sets of core genes for use in these models, we show that F1 scores and error rates are stable and have little variance between replicates. Potential biases from strain-specific SNPs, phylogenetic sampling, and imbalances in the phylogenetic distribution of susceptible and resistant strains do not appear to have an impact on this result. Although these small core gene models have lower accuracies and higher error rates than models built from the corresponding assembled genomes, the results suggest that sufficient variation exists in the core non-AMR genes of a species for predicting AMR phenotypes. Overall this study suggests that building models from conserved genes may be a potentially useful strategy for predicting AMR phenotypes when genomes are incomplete.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanOeffelen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.068254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Antimicrobial Resistance Using Conserved Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal prediction with resource constraints using the information bottleneck 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Responding to stimuli requires that organisms encode information about the external world. Not all parts of the signal are important for behavior, and resource limitations demand that signals be compressed. Prediction of the future input is widely beneficial in many biological systems. We compute the trade-offs between representing the past faithfully and predicting the future for input dynamics with different levels of complexity. For motion prediction, we show that, depending on the parameters in the input dynamics, velocity or position coordinates prove more predictive. We identify the properties of global, transferrable strategies for time-varying stimuli. For non-Markovian dynamics we explore the role of long-term memory of the internal representation. Lastly, we show that prediction in evolutionary population dynamics is linked to clustering allele frequencies into non-overlapping memories, revealing a very different prediction strategy from motion prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walczak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.069179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal prediction with resource constraints using the information bottleneck]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional and genetic markers of niche partitioning among enigmatic members of the human oral microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial residents of the human oral cavity have long been a major focus of microbiology due to their influence on host health and their intriguing patterns of site specificity amidst the lack of dispersal limitation. Yet, the determinants of niche partitioning in this habitat are yet to be fully understood, especially among the taxa that belong to recently discovered branches of microbial life. Here we assembled metagenomes from daily tongue and dental plaque samples from multiple individuals and reconstructed 790 non-redundant genomes, 43 of which resolved to TM7 that formed six monophyletic clades distinctly associated either with plaque or with tongue. Both pangenomic and phylogenomic analyses grouped tongue-specific TM7 clades with other host-associated TM7 genomes. In contrast, plaque-specific TM7 grouped together with environmental TM7 genomes. Besides offering deeper insights into the ecology, evolution, and the mobilome of the cryptic members of the oral microbiome, our study reveals an intriguing resemblance between dental plaque and non-host environments indicated by the TM7 evolution, suggesting that plaque may have served as a stepping stone for environmental microbes to adapt to host environments for some clades of human associated microbes. Additionally, we report that prophages are widespread amongst oral-associated TM7, while absent from environmental TM7, suggesting that prophages may have played a role in adaptation of TM7 to the host environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaiber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmont, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousef, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lolans, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esen, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewhirst, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Welch, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.069278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional and genetic markers of niche partitioning among enigmatic members of the human oral microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.071514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acinetobacter baumannii NCIMB8209: A rare environmental strain displaying extensive insertion sequence-mediated genome remodeling resulting in the loss of exposed cell structures and defensive mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.071514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acinetobacter baumannii represents nowadays an important nosocomial pathogen of poorly defined reservoirs outside the clinical setting. Here we conducted whole-genome sequencing analysis of the Acinetobacter sp. NCIMB8209 collection strain, isolated in 1943 from the aerobic degradation (retting) of desert guayule shrubs. NCIMB8209 contained a 3.75 Mb chromosome and a plasmid of 134 kb. Phylogenetic analysis based on core genes indicated NCIMB8209 affiliation to A. baumannii, a result supported by the identification of a chromosomal blaOXA-51-like gene. Seven genomic islands lacking antimicrobial resistance determinants, 5 regions encompassing phage-related genes and, notably, 93 insertion sequences (IS) were found in this genome. NCIMB8209 harbors most genes linked to persistence and virulence described in contemporary A. baumannii clinical strains, but many of them encoding components of surface structures are interrupted by IS. Moreover, defense genetic islands against biological aggressors such as type 6 secretion systems or crispr/cas are absent from this genome. These findings correlate with a low capacity of NCIMB8209 to form biofilm and pellicle, low motility on semisolid medium, and low virulence towards Galleria mellonella and Caenorhabitis elegans. Searching for catabolic genes and concomitant metabolic assays revealed the ability of NCIMB8209 to grow on a wide range of substances produced by plants including aromatic acids and defense compounds against external aggressors. All the above features strongly suggest that NCIMB8209 has evolved specific adaptive features to a particular environmental niche. Moreover, they also revealed that the remarkable genetic plasticity identified in contemporary A. baumannii clinical strains represents an intrinsic characteristic of the species.

IMPORTANCEAcinetobacter baumannii (Ab) is an ESKAPE opportunistic pathogen, with poorly defined natural habitats/reservoirs outside the clinical setting. Ab arose from the Acb complex as the result of a population bottleneck, followed by a recent population expansion from a few clinically-relevant clones endowed with an arsenal of resistance and virulence genes. Still, the identification of virulence traits and the evolutionary paths leading to a pathogenic lifestyle has remained elusive, and thus the study of non-clinical ("environmental") Ab isolates is necessary. We conducted here comparative genomic and virulence studies on Ab NCMBI8209 isolated in 1943 from the microbiota responsible of the decomposition of guayule, and therefore well differentiated both temporally and epidemiologically from the nowadays predominant multidrug-resistant strains. Our work provides insights on the adaptive strategies used by Ab to escape from host defenses, and may help the adoption of measures aimed to limit its further dissemination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Repizo, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espariz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seravalle, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz Miloslavich, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steimbrüch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuman, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.071514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acinetobacter baumannii NCIMB8209: A rare environmental strain displaying extensive insertion sequence-mediated genome remodeling resulting in the loss of exposed cell structures and defensive mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metapangenomics of the oral microbiome provides insights into habitat adaptation and cultivar diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe increasing availability of microbial genomes and environmental shotgun metagenomes provides unprecedented access to the genomic differences within related bacteria. The human oral microbiome with its diverse habitats and abundant, relatively well-characterized microbial inhabitants presents an opportunity to investigate bacterial population structures at an ecosystem scale.

ResultsHere, we employ a metapangenomic approach that combines public genomes with Human Microbiome Project (HMP) metagenomes to study the diversity of microbial residents of three oral habitats: tongue dorsum, buccal mucosa, and supragingival plaque. For two exemplar taxa, Haemophilus parainfluenzae and the genus Rothia, metapangenomes revealed distinct genomic groups based on shared genome content. H. parainfluenzae genomes separated into three distinct subgroups with differential abundance between oral habitats. Functional enrichment analyses identified an operon encoding oxaloacetate decarboxylase as diagnostic for the tongue-abundant subgroup. For the genus Rothia, grouping by shared genome content recapitulated species-level taxonomy and habitat preferences. However, while most R. mucilaginosa were restricted to the tongue as expected, two genomes represented a cryptic population of R. mucilaginosa in many buccal mucosa samples. For both H. parainfluenzae and the genus Rothia, we identified not only limitations in the ability of cultivated organisms to represent populations in their native environment, but also specifically which cultivar gene sequences were absent or ubiquitous.

ConclusionsOur findings provide insights into population structure and biogeography in the mouth and form specific hypotheses about habitat adaptation. These results illustrate the power of combining metagenomes and pangenomes to investigate the ecology and evolution of bacteria across analytical scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Utter, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borisy, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavanaugh, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Welch, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.072496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metapangenomics of the oral microbiome provides insights into habitat adaptation and cultivar diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Architecture of Early Dissemination and Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Metropolitan Houston, Texas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We sequenced the genomes of 320 SARS-CoV-2 strains from COVID-19 patients in metropolitan Houston, Texas, an ethnically diverse region with seven million residents. These genomes were from the viruses causing infections in the earliest recognized phase of the pandemic affecting Houston. Substantial viral genomic diversity was identified, which we interpret to mean that the virus was introduced into Houston many times independently by individuals who had traveled from different parts of the country and the world. The majority of viruses are apparent progeny of strains derived from Europe and Asia. We found no significant evidence of more virulent viral types, stressing the linkage between severe disease, underlying medical conditions, and perhaps host genetics. We discovered a signal of selection acting on the spike protein, the primary target of massive vaccine efforts worldwide. The data provide a critical resource for assessing virus evolution, the origin of new outbreaks, and the effect of host immune response.

SignificanceCOVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is a global pandemic. To better understand the first phase of virus spread in metropolitan Houston, Texas, we sequenced the genomes of 320 SARS-CoV-2 strains recovered from COVID-19 patients early in the Houston viral arc. We identified no evidence that a particular strain or its progeny causes more severe disease, underscoring the connection between severe disease, underlying health conditions, and host genetics. Some amino acid replacements in the spike protein suggest positive immune selection is at work in shaping variation in this protein. Our analysis traces the early molecular architecture of SARS-CoV-2 in Houston, and will help us to understand the origin and trajectory of future infection spikes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Long, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saavedra, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantu, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yerramilli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruitt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subedi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskandari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumaraswami, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musser, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.072652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Architecture of Early Dissemination and Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Metropolitan Houston, Texas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atomic-scale Characterization of Mature HIV-1 Capsid Stabilization by Inositol Hexakisphosphate (IP6) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inositol hexakisphosphates (IP6) are cellular cofactors that promote the assembly of mature capsids of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These negatively charged molecules coordinate an electropositive ring of arginines at the center of pores distributed throughout the capsid surface. Kinetic studies indicate that the binding of IP6 increases the stable life times of the capsid by several orders of magnitude from minutes to hours. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we uncover the mechanisms that underlie the unusually high stability of mature capsids in complex with IP6. We find that capsid hexamers and pentamers have differential binding modes for IP6. Ligand density calculations show three sites of interaction with IP6 including at a known capsid-inhibitor binding pocket. Free energy calculations demonstrate that IP6 preferentially stabilizes pentamers over hexamers to enhance fullerene modes of assembly. These results elucidate the molecular role of IP6 in stabilizing and assembling the retroviral capsid.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.072686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atomic-scale Characterization of Mature HIV-1 Capsid Stabilization by Inositol Hexakisphosphate (IP6)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.073320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Drugs Blocking SARS-CoV-2 Infection using Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Colonic Organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.073320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphThe current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There are currently no therapeutic options for mitigating this disease due to lack of a vaccine and limited knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 biology. As a result, there is an urgent need to create new disease models to study SARS-CoV-2 biology and to screen for therapeutics using human disease-relevant tissues. COVID-19 patients typically present with respiratory symptoms including cough, dyspnea, and respiratory distress, but nearly 25% of patients have gastrointestinal indications including anorexia, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Moreover, these symptoms are associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes1. Here, we report using human pluripotent stem cell-derived colonic organoids (hPSC-COs) to explore the permissiveness of colonic cell types to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Single cell RNA-seq and immunostaining showed that the putative viral entry receptor ACE2 is expressed in multiple hESC-derived colonic cell types, but highly enriched in enterocytes. Multiple cell types in the COs can be infected by a SARS-CoV-2 pseudo-entry virus, which was further validated in vivo using a humanized mouse model. We used hPSC-derived COs in a high throughput platform to screen 1280 FDA-approved drugs against viral infection. Mycophenolic acid and quinacrine dihydrochloride were found to block the infection of SARS-CoV-2 pseudo-entry virus in COs both in vitro and in vivo, and confirmed to block infection of SARS-CoV-2 virus. This study established both in vitro and in vivo organoid models to investigate infection of SARS-CoV-2 disease-relevant human colonic cell types and identified drugs that blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection, suitable for rapid clinical testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>uhl, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tenOever, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.02.073320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Drugs Blocking SARS-CoV-2 Infection using Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Colonic Organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.076042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Examining sex-differentiated genetic effects across neuropsychiatric and behavioral traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.076042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe origin of sex differences in prevalence and presentation of neuropsychiatric and behavioral traits is largely unknown. Given established genetic contributions and correlations across these traits, we tested for a sex-differentiated genetic architecture within and between traits.

MethodsUsing genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for 20 neuropsychiatric and behavioral traits, we tested for differences in SNP-based heritability (h2) and genetic correlation (rg<1) between sexes. For each trait, we computed z-scores from sex-stratified GWAS regression coefficients and identified genes with sex-differentiated effects. We calculated Pearson correlation coefficients between z-scores for each trait pair, to assess whether specific pairs share variants with sex-differentiated effects. Finally, we tested for sex differences in between-trait genetic correlations.

ResultsWith current sample sizes (and power), we found no significant, consistent sex differences in SNP-based h2. Between-sex, within-trait genetic correlations were consistently high, although significantly less than 1 for educational attainment and risk-taking behavior. We identified genome-wide significant genes with sex-differentiated effects for eight traits. Several trait pairs shared sex-differentiated effects. The top 0.1% of genes with sex-differentiated effects across traits overlapped with neuron- and synapse-related gene sets. Most between-trait genetic correlation estimates were similar across sex, with several exceptions (e.g. educational attainment & risk-taking behavior).

ConclusionsSex differences in the common autosomal genetic architecture of neuropsychiatric and behavioral phenotypes are small and polygenic, requiring large sample sizes. Genes with sex-differentiated effects are enriched for neuron-related gene sets. This work motivates further investigation of genetic, as well as environmental, influences on sex differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khramtsova, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goleva, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blokland, G. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traglia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hübel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borglum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demontis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bralten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winham, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wray, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraone, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petryshen, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sex Differences Cross-Disorder Analysis Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoller, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.076042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Examining sex-differentiated genetic effects across neuropsychiatric and behavioral traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.078022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic alterations in gut microbiota precede and predict onset of colitis in the IL10 gene-deficient murine model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.078022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsInflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory disorders where predictive biomarkers for the disease development and clinical course are sorely needed for development of prevention and early intervention strategies that can be implemented to improve clinical outcomes. Since gut microbiome alterations can reflect and/or contribute to impending host health changes, we examined whether gut microbiota metagenomic profiles would provide more robust measures for predicting disease outcomes in colitis-prone hosts.

MethodsUsing the IL-10 gene-deficient (IL-10 KO) murine model where early life dysbiosis from antibiotic (cefoperozone, CPZ) treated dams vertically-transferred to pups increases risk for colitis later in life, we investigated temporal metagenomic profiles in the gut microbiota of post-weaning offspring and determined their relationship to eventual clinical outcomes.

ResultsCompared to controls, offspring acquiring maternal CPZ-induced dysbiosis exhibited a restructuring of intestinal microbial membership both in bacteriome and mycobiome that were associated with alterations in specific functional subsystems. Furthermore, among IL-10 KO offspring from CPZ-treated dams, several functional subsystems, particularly nitrogen metabolism, diverged between mice that developed spontaneous colitis (CPZ-colitis) versus those that did not (CPZ-no-colitis) at a time point prior to eventual clinical outcome.

ConclusionsOur findings provide support that functional metagenomic profiling of gut microbes has potential and promise meriting further study for development of tools to assess risk and manage human IBD.

SynopsisCurrently, predictive markers for the development and course of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are not available. This study supports the notion that gut microbiome metagenomic profiles could be developed into a useful tool to assess risk and manage human IBD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miyoshi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puertolas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koval, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyoshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonopoulos, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.078022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic alterations in gut microbiota precede and predict onset of colitis in the IL10 gene-deficient murine model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Candidate COVID-19 Therapeutics using hPSC-derived Lung Organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphThe SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused already over 3.5 million COVID-19 cases and 250,000 deaths globally. There is an urgent need to create novel models to study SARS-CoV-2 using human disease-relevant cells to understand key features of virus biology and facilitate drug screening. As primary SARS-CoV-2 infection is respiratory-based, we developed a lung organoid model using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that could be adapted for drug screens. The lung organoids, particularly aveolar type II cells, express ACE2 and are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Transcriptomic analysis following SARS-CoV-2 infection revealed a robust induction of chemokines and cytokines with little type I/III interferon signaling, similar to that observed amongst human COVID-19 pulmonary infections. We performed a high throughput screen using hPSC-derived lung organoids and identified FDA-approved drug candidates, including imatinib and mycophenolic acid, as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 entry. Pre- or post-treatment with these drugs at physiologically relevant levels decreased SARS-CoV-2 infection of hPSC-derived lung organoids. Together, these data demonstrate that hPSC-derived lung cells infected by SARS-CoV-2 can model human COVID-19 disease and provide a valuable resource to screen for FDA-approved drugs that might be repurposed and should be considered for COVID-19 clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson-Payant, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redmond, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houghton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantley, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tenOever, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.079095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Candidate COVID-19 Therapeutics using hPSC-derived Lung Organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.077982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal Inference for Heritable Phenotypic Risk Factors Using Heterogeneous Genetic Instruments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.077982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over a decade of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have led to the finding of extreme polygenicity of complex traits. The phenomenon that "all genes affect every complex trait" complicates Mendelian Randomization (MR) studies, where natural genetic variations are used as instruments to infer the causal effect of heritable risk factors. We reexamine the assumptions of existing MR methods and show how they need to be clarified to allow for pervasive horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneous effect sizes. We propose a comprehensive framework GRAPPLE to analyze the causal effect of target risk factors with heterogeneous genetic instruments and identify possible pleiotropic patterns from data. By using GWAS summary statistics, GRAPPLE can efficiently use both strong and weak genetic instruments, detect the existence of multiple pleiotropic pathways, determine the causal direction and perform multivariable MR to adjust for confounding risk factors. With GRAPPLE, we analyze the effect of blood lipids, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure on 25 disease outcomes, gaining new information on their causal relationships and the potential pleiotropic pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.077982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal Inference for Heritable Phenotypic Risk Factors Using Heterogeneous Genetic Instruments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.080184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishment and maintenance of motor neuron identity via temporal modularity in terminal selector function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.080184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Terminal selectors are transcription factors (TFs) that establish during development and maintain throughout life post-mitotic neuronal identity. We previously showed that UNC-3/Ebf, the terminal selector of C. elegans cholinergic motor neurons (MNs), acts indirectly to prevent alternative neuronal identities (Feng et al., 2020). Here, we globally identify the direct targets of UNC-3. Unexpectedly, we find that the suite of UNC-3 targets in MNs is modified across different life stages, revealing "temporal modularity" in terminal selector function. In all larval and adult stages examined, UNC-3 is required for continuous expression of various protein classes (e.g., receptors, transporters) critical for MN function. However, only in late larvae and adults, UNC-3 is required to maintain expression of MN-specific TFs. Minimal disruption of UNC-3s temporal modularity via genome engineering affects locomotion. Another C. elegans terminal selector (UNC-30/Pitx) also exhibits temporal modularity, supporting the potential generality of this mechanism for the control of neuronal identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osuma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okebalama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaylord, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aburas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. E. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.080184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishment and maintenance of motor neuron identity via temporal modularity in terminal selector function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.080945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binding Mechanism of the Matrix Domain of HIV-1 Gag to Lipid Membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.080945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aggregation of the HIV-1 Gag protein onto the plasma membrane (PM) enables viral budding and infection propagation. Gag assembly at the membrane interface is mediated by its matrix domain (MA), the Myristoylated (Myr) N-terminus. MA targets the PM through electrostatic interactions, mainly at its highly-basic-region (HBR). The mechanism of Myr insertion and its role in protein-membrane dynamics remains unclear. Using all-atom molecular dynamics, we examined an MA unit in the vicinity of lipid bilayers that model different characteristics of the PM. Interaction with PIP2 and PS lipids is highly favored around the HBR, and is enough to keep the protein bound. Additionally, we simulated three MA units near our bilayers and quantified the collective effects of free monomers vs. formed trimers on Myr insertion events. Micro-second-long trajectories allowed us to observe Myr insertion, propose a mechanism, quantify specific interactions with lipids, and examine the response of the local membrane environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monje-Galvan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.080945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binding Mechanism of the Matrix Domain of HIV-1 Gag to Lipid Membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.082479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methods for quantitative susceptibility and R2* mapping in whole post-mortem brains at 7T 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.082479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Susceptibility weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sensitive to the local concentration of iron and myelin. Here, we describe a robust image processing pipeline for quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and R2* mapping of fixed post-mortem, whole-brain data. Using this pipeline, we compare the resulting quantitative maps in brains from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and controls, with validation against iron and myelin histology.

Twelve post-mortem brains were scanned with a multi-echo gradient echo sequence at 7T, from which susceptibility and R2* maps were generated. Semi-quantitative histological analysis for ferritin (the principal iron storage protein) and myelin proteolipid protein was performed in the primary motor, anterior cingulate and visual cortices.

Magnetic susceptibility and R2* values in primary motor cortex were higher in ALS compared to control brains. Magnetic susceptibility and R2* showed positive correlations with both myelin and ferritin estimates from histology. Four out of nine ALS brains exhibited clearly visible hyperintense susceptibility and R2* values in the primary motor cortex.

Our results demonstrate the potential for MRI-histology studies in whole, fixed post-mortem brains to investigate the biophysical source of susceptibility weighted MRI signals in neurodegenerative diseases like ALS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foxley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangerter-Christensen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiew, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menke, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallebage-Gamarallage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tendler, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.07.082479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methods for quantitative susceptibility and R2* mapping in whole post-mortem brains at 7T]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.083253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution and genetic basis of the plant-penetrating ovipositor, a key adaptation in the transition to herbivory within the Drosophilidae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.083253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Herbivorous insects are extraordinarily diverse, yet are found in only one-third of insect orders. This skew may result from barriers to plant colonization, coupled with phylogenetic constraint on plant-colonizing adaptations. Physical barriers have been surmounted through the evolution of key morphological innovations, such as the plant-penetrating ovipositor. Despite their significance, the evolution and genetic basis of such innovations have not been well studied. Ovipositors densely lined with hard bristles have evolved repeatedly in herbivorous lineages within the Drosophilidae. Here, we focus on the evolution of this trait in Scaptomyza, an herbivorous radiation nested in a microbe-feeding clade, sister to Hawaiian Drosophila. Our phylogenetic approach revealed that ovipositor bristle number increased as herbivory evolved. We then dissected the genomic architecture of variation in ovipositor bristle number within S. flava through a genome wide association study. Top associated variants were enriched for transcriptional repressors, and the strongest associations included genes contributing to peripheral nervous system development. Genotyping individual flies replicated the association at a variant upstream of Gi, a neural development gene, contributing to a gain of 0.58 bristles/major allele. These results suggest that regulatory variation involving conserved developmental genes contributes to a key morphological adaptation required for plant colonization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pelaez, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.07.083253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution and genetic basis of the plant-penetrating ovipositor, a key adaptation in the transition to herbivory within the Drosophilidae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.085324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genetic Architecture of DNA Replication Timing in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.085324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA replication follows a strict spatiotemporal program that intersects with chromatin structure and gene regulation. However, the genetic basis of the mammalian DNA replication timing program is poorly understood1-3. To systematically identify genetic regulators of DNA replication timing, we exploited inter-individual variation in 457 human pluripotent stem cell lines from 349 individuals. We show that the human genomes replication program is broadly encoded in DNA and identify 1,617 cis-acting replication timing quantitative trait loci (rtQTLs4) - base-pair-resolution sequence determinants of replication initiation. rtQTLs function individually, or in combinations of proximal and distal regulators, to affect replication timing. Analysis of rtQTL locations reveals a histone code for replication initiation, composed of bivalent histone H3 trimethylation marks on a background of histone hyperacetylation. The H3 trimethylation marks are individually repressive yet synergize to promote early replication. We further identify novel positive and negative regulators of DNA replication timing, the former comprised of pluripotency-related transcription factors while the latter involve boundary elements. Human replication timing is controlled by a multi-layered mechanism that operates on target DNA sequences, is composed of dozens of effectors working combinatorially, and follows principles analogous to transcription regulation: a histone code, activators and repressors, and a promoter-enhancer logic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulke, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracci, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charvet, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handsaker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkle, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhardt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.085324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genetic Architecture of DNA Replication Timing in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.10.087130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trajectory analysis of cardiovascular phenotypes from biobank data uncovers novel genetic associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.10.087130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approximately 6 million adults in the US have heart failure (HF). HF progression is variable due in part to differences in sex, age, and genetic ancestry. Previous population-based genetic studies have largely focused on cross-sectional data related to HF, a disease known to change over time. Utilizing longitudinal data trajectory probabilities as a continuous trait may increase the likelihood of finding significant, biologically relevant associations in a genome-wide association (GWA) analysis. We analyzed data from the electronic health record in a medical biobank from a single, metropolitan US center to gather clinically pertinent data for analyses. We evaluated whole genome sequencing of 896 unrelated biobank participants, including 494 with at least 1 electrocardiogram and 324 who had more than 1 echocardiogram ([~]3 observations per person). A censored normal distribution multivariable mixture model was used to cluster phenotype measures for genome-wide analyses. GWA analysis on the trajectory probability of the corrected QT measurement (QTc) taken from electrocardiograms identified significant associations with variants in regulatory regions proximal to the WLS gene, which encodes the Wnt ligand secretion mediator, Wntless. WLS was previously associated with QT length using of approximately 16,000 participants supporting the utility of this method to uncover significant genetic associations in small datasets. GWA analysis on the trajectory probability of left ventricular diameter as taken from echocardiograms identified novel significant associations with variants in regulatory regions near MYO10, which encodes the unconventional Myosin-10. We found that trajectory probabilities improved the ability to discover significant and relevant genetic associations. This novel approach increased yield from smaller, well-phenotyped cohorts with longitudinal data from a medical biobank.

AUTHOR SUMMARYApproximately 6 million adults in the US have heart failure, a disease known to change over time. In a hospital based electronic health record, electrocardiograms and echocardiograms, used to evaluate heart failure, can be tracked over time. We utilized these data to create a novel trait that can be applied to genetic analyses. We analyzed genome sequence of 896 biobank participants from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds. Genome-wide association (GWA) analyses were performed on a subset of these individuals for heart failure outcomes. A statistical model that incorporates cardiac data that are tracked over time was used to cluster these data using a probabilistic approach. These probabilities were used for a GWA analysis for corrected QT measurement (QTc) and left ventricular diameter (LVID). The QTc interval analysis identified significant correlations with variants in regulatory regions near the WLS gene which encodes the Wnt ligand secretion mediator, Wntless. Analysis of LVID identified significant associations with variants in regulatory regions near the MYO10 gene which encodes the unconventional Myosin-10. Through these analyses, we found that using the trajectory probabilities can facilitate the discovery of novel significant, biologically relevant associations. This method reduces the need for larger cohorts, and increases yield from smaller, well-phenotyped cohorts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pottinger, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesce, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gacita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montefiori, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodge, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salamone, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen-Torvik, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chisholm, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobrega, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puckelwartz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.10.087130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trajectory analysis of cardiovascular phenotypes from biobank data uncovers novel genetic associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.087676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-Align: A Novel HMM-based Algorithm for Pairwise Alignment of Error-Prone Sequencing Reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.087676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundInsertion and deletion sequencing errors are relatively common in next-generation sequencing data and produce long stretches of mistranslated sequence. These frameshifting errors can cause very serious damages to downstream data analysis of reads. However, it is possible to obtain more precise alignment of DNA sequences by taking into account both coding frame and sequencing errors estimated by quality scores.

ResultsHere we designed and proposed a novel hidden Markov model (HMM)-based pairwise alignment algorithm, Meta-Align, that aligns DNA sequences in the protein space, incorporating quality scores from the DNA sequences and allowing frameshifts caused by insertions and deletions. Our model is based on both an HMM transducer of a pair HMM and profile HMMs for all possible amino acid pairs. A Viterbi algorithm over our model produces the optimal alignment of a pair of metagenomic reads taking into account all possible translating frames and gap penalties in both the protein space and the DNA space. To reduce the sheer number of states of this model, we also derived and implemented a computationally feasible model, leveraging the degeneracy of the genetic code. In a benchmark test on a diverse set of simulated reads based on BAliBASE we show that Meta-Align outperforms TBLASTX which compares the six-frame translations of a nucleotide query sequence against the six-frame translations of a nucleotide sequence database using the BLAST algorithm. We also demonstrate the effects of incorporating quality scores on Meta-Align.

ConclusionsMeta-Align will be particularly effective when applied to error-prone DNA sequences. The package of our software can be downloaded at https://github.com/shravan-repos/Metaalign.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>TOMII, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.087676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-Align: A Novel HMM-based Algorithm for Pairwise Alignment of Error-Prone Sequencing Reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.089862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of the EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA Assay for detection of IgA and IgG antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.089862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic evolves, the development of immunoassays to help determine exposure and potentially predict immunity has become a pressing priority. In this report we present the performance of the EUROIMMUN enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for semi-quantitative detection of IgA and IgG antibodies in serum and plasma samples using recombinant S1 domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as antigen. Specimens from patients, with and without COVID-19 infection, were tested at the University of Chicago Clinical Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory. Of 57 samples from COVID-19 PCR-negative patients, including 28 samples positive for common human coronavirus strains, 53 tested negative and 4 tested positive for IgA (93.0% agreement) while 56 tested negative and 1 tested positive for IgG (98.2% agreement). For COVID-19 PCR-positive patients, 29 of 30 (96.7%) samples collected [&ge;]3 days after positive PCR were positive for IgA, and 28 of 28 samples collected [&ge;]4 days after positive PCR were positive for IgG.

The EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA Assay demonstrates excellent sensitivity for detection of IgA and IgG antibodies from samples collected [&ge;]3 days and [&ge;]4 days, respectively, after COVID-19 diagnosis by PCR. This assay did not demonstrate cross reaction in any of the 28 samples from patients with common human coronaviruses, including types HKU1, NL63, CV229E, and OC43.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matushek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beavis, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abeleda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.089862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of the EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA Assay for detection of IgA and IgG antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.090910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupted object-scene semantics boost scene recall but diminish object recall in drawings from memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.090910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans are highly sensitive to the statistical relationships between features and objects within visual scenes. Inconsistent objects within scenes (e.g., a mailbox in a bedroom) instantly jump out to us, and are known to capture our attention. However, it is debated whether such semantic inconsistencies result in boosted memory for the scene, impaired memory, or have no influence on memory. Here, we examined the relationship of scene-object consistencies on memory representations measured through drawings made during recall. Participants (N=30) were eye-tracked while studying 12 real-world scene images with an added object that was either semantically consistent or inconsistent. After a 6-minute distractor task, they drew the scenes from memory while pen movements were tracked electronically. Online scorers (N=1,725) rated each drawing for diagnosticity, object detail, spatial detail, and memory errors. Inconsistent scenes were recalled more frequently, but contained less object detail. Further, inconsistent objects elicited more errors reflecting looser memory binding (e.g., migration across images). These results point to a dual effect in memory of boosted global (scene) but diminished local (object) information. Finally, we replicated prior effects showing that inconsistent objects captured eye fixations, but found that fixations during study were not correlated with recall performance, time, or drawing order. In sum, these results show a nuanced effect of scene inconsistencies on memory detail during recall.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bainbridge, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.090910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupted object-scene semantics boost scene recall but diminish object recall in drawings from memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystal structures of SARS-CoV-2 ADP-ribose phosphatase (ADRP): from the apo form to ligand complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.14.096081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Among 15 nonstructural proteins (Nsps), the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 encodes a large, multidomain Nsp3. One of its units is ADP-ribose phosphatase domain (ADRP, also known as macrodomain) which is believed to interfere with the host immune response. Such a function appears to be linked to the proteins ability to remove ADP-ribose from ADP-ribosylated proteins and RNA, yet the precise role and molecular targets of the enzyme remains unknown. Here, we have determined five, high resolution (1.07 - 2.01 [A]) crystal structures corresponding to the apo form of the protein and complexes with 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), AMP and ADPr. We show that the protein undergoes conformational changes to adapt to the ligand in a manner previously observed before for in close homologs from other viruses. We also identify a conserved water molecule that may participate in hydrolysis. This work builds foundations for future structure-based research of the ADRP, including search for potential antiviral therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michalska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedrzejczak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maltseva, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stols, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joachimiak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.096081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystal structures of SARS-CoV-2 ADP-ribose phosphatase (ADRP): from the apo form to ligand complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.096875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptide YY: a novel Paneth cell antimicrobial peptide that maintains fungal commensalism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.096875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perturbed interactions between the intestinal microbes and host correlate with emergence of fungal virulence. Here we report a previously unknown role for peptide YY (PYY), a described endocrine molecule, as an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expressed by gut immune epithelial Paneth Cells (PC). PC-PYY differs from other AMPs, including lysozyme, because of limited antibacterial activity, packaging in discrete secretory granules, and selective antifungal activity to virulent hyphae, but not yeast forms of Candida albicans. The latter action is through binding of cationic PC-PYY to the anionic hyphal surface, resulting in membrane disruption and killing. PC-PYY is compartmentalized to surface mucus, which optimizes activity and prevents conversion to endocrine PYY by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). We conclude PC-PYY is a unique AMP with selective antifungal activity that maintains gut fungal commensalism. Compromised PC-PYY action from PC dysfunction and/or mucus depletion in ileal Crohns disease may initiate or contribute to disease via fungal pathogenesis.

Highlights Paneth Cell PYY (PC-PYY) is an antimicrobial peptide that differs from endocrine-PYY
 PC-PYY is a selective anti-fungal peptide, targeting the virulent form of C. albicans
 PC-PYY is separately packaged, retained by mucus, and released by C. albicans hyphae
 PC-PYY is proposed as essential for maintenance of fungal commensalism in the gut


Graphical Abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY Model for Paneth cell (PC) PYY action and regulation of fungal commensalisms and potential role in the pathogenesis of ileal Crohns Disease (iCD)

(A) In a healthy ileum, commensal yeast reside and do not stimulate PYY1-36 release from PCs. (B) Increased virulent hyphae (purple hyphae) results in PYY1-36 release from crypt PCs into the mucus. Hyphae are targeted by PYY1-36 and killed (red hyphae) to manage the increased fungi community in gut. (C) In a diseased ileum such as iCD, hyphal load induces immune activation and increased inflammation through PC dysfunction (gray PCs) and decreased PYY1-36 release or mucus depletion and PC dysfunction.

C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pierre, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Torre, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cham, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaborina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alverdy, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witchley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.096875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptide YY: a novel Paneth cell antimicrobial peptide that maintains fungal commensalism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.097931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JAG1-NOTCH4 MECHANOSENSING DRIVES ATHEROSCLEROSIS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.097931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endothelial cell (EC) sensing of fluid shear stress regulates atherosclerosis, a disease of arteries that causes heart attack and stroke. Atherosclerosis preferentially develops at regions of arteries exposed to low oscillatory shear stress (LOSS), whereas high shear regions are protected. We show using inducible EC-specific genetic deletion in hyperlipidaemic mice that the Notch ligands JAG1 and DLL4 have opposing roles in atherosclerosis. While endothelial Jag1 promoted atherosclerosis at sites of LOSS, endothelial Dll4 was atheroprotective. Analysis of porcine and murine arteries and cultured human coronary artery EC exposed to experimental flow revealed that JAG1 and its receptor NOTCH4 are strongly upregulated by LOSS. Functional studies in cultured cells and in mice with EC-specific deletion of Jag1 show that JAG1-NOTCH4 signalling drives vascular dysfunction by repressing endothelial repair. These data demonstrate a fundamental role for JAG1-NOTCH4 in sensing LOSS during disease, and suggest therapeutic targeting of this pathway to treat atherosclerosis.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Souilhol, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canham, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roddie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tardajos Ayllon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunning, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariaans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FRAGIADAKI, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridger, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serbanovic-Canic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Val, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chico, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.097931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JAG1-NOTCH4 MECHANOSENSING DRIVES ATHEROSCLEROSIS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The architecture of EMC reveals a path for membrane protein insertion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approximately 25% of eukaryotic genes code for integral membrane proteins that are assembled at the endoplasmic reticulum. An abundant and widely conserved multi-protein complex termed EMC has been implicated in membrane protein biogenesis, but its mechanism of action is poorly understood. Here, we define the composition and architecture of human EMC using biochemical assays, crystallography of individual subunits, site-specific photocrosslinking, and cryo-EM reconstruction. Our results show that EMCs cytosolic domain contains a large, moderately hydrophobic vestibule that binds a substrates transmembrane domain (TMD). The cytosolic vestibule leads into a lumenally-sealed, lipid-exposed intramembrane groove large enough to accommodate a single substrate TMD. A gap between the cytosolic vestibule and intramembrane groove provides a path for substrate egress from EMC. These findings suggest how EMC facilitates energy-independent membrane insertion of TMDs, explain why only short lumenal domains are translocated by EMC, and constrain models of EMCs proposed chaperone function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yagita, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juszkiewicz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malinverni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegde, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.098574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The architecture of EMC reveals a path for membrane protein insertion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of proteins, protein complexes and mRNA in single cells by proximity-sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiplexed analysis of single-cells enables accurate modeling of cellular behaviors, classification of new cell types, and characterization of their functional states. Here we present proximity-sequencing (Prox-seq), a method for simultaneous measurement of an individual cells proteins, protein complexes and mRNA. Prox-seq utilizes deep sequencing and barcoded proximity assays to measure proteins and their complexes from all pairwise combinations of targeted proteins, in thousands of single-cells. The number of measured protein complexes scales quadratically with the number of targeted proteins, providing unparalleled multiplexing capacity. We developed a high-throughput experimental and computational pipeline and demonstrated the potential of Prox-Seq for multi-omic analysis with a panel of 13 barcoded proximity probes, enabling the measurement of 91 protein complexes, along with thousands of mRNA molecules in single T-cells and B-cells. Prox-seq provides access to an untapped yet powerful measurement modality for single-cell phenotyping and can discover new protein interactions in signaling and drug studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vistain, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.098780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of proteins, protein complexes and mRNA in single cells by proximity-sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.103085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seesaw Conformations of Npl4 in the Human p97 Complex and the Inhibitory Mechanism of a Disulfiram Derivative 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.103085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
p97, also known as valosin-containing protein (VCP) or Cdc48, plays a central role in cellular protein homeostasis1. Human p97 mutations are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases2,3. Targeting p97 and its cofactors is a strategy for cancer drug development4. Despite significant structural insights into the fungal homolog Cdc485-7, little is known about how human p97 interacts with its cofactors. Recently, the anti-alcohol abuse drug disulfiram was found to target cancer through Npl4, a cofactor of p978, but the molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we uncovered three Npl4 conformational states in complex with human p97 before ATP hydrolysis. The motion of Npl4 results from its zinc finger motifs interacting with the N domain of p97, which is essential for the unfolding activity of p97. In vitro and cell-based assays showed that under oxidative conditions, the disulfiram derivative bis-(diethyldithiocarbamate)-copper (CuET) inhibits p97 function by releasing cupric ions, which disrupt the zinc finger motifs of Npl4, locking the essential conformational switch of the complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.103085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seesaw Conformations of Npl4 in the Human p97 Complex and the Inhibitory Mechanism of a Disulfiram Derivative]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.108910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed functions of prefrontal and parietal cortices during sequential categorical decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.108910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to compare sequential sensory inputs is crucial for solving many behavioral tasks. To understand the neuronal mechanisms underlying sequential decisions, we compared neuronal responses in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the lateral and medial intra-parietal (LIP and MIP) areas in monkeys trained to decide whether sequentially presented stimuli were from matching (M) or nonmatching (NM) categories. We found that PFC leads the M/NM decision process relying on nonlinear neuronal integration of sensory and mnemonic information, whereas LIP and MIP are more involved in sensory evaluation and motor planning, respectively. Furthermore, multi-module recurrent neural networks trained on the same task exhibited the key features of PFC and LIP encoding, including nonlinear integrative encoding in the PFC-like module which was crucial for M/NM decisions. Together, our results illuminate the relative functions of LIP, PFC, and MIP in sensory, cognitive and motor functions, and suggest that nonlinear integration of task-related variables in PFC is important for mediating sequential decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masse, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.108910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed functions of prefrontal and parietal cortices during sequential categorical decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.110833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards complete and error-free genome assemblies of all vertebrate species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.110833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-quality and complete reference genome assemblies are fundamental for the application of genomics to biology, disease, and biodiversity conservation. However, such assemblies are only available for a few non-microbial species1-4. To address this issue, the international Genome 10K (G10K) consortium5,6 has worked over a five-year period to evaluate and develop cost-effective methods for assembling the most accurate and complete reference genomes to date. Here we summarize these developments, introduce a set of quality standards, and present lessons learned from sequencing and assembling 16 species representing major vertebrate lineages (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, teleost fishes and cartilaginous fishes). We confirm that long-read sequencing technologies are essential for maximizing genome quality and that unresolved complex repeats and haplotype heterozygosity are major sources of error in assemblies. Our new assemblies identify and correct substantial errors in some of the best historical reference genomes. Adopting these lessons, we have embarked on the Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP), an effort to generate high-quality, complete reference genomes for all ~70,000 extant vertebrate species and help enable a new era of discovery across the life sciences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedrigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uliano-Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fungtammasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gedman, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantin, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibaud-Nissen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haggerty, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bista, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mountcastle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernes, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lama, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grutzner, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balakrishnan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biegler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iorns, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Digby, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eason, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kautt, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franchini, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detrich, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svardal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naylor, G. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pippel, M</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.110833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards complete and error-free genome assemblies of all vertebrate species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A three-dimensional thalamocortical dataset for characterizing brain heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural cytoarchitecture is heterogeneous, varying both across and within brain regions. The consistent identification of regions of interest is one of the most critical aspects in examining neurocircuitry, as these structures serve as the vital landmarks with which to map brain pathways. Access to continuous, three-dimensional volumes that span multiple brain areas not only provides richer context for identifying such landmarks, but also enables a deeper probing of the microstructures within. Here, we describe a three-dimensional X-ray microtomography imaging dataset of a well-known and validated thalamocortical sample, encompassing a range of cortical and subcortical structures. In doing so, we provide the field with access to a micron-scale anatomical imaging dataset ideal for studying heterogeneity of neural structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prasad, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balwani, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miano, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampathkumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrade, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fezza, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vescovi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kording, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gürsoy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Roncal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.111617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A three-dimensional thalamocortical dataset for characterizing brain heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.111419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The p150 Isoform of ADAR1 Blocks Sustained RLR signaling and Apoptosis during Influenza Virus Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.111419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signaling through retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs) is tightly regulated, with activation occurring upon sensing of viral nucleic acids, and suppression mediated by negative regulators. Under homeostatic conditions aberrant activation of melanoma differentiation-associated protein-5 (MDA5) is prevented through editing of endogenous dsRNA by RNA editing enzyme Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNA (ADAR1). In addition, ADAR1 is postulated to play proviral and antiviral roles during viral infections that are dependent or independent of RNA editing activity. Here, we investigated the importance of ADAR1 isoforms in modulating influenza A virus (IAV) replication and revealed the opposing roles for ADAR1 isoforms, with the nuclear p110 isoform restricting versus the cytoplasmic p150 isoform promoting IAV replication. Importantly, we demonstrate that p150 is critical for preventing sustained RIG-I signaling, as p150 deficient cells showed increased IFN-{beta} expression and apoptosis during IAV infection, independent of RNA editing activity. Taken together, the p150 isoform of ADAR1 is important for preventing sustained RIG-I induced IFN-{beta} expression and apoptosis during viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vogel, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.111419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The p150 Isoform of ADAR1 Blocks Sustained RLR signaling and Apoptosis during Influenza Virus Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proofreading through spatial gradients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Key enzymatic processes in biology use the nonequilibrium error correction mechanism called kinetic proofreading to enhance their specificity. Kinetic proofreading typically requires several dedicated structural features in the enzyme, such as a nucleotide hydrolysis site and multiple enzyme-substrate conformations that delay product formation. Such requirements limit the applicability and the adaptability of traditional proofreading schemes. Here, we explore an alternative conceptual mechanism of error correction that achieves delays between substrate binding and subsequent product formation by having these events occur at distinct physical locations. The time taken by the enzyme-substrate complex to diffuse from one location to another is leveraged to discard wrong substrates. This mechanism does not require dedicated structural elements on the enzyme, making it easier to overlook in experiments but also making proofreading tunable on the fly. We discuss how tuning the length scales of enzyme or substrate concentration gradients changes the fidelity, speed and energy dissipation, and quantify the performance limitations imposed by realistic diffusion and reaction rates in the cell. Our work broadens the applicability of kinetic proofreading and sets the stage for the study of spatial gradients as a possible route to specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galstyan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.112664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proofreading through spatial gradients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scale-invariance in brain activity predicts practice effects in cognitive performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although practicing a task generally benefits later performance on that same task, there are individual differences in practice effects. One avenue to model such differences comes from research showing that brain networks extract functional advantages from operating in the vicinity of criticality, a state in which brain network activity is more scale-free. We hypothesized that higher scale-free signal from fMRI data, measured with the Hurst exponent (H), indicates closer proximity to critical states. We tested whether individuals with higher H during repeated task performance would show greater practice effects. In Study 1, participants performed a dual-n-back task (DNB) twice during MRI (n = 56). In Study 2, we used two runs of n-back task (NBK) data from the Human Connectome Project sample (n = 599). In Study 3, participants performed a word completion task (CAST) across 6 runs (n = 44). In all three studies, multivariate analysis was used to test whether higher H was related to greater practice-related performance improvement. Supporting our hypothesis, we found patterns of higher H that reliably correlated with greater performance improvement across participants in all three studies. However, the predictive brain regions were distinct, suggesting that the specific spatial H{uparrow} patterns are not task-general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kardan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layden, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beilock, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.114959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scale-invariance in brain activity predicts practice effects in cognitive performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A computational tool for direct inference of cell-specific expression profiles and cellular composition from bulk-tissue RNA-seq in brain disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The importance of cell type-specific gene expression in disease-relevant tissues is increasingly recognized in genetic studies of complex diseases. However, the vast majority of gene expression studies are conducted on bulk tissues, necessitating computational approaches to infer biological insights on cell type-specific contribution to diseases. Several computational methods are available for cell type deconvolution (that is, inference of cellular composition) from bulk RNA-Seq data, but cannot impute cell type-specific expression profiles. We hypothesize that with external prior information such as single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) and population-wide expression profiles, it can be a computationally tractable and identifiable to estimate both cellular composition and cell type-specific expression from bulk RNA-Seq data. Here we introduce CellR, which addresses cross-individual gene expression variations by employing genome-wide tissue-wise expression signatures from GTEx to adjust the weights of cell-specific gene markers. It then transforms the deconvolution problem into a linear programming model while taking into account inter/intra cellular correlations, and uses a multi-variate stochastic search algorithm to estimate the expression level of each gene in each cell type. Extensive analyses on several complex diseases such as schizophrenia, Alzheimers disease, Huntingtons disease, and type 2 diabetes validated efficiency of CellR, while revealing how specific cell types contribute to different diseases. We conducted numerical simulations on human cerebellum to generate pseudo-bulk RNA-seq data and demonstrated its efficiency in inferring cell-specific expression profiles. Moreover, we inferred cell-specific expression levels from bulk RNA-seq data on schizophrenia and computed differentially expressed genes within certain cell types. Using predicted gene expression profile on excitatory neurons, we were able to reproduce our recently published findings on TCF4 being a master regulator in schizophrenia and showed how this gene and its targets are enriched in excitatory neurons. In summary, CellR compares favorably (both accuracy and stability of inference) against competing approaches on inferring cellular composition from bulk RNA-seq data, but also allows direct imputation of cell type-specific gene expression, opening new doors to re-analyze gene expression data on bulk tissues in complex diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doostparast Torshizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.121483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A computational tool for direct inference of cell-specific expression profiles and cellular composition from bulk-tissue RNA-seq in brain disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-specific proteogenomic signal diffusion for integrating multi-omics data predicts novel schizophrenia risk genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulation of diverse types of omics data on schizophrenia (SCZ) requires a systems approach to jointly modeling the interplay between genome, transcriptome and proteome. Proteome dynamics, as the definitive cellular machinery in human body, has been lagging behind the research on genome/transcriptome in the context of SCZ, both at tissue and single-cell resolution. We introduce a Markov Affinity-based Proteogenomic Signal Diffusion (MAPSD) method to model intra-cellular protein trafficking paradigms and tissue-wise single-cell protein abundances. MAPSD integrates multi-omics data to amplify the signals at SCZ risk loci with small effect sizes, and reveal convergent disease-associated gene modules in the brain interactome as well as more than 130 tissue/cell-type combinations. We predicted a set of high-confidence SCZ risk genes, the majority of which are not directly connected to SCZ susceptibility risk genes. We characterized the subcellular localization of proteins encoded by candidate SCZ risk genes in various brain regions, and illustrated that most are enriched in neuronal and Purkinje cells in cerebral cortex. We demonstrated how the identified gene set may be involved in different developmental stages of the brain, how they alter SCZ-related biological pathways, and how they can be effectively leveraged for drug repurposing. MAPSD can be applied to other polygenic diseases, yet our case study on SCZ signifies how tissue-adjusted protein-protein interaction networks can assist in generating deeper insights into the orchestration of polygenic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doostparast Torshizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.121517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-specific proteogenomic signal diffusion for integrating multi-omics data predicts novel schizophrenia risk genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially displaced excitation contributes to the encoding of interrupted motion by the retinal direction-selective circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.124461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatially distributed excitation and inhibition collectively shape a visual neurons receptive field (RF) properties. In the direction-selective circuit of the mammalian retina, the role of strong null-direction inhibition of On-Off direction-selective ganglion cells (ON-OFF DSGCs) on their direction selectivity is well-studied. However, how excitatory inputs influence the On-Off DSGCs visual response is underexplored. Here, we report that On-Off DSGCs have a spatially displaced glutamatergic receptive field along their preferred-null motion axis. This displaced receptive field contributes to DSGC null-direction spiking during interrupted motion trajectories. Theoretical analyses indicate that population responses during interrupted motion may help populations of On-Off DSGCs signal the spatial location of moving objects in complex, naturalistic visual environments. Our study highlights that the direction-selective circuit exploits separate sets of mechanisms under different stimulus conditions, and these mechanisms may help encode multiple visual features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acaron Ledesma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.124461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially displaced excitation contributes to the encoding of interrupted motion by the retinal direction-selective circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.126912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting runs of homozygosity from low-coverage ancient DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.126912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At present day, human parental relatedness varies substantially across the globe, but little is known about the past. Here we use ancient DNA to provide new insights, leveraging that parental relatedness leaves traces in the offsprings genome in the form of runs of homozygosity. We present a method to identify such runs in low-coverage ancient DNA data using linkage information from a reference panel of modern haplotypes. As a result, the method facilitates analysis of a much larger fraction of the global ancient DNA record than previously possible. Simulation and experiments show that this new method has power to detect runs of homozygosity longer than 4 centimorgan for ancient individuals with at least 0.3x coverage. We used this new method to analyze sequence data from 1,785 humans from the last 45,000 years. Generally, we detect very low rates of first cousin or closer unions across most ancient populations. Moreover, our results evidence a substantial impact of the adoption of agricultural lifestyles: We find a marked decay in background parental relatedness, co-occurring with or shortly after the advent of sedentary agriculture. We observe this signal, likely linked to increasing local population sizes, across several geographic regions worldwide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ringbauer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinruecken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.31.126912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting runs of homozygosity from low-coverage ancient DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.129940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for polarized elongation of actin filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.129940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin filaments elongate and shorten much faster at their barbed end than their pointed end, but the molecular basis of this difference has not been understood. We use all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the properties of subunits at both ends of the filament. The terminal subunits tend towards conformations that resemble actin monomers in solution, while contacts with neighboring subunits progressively flatten the conformation of internal subunits. At the barbed end the terminal subunit is loosely tethered by its DNase-1 loop to the third subunit, because its monomer-like conformation precludes stabilizing contacts with the penultimate subunit. The motions of the terminal subunit make the partially flattened penultimate subunit accessible for binding monomers. At the pointed end, unique contacts between the penultimate and terminal subunits are consistent with existing cryo-EM maps, limit binding to incoming monomers, and flatten the terminal subunit, which likely promotes ATP hydrolysis and rapid phosphate release. These structures explain the distinct polymerization kinetics of the two ends.

Significance StatementEukaryotic cells utilize actin filaments to move, change shape, divide, and transport cargo. Decades of experiments have established that actin filaments elongate and shorten significantly faster from one end than the other, but the underlying mechanism for this asymmetry has not been explained. We used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the structures of the actin filament ends in the ATP, ADP plus{gamma} -phosphate, and ADP nucleotide states. We characterize the structures of actin subunits at both ends of the filament, explain the mechanisms leading to these differences, and connect the divergent structural properties of the two ends to their distinct polymerization rate constants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zsolnay, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkar, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.129940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for polarized elongation of actin filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.129999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NON-AVIAN DINOSAUR EGGSHELL CALCITE CONTAINS ANCIENT, ENDOGENOUS AMINO ACIDS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.129999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rates of peptide bond hydrolysis and other diagenetic reactions are not favourable for Mesozoic protein survival. Proteins hydrolyse into peptide fragments and free amino acids that, in open systems such as bone, can leach from the specimen and be further degraded. However, closed systems are more likely to retain degradation products derived from endogenous proteins. Amino acid racemisation data in experimental and subfossil material suggests that mollusc shell and avian eggshell calcite crystals can demonstrate closed system behaviour, retaining endogenous amino acids. Here, high-performance liquid chromatography reveals that the intra-crystalline fraction of Late Cretaceous (estimated ~80 Ma) titanosaur sauropod eggshell is enriched in some of the most stable amino acids (Glx, Gly, Ala, and possibly Val) and those that racemise are fully racemic, despite being some of the slowest racemising amino acids. These results are consistent with degradation trends deduced from modern, thermally matured, sub-fossil, and ~3.8 Ma avian eggshell, as well as ~30 Ma calcitic mollusc opercula. Selective preservation of certain fully racemic amino acids, which do not racemise in-chain, along with similar concentrations of free versus total hydrolysable amino acids, likely suggests complete hydrolysis of original peptides. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry supports this hypothesis by failing to detect any non-contamination peptide sequences from the Mesozoic eggshell. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry reveals pyrolysates consistent with amino acids as well as aliphatic hydrocarbon homologues that are not present in modern eggshell, suggestive of kerogen formation deriving from eggshell lipids. Raman spectroscopy yields bands consistent with various organic molecules, possibly including N-bearing molecules or geopolymers. These closed-system amino acids are possibly the most thoroughly supported non-avian dinosaur endogenous protein-derived constituents, at least those that have not undergone oxidative condensation with other classes of biomolecules. Biocrystal matrices can help preserve mobile organic molecules by trapping them (perhaps with the assistance of resistant organic polymers), but trapped organics are nevertheless prone to diagenetic degradation even if such reactions might be slowed in exceptional circumstances. The evidence for complete hydrolysis and degradation of most amino acids in the eggshell raises concern about the validity of reported polypeptide sequences from open-system non-avian dinosaur bone and other Mesozoic fossils.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saitta, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinther, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crisp, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bull, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakalauskaite, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dal Bello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donohoe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heck, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demarchi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penkman, K. E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.129999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NON-AVIAN DINOSAUR EGGSHELL CALCITE CONTAINS ANCIENT, ENDOGENOUS AMINO ACIDS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct genetic pathways define pre-leukemic and compensatory clonal hematopoiesis in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome with predisposition to developing leukemia. We found that multiple independent somatic hematopoietic clones arise early in life, most commonly harboring heterozygous mutations in EIF6 or TP53. EIF6 mutations cause functional compensation for the germline deficiency by alleviating the SDS ribosome joining defect, improving translation, and reducing p53 activation. TP53 mutations decrease checkpoint activation without affecting ribosome assembly. We link development of leukemia with acquisition of biallelic TP53 alterations. Our results define distinct pathways of clonal selection driven by germline fitness constraint and provide a mechanistic framework for clinical surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarda, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furutani, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muscato, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballotti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malsch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gansner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakano, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertuch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlachos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connelly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churpek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hijiya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamble, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stieglitz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walkovich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettcher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brendel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weller, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimamura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.134692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct genetic pathways define pre-leukemic and compensatory clonal hematopoiesis in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.135053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariate analysis reveals a generalizable human electrophysiological signature of working memory load 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.135053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory (WM) is an online memory system that is critical for holding information in a rapidly accessible state during ongoing cognitive processing. Thus, there is strong value in methods that provide a temporally-resolved index of WM load. While univariate EEG signals have been identified that vary with WM load, recent advances in multivariate analytic approaches suggest that there may be rich sources of information that do not generate reliable univariate signatures. Here, using data from 4 published studies (n = 286 and >250,000 trials), we demonstrate that multivariate analysis of EEG voltage topography provides a sensitive index of the number of items stored in WM that generalizes to novel human observers. Moreover, multivariate load detection ("mvLoad") can provide robust information at the single-trial level, exceeding the sensitivity of extant univariate approaches. We show that this method tracks WM load in a manner that is (1) independent of the spatial position of the memoranda, (2) precise enough to differentiate item-by-item increments in the number of stored items, (3) generalizable across distinct tasks and stimulus displays and (4) correlated with individual differences in WM behavior. Thus, this approach provides a powerful complement to univariate analytic approaches, enabling temporally-resolved tracking of online memory storage in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adam, K. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.135053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariate analysis reveals a generalizable human electrophysiological signature of working memory load]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.135541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A robust two-sample Mendelian Randomization method integrating GWAS with multi-tissue eQTL summary statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.135541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the post-genome-wide association era, two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) methods have been applied to detect genetically-regulated risk factors for complex diseases. Two-sample MR considers single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with a putative exposure as instrumental variables (IVs) to assess the effect of the exposure on an outcome by leveraging two sets of summary statistics: IV-to-exposure and IV-to-outcome statistics from existing GWASs. Traditional MR methods impose strong assumptions on the validity of IVs, and recent literature has relaxed the assumptions allowing some IVs to be invalid but generally requiring a large number of nearly independent IVs. When treating expression-quantitative-trait-loci (eQTLs) as IVs to detect gene expression levels affecting diseases, existing methods are limited in applicability since the numbers of independent eQTLs for most genes in the genome are limited. To address those challenges, we propose a robust two-sample MR framework that requires fewer IVs and allows moderate IV correlations and some IVs to be invalid. This is achieved by leveraging existing multi-tissue eQTL summary statistics (multiple sets of IV-to-exposure statistics) and GWAS statistics in a mixed model framework. We conducted simulation studies to evaluate the performance of the proposed method and apply it to detect putative causal genes for schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gleason, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.135541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A robust two-sample Mendelian Randomization method integrating GWAS with multi-tissue eQTL summary statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.137117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limited inhibition of multiple nodes in a driver network blocks metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.137117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastasis suppression by high-dose, multi-drug targeting is largely unsuccessful due to network heterogeneity and compensatory network activation. Here we show that targeting driver network signaling capacity by limited inhibition of its core pathways is a more effective anti-metastatic strategy. This principle underlies the action of a physiological metastasis suppressor, Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein, which moderately decreases stress-regulated MAP kinase network activity, reducing the output to metastatic transcription factor BACH1 and motility-related target genes. We developed a low-dose four-drug mimic that blocks metastatic colonization in mouse breast cancer models and increases survival. Experiments and network flow modeling show: 1) limited inhibition of multiple pathways is required to overcome variation in MAPK network topology and suppress signaling output across heterogeneous tumor cells, and 2) restricting inhibition of individual kinases dissipates surplus signal, preventing threshold activation of compensatory kinase networks. This low-dose multi-drug approach to decrease signaling capacity of driver networks represents a transformative, clinically-relevant strategy for anti-metastatic treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yesilkanal, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabino, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuhlmiller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankenberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.137117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limited inhibition of multiple nodes in a driver network blocks metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.07.137943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Closed-loop fMRI neurofeedback to reduce negative attentional bias in depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.07.137943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Depressed individuals show an attentional bias toward negatively valenced stimuli and thoughts. Here we present a novel closed-loop neurofeedback procedure that seeks to remediate this bias. Internal attentional states were detected by applying machine learning techniques to fMRI data in real-time, and externalized using a visually presented stimulus that the participant could learn to control. We trained 15 depressed and 12 healthy control participants over three fMRI sessions, preceded and followed by behavioral and clinical assessments. Initially, depressed participants were more likely than non-depressed participants to get "stuck" in negative attentional states, but this diminished with neurofeedback training relative to controls. Depression severity also decreased from pre- to post-training. These results demonstrate that our method is sensitive to the negative attentional bias in depressed individuals, and its reduction after training showcases the potential of this method as a treatment in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mennen, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaganjac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deBettencourt, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheline, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.07.137943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Closed-loop fMRI neurofeedback to reduce negative attentional bias in depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monet: An open-source Python package for analyzing and integrating scRNA-Seq data using PCA-based latent spaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-Seq is a powerful technology that enables the transcriptomic profiling of the different cell populations that make up complex tissues. However, the noisy and high-dimensional nature of the generated data poses significant challenges for its analysis and integration. Here, I describe Monet, an open-source Python package designed to provide effective and computationally efficient solutions to some of the most common challenges encountered in scRNA-Seq data analysis, and to serve as a toolkit for scRNA-Seq method development. At its core, Monet implements algorithms to infer the dimensionality and construct a PCA-based latent space from a given dataset. This latent space, represented by a MonetModel object, then forms the basis for data analysis and integration. In addition to validating these core algorithms, I provide demonstrations of some more advanced analysis tasks currently supported, such as batch correction and label transfer, which are useful for analyzing multiple datasets from the same tissue. Monet is available at https://github.com/flo-compbio/monet. Ongoing work is focused on providing electronic notebooks with tutorials for individual analysis tasks, and on developing interoperability with other Python scRNA-Seq software. The author welcomes suggestions for future improvements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.140673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monet: An open-source Python package for analyzing and integrating scRNA-Seq data using PCA-based latent spaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mendelian randomization identifies folliculin expression as a mediator of diabetic retinopathy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The goal of the study was to identify genes whose aberrant expression can contribute to diabetic retinopathy. We determined differential gene expression in response to high glucose in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from matched individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with and without retinopathy. Those genes exhibiting the largest difference in glucose response between individuals with diabetes with and without retinopathy were assessed for association to diabetic retinopathy utilizing genotype data from a genome-wide association study meta-analysis. All genetic variants associated with gene expression (expression Quantitative Trait Loci, eQTLs) of the glucose response genes were tested for association with diabetic retinopathy. We detected an enrichment of the eQTLs from the glucose response genes among small association p-values and identified folliculin (FLCN) as a susceptibility gene for diabetic retinopathy. We show that expression of FLCN in response to glucose was greater in individuals with diabetic retinopathy compared to individuals with diabetes without retinopathy. Three large, independent cohorts of individuals with diabetes revealed an association of FLCN eQTLs to diabetic retinopathy. Mendelian randomization further confirmed a direct positive effect of increased FLCN expression on retinopathy in individuals with diabetes. Together, our studies integrating genetic association and gene expression implicate FLCN as a disease gene for diabetic retinopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skol, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokovic, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borkar, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sverdlov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaroop, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bebu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DCCT/EDIC Study Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grassi, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.143164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mendelian randomization identifies folliculin expression as a mediator of diabetic retinopathy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.144527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane-mediated Forces Can Stabilize Tubular Assemblies of I-BAR Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.144527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collective action by Inverse-BAR (I-BAR) domains drive micron-scale membrane remodeling. The macroscopic curvature sensing and generation behavior of I-BAR domains is well characterized, and computational models have suggested various mechanisms on simplified membrane systems, but there remain missing connections between the complex environment of the cell and the models proposed thus far. Here, we show a connection between the role of protein curvature and lipid clustering in the stabilization of large membrane deformations. We find lipid clustering provides a directional membrane-mediated interaction between membrane-bound I-BAR domains. Lipid clusters stabilize I-BAR domain aggregates that would not arise through membrane fluctuation-based or curvature-based interactions. Inside of membrane protrusions, lipid cluster-mediated interaction draws long side-by-side aggregates together resulting in more cylindrical protrusions as opposed to bulbous, irregularly shaped protrusions.

Statement of SignificanceMembrane remodeling occurs throughout the cell and is crucial to proper cellular function. In the cellular environment, I-BAR proteins are responsible for sensing membrane curvature and initiating the formation of protrusions outward from the cell. Additionally, there is a large body of evidence that I-BAR domains are sufficient to reshape the membrane on scales much larger than any single domain. The mechanism by which I-BAR domains can remodel the membrane is uncertain. However, experiments show that membrane composition and most notably negatively-charge lipids like PIP2 play a role in the onset of tubulation. Using coarse-grained models, we show that I-BAR domains can cluster negatively charge lipids and clustered PIP2-like membrane structures facilitate a directional membrane-mediated interaction between I-BAR domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jarin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassereau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.10.144527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane-mediated Forces Can Stabilize Tubular Assemblies of I-BAR Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.146142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene expression variability in human and chimpanzee populations share common determinants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.146142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inter-individual variation in gene expression has been shown to be heritable and it is often associated with differences in disease susceptibility between individuals. Many studies focused on mapping associations between genetic and gene regulatory variation, yet much less attention has been paid to the evolutionary processes that shape the observed differences in gene regulation between individuals in humans or any other primate. To begin addressing this gap, we performed a comparative analysis of gene expression variability and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in humans and chimpanzees, using gene expression data from primary heart samples. We found that expression variability in both species is often determined by non-genetic sources, such as cell-type heterogeneity. However, we also provide evidence that inter-individual variation in gene regulation can be genetically controlled, and that the degree of such variability is generally conserved in humans and chimpanzees. In particular, we found a significant overlap of orthologous genes associated with eQTLs in both species. We conclude that gene expression variability in humans and chimpanzees often evolves under similar evolutionary pressures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fair, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlovic, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.146142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene expression variability in human and chimpanzee populations share common determinants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.146662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myosin-driven actin-microtubule networks exhibit self-organized contractile dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.146662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of proteins, including actin, microtubules, and myosin, that enables essential cellular processes such as motility, division, mechanosensing, and growth. While actomyosin networks are extensively studied, how interactions between actin and microtubules, ubiquitous in the cytoskeleton, influence actomyosin activity remains an open question. Here, we create a network of co-entangled actin and microtubules driven by myosin II. We combine dynamic differential microscopy, particle image velocimetry and particle-tracking to show that both actin and microtubules in the network undergo ballistic contraction with surprisingly indistinguishable characteristics. This controlled contractility is distinct from the faster turbulent motion and rupturing that active actin networks exhibit. Our results suggest that microtubules can enable self-organized myosin-driven contraction by providing flexural rigidity and enhanced connectivity to actin networks. These results provide important new insight into the diverse interactions cells can use to tune activity, and offer a powerful platform for designing multifunctional materials with well-regulated activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rust, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGorty, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson-Anderson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.146662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myosin-driven actin-microtubule networks exhibit self-organized contractile dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.147421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and functional synaptic plasticity induced by convergent synapse loss requires co-innervation in the Drosophila neuromuscular circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.147421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout the nervous system, the convergence of two or more presynaptic inputs on a target cell is commonly observed. The question we ask here is to what extent converging inputs influence each others structural and functional synaptic plasticity. In complex circuits, isolating individual inputs is difficult because postsynaptic cells can receive thousands of inputs. An ideal model to address this question is the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction where each postsynaptic muscle cell receives inputs from two glutamatergic types of motor neurons (MNs), known as 1b and 1s MNs. Notably, each muscle is unique and receives input from a different combination of 1b and 1s motor neurons. We surveyed synapses on multiple muscles for this reason. Here, we identified a cell-specific promoter to ablate 1s MNs after innervation. Additionally, we genetically blocked 1s innervation. Then we measured 1b MN structural and functional responses using electrophysiology and microscopy. For all muscles, 1s MN ablation resulted in 1b MN synaptic expansion and increased basal neurotransmitter release. This demonstrates that 1b MNs can compensate for the loss of convergent inputs. However, only a subset of 1b MNs showed compensatory evoked activity, suggesting spontaneous and evoked plasticity are independently regulated. Finally, we used DIP- mutants that block 1s MN synaptic contacts; this eliminated robust 1b synaptic plasticity, raising the possibility that muscle co-innervation may define an activity "set point" that is referenced when subsequent synaptic perturbations occur. This model can be tested in more complex circuits to determine if co-innervation is fundamental for input-specific plasticity.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn complex neural circuits, multiple converging inputs contribute to the output of each target cell. Thus, each input must be regulated, but whether adjacent inputs contribute to this regulation is unclear. To examine input-specific synaptic plasticity in a structurally and functionally tractable system, we turn to the Drosophila neuromuscular circuit. Each muscle is innervated by a unique pair of motor neurons. Removal of one neuron after innervation causes the adjacent neuron to increase synaptic outgrowth and functional output. However, this is not a general feature since each MN differentially compensates. Also, robust compensation requires co-innervation by both neurons. Understanding how neurons respond to perturbations in adjacent neurons will provide insight into nervous system plasticity in both healthy and diseased states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobb-Rabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.147421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and functional synaptic plasticity induced by convergent synapse loss requires co-innervation in the Drosophila neuromuscular circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.13.150029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A C. elegans model of C9orf72-associated ALS/FTD uncovers a conserved role for eIF2D in RAN translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.13.150029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hexanucleotide repeat expansion GGGGCC in the noncoding region of C9orf72 is the most common cause of inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Potentially toxic dipeptide repeats (DPRs) are synthesized from the GGGGCC sequence via repeat associated non-AUG (RAN) translation. We developed C. elegans models that express, either ubiquitously or exclusively in neurons, a transgene with 75 GGGGCC repeats flanked by intronic C9orf72 sequence. The worms generate DPRs (poly-glycine-alanine [poly-GA], poly-glycine-proline [poly-GP]) and display neurodegeneration, locomotor and lifespan defects. Mutation of a non-canonical translation-initiating codon (CUG) upstream of the repeats blocked poly-GA production and ameliorated disease, suggesting poly-GA is pathogenic. Importantly, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2D (eif-2D/eIF2D) was necessary for RAN translation. Genetic removal of eif-2D increased lifespan in both C. elegans models. In vitro findings in human cells demonstrated a conserved role for eif-2D/eIF2D in RAN translation that could be exploited for ALS and FTD therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sonobe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aburas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gendron, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. E. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roos, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.13.150029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A C. elegans model of C9orf72-associated ALS/FTD uncovers a conserved role for eIF2D in RAN translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.148114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Untangling stability and gain modulation in cortical circuits with multiple interneuron classes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.148114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic inhibition is the mechanistic backbone of a suite of cortical functions, not the least of which are maintaining network stability and modulating neuronal gain. In cortical models with a single inhibitory neuron class, network stabilization and gain control work in opposition to one another - meaning high gain coincides with low stability and vice versa. It is now clear that cortical inhibition is diverse, with molecularly distinguished cell classes having distinct positions within the cortical circuit. We analyze circuit models with pyramidal neurons (E) as well as parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SOM) expressing interneurons. We show how in E - PV - SOM recurrently connected networks an SOM-mediated modulation can lead to simultaneous increases in neuronal gain and network stability. Our work exposes how the impact of a modulation mediated by SOM neurons depends critically on circuit connectivity and the network state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oswald, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.148114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Untangling stability and gain modulation in cortical circuits with multiple interneuron classes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.151506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural circuit mechanism of categorical perception: top-down signaling in the primate cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.151506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In contrast to feedforward architecture commonly used in deep networks at the core of todays AI revolution, the biological cortex is endowed with an abundance of feedback projections. Feedback signaling is often difficult to differentially identify, and its computational roles remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated a cognitive phenomenon, called categorical perception (CP), that reveals the influences of high-level category learning on low-level feature-based perception, as a putative signature of top-down signaling. By examining behavioral data from a visual motion delayed matching experiment in non-human primates, we found that, after categorization training, motion directions closer to (respectively, away from) a category center became more (less) difficult to discriminate. This distance-dependent discrimination performance change along the dimension relevant to the learned categories provides direct evidence for the CP phenomenon. To explain this experimental finding, we developed a neural circuit model that incorporated key neurophysiological findings in visual categorization, working memory and decision making. Our model accounts for the behavioral data indicative of CP, pinpoints its circuit basis, suggests novel experimentally testable predictions and provides a functional explanation for its existence. Our work shows that delayed matching paradigms in non-human primates combined with biologically-based modeling can serve as a promising model system for elucidating the neural mechanisms of CP, as a manifestation of top-down signaling in the cortex.

Significant StatementCategorical perception is a cognitive phenomenon revealing the influences of high-level category learning on low-level feature-based perception. However, its underlying neural mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we found behavioral evidence for this phenomenon from a visual motion delayed matching experiment in non-human primates. We developed a neural circuit model that can account for this behavioral data, pinpoints its circuit basis, suggests novel experimentally testable predictions and provides a functional explanation for its existence. Our work shows that delayed matching paradigms in non-human primates combined with biologically-based modeling can serve as a promising model system for elucidating the neural mechanisms of categorical perception, as a manifestation of top-down signaling in the cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Min, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bliss, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.151506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural circuit mechanism of categorical perception: top-down signaling in the primate cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary transcriptomics implicates HAND2 in the origins of implantation and regulation of gestation length 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The developmental origins and evolutionary histories of cell types, tissues and organ systems contribute to the ways in which their dysfunction leads to disease. In mammals for example, the nature and extent of maternal-fetal interactions, how those interactions develop, and their evolutionary history likely influence diseases of pregnancy such as infertility and preterm birth. Here we show genes that evolved to be expressed at the maternal-fetal interface in Eutherian ( Placental) mammals play essential roles in the evolution of pregnancy and are associated with immune system disorders and preterm birth. Among these genes is the transcription factor HAND2, which suppresses estrogen signaling, an innovation of Eutherians, thereby allowing blastocyst implantation. We found that HAND2 is dynamically expressed in the decidua throughout the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, gradually decreasing to reach a low at term. HAND2 regulates a small but distinct set of target genes in endometrial stromal fibroblasts including the cytokine IL15, which was also dynamically expressed throughout the menstrual cycle and gestation, and promoted the migration of natural killer cells and extravillous cytotrophoblasts. Remarkably, we found that the HAND2 promoter loops to a distal enhancer containing SNPs implicated in the regulation of gestation length and birth weight. Collectively, these data connect HAND2 expression at the maternal-fetal interface with the evolution of implantation and gestation length regulation, and preterm birth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marinic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mika, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chigurupati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.152868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary transcriptomics implicates HAND2 in the origins of implantation and regulation of gestation length]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.154211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TMPRSS2, a SARS-CoV-2 internalization protease is downregulated in head and neck cancer patients. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.154211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesTwo of the main target tissues of SARS-coronavirus 2 are the oral cavity pharynx-larynx epithelium, the main virus entry site, and the lung epithelium. The virus enters host cells through binding of the Spike protein to ACE2 receptor and subsequent S priming by the TMPRSS2 protease. Herein we aim to assess differences in both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in normal tissues from oral cavity-pharynx-larynx and lung tissues as well as neoplastic tissues from the same histological areas. The information provided in this study may contribute to better understanding of SARS-coronavirus 2 ability to interact with different biological systems and contributes to cumulative knowledge on potential mechanisms to inhibit its diffusion.

Materials and MethodsThe study has been conducted using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Regina Elena Institute (IRE) databases and validated by experimental model in HNSCC and Lung cancer cells. Data from one COVID19 positive patient who was operated on for HNSCC was also included. We have analyzed 478 tumor samples and 44 normal samples from TCGA HNSCC cohort for whom both miRNA and mRNA sequencing was available. The dataset included 391 HPV- and 85 HPV+ cases, with 331 P53 mutated and 147 P53 wild type cases respectively. 352 out of 478 samples were male and 126 female. In IRE cohort we analyzed 66 tumor samples with matched normal sample for miRNA profiling and 23 tumornormal matched samples for mRNA profiling. 45 out of 66 tumors from IRE cohort were male and 21 female, 38 were P53 mutated and 27 wild type. Most patients (63 of 66) in IRE cohort were HPV negative. Normalized TCGA HNSCC gene expression and miRNA expression data were obtained from Broad Institute TCGA Genome Data Analysis Center (http://gdac.broadinstitute.org/). mRNA expression data from IRE cohort used in this study has been deposited to NCBIs Gene Expression Omnibus and is accessible through GEO series accession number GSE107591. In order to inference about potential molecular modulation of TMPRSS2, we also included miRNAs expression for the 66 IRE cohort matched tumor and normal samples from Agilent platform. DNA methylation data for TCGA tumors were obtained from Wanderer (http://maplab.imppc.org/wanderer/). We used miRWalk and miRNet web tools for miRNA-target interaction prediction and pathway enrichment analysis. The correlation and regression analyses as well as the miRNA and gene modulation and the survival analysis were conducted using Matlab R2019.

ResultsTMPRSS2 expression in HNSCC was significantly reduced compared to the normal tissues and had a prognostic value in HNSCC patients. Reduction of TMPRSS2 expression was more evident in women than in men, in TP53 mutated versus wild TP53 tumors as well as in HPV negative patients compared to HPV positive counterparts. Functionally, we assessed the multivariate effect on TMPRSS2 in a single regression model. We observed that all variables had an independent effect on TMPRSS2 in HNSCC patients with HPV negative, TP53 mutated status and with elevated TP53-dependent Myc-target genes associated with low TMPRSS2 expression. Investigation of the molecular modulation of TMPRSS2 in both HNSCC and lung cancers revealed that expression of microRNAs targeting TMPRSS2 anti-correlated in both TCGA and IRE HNSCC datasets, while there was not evidence of TMPRSS2 promoter methylation in both tumor cohorts. Interestingly, the anti-correlation between microRNAs and TMPRSS2 expression was corroborated by testing this association in a SARS-CoV-2 positive HNSCC patient.

ConclusionsCollectively, these findings suggest that tumoral tissues, herein exemplified by HNSCC and lung cancers might be more resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection due to reduced expression of TMPRSS2. The protective mechanism might occur, at least partially, through the aberrant activation of TMPRSS2 targeting microRNAs; thereby providing strong evidence on the role of non-coding RNA molecule in host viral infection. These observations may help to better assess the frailty of SARS-CoV-2 positive cancer patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sacconi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donzelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulito, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrero, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimipinelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ensoli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanguineti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izumchenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciliberto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blandino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.154211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TMPRSS2, a SARS-CoV-2 internalization protease is downregulated in head and neck cancer patients.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.130393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High fat diet disrupts diurnal interactions between REG3g and small intestinal gut microbes resulting in metabolic dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.130393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gut microbial diurnal oscillations are important diet-dependent drivers of host circadian rhythms and metabolism that ensure optimal energy balance. Yet, the interplay between diet, microbes, and host factors that sustain intestinal oscillations is complex and poorly understood. Here, we report the host C-type lectin antimicrobial peptide Reg3{gamma} works with key ileal microbes to orchestrate these interactions in a bi-directional manner, independent from the intestinal core circadian clock. High fat diet diminishes physiologically relevant microbial oscillators essential for host metabolic homeostasis, resulting in arrhythmic host Reg3{gamma} expression and increased abundance and oscillation of Reg3{gamma}-independent gut microbes. This illustrates a transkingdom co-evolved biological rhythm involving reciprocating, sensor-effector signals between key host and microbial components that ultimately drive metabolism, but are also heavily influenced by diet. Restoring the gut microbiotas capacity to sense and transduce dietary signals mediated by specific host factors such as Reg3{gamma} could be harnessed to improve metabolic dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frazier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kambal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zale, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyoshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyoshi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cham, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musch, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.130393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High fat diet disrupts diurnal interactions between REG3g and small intestinal gut microbes resulting in metabolic dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.157396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale Simulation Reveals Passive Proton Transport Through SERCA on the Microsecond Timescale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.17.157396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) transports two Ca2+ ions from the cytoplasm to the reticulum lumen at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. In addition to transporting Ca2+, SERCA facilitates bidirectional proton transport across the sarcoplasmic reticulum to maintain the charge balance of the transport sites and to balance the charge deficit generated by the exchange of Ca2+. Previous studies have shown the existence of a transient water-filled pore in SERCA that connects the Ca2+-binding sites with the lumen, but the capacity of this pathway to sustain passive proton transport has remained unknown. In this study, we used the multiscale reactive molecular dynamics (MS-RMD) method and free energy sampling to quantify the free energy profile and timescale of the proton transport across this pathway while also explicitly accounting for the dynamically coupled hydration changes of the pore. We find that proton transport from the central binding site to the lumen has a microsecond timescale, revealing a novel passive cytoplasm-to-lumen proton flow beside the well-known inverse proton countertransport occurring in active Ca2+ transport. We propose that this proton transport mechanism is operational and serves as a functional conduit for passive proton transport across the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

SIGNIFICANCEMultiscale reactive molecular dynamics combined with free energy sampling was applied to study proton transport through a transient water pore connecting the Ca2+-binding site to the lumen in SERCA. This is the first computational study of this large biomolecular system that treats the hydrated excess proton and its transport through water structures and amino acids explicitly. When also correctly accounting for the hydration fluctuations of the pore, it is found that a transiently hydrated channel can transport protons on a microsecond timescale. These results quantitatively support the hypothesis of the proton intake into the sarcoplasm via SERCA, in addition to the well-known proton pumping by SERCA to the cytoplasm along with Ca2+ transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza-Fonseca, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.157396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale Simulation Reveals Passive Proton Transport Through SERCA on the Microsecond Timescale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.162248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influenza A M2 Inhibitor Binding Understood through Mechanisms of Excess Proton Stabilization and Channel Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.162248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prevalent resistance to inhibitors that target the influenza A M2 proton channel has necessitated a continued drug design effort, supported by a sustained study of the mechanism of channel function and inhibition. Recent high-resolution X-ray crystal structures present the first opportunity to see how the adamantyl-amine class of inhibitors bind to M2 and disrupt and interact with the channels water network, providing insight into the critical properties that enable their effective inhibition in wildtype M2. In this work, we test the hypothesis that these drugs act primarily as mechanism-based inhibitors by comparing hydrated excess proton stabilization during proton transport in M2 with the interactions revealed in the crystal structures, using the Multiscale Reactive Molecular Dynamics (MS-RMD) methodology. MS-RMD, unlike classical molecular dynamics, models the hydrated proton (hydronium-like cation) as a dynamic excess charge defect and allows bonds to break and form, capturing the intricate interactions between the hydrated excess proton, protein atoms, and water. Through this, we show that the ammonium group of the inhibitors is effectively positioned to take advantage of the channels natural ability to stabilize an excess protonic charge and is thus acting as a hydronium-mimic. Additionally, we show that the channel is especially stable in the drug binding region, highlighting the importance of this property for binding the adamantane group. Finally, we characterize an additional hinge point near Val27, which dynamically responds to charge and inhibitor binding. Altogether, this work further illuminates a dynamic understanding of the mechanism of drug inhibition in M2, grounded in the fundamental properties that enable the channel to transport and stabilize excess protons, with critical implications for future drug design efforts.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watkins, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGrado, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.162248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influenza A M2 Inhibitor Binding Understood through Mechanisms of Excess Proton Stabilization and Channel Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.165738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wetland plant evolutionary history influences soil and endophyte microbial community composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.165738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methane is a microbially derived greenhouse gas whose emissions are highly variable throughout wetland ecosystems. Differences in plant community composition account for some of this variability, suggesting an influence of plant species on microbial community structure and function in these ecosystems. Given that closely related plant species have similar morphological and biochemical features, we hypothesize that plant evolutionary history is related to differences in microbial community composition. To examine species-specific patterns in microbiomes, we selected five monoculture-forming wetland plant species based on the evolutionary distances among them. We detected significant differences in microbial communities between sample types (unvegetated soil, bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, internal root tissues, and internal leaf tissues) associated with these plant species based on 16S relative abundances. We additionally found that differences in plant evolutionary history were correlated with variation in microbial communities across plant species within each sample type. Using qPCR, we observed substantial differences in overall methanogen and methanotroph population sizes between plant species and sample types. Methanogens tended to be most abundant in rhizosphere soils while methanotrophs were the most abundant in roots. Given that microbes influence methane flux and that plants affect methanogen and methanotroph populations, plant species contribute to variable degrees of methane emissions. Incorporating the influence of plant evolutionary history into future modeling efforts may improve predictions of wetland methane emission since microbial community differences correlate with differences in plant evolutionary history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szubryt, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Loughlin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koval, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwald, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemner, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisenhorn, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.165738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wetland plant evolutionary history influences soil and endophyte microbial community composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Total-Group Phylogenetic Metatree for Cetacea and the Importance of Fossil Data in Diversification Analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWPhylogenetic trees provide a powerful framework for testing macroevolutionary hypotheses, but it is becoming increasingly apparent that inferences derived from extant species alone can be highly misleading. Trees incorporating living and extinct taxa are are needed to address fundamental questions about the origins of diversity and disparity but it has proved challenging to generate robust, species-rich phylogenies that include large numbers of fossil taxa. As a result, most studies of diversification dynamics continue to rely on molecular phylogenies. Here, we extend and apply a recently developed meta-analytic approach for synthesizing previously published phylogenetic studies to infer a well-resolved set of species level, time-scaled phylogenetic hypotheses for extinct and extant cetaceans (whales, dolphins and allies). Our trees extend sampling from the [~] 90 extant species to over 400 living and extinct species, and therefore allow for more robust inference of macroevolutionary dynamics. While the diversification scenarios we recover are broadly concordant with those inferred from molecular phylogenies they differ in critical ways, most notably in the relative contributions of extinction and speciation rate shifts in driving rapid radiations. Supertrees are often viewed as poor substitute for phylogenies inferred directly from character data but the metatree pipeline overcomes many of the past criticisms leveled at these approaches. Meta-analytic phylogenies provide the most immediate route for integrating fossils into macroevolutionary analyses, the results of which range from untrustworthy to nonsensical without them.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slater, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.169078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Total-Group Phylogenetic Metatree for Cetacea and the Importance of Fossil Data in Diversification Analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coarse-grained Force Fields from the Perspective of Statistical Mechanics: Better Understanding the Origins of a MARTINI Hangover 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The popular MARTINI coarse-grained model is used as a test case to analyze the adherence of top-down coarse-grained molecular dynamics models (i.e., models primarily parameterized to match experimental results) to the known features of statistical mechanics for the underlying all-atom representations. Specifically, the temperature dependence of various pair distribution functions, and hence their underlying potentials of mean force via the reversible work theorem, are compared between MARTINI 2.0, Dry MARTINI, and all-atom simulations mapped onto equivalent coarse-grained sites for certain lipid bilayers. It is found that the MARTINI models do not completely capture the lipid structure seen in atomistic simulations as projected onto the coarse-grained mappings, and that issues of accuracy and temperature transferability arise due to an incorrect enthalpy-entropy decomposition of these potentials of mean force. The potential of mean force for the association of two amphipathic helices in a lipid bilayer is also calculated and, especially at shorter ranges, the MARTINI and all-atom projection results differ substantially. The former is much less repulsive and hence will lead to a higher probability of MARTINI helix association in the MARTINI bilayer than occurs in the actual all-atom case. Additionally, the bilayer height fluctuation spectra are calculated for the MARTINI model and - compared to the all-atom results - it is found that the magnitude of thermally averaged amplitudes at intermediate length scales is quite different, pointing to a number of possible consequences for realistic modeling of membrane processes. Taken as a whole, the results presented here can point the way for future coarse-grained model parameterization efforts that might bring top-down coarse-grained models into better agreement with the statistical mechanics of the actual all-atom systems they aspire to represent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jarin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newhouse, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.171363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coarse-grained Force Fields from the Perspective of Statistical Mechanics: Better Understanding the Origins of a MARTINI Hangover]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.173179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring cellular trajectories from scRNA-seq using Pseudocell Tracer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.173179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) can be used to infer a temporal ordering of dynamic cellular states. Current methods for the inference of cellular trajectories rely on unbiased dimensionality reduction techniques. However, such biologically agnostic ordering can prove difficult for modeling complex developmental or differentiation processes. The cellular heterogeneity of dynamic biological compartments can result in sparse sampling of key intermediate cell states. This scenario is especially pronounced in dynamic immune responses of innate and adaptive immune cells. To overcome these limitations, we develop a supervised machine learning framework, called Pseudocell Tracer, which infers trajectories in pseudospace rather than in pseudotime. The method uses a supervised encoder, trained with adjacent biological information, to project scRNA-seq data into a low-dimensional cellular state space. Then a generative adversarial network (GAN) is used to simulate pesudocells at regular intervals along a virtual cell-state axis. We demonstrate the utility of Pseudocell Tracer by modeling B cells undergoing immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR) during a prototypic antigen-induced antibody response. Our results reveal an ordering of key transcription factors regulating CSR, including the concomitant induction of Nfkb1 and Stat6 prior to the upregulation of Bach2 expression. Furthermore, the expression dynamics of genes encoding cytokine receptors point to the existence of a regulatory mechanism that reinforces IL-4 signaling to direct CSR to the IgG1 isotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reiman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.173179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring cellular trajectories from scRNA-seq using Pseudocell Tracer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.173872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tipiracil binds to uridine site and inhibits Nsp15 endoribonuclease NendoU from SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.173872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTSARS-CoV-2 Nsp15 is a uridylate-specific endoribonuclease with C-terminal catalytic domain belonging to the EndoU family. It degrades the polyuridine extensions in (-) sense strand of viral RNA and some non-translated RNA on (+) sense strand. This activity seems to be responsible for the interference with the innate immune response and evasion of host pattern recognition. Nsp15 is highly conserved in coronaviruses suggesting that its activity is important for virus replication. Here we report first structures with bound nucleotides and show that SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15 specifically recognizes U in a pattern previously predicted for EndoU. In the presence of manganese ions, the enzyme cleaves unpaired RNAs. Inhibitors of Nsp15 have been reported but not actively pursued into therapeutics. The current COVID-19 pandemic brought to attention the repurposing of existing drugs and the rapid identification of new antiviral compounds. Tipiracil is an FDA approved drug that is used with trifluridine in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Here, we combine crystallography, biochemical and whole cell assays, and show that this compound inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15 and interacts with the uridine binding pocket of the enzyme’s active site, providing basis for the uracil scaffold-based drug development.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wower, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maltseva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedrzejczak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilamowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaescu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joachimiak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.173872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tipiracil binds to uridine site and inhibits Nsp15 endoribonuclease NendoU from SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.171587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative occupancy of myriad transcription factors from one DNase experiment enables efficient comparisons across conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.171587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over a thousand different transcription factors (TFs) bind with varying occupancy across the human genome. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) can assay occupancy genome-wide, but only one TF at a time, limiting our ability to comprehensively observe the TF occupancy landscape, let alone quantify how it changes across conditions. We developed TOP, a Bayesian hierarchical regression framework, to profile genome-wide quantitative occupancy of numerous TFs using data from a single DNase-seq experiment. TOP is supervised, and its hierarchical structure allows it to predict the occupancy of any sequence-specific TF, even those never assayed with ChIP. We used TOP to profile the quantitative occupancy of nearly 1500 human TF motifs, and examined how their occupancies changed genome-wide in multiple contexts: across 178 cell types, over 12 hours of exposure to different hormones, and across the genetic backgrounds of 70 individuals. TOP enables cost-effective exploration of quantitative changes in the landscape of TF binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tewari, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartemink, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.28.171587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative occupancy of myriad transcription factors from one DNase experiment enables efficient comparisons across conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ humoral selection in human lupus tubulointerstitial inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTIn human lupus nephritis, tubulointerstitial inflammation (TII) is associated with in situ expansion of B cells expressing anti-vimentin antibodies (AVAs). The mechanism by which AVAs are selected is unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that AVA somatic hypermutation and selection increase affinity for vimentin. However, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) suggested that affinity maturation might be a non-specific consequence of increasing polyreactivity. Subsequent multi-color confocal microscopy studies indicated that while TII AVAs often appeared polyreactive by ELISA, they bound selectively to vimentin fibrils in whole cells or inflamed renal tissue. Using a novel machine learning pipeline (CytoSkaler) to quantify the cellular distribution of antibody staining, we demonstrated that TII AVAs were selected for both enhanced binding and specificity in situ. These data suggest a new approach to assess and define antibody polyreactivity based on quantifying the distribution of binding to native and contextually relevant antigens.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinloch, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohsin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labno, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.178145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ humoral selection in human lupus tubulointerstitial inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.180448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light into the darkness: Unifying the known and unknown coding sequence space in microbiome analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.180448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genes of unknown function are among the biggest challenges in molecular biology, especially in microbial systems, where 40%-60% of the predicted genes are unknown. Despite previous attempts, systematic approaches to include the unknown fraction into analytical workflows are still lacking. Here, we propose a conceptual framework and a computational workflow that bridge the known-unknown gap in genomes and metagenomes. We showcase our approach by exploring 415,971,742 genes predicted from 1,749 metagenomes and 28,941 bacterial and archaeal genomes. We quantify the extent of the unknown fraction, its diversity, and its relevance across multiple biomes. Furthermore, we provide a collection of 283,874 lineage-specific genes of unknown function for Cand. Patescibacteria, being a significant resource to expand our understanding of their unusual biology. Finally, by identifying a target gene of unknown function for antibiotic resistance, we demonstrate how we can enable the generation of hypotheses that can be used to augment experimental data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vanni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schechter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acinas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barberan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buttigieg, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casamayor, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmont, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glöckner, F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Guerra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.180448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light into the darkness: Unifying the known and unknown coding sequence space in microbiome analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probabilistic Colocalization of Genetic Variants from Complex and Molecular Traits: Promise and Limitations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colocalization analysis has emerged as a powerful tool to uncover the overlapping of causal variants responsible for both molecular and complex disease phenotypes. The findings from colocalization analysis yield insights into the molecular pathways of complex diseases. In this paper, we conduct an in-depth investigation of the promise and limitations of the available colocalization analysis approaches. Focusing on variant-level colocalization approaches, we first establish the connections between various existing methods. We proceed to discuss the impacts of various controllable analytical factors and uncontrollable practical factors on outcomes of colocalization analysis through realistic simulations and real data examples. We identify a single analytical factor, the specification of prior enrichment levels, which can lead to severe inflation of false-positive colocalization findings. Meanwhile, the combination of many other analytical and practical factors all lead to diminished power. Consequently, we recommend the following strategies for the best practice of colocalization analysis: i) estimating prior enrichment level from the observed data; and ii) separating fine-mapping and colocalization analysis. Our analysis of 4,091 complex traits and the multi-tissue eQTL data from the GTEx (version 8) suggests that colocalizations of molecular QTLs and GWAS traits are widespread in many complex traits. However, only a small proportion can be confidently identified from currently available data due to a lack of power. Our findings should serve as an important benchmark for the current and future integrative genetic association analysis applications.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hukku, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pividori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pique-Regi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probabilistic Colocalization of Genetic Variants from Complex and Molecular Traits: Promise and Limitations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geographic patterns of human allele frequency variation: a variant-centric perspective 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key challenge in human genetics is to describe and understand the distribution of human genetic variation. Often genetic variation is described by showing relationships among populations or individuals, in each case drawing inferences over a large number of variants. Here, we present an alternative representation of human genetic variation that reveals the relative abundance of different allele frequency patterns across populations. This approach allows viewers to easily see several features of human genetic structure: (1) most variants are rare and geographically localized, (2) variants that are common in a single geographic region are more likely to be shared across the globe than to be private to that region, and (3) where two individuals differ, it is most often due to variants that are common globally, regardless of whether the individuals are from the same region or different regions. To guide interpretation of the results, we also apply the visualization to contrasting theoretical scenarios with varying levels of divergence and gene flow. Our variant-centric visualization clarifies the major geographic patterns of human variation and can be used to help correct potential misconceptions about the extent and nature of genetic differentiation among populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geographic patterns of human allele frequency variation: a variant-centric perspective]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.184481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hidden genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2: implications for qRT-PCR diagnostics and transmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.184481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic has sparked an urgent need to uncover the underlying biology of this devastating disease. Though RNA viruses mutate more rapidly than DNA viruses, there are a relatively small number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that differentiate the main SARS-CoV-2 clades that have spread throughout the world. In this study, we investigated over 7,000 SARS-CoV-2 datasets to unveil both intrahost and interhost diversity. Our intrahost and interhost diversity analyses yielded three major observations. First, the mutational profile of SARS-CoV-2 highlights iSNV and SNP similarity, albeit with high variability in C>T changes. Second, iSNV and SNP patterns in SARS-CoV-2 are more similar to MERS-CoV than SARS-CoV-1. Third, a significant fraction of small indels fuel the genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2. Altogether, our findings provide insight into SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity, inform the design of detection tests, and highlight the potential of iSNVs for tracking the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sapoval, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jochum, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elworth, R. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogilvie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villapol, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maljkovic Berry, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beheshti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ternus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aagaard, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posada, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlazeck, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treangen, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.184481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hidden genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2: implications for qRT-PCR diagnostics and transmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.184978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vascular dimorphism ensured by regulated proteoglycan dynamics favors rapid umbilical artery closure at birth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.184978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The umbilical artery lumen occludes rapidly at birth, preventing blood loss, whereas the umbilical vein remains patent, providing the newborn with a placental infusion. Here, we identify differential arterial-venous proteoglycan dynamics as a determinant of these contrasting vascular responses. We show that the umbilical artery, unlike the vein, has an inner layer enriched in the hydrated proteoglycan aggrecan, external to which lie contraction-primed smooth muscle cells (SMC). At birth, SMC contraction drives inner layer buckling and centripetal displacement to occlude the arterial lumen, a mechanism elicited by biomechanical and computational analysis. Vascular dimorphism arises from spatially regulated proteoglycan expression and breakdown in umbilical vessels. Mice lacking aggrecan or the metalloprotease ADAMTS1, which degrades proteoglycans, demonstrated their opposing roles in umbilical cord arterial-venous dimorphism and contrasting effects on SMC differentiation. Umbilical vessel dimorphism is conserved in mammals, suggesting that their differential proteoglycan dynamics were a positive selection step in mammalian evolution.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nandadasa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szafron, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murtada, S.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craft, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norvik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caterson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domowicz, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran-Lundmark, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veigl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedwick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philipson, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apte, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.184978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vascular dimorphism ensured by regulated proteoglycan dynamics favors rapid umbilical artery closure at birth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The transcriptional repressor Zfp125 modifies hepatic energy metabolism in response to fasting and insulin resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.02.185165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zfp125 is a transcriptional repressor that inhibits hepatic VLDL secretion. Here we show that mice with liver-specific Zfp125 knockdown exhibited lower respiratory quotient, reduced glycemia and pyruvate-stimulated liver glucose output, and higher levels of {beta}-hydroxyl-butyrate. Microarray and ChIP-seq studies identified Zfp125 peaks in the promoter of 135 metabolically relevant genes, including genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis, e.g. Ppara, Cpt1a, Bdh1 and Hmgcs2. Repression by Zfp125 involved recruitment of the corepressors Kap1 and the histone methyl transferase Setdb1, increasing the levels of H3K9me3, a heterochromatin marker of gene silencing. The resulting increase in acetyl-CoA levels accelerated gluconeogenesis through allosteric activation of pyruvate carboxylase. Zfp125 knockdown in isolated mouse hepatocytes amplified the induction of ketogenesis by glucagon or insulin resistance, whereas the expression of key gluconeogenic genes Pck1 and G6pc was amplified by Zfp125. These findings place Zfp125 at the center of fuel dysregulation of type 2 diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocco, B. M. L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, T. d. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas-Lucia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gereben, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kettelhut, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.185165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The transcriptional repressor Zfp125 modifies hepatic energy metabolism in response to fasting and insulin resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.191940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeated loss of variation in insect ovary morphology highlights the role of developmental constraint in life-history evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.191940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The number of offspring an organism can produce is a key component of its evolutionary fitness and life-history. Here we perform a test of the hypothesized trade off between the number and size of offspring using thousands of descriptions of the number of egg-producing compartments in the insect ovary (ovarioles), a common proxy for potential offspring number in insects. We find evidence of a negative relationship between egg size and ovariole number when accounting for adult body size. However in contrast to prior claims, we note that this relationship is not generalizable across all insect clades, and we highlight several factors that may have contributed to this size-number trade off being stated as a general rule in previous studies. We reconstruct the evolutionary history of the nurse cell arrangement within the ovariole, and show that the diversification of ovariole number and egg size have both been largely independent of nurse cell presence or position within the ovariole. Instead we show that ovariole number evolution has been shaped by a series of transitions between variable and invariant states, with multiple independent lineages evolving to have almost no variation in ovariole number. We highlight the implications of these invariant lineages on our understanding of the specification of ovariole number during development, as well as the importance of considering developmental processes in theories of life-history evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Church, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Medeiros, B. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoughe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez Reyes, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Extavour, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.07.191940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeated loss of variation in insect ovary morphology highlights the role of developmental constraint in life-history evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.192765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Yorkie-independent negative feedback couples Hippo pathway activation with Kibra degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.08.192765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Hippo signaling pathway regulates tissue growth in many animals. Multiple upstream components are known to promote Hippo pathway activity, but the organization of these different inputs, the degree of crosstalk between them, and whether they are regulated in a distinct manner is not well understood. Kibra activates the Hippo pathway by recruiting the core Hippo kinase cassette to the apical cortex. Here we show that the Hippo pathway downregulates Kibra levels independently of Yorkie-mediated transcriptional output. We find that the Hippo pathway promotes Kibra degradation via SCFSlimb-mediated ubiquitination, that this effect requires the core kinases Hippo and Warts, and that this mechanism functions independently of other upstream Hippo pathway activators including Crumbs and Expanded. Moreover, Kibra degradation appears patterned across tissue. We propose that Kibra degradation by the Hippo pathway serves as a negative feedback loop to tightly control Kibra-mediated Hippo pathway activation and ensure optimally scaled and patterned tissue growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherzod A. Tokamov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting Su</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anne Ullyot</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard G. Fehon</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.08.192765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Yorkie-independent negative feedback couples Hippo pathway activation with Kibra degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.194647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cognitive and Neural State Dynamics of Story Comprehension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.194647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding a story involves a constant interplay of the accumulation of narratives and its integration into a coherent structure. This study characterizes cognitive state dynamics during story comprehension and the corresponding network-level reconfiguration of the whole brain. We presented movie clips of temporally scrambled sequences, eliciting fluctuations in subjective feelings of understanding. An understanding occurred when processing events with high causal relations to previous events. Functional neuroimaging results showed that, during moments of understanding, the brain entered into a functionally integrated state with increased activation in the default mode network (DMN). Large-scale neural state transitions were synchronized across individuals who comprehended the same stories, with increasing occurrences of the DMN-dominant state. The time-resolved functional connectivities predicted changing cognitive states, and the predictive model was generalizable when tested on new stories. Taken together, these results suggest that the brain adaptively reconfigures its interactive states as we construct narratives to causally coherent structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayoung Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bo-yong Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyunjin Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won Mok Shim</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.10.194647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cognitive and Neural State Dynamics of Story Comprehension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pairwise Interactions in Adjuvant Combinations Dictate Immune Responses and Inform Cancer Immunotherapy Design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immune system makes decisions in response to complex combinations of microbial inputs. We do not understand the combinatorial logic that governs how the interplay between higher-order combinations of microbial or adjuvant signals shape immune responses, which hampers the rational design of vaccines and immunotherapies. Here, using in vitro coculture experiments and statistical analyses, we discover a general property for the combinatorial sensing of microbial signals, whereby the effects of triplet combinations of adjuvants on immune responses can be explained by the effects of single and pairwise stimulations. Mechanistically, we find that adjuvant singles and pairs dictate the information signaled by triplets in mouse and human DCs at the levels of transcription, chromatin and protein secretion. Furthermore, we exploit this simplifying property to develop and characterize cell-based immunotherapies using adjuvant combinations with anti-tumor properties in mouse models. We conclude that the processing of complex mixtures of microbial or adjuvant inputs by immune cells is governed by pairwise effects, which will inform the rationale combination of immunomodulatory agents such as adjuvants to manipulate immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Surya Pandey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam Gruenbaum</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamara Kashanova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philipp Mertins</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippe Cluzel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas Chevrier</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.11.198879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pairwise Interactions in Adjuvant Combinations Dictate Immune Responses and Inform Cancer Immunotherapy Design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.201061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Type Aware analysis of RNA-seq data(CARseq) reveals difference and similarities ofthe molecular mechanisms of Schizophrenia andAutism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.201061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most tissue samples are composed of different cell types. Differential expression analysis without accounting for cell type composition cannot separate the changes due to cell type composition or cell type-specific expression. We propose a computational framework to address these limitations: Cell Type Aware analysis of RNA-seq (CARseq). CARseq employs a negative binomial distribution that appropriately models the count data from RNA-seq experiments. Simulation studies show that CARseq has substantially higher power than a linear model-based approach and it also provides more accurate estimate of the rankings of differentially expressed genes. We have applied CARseq to compare gene expression of schizophrenia/autism subjects versus controls, and identified the cell types underlying the difference and similarities of these two neuron-developmental diseases. Our results are consistent with the results from differential expression analysis using single cell RNA-seq data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.13.201061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Type Aware analysis of RNA-seq data(CARseq) reveals difference and similarities ofthe molecular mechanisms of Schizophrenia andAutism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.198598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PARP and PI3K inhibitor combination therapy eradicates c-MYC-driven murine prostate cancers via cGAS/STING pathway activation within tumor-associated macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.198598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of metastatic, castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients are de novo resistant to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), so therapeutic strategies to enhance immune-responsiveness are urgently needed. Here we performed a co-clinical trial of PARP inhibitor (PARPi) in combination with PD-1 or PDL-1 antibody in genomically unselected mCRPC patients or homologous-recombination proficient murine models, respectively, which demonstrated lack of efficacy. In contrast, PARPi in combination with PI3K inhibitor (PI3Ki), induced tumor regression via macrophage STING-dependent innate immune activation in vivo, and enhanced T-cell infiltration/activation in c-myc driven murine prostate cancer models, which was augmented by PD-L1 blockade. Ex vivo mechanistic studies revealed that PARPi-induced DNA double strand break-associated microvesicles released from tumor cells, coupled with PI3Ki-mediated c-GAS de-repression, were both required for macrophage cGAS/STING pathway activation. These data demonstrate that PARPi/PI3Ki combination triggers macrophage STING-mediated anti-cancer innate immunity, which is sufficient to induce tumor regression in ICB-refractory c-myc-driven prostate cancer.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCECo-targeting of PARP and PI3K signaling pathways activates c-GAS/STING pathway within tumor-associated macrophages, thereby enhancing T cell recruitment/activation and cancer clearance in c-myc-driven murine prostate cancer models. PARPi/PI3Ki combination therapy could markedly increase the fraction of mCRPC patients responsive to ICB, independent of germline or tumor homologous recombination status.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudagar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma-Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bynoe, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maillat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patnaik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.198598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PARP and PI3K inhibitor combination therapy eradicates c-MYC-driven murine prostate cancers via cGAS/STING pathway activation within tumor-associated macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.207415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin bundle architecture and mechanics regulate myosin II force generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.207415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The actin cytoskeleton is a soft, structural material that underlies biological processes such as cell division, motility, and cargo transport. The cross-linked actin filaments self-organize into a myriad of architectures, from disordered meshworks to ordered bundles, which are hypothesized to control the actomyosin force generation that regulates cell migration, shape, and adhesion. Here, we use fluorescence microscopy and simulations to investigate how actin bundle architectures with varying polarity, spacing, and rigidity impact myosin II dynamics and force generation. Microscopy reveals that mixed polarity bundles formed by rigid cross-linkers support slow, bidirectional myosin II filament motion, punctuated by periods of stalled motion. Simulations reveal that these locations of stalled myosin motion correspond to sustained, high forces in regions of balanced actin filament polarity. By contrast, mixed polarity bundles formed by compliant, large cross-linkers support fast, bidirectional motion with no traps. Simulations indicate that trap duration is directly related to force magnitude, and that the observed increased velocity corresponds to lower forces resulting from both the increased bundle compliance and filament spacing. Our results indicate that the properties of actin structures regulate the dynamics and magnitude of myosin II forces, highlighting the importance of architecture and mechanics in regulating forces in biological materials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weirich, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.207415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin bundle architecture and mechanics regulate myosin II force generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of the microbial community structure of potable water samples from occupied and unoccupied buildings using16S rRNA amplicon sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.209346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We conducted two studies of water samples from buildings with normal occupancy and water usage compared to water from buildings that were unoccupied with little or no water usage due to the COVID-19 shutdown. Study 1 had 52 water samples obtained ad hoc from buildings in four metropolitan locations in different states in the US and a range of building types. Study 2 had 36 water samples obtained from two buildings in one metropolitan location with matched water sample types. One of the buildings had been continuously occupied, and the other substantially vacant for approximately 3 months. All water samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing with a MinION from Oxford Nanopore Technologies. More than 127 genera of bacteria were identified, including genera with members that are known to include more than 50 putative frank and opportunistic pathogens. While specific results varied among sample locations, 16S rRNA amplicon abundance and the diversity of bacteria were higher in water samples from unoccupied buildings than normally occupied buildings as was the abundance of sequenced amplicons of genera known to include pathogenic bacterial members. In both studies Legionella amplicon abundance was relatively small compared to the abundance of the other bacteria in the samples. Indeed, when present, the relative abundance of Legionella amplicons was lower in samples from unoccupied buildings. Legionella did not predominate in any of the water samples and were found, on average, in 9.6% of samples in Study 1 and 8.3% of samples in Study 2.

SynopsisComparison of microbial community composition in the plumbing of occupied and unoccupied buildings during the COVID-19 pandemic shutdown.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=102 SRC="FIGDIR/small/209346v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuman, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findeisen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.209346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of the microbial community structure of potable water samples from occupied and unoccupied buildings using16S rRNA amplicon sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.210922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gamma oscillations in primate primary visual cortex are severely attenuated by small stimulus discontinuities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.210922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gamma oscillations have been hypothesized to play an important role in feature binding, based on the observation that continuous long bars induce stronger gamma in the visual cortex than bars with a small gap. Recently, many studies have shown that natural images, that have discontinuities in several low-level features, do not induce strong gamma oscillations, questioning their role in feature binding. However, the effect of different discontinuities on gamma has not been well studied. To address this, we recorded spikes and local field potential from two monkeys while they were shown gratings with discontinuities in space, orientation, phase or contrast. Gamma, but not spiking activity, drastically reduced with small discontinuities in all cases, suggesting that gamma could be a resonant phenomenon. An excitatory-inhibitory population model with stimulus-tuned recurrent inputs showed such resonant properties. Therefore, gamma could be a signature of excitation-inhibition balance, which gets disrupted due to discontinuities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shirhatti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravishankar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.19.210922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gamma oscillations in primate primary visual cortex are severely attenuated by small stimulus discontinuities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.210955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interferons and viruses induce a novel primate-specific isoform dACE2 and not the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.19.210955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, utilizes angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for entry into target cells. ACE2 has been proposed as an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG). Thus, interferon-induced variability in ACE2 expression levels could be important for susceptibility to COVID-19 or its outcomes. Here, we report the discovery of a novel, primate-specific isoform of ACE2, which we designate as deltaACE2 (dACE2). We demonstrate that dACE2, but not ACE2, is an ISG. In vitro, dACE2, which lacks 356 N-terminal amino acids, was non-functional in binding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and as a carboxypeptidase. Our results reconcile current knowledge on ACE2 expression and suggest that the ISG-type induction of dACE2 in IFN-high conditions created by treatments, inflammatory tumor microenvironment, or viral co-infections is unlikely to affect the cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 and promote infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Onabajo, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banday, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obajemu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanifer, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santer, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florez-Vargas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piontkivska, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrrell, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prokunina-Olsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.19.210955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interferons and viruses induce a novel primate-specific isoform dACE2 and not the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.212126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed Sampling-based Bayesian Inference in Coupled Neural Circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.212126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain performs probabilistic inference to interpret the external world, but the underlying neuronal mechanisms remain not well understood. The stimulus structure of natural scenes exists in a high-dimensional feature space, and how the brain represents and infers the joint posterior distribution in this rich, combinatorial space is a challenging problem. There is added difficulty when considering the neuronal mechanics of this representation, since many of these features are computed in parallel by distributed neural circuits. Here, we present a novel solution to this problem. We study continuous attractor neural networks (CANNs), each representing and inferring a stimulus attribute, where attractor coupling supports sampling-based inference on the multivariate posterior of the high-dimensional stimulus features. Using perturbative analysis, we show that the dynamics of coupled CANNs realizes Langevin sampling on the stimulus feature manifold embedded in neural population responses. In our framework, feedforward inputs convey the likelihood, reciprocal connections encode the stimulus correlational priors, and the internal Poisson variability of the neurons generate the correct random walks for sampling. Our model achieves high-dimensional joint probability representation and Bayesian inference in a distributed manner, where each attractor network infers the marginal posterior of the corresponding stimulus feature. The stimulus feature can be read out simply with a linear decoder based only on local activities of each network. Simulation experiments confirm our theoretical analysis. The study provides insight into the fundamental neural mechanisms for realizing efficient high-dimensional probabilistic inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.20.212126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed Sampling-based Bayesian Inference in Coupled Neural Circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.212753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of cell-type and context-dependent regulatory variants on human immune traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.212753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effects of trait-associated variants are often studied in a single relevant cell-type or context. However, for many complex traits, multiple cell-types are involved. This applies particularly to immune-related traits, for which many immune cell-types and contexts play a role. Here, we studied the impact of immune gene regulatory variants on complex traits to better understand genetic risk mediated through immune cell-types. We identified 26,271 expression quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and 23,121 splicing QTLs in 18 immune cell-types, and analyzed their overlap with trait-associated loci from 72 genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We showed that effects on RNA expression and splicing in immune cells colocalize with an average of 40.4% and 27.7% GWAS loci for immune-related and non-immune traits, respectively. Notably, we found that a large number of loci (mean: 14%) colocalize with splicing QTLs but not expression QTLs. The 60% GWAS loci without colocalization harbor genes that have lower expression levels, are less tolerant to loss-of-function mutations, and more enhancerrich than genes at colocalized loci. To further investigate the 60% GWAS loci not explained by our regulatory QTLs, we collected H3K27ac CUT&Tag data from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and healthy controls. We found several unexplained GWAS hits lying within regions with higher H3K27ac activity in RA patients. We also observed that enrichment of RA GWAS heritability is greater in H3K27ac regions in immune cell-types from RA patients compared to healthy controls. Our study paves the way for future QTL studies to elucidate the mechanisms of as yet unexplained GWAS loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.20.212753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of cell-type and context-dependent regulatory variants on human immune traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.213132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection in males purges the standing genetic load on female fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.213132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theory predicts that the ability of selection and recombination to purge mutation load is enhanced if selection against deleterious genetic variants operates more strongly in males than females. However, direct empirical support for this tenet is limited, in part because traditional quantitative genetic approaches allow dominance and intermediate-frequency polymorphisms to obscure the effects of the many rare and partially recessive deleterious alleles that make up the main part of a populations mutation load. Here, we exposed the partially recessive genetic load of a population of Callosobruchus maculatus seed beetles via successive generations of inbreeding, and quantified its effects by measuring heterosis - the increase in fitness experienced when masking the effects of deleterious alleles by heterozygosity - in a fully factorial sex-specific diallel cross among 16 inbred strains. Competitive lifetime reproductive success (i.e. fitness) was measured in male and female outcrossed F1s as well as inbred parental  selfs, and we estimated the 4x4 male-female inbred-outbred genetic covariance matrix for fitness using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations of a custom-made general linear mixed effects model. We found that heterosis estimated independently in males and females was highly genetically correlated among strains, and that heterosis was strongly negatively genetically correlated to outbred male, but not female, fitness. This suggests that genetic variation for fitness in males, but not in females, reflects the amount of (partially) recessive deleterious alleles segregating at mutation-selection balance in this population. The populations mutation load therefore has greater potential to be purged via selection in males. These findings contribute to our understanding of the prevalence of sexual reproduction in nature and the maintenance of genetic variation in fitness-related traits.

Impact statementWhy do the large majority of eukaryotic species reproduce sexually if it means that females must spend half of their reproductive effort producing males, while males contribute few or no resources to offspring production themselves? In principle, a lineage of a mutant asexual female that simply clones herself into daughters would grow at twice the rate of her sexual competitors (all else equal). What prevents this from being the predominant mode of reproduction throughout eukaryotes? One hypothesis regards the role of males in facilitating the purging of deleterious mutations from the populations genome since very strong selection in males, unlike selection in females, can occur in many species without reductions in population offspring numbers. Due to the inherent difficulties of isolating this source of standing genetic variation for fitness, empirical evidence for this theory is mixed and limited to indirect evidence from manipulative experiments and experimental evolution studies. Here we demonstrate that recessive deleterious alleles in a population of the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, are selected against strongly in males but not females. Using a fully factorial diallel cross among 16 inbred strains, we measured the degree to which fitness in the outbred offspring of those crosses improved relative to their inbred parents. This measure is known as heterosis and offers an estimate of the relative amount of partially recessive deleterious alleles carried by a genetic strain. We then analyzed the relationship between the strains heterosis values and their additive genetic breeding values for fitness measured in males and females, revealing the extent to which segregating (partially recessive) deleterious alleles are selected against in males and females. We found that a strains heterosis value was strongly genetically correlated with its additive genetic breeding value for male fitness, but not female fitness. This suggests that mutations with deleterious effects on population growth rate due to their effects on females can be selected against (i.e. purged) more efficiently via their male siblings. This process would offer a benefit to sexual reproduction that may partly compensate for its costs, and therefore yields insight to the prevalence of sex in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grieshop, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurizio, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnqvist, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.20.213132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection in males purges the standing genetic load on female fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.213868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor and Sensory Cortical Processing of Neural Oscillatory Activities revealed by Human Swallowing using Intracranial Electrodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.213868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Swallowing, a unique movement, is attributed to the indispensable orchestration of motor-output and sensory-input. We hypothesized that swallowing can illustrate differences between motor and sensory neural processing. Eight epileptic participants fitted with intracranial electrodes over the orofacial cortex were asked to swallow a water bolus. Mouth-opening and swallowing were treated as motor tasks, while water-injection as sensory tasks. Phase-amplitude coupling between lower frequency and high {gamma} (HG) band (75-150 Hz) was investigated. An  (10-16 Hz) -HG coupling appeared before motor-related HG power increase (burst), and a {theta} (5-9 Hz) -HG coupling appeared during sensory-related HG burst. The motor- and sensory-related HG amplitude were modulated at the trough of  oscillations and peak of {theta} oscillations, respectively. These contrasting results acquired from the orofacial cortex can help to fully elucidate the sensory-motor function in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hashimoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kameda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maezawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oshino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoo, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanagisawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimine, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kishima, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.213868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor and Sensory Cortical Processing of Neural Oscillatory Activities revealed by Human Swallowing using Intracranial Electrodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.215269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flagellar perturbations activate adhesion through two distinct pathways in Caulobacter crescentus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.215269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria carry out sophisticated developmental programs to colonize exogenous surfaces. The rotary flagellum, a dynamic machine that drives motility, is a key regulator of surface colonization. The specific signals recognized by flagella and the pathways by which those signals are transduced to coordinate adhesion remain subjects of debate. Mutations that disrupt flagellar assembly in the dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus stimulate the production of a polysaccharide adhesin called the holdfast. Using a genome-wide phenotyping approach, we compared surface adhesion profiles in wild-type and flagellar mutant backgrounds of C. crescentus. We identified a diverse set of flagellar mutations that enhance adhesion by inducing a hyper-holdfast phenotype and discovered a second set of mutations that suppress this phenotype. Epistasis analysis of the flagellar signaling suppressor (fss) mutations demonstrated that the flagellum stimulates holdfast production via two genetically distinct pathways. The developmental regulator PleD contributes to holdfast induction in mutants disrupted at both early and late stages of flagellar assembly. Mutants disrupted at late stages of flagellar assembly, which assemble an intact rotor complex, induce holdfast production through an additional process that requires the MotAB stator and its associated diguanylate cyclase, DgcB. We have assigned a subset of the fss genes to either the stator- or pleD-dependent networks and characterized two previously unidentified motility genes that regulate holdfast production via the stator complex. We propose a model through which the flagellum integrates mechanical stimuli into the C. crescentus developmental program to coordinate adhesion.

ImportanceUnderstanding how bacteria colonize solid surfaces is of significant clinical, industrial and ecological importance. In this study, we identified genes that are required for Caulobacter crescentus to activate surface attachment in response to signals from a macromolecular machine called the flagellum. Genes involved in transmitting information from the flagellum can be grouped into separate pathways, those that control the C. crescentus morphogenic program and those that are required for flagellar motility. Our results support a model in which a developmental and a mechanical signaling pathway operate in parallel downstream of the flagellum and converge to regulate adhesion. We conclude that the flagellum serves as a signaling hub by integrating internal and external cues to coordinate surface colonization and emphasize the role of signal integration in linking complex sets of environmental stimuli to individual behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hershey, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.215269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flagellar perturbations activate adhesion through two distinct pathways in Caulobacter crescentus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.216705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting cognitive abilities across individuals using sparse EEG connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.216705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human brains share a broadly similar functional organization with consequential individual variation. This duality in brain function has primarily been observed when using techniques that consider the spatial organization of the brain, such as MRI. Here, we ask whether these common and unique signals of cognition are also present in temporally sensitive, but spatially insensitive, neural signals. To address this question, we compiled EEG data from individuals performing multiple working memory tasks at two different data-collection sites (ns = 171 and 165). Results revealed that EEG connectivity patterns were stable within individuals and unique across individuals. Furthermore, models based on these connectivity patterns generalized across datasets to predict participants working memory capacity and general fluid intelligence. Thus, EEG connectivity provides a signature of working memory and fluid intelligence in humans and a new framework for characterizing individual differences in cognitive abilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hakim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.216705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting cognitive abilities across individuals using sparse EEG connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primate innate immune responses to bacterial and viral pathogens reveals an evolutionary trade-off between strength and specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.23.218339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite their close genetic relatedness, apes and African and Asian monkeys (AAMs), strongly differ in their susceptibility to severe bacterial and viral infections that are important causes of human disease. Such differences between humans and other primates are thought to be a result, at least in part, of inter-species differences in immune response to infection. However, due to the lack of comparative functional data across species, it remains unclear in what ways the immune systems of humans and other primates differ. Here, we report the whole genome transcriptomic responses of ape species (human, common chimpanzee) and AAMs (rhesus macaque and olive baboon) to bacterial and viral stimulation. We find stark differences in the responsiveness of these groups, with apes mounting a markedly stronger early transcriptional response to both viral and bacterial stimulation, altering the transcription of [~]40% more genes than AAMs. Additionally, we find that genes involved in the regulation of inflammatory and interferon responses show the most divergent early transcriptional responses across primates and that this divergence is attenuated over time. Finally, we find that relative to AAMs, apes engage a much less specific immune response to different classes of pathogens during the early hours of infection, upregulating genes typical of anti-viral and anti-bacterial responses regardless of the nature of the stimulus. Overall, these findings suggest apes exhibit increased sensitivity to bacterial and viral immune stimulation, activating a broader array of defense molecules that may be beneficial for early pathogen killing at the potential cost of increased energy expenditure and tissue damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hawash, M. B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz-Remon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenier, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yotova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanford, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brinkworth, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.23.218339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primate innate immune responses to bacterial and viral pathogens reveals an evolutionary trade-off between strength and specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.215095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of individual base-pairs on in vivo target search and destruction kinetics of small RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.215095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Base-pairing interactions mediate intermolecular target recognition in many biological systems and applications, including DNA repair, CRISPR, microRNA, small RNA (sRNA) and antisense oligo therapies. Even a single base-pair mismatch can cause a substantial difference in biological activity but presently we do not yet know how the target search kinetics in vivo are influenced by single nucleotide level changes. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing to identify functionally relevant single point mutants of the bacterial sRNA, SgrS, and quantitative super-resolution microscopy to probe the mutational impact on the regulation of its primary target, ptsG mRNA. Our super-resolution imaging and analysis platform allowed us to further dissect mutational effects on SgrS lifetimes, and even subtle changes in the in vivo rates of target association, kon, and dissociation, koff. Mutations that disrupt binding of a chaperone protein, Hfq, and are distal to the mRNA annealing region still decreased kon and increased koff, providing an in vivo demonstration that Hfq directly facilitates sRNA-mRNA annealing. Single base-pair mismatches in the annealing region reduced kon by 24-31% and increased koff by 14-25%, extending the time it takes to find and destroy the target mRNA by about a third, depending on whether an AU or GC base-pair is disrupted. The effects of disrupting contiguous base-pairing are much more modest than that expected from thermodynamics, suggesting that Hfq also buffers base-pair disruptions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poddar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azam, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayikcioglu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobrovskyy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labhsetwar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luthey-Schulten, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderpool, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.215095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of individual base-pairs on in vivo target search and destruction kinetics of small RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.25.220947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Salient distractors induce a gradient of attentional suppression to cope with spatial and nonspatial filtering costs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.25.220947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Past work has demonstrated that active suppression of salient distractors is a critical part of visual selection. Evidence for goal-driven suppression includes below-baseline visual encoding at the position of salient distractors (Gaspelin and Luck, 2015) and neural signals such as the Pd that track the position and number of distractors in the visual field (Feldmann-Wustefeld and Vogel, 2019). One basic question regarding distractor suppression is whether it is inherently spatial or nonspatial in character. Indeed, past work has shown that distractors evoke both spatial (Theeuwes, 1992) and nonspatial forms of interference (Folk and Remington, 1998), motivating a direct examination of whether space is integral to goal-driven distractor suppression. Here, we provide clear evidence for a spatial gradient of suppression surrounding salient singleton distractors. Replicating past work, both reaction time and neural indices of target selection improved monotonically as the distance between target and distractor increased. Importantly, these target selection effects were paralleled by a monotonic decline in the amplitude of the Pd, an electrophysiological index of distractor suppression. Moreover, multivariate analyses revealed spatially selective activity in the theta band that tracked the position of the target and - critically - revealed suppressed activity at spatial channels centered on distractor positions. Thus, goal-driven selection of relevant over irrelevant information benefits from a spatial gradient of suppression surrounding salient distractors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feldmann-Wustefeld, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.25.220947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Salient distractors induce a gradient of attentional suppression to cope with spatial and nonspatial filtering costs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.228981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial attention enhances the spatial selectivity of population codes during the first wave of visual processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.228981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Covert spatial attention has a variety of effects on the responses of individual neurons. However, relatively little is known about the net effect of these changes on sensory population codes, even though perception ultimately depends on population activity. Here, we measured the electroencephalogram (EEG) in human observers (male and female), and isolated stimulus-evoked activity that was phase-locked to the onset of attended and ignored visual stimuli. Using an encoding model, we reconstructed spatially selective population tuning functions from the pattern of stimulus-evoked activity across the scalp. Our EEG-based approach allowed us to measure very early visually evoked responses occurring ~100 ms after stimulus onset. In Experiment 1, we found that covert attention increased the amplitude of spatially tuned population responses at this early stage of sensory processing. In Experiment 2, we parametrically varied stimulus contrast to test how this effect scaled with stimulus contrast. We found that the effect of attention on the amplitude of spatially tuned responses increased with stimulus contrast, and was well-described by an increase in response gain (i.e., a multiplicative scaling of the population response). Together, our results show that attention increases the gain of spatial population codes during the first wave of visual processing.

Significance StatementWe know relatively little about how attention improves population codes, even though perception is thought to critically depend on population activity. In this study, we used an encoding-model approach to test how attention modulates the spatial tuning of stimulus-evoked population responses measured with EEG. We found that attention multiplicatively scales the amplitude of spatially tuned population responses. Furthermore, this effect was present within 100 ms of stimulus onset. Thus, our results show that attention improves spatial population codes by increasing their gain at this early stage of processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foster, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thyer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wennberg, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.228981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial attention enhances the spatial selectivity of population codes during the first wave of visual processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.229013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biochemical Patterns of Antibody Polyreactivity Revealed Through a Bioinformatics-Based Analysis of CDR Loops 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.229013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies are critical components of adaptive immunity, binding with high affinity to pathogenic epitopes. Antibodies undergo rigorous selection to achieve this high affinity, yet some maintain an additional basal level of low affinity, broad reactivity to diverse epitopes, a phenomenon termed "polyreactivity". While polyreactivity has been observed in antibodies isolated from various immunological niches, the biophysical properties that allow for promiscuity in a protein selected for high affinity binding to a single target remain unclear. Using a database of nearly 1,500 polyreactive and non-polyreactive antibody sequences, we created a bioinformatic pipeline to isolate key determinants of polyreactivity. These determinants, which include an increase in inter-loop crosstalk and a propensity for an "inoffensive" binding surface, are sufficient to generate a classifier able to identify polyreactive antibodies with over 75% accuracy. The framework from which this classifier was built is generalizable, and represents a powerful, automated pipeline for future immune repertoire analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boughter, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borowska, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthmiller, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendelac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.229013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biochemical Patterns of Antibody Polyreactivity Revealed Through a Bioinformatics-Based Analysis of CDR Loops]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.230185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A collaborative resource platform for non-human primate neuroimaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.230185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroimaging non-human primates (NHPs) is a growing, yet highly specialized field of neuroscience. Resources that were primarily developed for human neuroimaging often need to be significantly adapted for use with NHPs or other animals, which has led to an abundance of custom, in-house solutions. In recent years, the global NHP neuroimaging community has made significant efforts to transform the field towards more open and collaborative practices. Here we present the PRIMatE Resource Exchange (PRIME-RE), a new collaborative online platform for NHP neuroimaging. PRIME-RE is a dynamic community-driven hub for the exchange of practical knowledge, specialized analytical tools, and open data repositories, specifically related to NHP neuroimaging. PRIME-RE caters to both researchers and developers who are either new to the field, looking to stay abreast of the latest developments, or seeking to collaboratively advance the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Messinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirmpilatze, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mars, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toro, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Villareal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponheim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagna, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadarwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evrard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Saldivar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giavasis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepage, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasserie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhrig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klink, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.230185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A collaborative resource platform for non-human primate neuroimaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.01.231217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local adaptation contributes to gene expression divergence in maize 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.01.231217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression links genotypes to phenotypes, so identifying genes whose expression is shaped by selection will be important for understanding the traits and processes underlying local adaptation. However, detecting local adaptation for gene expression will require distinguishing between divergence due to selection and divergence due to genetic drift. Here, we adapt a QST -FST framework to detect local adaptation for transcriptome-wide gene expression levels in a population of diverse maize genotypes. We compare the number and types of selected genes across a wide range of maize populations and tissues, as well as selection on cold-response genes, drought-response genes, and coexpression clusters. We identify a number of genes whose expression levels are consistent with local adaptation and show that genes involved in stress-response show enrichment for selection. Due to its history of intense selective breeding and domestication, maize evolution has long been of interest to researchers, and our study provides insight into the genes and processes important for in local adaptation of maize.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blanc, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremling, K. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckler, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josephs, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.01.231217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local adaptation contributes to gene expression divergence in maize]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.234765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dimension reduction and denoising of single-cell RNA sequencing data in the presence of observed confounding variables 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.234765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Confounding variation, such as batch effects, are a pervasive issue in single-cell RNA sequencing experiments. While methods exist for aligning cells across batches, it is yet unclear how to correct for other types of confounding variation which may be observed at the subject level, such as age and sex, and at the cell level, such as library size and other measures of cell quality. On the specific problem of batch alignment, many questions still persist despite recent advances: Existing methods can effectively align batches in low-dimensional representations of cells, yet their effectiveness in aligning the original gene expression matrices is unclear. Nor is it clear how batch correction can be performed alongside data denoising, the former treating technical biases due to experimental stratification while the latter treating technical variation due inherently to the random sampling that occurs during library construction and sequencing. Here, we propose SAVERCAT, a method for dimension reduction and denoising of single-cell gene expression data that can flexibly adjust for arbitrary observed covariates. We benchmark SAVERCAT against existing single-cell batch correction methods and show that while it matches the best of the field in low-dimensional cell alignment, it significantly improves upon existing methods on the task of batch correction in the high-dimensional expression matrix. We also demonstrate the ability of SAVERCAT to effectively integrate batch correction and denoising through a data down-sampling experiment. Finally, we apply SAVERCAT to a single cell study of Alzheimers disease where batch is confounded with the contrast of interest, and demonstrate how adjusting for covariates other than batch allows for more interpretable analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.234765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dimension reduction and denoising of single-cell RNA sequencing data in the presence of observed confounding variables]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An unexpected bifurcation in the Pointed transcriptional effector network contributes specificity and robustness to retinal cell fate acquisition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatiotemporally specific and robust cell fate transitions are fundamental to the development of appropriately patterned tissues. In the Drosophila retina, receptor tyrosine kinase / mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling acts through the transcriptional effector Pointed (Pnt) to direct two distinct rounds of photoreceptor specification. A relay mechanism between two Pnt isoforms, a MAPK responsive form PntP2 and a constitutively active form PntP1, initiates and sustains the transcriptional response. Here, we report an unexpected bifurcation in the Pnt effector network. We show that PntP2 works redundantly with a closely related but previously uncharacterized isoform, PntP3, to activate pntP1 during specification of first round photoreceptors. Intrinsic activity differences between PntP2 and PntP3, combined with positive and negative transcriptional auto- and cross-regulation, buffer first-round fates against conditions of low signaling. In contrast, in a mechanism that may be adaptive to the stronger signaling environment used to specify second round fates, PntP2 uniquely activates pntP1. We propose that differences in expression patterns, transcriptional activities and regulatory interactions between Pnt isoforms together facilitate context-appropriate cell fate specification in different signaling environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boisclair Lachance, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>rebay, i.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.235184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An unexpected bifurcation in the Pointed transcriptional effector network contributes specificity and robustness to retinal cell fate acquisition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.234435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concerted evolution reveals co-adapted amino acid substitutions in frogs that prey on toxic toads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.234435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene duplication is an important source of evolutionary innovation, but the adaptive division-of-labor between duplicates can be opposed by ongoing gene conversion between them. Here we document a tandem duplication of Na+,K+-ATPase subunit 1 (ATP1A1) shared by frogs in the genus Leptodactylus, a group of species that feeds on toxic toads. One ATP1A1 paralog evolved resistance to toad toxins while the other paralog retained ancestral susceptibility. We show that the two Leptodactylus paralogs are distinguished by 12 amino acid substitutions that were maintained by strong selection that counteracted the homogenizing effect of gene conversion. Protein-engineering experiments show that two major-effect substitutions confer toxin resistance, whereas the 10 additional substitutions mitigate deleterious pleiotropic effects on enzyme function. Our results highlight how trans-specific, neofunctionalized gene duplicates can provide unique insights into interactions between adaptive substitutions and the genetic backgrounds on which they arise.

One Sentence SummarySelection counteracts gene conversion to maintain an adaptive division-of-labor between tandemly duplicated genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harpak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Alvarez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Ordonez, M. d. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storz, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.04.234435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concerted evolution reveals co-adapted amino acid substitutions in frogs that prey on toxic toads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.237149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CIVET-Macaque: an automated pipeline for MRI-based cortical surface generation and cortical thickness in macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.237149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The MNI CIVET pipeline for automated extraction of cortical surfaces and evaluation of cortical thickness from in-vivo human MRI has been extended for processing macaque brains. Processing is performed based on the NIMH Macaque Template (NMT), as the reference template, with the anatomical parcellation of the surface following the D99 and CHARM atlases. The modifications needed to adapt CIVET to the macaque brain are detailed. Results have been obtained using CIVET-macaque to process the anatomical scans of the 31 macaques used to generate the NMT and another 95 macaques from the PRIME-DE initiative. It is anticipated that the open usage of CIVET-macaque will promote collaborative efforts in data collection and processing, sharing, and automated analyses from which the non-human primate brain imaging field will advance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lepage, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagstyl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponheim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungerleider, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.04.237149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CIVET-Macaque: an automated pipeline for MRI-based cortical surface generation and cortical thickness in macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.237818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive macaque fMRI pipeline and hierarchical atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.237818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional neuroimaging research in the non-human primate (NHP) has been advancing at a remarkable rate. The increase in available data establishes a need for robust analysis pipelines designed for NHP neuroimaging and accompanying template spaces to standardize the localization of neuroimaging results. Our group recently developed the NIMH Macaque Template (NMT), a high-resolution population average anatomical template and associated neuroimaging resources, providing researchers with a standard space for macaque neuroimaging (Seidlitz, Sponheim et al., 2018). Here, we release NMT v2, which includes both symmetric and asymmetric templates in stereotaxic orientation, with improvements in spatial contrast, processing efficiency, and segmentation. We also introduce the Cortical Hierarchy Atlas of the Rhesus Macaque (CHARM), a hierarchical parcellation of the macaque cerebral cortex with varying degrees of detail. These tools have been integrated into the neuroimaging analysis software AFNI (Cox, 1996) to provide a comprehensive and robust pipeline for fMRI processing, visualization and analysis of NHP data. AFNIs new @animal_warper program can be used to efficiently align anatomical scans to the NMT v2 space, and afni_proc.py integrates these results with full fMRI processing using macaque-specific parameters: from motion correction through regression modeling. Taken together, the NMT v2 and AFNI represent an all-in-one package for macaque functional neuroimaging analysis, as demonstrated with available demos for both task and resting state fMRI.

HighlightsO_LIThe NMT v2, a stereotaxically aligned symmetric macaque template, is introduced.
C_LIO_LIA new atlas (CHARM), defined on NMT v2, parcellates the cortex at six spatial scales.
C_LIO_LIAFNIs @animal_warper aligns and maps data between monkey anatomicals and templates.
C_LIO_LIAFNIs afni_proc.py facilitates monkey fMRI analysis with automated scripting and QC.
C_LIO_LIDemos of macaque task and resting state fMRI analysis with these tools are provided.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponheim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungerleider, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.237818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive macaque fMRI pipeline and hierarchical atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.236596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The longitudinal stability of fMRI activation during reward processing in adolescents and young adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.236596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe use of functional neuroimaging has been an extremely fruitful avenue for investigating the neural basis of human reward function. This approach has included identification of potential neurobiological mechanisms of psychiatric disease and examination of environmental, experiential, and biological factors that may contribute to disease risk via effects on the reward system. However, a central and largely unexamined assumption of much of this research is that neural reward function is an individual difference characteristic that is relatively stable over time.

MethodsIn two independent samples of adolescents and young adults studied longitudinally (Ns = 145 & 153, 100% female & 100% male, ages 15-21 & 20-22, 2-4 scans & 2 scans respectively), we tested within-person stability of reward-task BOLD activation, with a median of 1 and 2 years between scans. We examined multiple commonly used contrasts of active states and baseline in both the anticipation and feedback phases of a card-guessing reward task. We examined the effects of cortical parcellation resolution, contrast, network (reward regions and resting-state networks), region-size, and activation strength and variability on the stability of reward-related activation.

ResultsOverall, stability (ICC; intra-class correlation) across 1-2 years was modest. In both samples, contrasts of an active state relative to a baseline were more stable (e.g., Win>Baseline; mean ICC = 0.13 - 0.33) than contrasts of two active states (e.g., Win>Loss; mean ICC = 0.048 - 0.05). Additionally, activation in reward regions was less stable than in many non-task networks (e.g., dorsal attention), and activation in regions with greater between-subject variability showed higher stability in both samples.

ConclusionsThese results show that functional neuroimaging activation to reward has modest stability over 1-2 years. Notably, results suggest that contrasts intended to map cognitive function and show robust group-level effects (i.e. Win > Loss) may be less effective in studies of individual differences and disease risk. The robustness of group-level activation should be weighed against other factors when selecting regions of interest in individual difference fMRI studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baranger, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindenmuth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nance, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guyer, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hipwell, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.236596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The longitudinal stability of fMRI activation during reward processing in adolescents and young adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex, fitness decline and recombination - Muller's ratchet vs. Ohta's ratchet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is generally accepted that the absence of recombination reduces the efficacy of natural selection for, or against, mutations. A special case is Mullers Ratchet (MR) whereby non-recombining genomes experience irreversible fitness decline due to the accumulation of deleterious mutations. MR has been a main hypothesis for sexual reproduction as well as many other biological phenomena. We now ask whether the fitness decline can indeed be stopped if an asexual population turns sexual to become recombining. The possible fitness decline under recombination is referred to as Ohtas Ratchet (OR). In comparison, MR is more effective in driving fitness reduction than OR, but only in a restricted parameter space of mutation rate, population size and selection. Outside of this space, the two ratchets are equally effective or, alternatively, neither is sufficiently powerful. Furthermore, beneficial mutations can affect the population fitness, which may diverge between the two ratchets, but only in a small parameter space. Since recombination plays a limited role in driving fitness decline, the operation of MR could be far less common in nature than believed. A companion report (see Supplement) surveying the biological phenomena attributed to MR indeed suggests the alternative explanations to be generally more compelling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.240713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex, fitness decline and recombination - Muller's ratchet vs. Ohta's ratchet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.242214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and Flexible Estimation of Effective Migration Surfaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.07.242214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important feature in spatial population genetic data is often "isolation-by-distance," where genetic differentiation tends to increase as individuals become more geographically distant. Recently, Petkova et al. (2016) developed a statistical method called Estimating Effective Migration Surfaces (EEMS) for visualizing spatially heterogeneous isolation-by-distance on a geographic map. While EEMS is a powerful tool for depicting spatial population structure, it can suffer from slow runtimes. Here we develop a related method called Fast Estimation of Effective Migration Surfaces (FEEMS). FEEMS uses a Gaussian Markov Random Field in a penalized likelihood framework that allows for efficient optimization and output of effective migration surfaces. Further, the efficient optimization facilitates the inference of migration parameters per edge in the graph, rather than per node (as in EEMS). When tested with coalescent simulations, FEEMS accurately recovers effective migration surfaces with complex gene-flow histories, including those with anisotropy. Applications of FEEMS to population genetic data from North American gray wolves shows it to perform comparably to EEMS, but with solutions obtained orders of magnitude faster. Overall, FEEMS expands the ability of users to quickly visualize and interpret spatial structure in their data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.07.242214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and Flexible Estimation of Effective Migration Surfaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.09.243238v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global inequity in scientific names and who they honor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.09.243238v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a cornerstone of biodiversity science, Linnaean taxonomy has been used for almost 300 years to catalogue and organize our knowledge of the living world. In this system, the names of species themselves take on additional functions, such as describing features of the organism or honoring individuals. Here, we analyze the connections between bird species descriptions and who they honor from 1950 to 2019 within a context of global structures of power and access to science to interrogate how authority over the natural world is designated through Western scientific naming practices. We find that 95% of bird species described during this period occur in the Global South, but these species are disproportionately described by and named in honor of individuals from the Global North. We also find an increase through time in authors from the Global South, but Global North authors continue to disproportionately hold first author positions. Our findings show how research and labor in the Global South continue to be disproportionately translated into power and authority in the Global North, upholding and re-enacting imperialistic structures of domination. Addressing these inequities as a scientific community will require reflection and collective dialogue on the social foundations and impacts of our science.

For working definitions of key terms, see Table 1. For a Spanish language version of the manuscript, see Supplement (para la version en espanol, ver el Suplemento).

O_TBL View this table:
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@361e94org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@111c641org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1eef8d4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@122f7eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ec2a78_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL O_FLOATNOTable 1.C_FLOATNO O_TABLECAPTIONDefinitions of terms, and how we use terms in the text.

C_TABLECAPTION C_TBL
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DuBay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piland, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.09.243238</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global inequity in scientific names and who they honor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.238428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Programmed Nutrient Partitioning in the Tumor Microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.238428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tumor microenvironment (TME) includes transformed cancer and infiltrating immune cells1,2. Cancer cells can consume large quantities of glucose through Warburg metabolism3,4 that can be visualized with positron emission tomography (PET). While infiltrating immune cells also rely on glucose, disruptions to metabolism can contribute to tumor immunological evasion5-9. How immune cell metabolism is programmed or restrained by competition with cancer cells for nutrients, remains uncertain. Here we used PET tracers to measure the accessibility of glucose and glutamine to cell subsets in the TME. Surprisingly, myeloid cells including macrophages were the greatest consumers of intra-tumoral glucose, followed by T cells and cancer cells. Cancer cells, in contrast, had the highest glutamine uptake. This distinct nutrient partitioning was programmed through selective mTORC1 signaling and glucose or glutamine-related gene expression. Inhibition of glutamine uptake enhanced glucose uptake across tumor resident cell types and shifted macrophage phenotype, demonstrating glucose is not limiting in the TME. Thus, cancer cells are not the only cells in tumors which exhibit high glucose uptake in vivo and instead preferentially utilize glutamine over other cell types. We observe that intrinsic cellular programs can play a major role in the use of some nutrients. Together, these data argue cell selective partitioning of glucose and glutamine can be exploited to develop therapies and imaging strategies to alter the metabolic programs of specific cell populations in the TME.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reinfeld, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chytil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffstater, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neil, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tantawy, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merryman, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckermann, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Heiden, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.238428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Programmed Nutrient Partitioning in the Tumor Microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.247536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regression dynamic causal modeling for resting-state fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.12.247536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOW"Resting-state" functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is widely used to study brain connectivity. So far, researchers have been restricted to measures of functional connectivity that are computationally efficient but undirected, or to effective connectivity estimates that are directed but limited to small networks.

Here, we show that a method recently developed for task-fMRI - regression dynamic causal modeling (rDCM) - extends to rs-fMRI and offers both directional estimates and scalability to whole-brain networks. First, simulations demonstrate that rDCM faithfully recovers parameter values over a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios and repetition times. Second, we test construct validity of rDCM in relation to an established model of effective connectivity, spectral DCM. Using rs-fMRI data from nearly 200 healthy participants, rDCM produces biologically plausible results consistent with estimates by spectral DCM. Importantly, rDCM is computationally highly efficient, reconstructing whole-brain networks (>200 areas) within minutes on standard hardware. This opens promising new avenues for connectomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frässle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinzle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementz, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamminga, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavan, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.247536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regression dynamic causal modeling for resting-state fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-Dependent Shared and Non-Shared Genetic Architecture Across Mood and Psychotic Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDSex differences in incidence and/or presentation of schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BIP) are pervasive. Previous evidence for shared genetic risk and sex differences in brain abnormalities across disorders suggest possible shared sex-dependent genetic risk.

METHODSWe conducted the largest to date genome-wide genotype-by-sex (GxS) interaction of risk for these disorders, using 85,735 cases (33,403 SCZ, 19,924 BIP, 32,408 MDD) and 109,946 controls from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) and iPSYCH.

RESULTSAcross disorders, genome-wide significant SNP-by-sex interaction was detected for a locus encompassing NKAIN2 (rs117780815; p=3.2x10-8), that interacts with sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase enzymes implicating neuronal excitability. Three additional loci showed evidence (p<1x10-6) for cross-disorder GxS interaction (rs7302529, p=1.6x10-7; rs73033497, p=8.8x10-7; rs7914279, p=6.4x10-7) implicating various functions. Gene-based analyses identified GxS interaction across disorders (p=8.97x10-7) with transcriptional inhibitor SLTM. Most significant in SCZ was a MOCOS gene locus (rs11665282; p=1.5x10-7), implicating vascular endothelial cells. Secondary analysis of the PGC-SCZ dataset detected an interaction (rs13265509; p=1.1x10-7) in a locus containing IDO2, a kynurenine pathway enzyme with immunoregulatory functions implicated in SCZ, BIP, and MDD. Pathway enrichment analysis detected significant GxS of genes regulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor signaling in MDD (pFDR<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSIn the largest genome-wide GxS analysis of mood and psychotic disorders to date, there was substantial genetic overlap between the sexes. However, significant sex-dependent effects were enriched for genes related to neuronal development, immune and vascular functions across and within SCZ, BIP, and MDD at the variant, gene, and pathway enrichment levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blokland, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotsapas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St Clair, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lencz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowry, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periyasamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tooney, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jönsson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palotie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrenreich, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steixner-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sham, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwata, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gejman, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rujescu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giegling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.249813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-Dependent Shared and Non-Shared Genetic Architecture Across Mood and Psychotic Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abortive Intussusceptive Angiogenesis Causes Multi-Cavernous Vascular Malformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosaic inactivation of CCM2 in humans causes cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) containing adjacent dilated blood-filled multi-cavernous lesions. We used CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis to induce mosaic inactivation of zebrafish ccm2 resulting in a novel lethal multi-cavernous lesion in the embryonic caudal venous plexus (CVP) caused by obstruction of blood flow by intraluminal pillars. These pillars mimic those that mediate intussusceptive angiogenesis; however, in contrast to the normal process, the pillars failed to fuse to split the pre-existing vessel in two. Abortive intussusceptive angiogenesis stemmed from mosaic inactivation of ccm2 leading to patchy klf2a over-expression and resultant aberrant flow signaling. Surviving adult fish manifested histologically-typical hemorrhagic CCM. Formation of mammalian CCM requires the flow-regulated transcription factor KLF2; fish CCM and the embryonic CVP lesion failed to form in klf2a null fish indicating a common pathogenesis with the mammalian lesion. These studies describe a zebrafish CCM model and establish a mechanism that can explain the formation of characteristic multi-cavernous lesions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaked, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lightle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinfeld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginsberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.251744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abortive Intussusceptive Angiogenesis Causes Multi-Cavernous Vascular Malformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.16.252817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple regions of primate orofacial sensorimotor cortex encode bite force and gape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.16.252817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The precise control of bite force and gape is vital for effective breakdown and manipulation of food inside the oral cavity during feeding. Yet the role of the orofacial sensorimotor cortex (OSMcx) in the control of bite force and gape is still largely unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate how individual neurons and populations of neurons in multiple regions of OSMcx differentially encode bite force and gape when subjects (Macaca mulatta) generated different levels of bite force at varying gapes. We examined neuronal activity recorded simultaneously from three microelectrode arrays implanted chronically in the primary motor (MIo), primary somatosensory (SIo), and cortical masticatory (CMA) areas of OSMcx. We used generalized linear models to evaluate encoding properties of individual neurons and utilized dimensionality reduction techniques to decompose population activity into components related to specific task parameters. Individual neurons encoded bite force more strongly than gape in all three OSMCx areas although bite force was a better predictor of spiking activity in MIo versus SIo. Population activity differentiated between levels of bite force and gape while preserving task-independent temporal modulation across the behavioral trial. While activation patterns of neuronal populations were comparable across OSMCx areas, the total variance explained by task parameters was context-dependent and differed across areas. These findings suggest that the cortical control of gape may rely on computations at the population level whereas the strong encoding of bite force at the individual neuron level allows for the precise and rapid control of bite force.

Significance StatementBiting a piece off an apple requires precise sensorimotor control and coordination of bite force and gape by multiple brain regions. The cortical representations of bite force and gape by individual neurons and large populations of neurons across connected motor and somatosensory areas in orofacial cortex is unknown. Here we showed that bite force was more strongly encoded than gape by individual neurons in primary motor, somatosensory, and cortical masticatory areas. Moreover, bite force was more effectively represented in motor versus somatosensory cortices. At the population level, bite force and gape were distinguishable particularly when gape was randomized from trial-to-trial. The results are important for understanding neurophysiological processes underlying masticatory dysfunctions that may occur in aging, stroke, and Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arce-McShane, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sessle, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balcer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopoulos, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.16.252817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple regions of primate orofacial sensorimotor cortex encode bite force and gape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.250027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deuteration improves small-molecule fluorophores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.250027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescence microscopy relies on dyes that absorb short-wavelength photons and emit longer-wavelength light. In addition to this fluorescence process, dyes can undergo other photochemical reactions that result in spectral shifts and irreversible photobleaching. Increases in brightness,  chromostability, and photostability of fluorescent dyes are therefore crucial for advancing the frontier of bioimaging. Here, we describe a general approach to improve small-molecule fluorophores using deuteration. Incorporating deuterium into the alkylamino substituents of rhodamines and other dyes improves fluorescence quantum yield, inhibits photochemically induced spectral shifts, and slows irreparable photobleaching. These compounds are easily synthesized and show improved performance in cellular imaging experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grimm, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casler, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkachuk, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.250027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deuteration improves small-molecule fluorophores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.259820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interaction between neuronal encoding and population dynamics during categorization task switching in parietal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.259820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primates excel at categorization, a cognitive process for assigning stimuli into behaviorally relevant groups. Categories are encoded in multiple brain areas and tasks, yet it remains unclear how neural encoding and dynamics support cognitive tasks with different demands. We recorded from parietal cortex during flexible switching between categorization tasks with distinct cognitive and motor demands, and also studied recurrent neural networks (RNNs) trained on the same tasks. In the one-interval categorization task (OIC), monkeys rapidly reported their decisions with a saccade. In the delayed match-to-category (DMC) task, monkeys decided whether sequentially presented stimuli were categorical matches. Neuronal category encoding generalized across tasks, but categorical encoding was more binary-like in the DMC task and more graded in the OIC task. Furthermore, analysis of the trained RNNs supports the hypothesis that binary-like encoding in the DMC task arises through compression of graded feature encoding by population attractor dynamics underlying short-term working memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.259820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interaction between neuronal encoding and population dynamics during categorization task switching in parietal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.261438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Load-Dependent Relationships between Frontal fNIRS Activity and Performance: A Data-Driven PLS Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.261438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroimaging research frequently demonstrates load-dependent activation in the prefrontal cortex during working memory tasks such as the N-back. Most of this work has been conducted in fMRI, but functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is gaining traction as a less invasive and more flexible alternative to measuring cortical hemodynamics. Few fNIRS studies, however, have examined how working memory load-dependent changes in brain hemodynamics relate to performance. The current study employs a newly developed and robust statistical analysis of task-based fNIRS data in a large sample, and demonstrates the utility of data-driven, multivariate analyses to link brain activation and behavior in this modality. Seventy participants completed a standard N-back task with three N-back levels (N = 1, 2, 3) while fNIRS data were collected from frontal and parietal cortex. Overall, participants showed reliably greater fronto-parietal activation for the 2-back versus the 1-back task, suggesting fronto-parietal fNIRS measurements are sensitive to differences in cognitive load. The results for 3-back were much less consistent, potentially due to poor behavioral performance in the 3-back task. To address this, a multivariate analysis (behavioral partial least squares, PLS) was conducted to examine the interaction between fNIRS activation and performance at each N-back level. Results of the PLS analysis demonstrated differences in the relationship between accuracy and change in the deoxyhemoglobin fNIRS signal as a function of N-back level in four mid-frontal channels. Specifically, greater reductions in deoxyhemoglobin (i.e., more activation) were positively related to performance on the 3-back task, unrelated to accuracy in the 2-back task, and negatively associated with accuracy in the 1-back task. This pattern of results suggests that the metabolic demands correlated with neural activity required for high levels of accuracy vary as a consequence of task difficulty/cognitive load, whereby more automaticity during the 1-back task (less mid-frontal activity) predicted superior performance on this relatively easy task, and successful engagement of this mid-frontal region was required for high accuracy on a more difficult and cognitively demanding 3-back task. In summary, we show that fNIRS activity can track working memory load and can uncover significant associations between brain activity and performance, thus opening the door for this modality to be used in more wide-spread applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meidenbauer, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas-Iniguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huppert, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.261438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Load-Dependent Relationships between Frontal fNIRS Activity and Performance: A Data-Driven PLS Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.263822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frequency shapes the quality of tactile percepts evoked through electrical stimulation of the nerves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.263822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWTouch is critical for our ability to manipulate objects, as evidenced by the deficits incurred when touch is absent. To restore the sense of touch via electrical stimulation of the peripheral nerves requires that we understand how the parameters of stimulation shape the evoked sensation. To this end, we investigated the sensory consequences of changing the frequency of pulse trains (PF) delivered to the peripheral nerves of humans chronically implanted with multi-channel nerve cuff electrodes. We found that increases in PF led to systematic increases in perceived frequency, up to about 50 Hz, at which point further changes in PF had little to no impact on sensory quality. Above this transition frequency, ratings of perceived frequency levelled off, the ability to discriminate changes in PF was abolished, and verbal descriptors selected to characterize the sensation changed abruptly. We conclude that the quality of electrically evoked tactile sensations can be shaped by imposing temporal patterns on a fixed neural population, but this temporal patterning can only be resolved up to about 50 Hz. These findings highlight the importance of spike timing in shaping the quality of a sensation and will contribute to the development of encoding strategies for conveying touch feedback through bionic hands and feet.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graczyk, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christie, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.24.263822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frequency shapes the quality of tactile percepts evoked through electrical stimulation of the nerves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.266791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed Visual Category Processing Across Medial Superior Temporal and Lateral Intraparietal Cortices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.266791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Categorization is an essential cognitive and perceptual process for recognition and decision making. The posterior parietal cortex (PPC), particularly the lateral intraparietal (LIP) area has been suggested to transform visual feature encoding into cognitive or abstract category representations. By contrast, areas closer to sensory input, such as the middle temporal (MT) area, encode stimulus features but not more abstract categorical information during categorization tasks. Here, we compare the contributions of PPC subregions in category computation by recording neuronal activity in the medial superior temporal (MST) and LIP areas during a categorization task. MST is a core motion processing area interconnected with MT, and often considered an intermediate processing stage between MT and LIP. Here we show that MST shows robust decision-correlated category encoding and working memory encoding similar to LIP, suggesting that MST plays a substantial role in cognitive computation, extending beyond its widely recognized role in visual motion processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.266791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed Visual Category Processing Across Medial Superior Temporal and Lateral Intraparietal Cortices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.266320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural signatures of attentional engagement during narratives and its consequences for event memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.26.266320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As we comprehend narratives, our attentional engagement fluctuates over time. Despite theoretical conceptions of narrative engagement as emotion-laden attention, little empirical work has characterized the cognitive and neural processes that comprise subjective engagement in naturalistic contexts or its consequences for memory. Here, we relate fluctuations in narrative engagement to patterns of brain coactivation, and test whether neural signatures of engagement predict later recall. In behavioral studies, participants continuously rated how engaged they were as they watched a television episode or listened to a story. Self-reported engagement was synchronized across individuals and driven by the emotional content of the narratives. During fMRI, we observed highly synchronized activity in the default mode network when people were, on average, more engaged in the same narratives. Models based on time-varying whole-brain functional connectivity predicted evolving states of engagement across participants and even across different datasets. The same functional connections also predicted post-scan event recall, suggesting that engagement during encoding impacts subsequent memory. Finally, group-average engagement was related to fluctuations of an independent functional connectivity index of sustained attention. Together, our findings characterize the neural signatures of engagement dynamics and elucidate relationships between narrative engagement, sustained attention, and event memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.266320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural signatures of attentional engagement during narratives and its consequences for event memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.270686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergence in alternative polyadenylation contributes to gene regulatory differences between humans and chimpanzees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.270686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative functional genomic studies have shown that differences in gene expression between species can often be explained by corresponding inter-species differences in genetic and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. In the quest to understand gene regulatory evolution in primates, the role of co-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, such as alternative polyadenylation (APA), have so far received little attention. To begin addressing this gap, we studied APA in lymphoblastoid cell lines from six humans and six chimpanzees, and estimated usage for 44,432 polyadenylation sites (PAS) in 9,518 genes in both species. While APA is largely conserved in humans and chimpanzees, we identified 1,705 genes with significantly different PAS usage (FDR of 0.05) between the two species. We found that genes with divergent APA patterns are enriched among differentially expressed genes, as well as among genes that show differences in protein translation between species. In particular, differences in APA between humans and chimpanzees can explain a subset of observed inter-species protein expression differences that do not display corresponding differences at the transcript level. Finally, we focused on genes that have a dominant PAS, namely a PAS that is used more often than all others. Dominant PAS are highly conserved, and inter-species differences in dominant PAS are particularly enriched for genes that also show expression differences between the species. This study establishes APA as another key mechanism underlying the genetic regulation of transcript and protein expression levels in primates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mittleman, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.27.270686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergence in alternative polyadenylation contributes to gene regulatory differences between humans and chimpanzees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.271874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aberrant RNA methylation triggers recruitment of an alkylation repair complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.271874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A critical question in genome stability is the nature of the chemical damage responsible for repair activation. We previously reported a novel pathway specifically activated during alkylation damage in human cells, where the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF113A mediates the recruitment of the ASCC repair complex. Yet the mechanistic basis for the alkylation damage selectivity of this pathway remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that RNA but not DNA alkylation is the initiating signal for this process. Aberrantly methylated RNA is sufficient to recruit ASCC, while an RNA dealkylase suppresses ASCC recruitment during chemical alkylation. This aberrant RNA methylation causes transcriptional repression in a manner dependent on the ASCC complex. We show that an alkylated pre-mRNA, or an RNA containing a single damaged base, is sufficient to activate RNF113A E3 activity in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Together, our work identifies an unexpected role for RNA damage in eliciting a DNA repair response, and suggests that RNA may serve as the "canary in the coal mine" for sensing alkylation damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brickner, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyeniran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukinovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacolla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soll, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tainer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynoird, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosammaparast, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.271874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aberrant RNA methylation triggers recruitment of an alkylation repair complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chance, contingency, and necessity in the experimental evolution of ancestral proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.29.273581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand why evolution produced the biological systems that exist today, we must know how important chance, contingency, and necessity were during history. Previous observations suggest that each of these modes of causality affects evolution in various settings, but their relative roles and interactions are not well characterized because they have never been systematically assessed in a single system or on a timescale relevant to evolutionary history. To this end, we reconstructed ancestral B-cell-lymphoma-2-family proteins and developed a continuous evolution method to select for defined protein-protein interaction specificities. By repeatedly evolving a series of ancestral proteins to acquire specificities that occurred during history, we show that contingency steadily overwhelms chance and erases necessity as the primary cause of sequence variation in proteins over long phylogenetic timescales. As a result, evolutionary trajectories launched from distant starting points are essentially unpredictable, even under strong and identical selection pressures. Genetic dissection of the outcomes shows that chance arises because numerous sets of mutations can alter specificity at any point in time, while contingency arises because historical substitutions change these sets. Patterns of variation in extant protein sequences are therefore largely the idiosyncratic product of a particular course of unpredictable historical events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzger, B. P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.29.273581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chance, contingency, and necessity in the experimental evolution of ancestral proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.270165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Lysine Isobutyrylation as A New Histone Modification Mark 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.270165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short-chain acylation of lysine residues in eukaryotic proteins are recognized as essential posttranslational chemical modifications (PTMs) that regulate cellular processes from transcription, cell cycle, metabolism, to signal transduction. Lysine butyrylation was initially discovered as a normal straight chain butyrylation (Knbu). Here we report its structural isomer, branched chain butyrylation, i.e. lysine isobutyrylation (Kibu), existing as a new PTM on nuclear histones. Uniquely, isobutyryl-CoA is derived from valine catabolism and branched chain fatty acid oxidation which is distinct from the metabolism of n-butyryl-CoA. Several histone acetyltransferases were found to possess lysine isobutyryltransferase activity, especially p300 and HAT1. We resolved the X-ray crystal structures of HAT1 in complex with isobutyryl-CoA that gleaned an atomic level insight into HAT-catalyzed isobutyrylation. RNA-Seq profiling revealed that isobutyrate greatly affected the expression of genes associated with many pivotal biological pathways. Our findings identify Kibu as a novel chemical modification mark in histones and suggest its extensive role in regulating epigenetics and cellular physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halabelian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrowsmith, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.270165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Lysine Isobutyrylation as A New Histone Modification Mark]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.274639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drug repurposing screen identifies masitinib as a 3CLpro inhibitor that blocks replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.274639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is an urgent need for anti-viral agents that treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. The shortest path to clinical use is repurposing of drugs that have an established safety profile in humans. Here, we first screened a library of 1,900 clinically safe drugs for inhibiting replication of OC43, a human beta-coronavirus that causes the common-cold and is a relative of SARS-CoV-2, and identified 108 effective drugs. We further evaluated the top 26 hits and determined their ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2, as well as other pathogenic RNA viruses. 20 of the 26 drugs significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in human lung cells (A549 epithelial cell line), with EC50 values ranging from 0.1 to 8 micromolar. We investigated the mechanism of action for these and found that masitinib, a drug originally developed as a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor for cancer treatment, strongly inhibited the activity of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease 3CLpro. X-ray crystallography revealed that masitinib directly binds to the active site of 3CLpro, thereby blocking its enzymatic activity. Mastinib also inhibited the related viral protease of picornaviruses and blocked picornaviruses replication. Thus, our results show that masitinib has broad anti-viral activity against two distinct beta-coronaviruses and multiple picornaviruses that cause human disease and is a strong candidate for clinical trials to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drayman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froggatt, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova Maltseva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaescu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathayat, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Firpo, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastrodomenico, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedrzejczak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Alia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botten, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mounce, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaton, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaochimiak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.274639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drug repurposing screen identifies masitinib as a 3CLpro inhibitor that blocks replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.277848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Many are called but few are chosen - Multiple clonal origins greatly elevate the functional heterogeneity of tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.277848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each tumor is usually accepted to be of a single origin from a progenitor cell. The shared evolutionary paths impose a limit on the nature of genetic diversity of the tumor. However, there are also numerous stem cell niches with independent proliferation potentials. To reconcile the contrasting perspectives, we propose a model whereby each tumor is of multiple clonal origins but the most proliferative one would eclipse other minor clones. The detection of the minor clones would entail an extreme scheme of large-number but small-volume sampling. In two cases of colon tumors so sampled, one indeed has 13 independent clones of disparate sizes and even the smaller clones have tens of thousands of cells dispersed non-locally. The other, much larger, tumor has only one prevailing clone that engulfs two tiny patches of minor clones. In both cases, the expanding clone spawns a hierarchy of subclones that resemble vassal states on its wake of expansion. The timing of metastasis can also be mapped to the precise stage of the clonal expansion. In conclusion, multiple independent clones, likely common but difficult to detect, can greatly elevate the non-neutral diversity within a tumor. This much-elevated diversity has many theoretical and clinical implications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.277848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Many are called but few are chosen - Multiple clonal origins greatly elevate the functional heterogeneity of tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique contribution of enhancer-driven and master-regulator genes to autoimmune disease revealed using functionally informed SNP-to-gene linking strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulation is known to play a fundamental role in human disease, but mechanisms of regulation vary greatly across genes. Here, we explore the contributions to disease of two types of genes: genes whose regulation is driven by enhancer regions as opposed to promoter regions (enhancer-related) and genes that regulate other genes in trans (candidate master-regulator). We link these genes to SNPs using a comprehensive set of SNP-to-gene (S2G) strategies and apply stratified LD score regression to the resulting SNP annotations to draw three main conclusions about 11 autoimmune diseases and blood cell traits (average Ncase=13K across 6 autoimmune diseases, average N =443K across 5 blood cell traits). First, several characterizations of enhancer-related genes defined in blood using functional genomics data (e.g. ATAC-seq, RNA-seq, PC-HiC) are conditionally informative for autoimmune disease heritability, after conditioning on a broad set of regulatory annotations from the baseline-LD model. Second, candidate master-regulator genes defined using trans-eQTL in blood are also conditionally informative for autoimmune disease heritability. Third, integrating enhancer-related and candidate master-regulator gene sets with protein-protein interaction (PPI) network information magnified their disease signal. The resulting PPI-enhancer gene score produced >2x stronger conditional signal (maximum standardized SNP annotation effect size ({tau}*) = 2.0 (s.e. 0.3) vs. 0.91 (s.e. 0.21)), and >2x stronger gene-level enrichment for approved autoimmune disease drug targets (5.3x vs. 2.1x), as compared to the recently proposed Enhancer Domain Score (EDS). In each case, using functionally informed S2G strategies to link genes to SNPs that may regulate them produced much stronger disease signals (4.1x-13x larger{tau} * values) than conventional window-based S2G strategies. We conclude that our characterizations of enhancer-related and candidate master-regulator genes identify gene sets that are important for autoimmune disease, and that combining those gene sets with functionally informed S2G strategies enables us to identify SNP annotations in which disease heritability is concentrated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dey, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazal, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Geijn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engreitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.279059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique contribution of enhancer-driven and master-regulator genes to autoimmune disease revealed using functionally informed SNP-to-gene linking strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Community-curated and standardised metadata of published ancient metagenomic samples with AncientMetagenomeDir 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ancient DNA and RNA are valuable data sources for a wide range of disciplines. Within the field of ancient metagenomics, the number of published genetic datasets has risen dramatically in recent years, and tracking this data for reuse is particularly important for large-scale ecological and evolutionary studies of individual microbial taxa, microbial communities, and metagenomic assemblages. AncientMetagenomeDir (archived at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3980833) is a collection of indices of published genetic data deriving from ancient microbial samples that provides basic, standardised metadata and accession numbers to allow rapid data retrieval from online repositories. These collections are community-curated and span multiple sub-disciplines in order to ensure adequate breadth and consensus in metadata definitions, as well as longevity of the database. Internal guidelines and automated checks to facilitate compatibility with established sequence-read archives and term-ontologies ensure consistency and interoperability for future meta-analyses. This collection will also assist in standardising metadata reporting for future ancient metagenomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fellows Yates, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrades Valtuena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vagene, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cribdon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velsko, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo-Lopez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Guerra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heintzman, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spyrou, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hübner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gancz, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hider, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allshouse, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warinner, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.279570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Community-curated and standardised metadata of published ancient metagenomic samples with AncientMetagenomeDir]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tractable models of ecological assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ecological assembly, the way natural communities form under ecological time-scales, is a fundamental and yet poorly understood process. Recent theoretical and empirical approaches to assembly consider systems in which a group of species is introduced in a new environment, and dynamics prune the system down to a sub-community of coexisting species. This "top-down" assembly approach contrasts with the well-studied "bottom-up", or sequential, assembly, in which species from a pool enter the system one at a time, giving rise to priority effects and complex dynamics. Here we determine under which conditions the two approaches are equivalent, i.e., lead asymptotically to the same exact set of coexisting species. To achieve this result, we represent the assembly process as a network in which nodes are sub-communities and edges stand for invasions shifting the composition of the ecological community from a stable configuration to another. This abstraction makes it easy to determine which states the community can occupy, as well as highlight the potential for priority effects or cyclic species composition. We discuss how the equivalence between bottom-up and top-down assembly can advance our understanding of this challenging process from an empirical and theoretical point of view, informing the study of ecological restoration and the design and control of ecological communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Servan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allesina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.279943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tractable models of ecological assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.283507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of phylogeny on coexistence in model communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.283507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A species traits influence the way in which it interacts with the environment. Thus, we expect traits to play a role in determining whether a given set of species coexists. Traits are, in turn, the outcome of an eco-evolutionary process summarized by a phylogenetic tree. Therefore, the phylogenetic tree associated with a set of species should encode information about the assembly properties of the community. Many studies have high-lighted the potentially complex ways in which phylogenetic information is translated into species ecological properties. However, much less emphasis has been placed on developing expectations for community properties under a particular hypothesis.

In this work, we couple a simple model of trait evolution on a phylogenetic tree with local community dynamics governed by Lotka-Volterra equations. This allows us to derive properties of the community of coexisting species as a function of the number of traits, tree topology and the size of the species pool. Our results highlight how phylogenies and traits, in concert, affect the coexistence of a set of species.

In this way, our work provides new baseline expectations for the ways in which phylogenetic information is reflected in the structure of and coexistence within local communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Servan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capitan, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allesina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.04.283507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of phylogeny on coexistence in model communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.284828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomics Strain Resolution on Assembly Graphs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.284828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce a novel bioinformatics pipeline, STrain Resolution ON assembly Graphs (STRONG), which identifies strains de novo, when multiple metagenome samples from the same community are available. STRONG performs coassembly, followed by binning into metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs), but uniquely it stores the coassembly graph prior to simplification of variants. This enables the subgraphs for individual single-copy core genes (SCGs) in each MAG to be extracted. It can then thread back reads from the samples to compute per sample coverages for the unitigs in these graphs. These graphs and their unitig coverages are then used in a Bayesian algorithm, BayesPaths, that determines the number of strains present, their sequences or haplotypes on the SCGs and their abundances in each of the samples.

Our approach both avoids the ambiguities of read mapping and allows more of the information on co-occurrence of variants in reads to be utilised than if variants were treated independently, whilst at the same time exploiting the correlation of variants across samples that occurs when they are linked in the same strain. We compare STRONG to the current state of the art on synthetic communities and demonstrate that we can recover more strains, more accurately, and with a realistic estimate of uncertainty deriving from the variational Bayesian algorithm employed for the strain resolution. On a real anaerobic digestor time series we obtained strain-resolved SCGs for over 300 MAGs that for abundant community members match those observed from long Nanopore reads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quince, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raguideau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soyer, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Limasset, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chikhi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darling, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.06.284828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomics Strain Resolution on Assembly Graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.284455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual speech differentially modulates beta, theta, and high gamma bands in auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.284455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Speech perception is a central component of social communication. While principally an auditory process, accurate speech perception in everyday settings is supported by meaningful information extracted from visual cues (e.g., speech content, timing, and speaker identity). Previous research has shown that visual speech modulates activity in cortical areas subserving auditory speech perception, including the superior temporal gyrus (STG), potentially through feedback connections from the multisensory posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS). However, it is unknown whether visual modulation of auditory processing in the STG is a unitary phenomenon or, rather, consists of multiple temporally, spatially, or functionally distinct processes. To explore these questions, we examined neural responses to audiovisual speech measured from intracranially implanted electrodes within the temporal cortex of 21 patients undergoing clinical monitoring for epilepsy. We found that visual speech modulates auditory processes in the STG in multiple ways, eliciting temporally and spatially distinct patterns of activity that differ across theta, beta, and high-gamma frequency bands. Before speech onset, visual information increased high-gamma power in the posterior STG and suppressed beta power in mid-STG regions, suggesting crossmodal prediction of speech signals in these areas. After sound onset, visual speech decreased theta power in the middle and posterior STG, potentially reflecting a decrease in sustained feedforward auditory activity. These results are consistent with models that posit multiple distinct mechanisms supporting audiovisual speech perception and provide a crucial map for subsequent studies to identify the types of visual features that are encoded by these separate mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plass, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltz, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabowecky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stacey, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasade, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towle, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.284455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual speech differentially modulates beta, theta, and high gamma bands in auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.285759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OpenAWSEM with Open3SPN2: a fast, flexible, and accessible framework for large-scale coarse-grained biomolecular simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.285759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present OpenAWSEM and Open3SPN2, new cross-compatible implementations of coarse-grained models for protein (AWSEM) and DNA (3SPN2) molecular dynamics simulations within the OpenMM framework. These new implementations retain the chemical accuracy and intrinsic efficiency of the original models while adding GPU acceleration and the ease of forcefield modification provided by OpenMMs Custom Forces software framework. By utilizing GPUs, we achieve more than a 100-fold speedup in protein and protein-DNA simulations over the existing LAMMPS-based implementations running on a CPU.

We showcase the benefits of OpenMMs Custom Forces framework by devising and implementing two new potentials that allow us to address important aspects of protein folding and structure prediction and by testing the ability of the combined OpenAWSEM and Open3SPN2 to model protein-DNA binding. The first potential is used to describe the changes in effective interactions that occur as a protein becomes partially buried in a membrane. We also introduced an interaction to describe proteins with multiple disulfide bonds. Using simple pairwise disulfide bonding terms results in unphysical clustering of cysteine residues, posing a problem when simulating the folding of proteins with many cysteines. We now can computationally reproduce Anfinsens early Nobel prize winning experiments [1] by using OpenMMs Custom Forces framework to introduce a multi-body disulfide bonding term that prevents unphysical clustering. Our protein-DNA simulations show that the binding landscape is funneled towards structures that are quite similar to those found using experiments.

In summary, this paper provides a simulation tool for the molecular biophysics community that is both easy to use and sufficiently efficient to simulate large proteins and large protein-DNA systems that are central to many cellular processes. These codes should facilitate the interplay between molecular simulations and cellular studies, which have been hampered by the large mismatch between the time and length scales accessible to molecular simulations and those relevant to cell biology.

Author summaryThe cells most important pieces of machinery are large complexes of proteins often along with nucleic acids. From the ribosome, to CRISPR-Cas9, to transcription factors and DNA-wrangling proteins like the SMC-Kleisins, these complexes allow organisms to replicate and enable cells to respond to environmental cues. Computer simulation is a key technology that can be used to connect physical theories with biological reality. Unfortunately, the time and length scales accessible to molecular simulation have not kept pace with our ambition to study the cells molecular factories. Many simulation codes also unfortunately remain effectively locked away from the user community who need to modify them as more of the underlying physics is learned. In this paper, we present OpenAWSEM and Open3SPN2, two new easy-to-use and easy to modify implementations of efficient and accurate coarse-grained protein and DNA simulation forcefields that can now be run hundreds of times faster than before, thereby making studies of large biomolecular machines more facile.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pablo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolynes, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.285759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OpenAWSEM with Open3SPN2: a fast, flexible, and accessible framework for large-scale coarse-grained biomolecular simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.287532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Shh/Gli3 gene regulatory network precedes the origin of paired fins and reveals the deep homology between distal fins and digits. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.287532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the central problems of vertebrate evolution is understanding the relationship among the distal portions of fins and limbs. Lacking comparable morphological markers of these regions in fish and tetrapods, these relationships have remained uncertain for the past century and a half. Here we show that Gli3 functions in controlling the proliferative expansion of distal progenitors are shared among median and paired fins as well as tetrapod limbs. Mutant knockout gli3 fins in medaka (Oryzias latipes) form multiple radials and rays, in a pattern reminiscent of the polydactyly observed in Gli3 null mutant mice. In limbs, Gli3 controls both anterior-posterior patterning and cell proliferation, two processes that can be genetically uncoupled. In situ hybridization, quantification of proliferation markers, and analysis of regulatory regions reveal that in paired and median fins, gli3 plays a main role in controlling proliferation but not in patterning. Moreover, gli3 downregulation in shh mutant fins rescues fin loss in a manner similar to how Gli3-deficiency restores digits in the limbs of Shh mutant mouse embryos. We hypothesize that the Gli3/Shh pathway preceded the origin of paired appendages and was originally involved in modulating cell proliferation. Accordingly, the distal regions of median fins, paired fins, and limbs retain a deep regulatory and functional homology that predates the origin of paired appendages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Letelier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naranjo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sospedra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Rios, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Morales, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Skarmeta, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.08.287532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Shh/Gli3 gene regulatory network precedes the origin of paired fins and reveals the deep homology between distal fins and digits.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.288027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Controlling the flow of interruption in working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.08.288027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual working memory (WM) must maintain relevant information, despite the constant influx of both relevant and irrelevant information. Attentional control mechanisms help determine which of this new information gets access to our capacity-limited WM system. Previous work has treated attentional control as a monolithic process-either distractors capture attention or they are suppressed. Here, we provide evidence that attentional capture may instead be broken down into at least two distinct sub-component processes: 1) spatial capture, which refers to when spatial attention shifts towards the location of irrelevant stimuli, and 2) item-based capture, which refers to when item-based WM representations of irrelevant stimuli are formed. To dissociate these two sub-component processes of attentional capture, we utilized a series of EEG components that track WM maintenance (contralateral delay activity), suppression (distractor positivity), item individuation (N2pc), and spatial attention (lateralized alpha power). We show that relevant interrupters trigger both spatial and item-based capture, which means that they undermine WM maintenance more. Irrelevant interrupters, however, only trigger spatial capture from which ongoing WM representations can recover more easily. This fractionation of attentional capture into distinct sub-component processes provides a framework by which the fate of ongoing WM processes after interruption can be explained.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hakim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldmann-Wustefeld, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.08.288027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Controlling the flow of interruption in working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asthma-associated variants induce IL33 differential expression through a novel regulatory region 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated the IL33 locus in asthma, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we identify a 5 kb region within the GWAS-defined segment that acts as a strong regulatory element in vivo and in vitro. Chromatin conformation capture showed that this 5 kb region loops to the IL33 promoter, potentially regulating its expression. Supporting this notion, we show that genotype at an asthma-associated SNP, rs1888909, located within the 5 kb region, is associated with IL33 gene expression in human airway epithelial cells and IL-33 protein expression in human plasma, potentially through differential binding of OCT-1 (POU2F1) to the asthma-risk allele. Our data demonstrate that asthma-associated variants at the IL33 locus mediate allele-specific regulatory activity and IL33 expression, providing a novel mechanism through which a regulatory SNP contributes to genetic risk of asthma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aneas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobreira, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakabe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaine, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrusch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montefiori, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tena, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnaye, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clay, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gern, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altman, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naureckas, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogarth, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Skarmeta, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoetler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobrega, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.290098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asthma-associated variants induce IL33 differential expression through a novel regulatory region]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.292177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct place cell dynamics in CA1 and CA3 encode experience in new contexts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.292177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When exploring new environments animals form spatial memories that are updated with experience and retrieved upon re-exposure to the same environment. The hippocampus is thought to support these memory processes, but how this is achieved by different subnetworks such as CA1 and CA3 remains unclear. To understand how hippocampal spatial representations emerge and evolve during familiarization, we performed 2-photon calcium imaging in mice running in new virtual environments and compared the trial-to-trial dynamics of place cells in CA1 and CA3 over days. We find that place fields in CA1 emerge rapidly but tend to shift backwards from trial-to-trial and remap upon re-exposure to the environment a day later. In contrast, place fields in CA3 emerge gradually but show more stable trial-to-trial and day-to-day dynamics. These results reflect different roles in CA1 and CA3 in spatial memory processing during familiarization to new environments and constrain the potential mechanisms that support them.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.292177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct place cell dynamics in CA1 and CA3 encode experience in new contexts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection severity is linked to superior humoral immunity against the spike 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.12.294066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently causing a global pandemic. The antigen specificity and kinetics of the antibody response mounted against this novel virus are not understood in detail. Here, we report that subjects with a more severe SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibit a larger antibody response against the spike and nucleocapsid protein and epitope spreading to subdominant viral antigens, such as open reading frame 8 and non-structural proteins. Subjects with a greater antibody response mounted a larger memory B cell response against the spike, but not the nucleocapsid protein. Additionally, we revealed that antibodies against the spike are still capable of binding the D614G spike mutant and cross-react with the SARS-CoV-1 receptor binding domain. Together, this study reveals that subjects with a more severe SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibit a greater overall antibody response to the spike and nucleocapsid protein and a larger memory B cell response against the spike.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guthmiller, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stovicek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changrob, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halfmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, N.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utset, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamper, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Y.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmugarajah, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donington, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fremont, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joachimiak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madariaga, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.12.294066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 infection severity is linked to superior humoral immunity against the spike]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.13.295469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changing reward expectation transforms spatial encoding and retrieval in the hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.13.295469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Internal states of reward expectation play a central role in influencing the strength of spatial memories. At the cellular level, spatial memories are represented through the firing dynamics of hippocampal place cells. However, it remains unclear how internal states of reward expectation influence place cell dynamics and exert their effects on spatial memories. Here we show that when reward expectation is altered, the same environment becomes encoded by a distinct ensemble of place cells at all locations. Further, when reward expectation is high versus low, place cells demonstrate enhanced reliability during navigation and greater stability across days at all locations within the environment. These findings reveal that when rewards are expected, neuromodulatory circuits that represent internal reward expectation support and strengthen the encoding and retrieval of spatial information by place cells at all locations that lead to reward. This enhanced spatial memory can be used to guide future decisions about which locations are most likely to lead to rewards that are crucial for survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.13.295469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changing reward expectation transforms spatial encoding and retrieval in the hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.296889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CROssBAR: Comprehensive Resource of Biomedical Relations with Deep Learning Applications and Knowledge Graph Representations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.296889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systemic analysis of available large-scale biological and biomedical data is critical for developing novel and effective treatment approaches against both complex and infectious diseases. Owing to the fact that different sections of the biomedical data is produced by different organizations/institutions using various types of technologies, the data are scattered across individual computational resources, without any explicit relations/connections to each other, which greatly hinders the comprehensive multi-omics-based analysis of data. We aimed to address this issue by constructing a new biological and biomedical data resource, CROssBAR, a comprehensive system that integrates large-scale biomedical data from various resources and store them in a new NoSQL database, enrich these data with deep-learning-based prediction of relations between numerous biomedical entities, rigorously analyse the enriched data to obtain biologically meaningful modules and display them to users via easy-to-interpret, interactive and heterogenous knowledge graph (KG) representations within an open access, user-friendly and online web-service at https://crossbar.kansil.org. As a use-case study, we constructed CROssBAR COVID-19 KGs (available at: https://crossbar.kansil.org/covid_main.php) that incorporate relevant virus and host genes/proteins, interactions, pathways, phenotypes and other diseases, as well as known and completely new predicted drugs/compounds. Our COVID-19 graphs can be utilized for a systems-level evaluation of relevant virus-host protein interactions, mechanisms, phenotypic implications and potential interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dogan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atas, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atakan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifaioglu, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalbat, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nightingale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saidi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volynkin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zellner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetin-Atalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atalay, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.296889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CROssBAR: Comprehensive Resource of Biomedical Relations with Deep Learning Applications and Knowledge Graph Representations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.297341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sustained attention and spatial attention distinctly influence long-term memory encoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.297341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our attention is critically important for what we remember. Prior measures of the relationship between attention and memory, however, have largely treated "attention" as a monolith. Here, across three experiments, we provide evidence for two dissociable aspects of attention that influence encoding into long-term memory. Using spatial cues together with a sensitive continuous report procedure, we find that long-term memory response error is affected by both trial-by-trial fluctuations of sustained attention and prioritization via covert spatial attention. Furthermore, using multivariate analyses of EEG, we track both sustained attention and spatial attention prior to stimulus onset. Intriguingly, even during moments of low sustained attention, there is no decline in the representation of the spatially attended location, showing that these two aspects of attention have robust but independent effects on long term memory encoding. Finally, sustained and spatial attention predicted distinct variance in long-term memory performance across individuals. That is, the relationship between attention and long-term memory suggests a composite model, wherein distinct attentional subcomponents influence encoding into long-term memory. These results point towards a taxonomy of the distinct attentional processes that constrain our memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>deBettencourt, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.297341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sustained attention and spatial attention distinctly influence long-term memory encoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.298463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-resolution Crystal Structures of Transient Intermediates in the Phytochrome Photocycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.298463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phytochromes are red/far-red light photoreceptors in bacteria to plants, which elicit a variety of important physiological responses. They display a reversible photocycle between the resting (dark) Pr state and the light activated Pfr state, in which light signals are received and transduced as structural change through the entire protein to modulate the activity of the protein. It is unknown how the Pr-to-Pfr interconversion occurs as the structure of intermediates remain notoriously elusive. Here, we present short-lived crystal structures of the classical phytochrome from myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca captured by an X-ray Free Electron Laser 5 ns and 33ms after light illumination of the Pr state. We observe large structural displacements of the covalently bound bilin chromophore, which trigger a bifurcated signaling pathway. The snapshots show with atomic precision how the signal progresses from the chromophore towards the output domains, explaining how plants, bacteria and fungi sense red light.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poudyal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldama, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malla, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claesson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan Wahlgreen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feliz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srajer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nango, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fangjia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tono, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westenhoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stojkovic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.16.298463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-resolution Crystal Structures of Transient Intermediates in the Phytochrome Photocycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.299784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A method to remove the influence of fixative concentration on post-mortem T2 maps using a Kinetic Tensor model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.299784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Formalin fixation has been shown to substantially reduce T2 estimates when performing post-mortem imaging, primarily driven by the presence of bulk fixative in tissue. Prior to scanning, post-mortem tissue samples are often placed into a fluid that has more favourable imaging properties, such as matched magnetic susceptibility. This study investigates whether there is any evidence for a change in T2 in regions close to the tissue surface in post-mortem T2 maps due to fixative outflux into this surrounding fluid. Furthermore, we investigate whether a simulated spatial map of fixative concentration can be used as a confound regressor to reduce T2 inhomogeneity. To achieve this, T2 maps and diffusion tensor estimates were obtained in 14 whole, formalin fixed post-mortem brains placed in fluorinert approximately 48 hours prior to scanning. This consisted of 7 brains fixed with 10% formalin and 7 brains fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF). Fixative outflux was modelled using a Kinetic Tensor (KT) model, which incorporates voxelwise diffusion tensor estimates to account for diffusion anisotropy and tissue-specific diffusion coefficients. Brains fixed with 10% NBF revealed a spatial T2 pattern consistent with the modelled fixative outflux. Confound regression of fixative concentration reduced T2 inhomogeneity across both white and grey matter, with the greatest reduction attributed to the KT model vs simpler models of fixative outflux. No such effect was observed in brains fixed with 10% formalin. Correlations with ferritin and myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) histology lead to an increased similarity for the relationship between T2 and PLP for the two fixative types after KT correction. Only small correlations were identified between T2 and ferritin before and after KT correction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tendler, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foxley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallebage-Gamarallage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menke, R. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.16.299784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A method to remove the influence of fixative concentration on post-mortem T2 maps using a Kinetic Tensor model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphological Integration and Modularity in the Hyperkinetic Feeding System of Aquatic-foraging Snakes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The kinetic skull is a key innovation that allowed snakes to capture, manipulate, and swallow prey exclusively using their heads using the coordinated movement of 8 bones. Despite these unique feeding behaviors, patterns of evolutionary integration and modularity within the feeding bones of snakes in a phylogenetic framework have yet to be addressed. Here, we use a dataset of 60 {micro}CT scanned skulls and high-density geometric morphometric methods to address the origin and patterns of variation and integration in the feeding bones of aquatic-foraging snakes. By comparing alternate superimposition protocols allowing us to analyze the entire kinetic feeding system simultaneously, we find that the feeding bones are highly integrated, driven predominantly by functional selective pressures. The most supported pattern of modularity contains four modules each associated with distinct functional roles: the mandible, the palatopterygoid arch, the maxilla, and the suspensorium. Further, the morphological disparity of each bone is not linked to its magnitude of integration, indicating that integration within the feeding system does not constrain morphological evolution and that adequate biomechanical solutions to a wide range of feeding ecologies and behaviors is readily evolvable within the constraint due to integration in the snake feeding system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhoda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polly, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raxworthy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.16.300400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphological Integration and Modularity in the Hyperkinetic Feeding System of Aquatic-foraging Snakes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.302133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ESCargo: a regulatable fluorescent secretory cargo for diverse model organisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.302133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane traffic can be studied by imaging a cargo protein as it transits the secretory pathway. The best tools for this purpose initially block exit of the secretory cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and then release the block to generate a cargo wave. However, previously developed regulatable secretory cargoes are often tricky to use or specific for a single model organism. To overcome these hurdles for budding yeast, we recently optimized an artificial fluorescent secretory protein that exits the ER with the aid of the Erv29 cargo receptor, which is homologous to mammalian Surf4. The fluorescent secretory protein forms aggregates in the ER lumen and can be rapidly disaggregated by addition of a ligand to generate a nearly synchronized cargo wave. Here we term this regulatable secretory protein ESCargo (Erv29/Surf4-dependent Secretory Cargo) and demonstrate its utility not only in yeast cells, but also in cultured mammalian cells, Drosophila cells, and the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. Kinetic studies indicate that rapid transport out of the ER requires recognition by Erv29/Surf4. By choosing an appropriate ER signal sequence and expression vector, this simple technology can likely be used with many model organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casler, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zajac, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valbuena, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparvoli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeyifous, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkewitz, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne-Badovinac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.17.302133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ESCargo: a regulatable fluorescent secretory cargo for diverse model organisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.302232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fixed single-cell RNA sequencing for understanding virus infection and host response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.302232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomic studies that require intracellular protein staining, rare cell sorting, or inactivation of infectious pathogens are severely limited because current high-throughput RNA sequencing methods are incompatible with paraformaldehyde treatment, a common tissue and cell fixation and preservation technique. Here we present FD-seq, a high-throughput method for droplet-based RNA sequencing of paraformaldehyde-fixed, stained and sorted single-cells. We show that FD-seq preserves the mRNA integrity and relative abundances during fixation and subsequent cell retrieval. Furthermore, FD-seq detects a higher number of genes and transcripts than methanol fixation. We applied FD-seq to investigate two important questions in Virology. First, by analyzing a rare population of cells supporting lytic reactivation of the human tumor virus KSHV, we identified TMEM119 as a host factor that mediates viral reactivation. Second, we found that upon infection with the betacoronavirus OC43, which causes the common cold and is a close relative of SARS-CoV-2, pro-inflammatory pathways are primarily upregulated in lowly-infected cells that are exposed to the virus but fail to express high levels of viral genes. FD-seq thus enables integrating phenotypic with transcriptomic information in rare cell populations, and preserving and inactivating pathogenic samples that cannot be handled under regular biosafety measures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phan, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Gent, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drayman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gack, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.17.302232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fixed single-cell RNA sequencing for understanding virus infection and host response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.307678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Europe as a bridgehead in the worldwide invasion history of grapevine downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.22.307678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Europe is the historical cradle of viticulture, but grapevines have been increasingly threatened by pathogens of American origin. The invasive oomycete Plasmopara viticola causes downy mildew, one of the most devastating grapevine diseases worldwide. Despite major economic consequences, its invasion history remains poorly understood. Comprehensive population genetic analyses of ~2000 samples from the most important wine-producing countries revealed very low genetic diversity in invasive downy mildew populations worldwide. All the populations originated from one of five native North American lineages, the one parasitizing wild summer grape. After an initial introduction into Europe, invasive European populations served as a secondary source of introduction into vineyards worldwide, including China, South Africa and, twice independently, Australia. Invasion of Argentina probably represents a tertiary introduction from Australia. Our findings provide a striking example of a global pathogen invasion resulting from secondary dispersal of a successful invasive population. It will help designing quarantine regulations and efficient breeding for resistance against grapevine downy mildew.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labbe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussert, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deliere, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richart-Cervera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraud, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmotte, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.22.307678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Europe as a bridgehead in the worldwide invasion history of grapevine downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.311852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primate neuronal connections are sparse as compared to mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.311852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mouse and macaque primary visual cortices are foundational models of cortical functioning, particularly at the level of single neurons. Therefore, detailing differences in how individual neurons connect across these species would inform models of cortical functioning and of how brains evolve. However, existing comparisons are limited, measuring synapse density without regard to where synapses are made or on what types of neurons. We use large volume electron microscopy to address this gap, reconstructing a total of 7735 synapses across 160 total neurons (146 excitatory, 14 inhibitory) from adult Rhesus macaque and mouse Layer 2/3 of primary visual cortex (V1). We find that primate connections are broadly sparse: primate excitatory and inhibitory neurons received 3-5 times fewer spine and somatic synapses with lower ratios of excitatory to inhibitory synapses than mouse equivalents. However, despite reductions in absolute synapse number, patterns of axonal innervation were preserved: inhibitory axons sparsely innervated neighboring excitatory neurons in macaque and mouse at similar rates and proportions. On the output side, most excitatory axons in mice myelinated close to the soma (81%) while most primate axons (68%) did not. Interestingly, primate axons, but not mouse axons, that myelinated had 3.3 fold more axon initial segment synapses than axons that did not myelinate, suggesting differential inhibitory control of long distance output in primate brains. Finally, we discover that when artificial recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are constrained by the metabolic cost of creating and maintaining synapses, increasing the number of nodes (e.g. neurons) as networks optimize for a cognitive task, reduces the number of connections per node, similar to primate neurons as compared to mice.

One Sentence SummaryUsing large volume serial electron microscopy, we show that primate cortical neural networks are sparser than mouse and using recursive neural nets, we show that energetic costs of synaptic maintenance could underlie this difference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wildenberg, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paukner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.24.311852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primate neuronal connections are sparse as compared to mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.312686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disinhibitory circuitry gates associative synaptic plasticity in olfactory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.24.312686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhibitory microcircuits play an essential role in regulating cortical responses to sensory stimuli. Interneurons that inhibit dendritic or somatic integration in pyramidal neurons act as gatekeepers for neural activity, synaptic plasticity and the formation of sensory representations. Conversely, interneurons that specifically inhibit other interneurons can open gates through disinhibition. In the rodent piriform cortex, relief of dendritic inhibition permits long-term potentiation (LTP) of the recurrent synapses between pyramidal neurons (PNs) thought to underlie ensemble odor representations. We used an optogenetic approach to identify the inhibitory interneurons and disinhibitory circuits that regulate LTP. We focused on three prominent inhibitory neuron classes-somatostatin (SST), parvalbumin (PV), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) interneurons. We find that LTP is gated by the inactivation SST or PV interneurons or by activation of VIP interneurons. Further, activation of VIP interneurons strongly inhibits putative SST-cells during LTP induction, but only weakly inhibit PV-interneurons. Taken together, these findings suggest that VIP-interneurons mediate a disinhibitory circuit that can regulate synaptic plasticity during olfactory processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canto-Bustos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friason, F. K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oswald, A.-M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.24.312686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disinhibitory circuitry gates associative synaptic plasticity in olfactory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.26.314377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrarenal B cells integrate in situ innate and adaptive immunity in human renal allograft rejection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.26.314377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In human allograft rejection, intrarenal B cell infiltrates identify those with a poor prognosis. However, how intrarenal B cells contribute to rejection is not known. Single cell RNA-sequencing of intrarenal class-switched B cells revealed a unique innate cell transcriptional state resembling murine peritoneal B1 cells (Bin cells). Comparison to the transcriptome of whole renal allograft rejecting tissue revealed that Bin cells existed within a complex autocrine and paracrine network of signaling axes. The immunoglobulins expressed by Bin cells did not bind donor specific antigens nor were they enriched for reactivity to ubiquitously expressed self-antigens. Rather, Bin cells frequently expressed antibodies reactive with renal expressed antigens. Furthermore, local antigens could drive Bin cell proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells expressing self-reactive antibodies. By contributing to local innate immune networks, and expressing antibodies reactive with renal expressed antigens, Bin cells are predicted to amplify local inflammation and tissue destruction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daccache, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veselits, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgeher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josephson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tambur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.26.314377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrarenal B cells integrate in situ innate and adaptive immunity in human renal allograft rejection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.26.314997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dscam1 promotes blood cell survival in Drosophila melanogaster through a dual role in blood cells and neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.26.314997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (Dscam1) is a receptor-like cell adhesion molecule that is conserved across the animal kingdom, but its roles in hematopoiesis remain unknown. Dscam1 related genes in vertebrates and invertebrates are key regulators of neuron morphogenesis and neuronal tiling. In Drosophila, Dscam1 in addition has roles in blood cells (hemocytes) in innate immunity and phagocytosis of pathogens. Given the anatomical and functional role of peripheral sensory neurons as microenvironments for resident hematopoietic sites in the Drosophila larva, we sought to investigate the role of Dscam1 in this context. Interestingly, we find that Dscam1 fills the role of a previously anticipated factor in neuron-hemocyte communication that supports trophic survival: tissue specific silencing of Dscam1 by in vivo RNAi in sensory neurons leads to neuron reduction, which in turn results in reduced hemocyte numbers due to apoptosis. Dscam1 silencing in hemocytes also results in a reduction of hemocytes and increased apoptosis. This cell-autonomous effect of Dscam1 silencing can be mimicked by RNAi silencing of dreadlocks (dock), suggesting that intracellular Dscam1 signaling relies on the adapter protein Dock in this system. Our findings reveal a dual role for Dscam1 in Drosophila hematopoiesis, by promoting survival of the sensory neuron microenvironments that in turn support hemocyte survival, and by promoting survival of hemocytes cell-autonomously. It will be interesting to explore possible functions of vertebrate Dscam1 related genes such as DSCAML1 in blood cells and their trophic survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mase, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcoran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueckner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.26.314997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dscam1 promotes blood cell survival in Drosophila melanogaster through a dual role in blood cells and neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.313049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tethering-facilitated DNA 'opening' and complementary roles of β-hairpin motifs in the Rad4/XPC DNA damage sensor protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.313049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
XPC/Rad4 initiates eukaryotic nucleotide excision repair on structurally diverse helix-destabilizing/distorting DNA lesions by selectively  opening these sites while rapidly diffusing along undamaged DNA. Previous structural studies showed that Rad4, when tethered to DNA, could also open undamaged DNA, suggesting a  kinetic gating mechanism whereby lesion discrimination relied on efficient opening versus diffusion. However, solution studies in support of such a mechanism were lacking and how  opening is brought about remained unclear. Here, we present crystal structures and fluorescence-based conformational analyses on tethered complexes, showing that Rad4 can indeed  open undamaged DNA in solution and that such  opening can largely occur without one or the other of the {beta}-hairpin motifs in the BHD2 or BHD3 domains. Notably, the Rad4-bound  open DNA adopts multiple conformations in solution notwithstanding the DNAs original structure or the {beta}-hairpins. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal compensatory roles of the {beta}-hairpins, which may render robustness in dealing with and opening diverse lesions. Our study showcases how fluorescence-based studies can be used to obtain information complementary to ensemble structural studies. The tethering-facilitated DNA  opening of undamaged sites and the dynamic nature of  open DNA may shed light on how the protein functions within and beyond NER in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavakoli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broyde, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.313049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tethering-facilitated DNA 'opening' and complementary roles of β-hairpin motifs in the Rad4/XPC DNA damage sensor protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.316422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring effects of trainee professional development on research productivity: A cross-institutional meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.316422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PhD-trained scientists are essential contributors to the workforce in diverse employment sectors that include academia, industry, government, and non-profit organizations. Hence, best practices for training the future biomedical workforce are of national concern. Complementing coursework and laboratory research training, many institutions now offer professional training that enables career exploration and develops a broad set of skills critical to various career paths. The National Institutes of Health funded academic institutions to design innovative programming to enable this professional development through a mechanism known as Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training (BEST). Programming at the BEST awardee institutions included career panels, skill-building workshops, job-searching workshops, site visits, and internships. An initial concern was since doctoral training is lengthy and requires focused attention on dissertation research, having students participate in additional complementary training activities might lengthen time to degree and hamper student research productivity. To address this concern, using time to degree and publication records as measures of efficiency and productivity, metrics were analyzed from ten BEST awardee institutions. Comparing doctoral students who participated to those who did not, results revealed that across these diverse academic institutions, there were no differences in time to degree or manuscript output. Furthermore, a few institutions even demonstrated a positive correlation between participation in career and professional development activities and productivity. Our findings suggest that doctoral students should be encouraged to participate in career and professional development opportunities to ensure their preparedness for a variety of diverse and important careers in the workforce.

Significance StatementOur study is unique in that it compiled doctoral degree durations at ten different universities, recorded individual participation in career and professional development activities in terms of dosage, and tracked individual engagement in real-time rather than relying on surveys sent to trainees after graduation. Participation in career and professional development activities, including internships, did not decrease efficiency or productivity. Our findings suggest that doctoral students should be encouraged to participate in career and professional development opportunities to ensure their preparedness for a variety of diverse and important careers in the workforce.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brandt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturzenegger Varvayanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolgioni-Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrie, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stayart, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Wart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fruman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmquist, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arneman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennwald, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.316422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring effects of trainee professional development on research productivity: A cross-institutional meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.317438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colwellia and Marinobacter metapangenomes reveal species-specific responses to oil and dispersant exposure in deepsea microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.317438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 7 million liters of Corexit EC9500A and EC9527A were applied to the Gulf of Mexico in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The impacts of dispersants remain under debate and negative, positive, and inconclusive impacts have been reported. Here, metatrancriptomics was applied in the context of metapangenomes to microcosms that simulated environmental conditions comparable to the hydrocarbon-rich 1,100 m deep plume. Within this microcosm study, negative effects of dispersants on microbial hydrocarbon degradation were previously reported based on activity measurements and geochemical data. Transcriptional enrichment of Colwellia, a potential dispersant degrader, followed variable time-dependent trajectories due to interactions between oil, dispersants, and nutrients. The Colwellia metapangenome captured a mixture of environmental responses linked to the Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H genome and to the genomes of other members of the Colwellia genus. The activation of genes involved in lipid degradation, nitrogen metabolism, and membrane composition under oil or nutrient availability, suggested an opportunistic growth strategy for Colwellia. In contrast, transcripts of Marinobacter, a natural hydrocarbon degrader, increased only in oil treatments. Marinobacter transcripts largely recruited to the accessory metapangenome of Marinobacter sp. C18, the closest genomic reference. A complex response involving carbon and lipid metabolism, chemotaxis and a type IV secretion system suggested active energy-dependent processes in Marinobacter. These findings highlight chemistry-dependent responses in the metabolism of key hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and underscore that dispersant-driven selection could temper the ability of the community to respond to hydrocarbon injection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pena Montenegro, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleindienst, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCrow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Calderon, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joye, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.317438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colwellia and Marinobacter metapangenomes reveal species-specific responses to oil and dispersant exposure in deepsea microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.315713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A sparse mapping of structure to function in microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.315713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The metabolic function of microbial communities has played a defining role in the evolution and persistence of life on Earth, driving redox reactions that form the basis of global biogeochemical cycles. Community metabolism emerges from a hierarchy of processes including gene expression, ecological interactions, and environmental factors. In wild communities, gene content is correlated with environmental context, but predicting metabolic dynamics from genomic structure remains elusive. Here we show, for the process of denitrification, that community metabolism is predictable from the genes each member of the community possesses. Machine learning reveals a sparse and generalizable mapping from gene content to metabolite dynamics across a genomically-diverse library of bacteria. A consumer-resource model correctly predicts community metabolism from single-strain phenotypes. Our results demonstrate that the conserved impacts of metabolic genes can predict community function, enabling the prediction of metabolite dynamics from metagenomes, designing denitrifying communities, and discovering how genome evolution impacts metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gowda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ping, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.315713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A sparse mapping of structure to function in microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.318881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cocaine causes rapid remodeling of dopaminergic axons, synapses, and mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.318881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopaminergic (DA) neurons exert profound influences on behavior including addiction. However, how DA axons communicate with target neurons and how those communications change, for example, with drug exposure, remains poorly understood. We combine recent advances in cell type specific labeling for electron microscopy with large volume three-dimensional serial electron microscopy -  connectomics- to detail DA connections in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) across multiple animals and after exposure to cocaine. We find that DA axonal varicosities are of four general types: 38% are empty, 25% contain few small ([~]50 nm diameter) vesicles, 19% contain few large ([~]133 nm diameter) vesicles, and 18% have mixed small and large vesicles, suggesting that DA axons may use multiple types of neurotransmitters. Individual DA axons were significantly more likely to contain multiple varicosities of the same type relative to chance, suggesting a new method of DA axon classification. Across all categories, we find only rare examples (<2%, 6/410) of varicosities making specific synapses with any neighboring neuron with the few examples being made exclusively on the shafts and soma of resident NAc neurons. Instead, we find much more frequently (15%) that DA varicosities form spinule-like structures: physical membrane interdigitations with nearby dendrites or excitatory and inhibitory axons. Days after a brief exposure to cocaine, DA axons were extensively branched relative to controls but with similar densities of varicosities and spinules. Additionally, cocaine exposure results in the formation of blind-ended "bulbs" in DA axons, filled with mitochondria, and reminiscent of axonal retraction in the developing and damaged brain. Every bulb was surrounded by elaborated glia further suggestive of active remodeling. Finally, mitochondrial lengths increased by [~]2.2 times relative to control throughout DA axons and NAc spiny dendrites after cocaine exposure but not in DA soma or DA dendrites. We conclude that DA axonal transmission is unlikely to be mediated via classical synapses in the NAc and that the major locus of anatomical plasticity of DA circuits after exposure to cocaine are large scale axonal rearrangements with correlated changes in mitochondria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wildenberg, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorokina, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koranda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monical, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGehee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.318881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cocaine causes rapid remodeling of dopaminergic axons, synapses, and mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.320796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FANCD2 Alleviates Physiologic Replication Stress in Fetal Liver HSC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.320796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone marrow failure (BMF) in Fanconi Anemia (FA) results from exhaustion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), but the physiological role of FA proteins in HSC pool integrity remains unknown. Herein we demonstrate that FANCD2, a core component of the FA pathway, counters replication stress during developmental HSC expansion in the fetal liver (FL). Rapid rates of proliferation and FANCD2 deficient result in excess RPA-coated ssDNA, and provoke pChk1 activation and Cdkn1a(p21) nuclear localization in fetal Fancd2-/- HSC. Checkpoint mediated S-phase delays induced by Cdkn1a(p21) are rescued by Tgf-{beta} inhibition, but pChk1 activation is further aggravated. Our observations reveal the mechanism and physiological context by which FANCD2 safeguards HSC pool formation during development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mochizuki-Kashio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, Y. m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menna, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grompe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.30.320796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FANCD2 Alleviates Physiologic Replication Stress in Fetal Liver HSC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.318949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Throughput RNA Sequencing of Mice Retina Reveals Metabolic Pathways Involved in the Gut-Retinal Axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.318949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and aimsConnections between the gut microbiome and retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) are recently being established. Communication between the gut microbiome and retina, referred to as the gut-retina axis, has been proposed; however, the biologic pathways and mediators involved in the interactions have not yet been elucidated. Using high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of whole retinas, we compare the retinal transcriptome from germ-free (GF) and specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice to investigate the effects of the gut-microbiome on both retinal gene expression and biologic pathways.

MethodsRNA was extracted from whole retinas of GF and SPF mice (four animals per group) and cDNA libraries were created. RNA-seq was performed on NovaSEQ6000 using the paired-end method. After preprocessing the RNA-seq data, gene expression value was calculated by count per million (CPM). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified with the limma package from Bioconductor on the expression data. Functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction STRING protein-protein association network analyses were created for the differentially expressed genes (DEGs).

ResultsRNA-sequencing reveals a cohort of 396 DEGs, of which, 173 are upregulated and 223 are downregulated in GF mouse retina. Enrichment analysis reveals that the DEGs are involved in glucocorticoid effects, transcription factor binding, cytoskeletal stability, lipid metabolism, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Multiple biologic pathways, including obesity/metabolic syndrome, longevity, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 transcription pathway, and 5 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway are affected in the GF retinas. PPARG1a (PGC1a) gene is involved in 13 of the 35 significantly modulated pathways. Proteins with the greatest number of interactions in the PPI are E1A binding protein P300(EP300), forkhead box O3(FOXO3), and PGC1a.

ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the involvement of the gut microbiome in driving the retinal transcriptome, providing evidence for the presence of a gut-retina axis. Future studies are needed to define the precise role of the gut-retina axis in the pathogenesis of retinal diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadeem, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skondra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Movahedan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Souza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barba, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonne, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulakhe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.318949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Throughput RNA Sequencing of Mice Retina Reveals Metabolic Pathways Involved in the Gut-Retinal Axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immature HIV-1 assembles from Gag dimers leaving partial hexamers at lattice edges as substrates for proteolytic maturation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.01.322081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CA (capsid) domain of immature HIV-1 Gag and the adjacent spacer peptide 1 (SP1) play a key role in viral assembly by forming a lattice of CA hexamers, which adapts to viral envelope curvature by incorporating small lattice defects and a large gap at the site of budding. This lattice is stabilized by intra- and inter-hexameric CA-CA interactions, which are important in regulating viral assembly and maturation. We applied subtomogram averaging and classification to determine the structure of CA at lattice edges and found that they form partial hexamers. These structures reveal the network of interactions formed by CA-SP1at the lattice edge. We also performed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of CA-CA interactions stabilizing the immature lattice and of partial CA-SP1 helical bundles. Free energy calculations reveal increased propensity for helix-to-coil transitions in partial hexamers compared to complete six-helix bundles. Taken together, these results suggest that the CA dimer is the basic unit of lattice assembly, that partial hexamers exist at lattice edges, that these are in a helix-coil dynamic equilibrium and that partial helical bundles are more likely to unfold, representing potential sites for HIV-1 maturation initiation.

Significance StatementHIV-1 particle assembly is driven by the viral Gag protein, which oligomerizes into an hexameric array on the inner surface of the viral envelope, forming a truncated spherical lattice containing large and small gaps. Gag is then cut by the viral protease, disassembles and rearranges to form the mature, infectious virus. Here, we present structures and molecular dynamics simulations of the edges of the immature Gag lattice. Our analysis shows that Gag dimers are the basic assembly unit of the HIV-1 particle, that lattice edges are partial hexamers, and that partial hexamers are prone to structural changes allowing protease to cut Gag. These findings provide insights into assembly of the immature virus, its structure, and how it disassembles during maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morado, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, J. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.01.322081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immature HIV-1 assembles from Gag dimers leaving partial hexamers at lattice edges as substrates for proteolytic maturation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.323915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multiscale Coarse-grained Model of the SARS-CoV-2 Virion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.323915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Computer simulations of complete viral particles can provide theoretical insights into large-scale viral processes including assembly, budding, egress, entry, and fusion. Detailed atomistic simulations, however, are constrained to shorter timescales and require billion-atom simulations for these processes. Here, we report the current status and on-going development of a largely "bottom-up" coarse-grained (CG) model of the SARS-CoV-2 virion. Structural data from a combination of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), x-ray crystallography, and computational predictions were used to build molecular models of structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins, which were then assembled into a complete virion model. We describe how CG molecular interactions can be derived from all-atom simulations, how viral behavior difficult to capture in atomistic simulations can be incorporated into the CG models, and how the CG models can be iteratively improved as new data becomes publicly available. Our initial CG model and the detailed methods presented are intended to serve as a resource for researchers working on COVID-19 who are interested in performing multiscale simulations of the SARS-CoV-2 virion.

Significance StatementThis study reports the construction of a molecular model for the SARS-CoV-2 virion and details our multiscale approach towards model refinement. The resulting model and methods can be applied to and enable the simulation of SARS-CoV-2 virions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monje-Galvan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casalino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaieb, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dommer, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.02.323915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multiscale Coarse-grained Model of the SARS-CoV-2 Virion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.03.322354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin crosslinker competition and sorting drive emergent GUV size-dependent actin network architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.03.322354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How complex actin network architectures arise and coexist in membrane-enclosed cell environment remains unknown. By encapsulating actin and crosslinking proteins -actinin and fascin in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), we show that physical confinement and its size can lead to formation of complex actin structures, including rings and asters at GUV peripheries and centers. Strikingly, we find that the materials properties of the aster structures depend on the ratio of the relative concentrations of -actinin and fascin, and we demonstrate that this results from -actinin and fascin sorting into separate domains in the structures. We complement our experiments with molecular simulations that capture the spontaneous formation of competing network architectures; these provide a microscopic view of the dynamics and delineate the molecular features that promote sorting. We propose that the observed boundary-imposed effect on protein sorting is a general mechanism for creating emergent structures in biopolymer networks with multiple crosslinkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bashirzadeh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redford, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorpaiboon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litschel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwille, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hocky, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.03.322354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin crosslinker competition and sorting drive emergent GUV size-dependent actin network architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.327155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic signatures of sex-specific nicotine sensitization and imprinting of self-administration in rats inform GWAS findings on human addiction phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.327155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rodents are frequently used to model drug addiction, yet their genetic relevance to human addictive behaviors especially the mounting genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings is poorly understood. Considering a possible gateway drug role of nicotine (NIC), we modeled NIC addiction, specifically NIC sensitization (SST) and self-administration (SA), in F1 progeny of inbred Envigo rats (F344/BN) and conducted integrative genomics analyses. We unexpectedly observed male-specific NIC SST and a parental effect of SA only present in paternal F344 crosses. Transcriptional profiling in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and shell further revealed sex and brain region-specific transcriptomic signatures of SST and SA. We found that genes associated with SST and SA were enriched for those related to synaptic processes, myelin sheath, and tobacco use disorder or chemdependency. Interestingly, SST-associated genes were often downregulated in male VTA but upregulated in female VTA, and strongly enriched for smoking GWAS risk variants, possibly explaining the male-specific SST. For SA, we found widespread region-specific allelic imbalance of expression (AIE), of which genes showing AIE bias towards paternal F344 alleles in NAc core were strongly enriched for SA-associated genes and for GWAS risk variants of smoking initiation, likely contributing to the parental effect of SA. The transcriptional signatures of sex-specific nicotine SST and SA suggest a mechanistic link between genes underlying these processes and human nicotine addiction, providing a resource for understanding the biology underlying the GWAS findings on human smoking and other addictive phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kozlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ujas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steidl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vezina, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.327155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic signatures of sex-specific nicotine sensitization and imprinting of self-administration in rats inform GWAS findings on human addiction phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.329789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-modal imaging of a single postmortem mouse brain over five orders of magnitude of resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.329789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian neurons operate at length scales spanning five orders of magnitude; micron-scale-diameter myelinated axons project millimeters across brain regions, ultimately forming nanometer scale synapses on individual post-synaptic neurons. Capturing these anatomical features across that breadth of scale has required imaging samples with multiple independent imaging modalities (e.g. MRI, electron microscopy, etc.). Translating between the different modalities, however, requires imaging the same brain with each. Here, we imaged the same postmortem mouse brain over five orders of spatial resolution using MRI, whole brain micron-scale synchrotron x-ray tomography (CT), and large volume automated serial electron microscopy. Using this pipeline, we can track individual myelinated axons previously relegated to axon bundles in diffusion tensor MRI or arbitrarily trace neurons and their processes brain-wide and identify individual synapses on them. This pipeline provides both an unprecedented look across a single brains multi-scaled organization as well as a vehicle for studying the brains multi-scale pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foxley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampathkumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Andrade, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinkle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorokina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norwood, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.329789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-modal imaging of a single postmortem mouse brain over five orders of magnitude of resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification, Characterization, and Targeting of a Rare and Temporal Dendritic Cell State that Facilitates Adaptive Immune Responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The heterogeneity of innate immune cells facilitates efficient antigen presentation and immune activation in the presence of pathogens via cooperativity of various cell subsets and cell states but also obscures the contribution of individual antigen presenting cells (APCs) to overall immune response.1 It has been hypothesized that a small number of APCs, which are more sensitive to the initial pathogen stimulus, are responsible for coordinating neighboring APCs in an effort to share the metabolic strain associated with heightened pathogen sensitivity.2 In this study, we have identified a temporally-controlled state of dendritic cells (DCs) that demonstrate greater sensitivity to toll-like-receptor (TLR) agonists and secrete the majority of paracrine activating cytokines (TNF, IL-6...ect). We were able to isolate this distinct population of DCs preferentially phagocytosed the majority of fluorescently labeled, TLR agonist conjugated microparticles (MPs).3 We call this population First Responder cells (FRs) due to their ability to first uptake the MPs and activate neighboring APCs via paracrine signaling. We show that FRs exist in this state for <3 hours, cycle through this state on a <24-hour timescale and show a distinct mRNA profile. Furthermore, FRs are necessary for generation of adaptive responses both in vitro and in vivo. We also show that we can improve both IgG titers and CD8 responses in vivo by targeting two highly upregulated receptors on FR cells, DAP12 and PRG2. Given the significance of FR involvement in APC activation, this study has broad immunological value because it offers a critical first evaluation of a new APC cell state but also has important translational value for improving vaccine efficacy via FR targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deak, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Studnitzer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinhardt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser-Kahn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.331744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification, Characterization, and Targeting of a Rare and Temporal Dendritic Cell State that Facilitates Adaptive Immune Responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A general decoding strategy explains the relationship between behavior and correlated variability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Improvements in perception are frequently accompanied by decreases in correlated variability in sensory cortex. This relationship is puzzling because overall changes in correlated variability should minimally affect optimal information coding. We hypothesize that this relationship arises because instead of using optimal strategies for decoding the specific stimuli at hand, observers prioritize generality: a single set of neuronal weights to decode any stimuli. We tested this using a combination of multineuron recordings in the visual cortex of behaving rhesus monkeys and a cortical circuit model. We found that general decoders optimized for broad rather than narrow sets of visual stimuli better matched the animals decoding strategy, and that their performance was more related to the magnitude of correlated variability. In conclusion, the inverse relationship between perceptual performance and correlated variability can be explained by observers using a general decoding strategy, capable of decoding neuronal responses to the variety of stimuli encountered in natural vision.

IMPACT STATEMENTThe frequently observed relationship between perceptual performance and correlated variability in sensory cortex can be explained by observers using a decoding strategy that prioritizes generality for many stimuli over precision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ni, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.331850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A general decoding strategy explains the relationship between behavior and correlated variability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The coevolution of mammae number and litter size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammals are unique in provisioning their offspring with milk, lactiferous nourishment produced in glandular organs called mammae. Mammae number is hypothesized to coevolve with litter size, acting as a constraint on offspring survival. However, predicted canonical relations between mammae number and litter size (i.e., the  one-half and  identity rules) are untested across Mammalia. Here we analyze data for 2,301 species and show how these characters coevolve. In Mammalia, mammae number approximates the maximum reported litter size of a species, and mammae number explains more variation in litter size than other species-level traits (mass, gestation length, diet, and seasonality of contemporary geographic distribution). Clades show differences in these patterns, indicating that certain life history strategies might break the  rules of mammary evolution. Mammae number is an underappreciated constraint on fecundity that has influenced the radiation of mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stewart, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upham, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.331983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The coevolution of mammae number and litter size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved protein structure prediction by deep learning irrespective of co-evolution information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe our latest study of the deep convolutional residual neural networks (ResNet) for protein structure prediction, including deeper and wider ResNets, the efficacy of different input features, and improved 3D model building methods. Our ResNet can predict correct folds (TMscore>0.5) for 26 out of 32 CASP13 FM (template-free-modeling) targets and L/5 long-range contacts for these targets with precision over 80%, a significant improvement over the CASP13 results. Although co-evolution analysis plays an important role in the most successful structure prediction methods, we show that when co-evolution is not used, our ResNet can still predict correct folds for 18 of the 32 CASP13 FM targets including several large ones. This marks a significant improvement over the top co-evolution-based, non-deep learning methods at CASP13, and other non-coevolution-based deep learning models, such as the popular recurrent geometric network (RGN). With only primary sequence, our ResNet can also predict correct folds for all 21 human-designed proteins we tested. In contrast, RGN predicts correct folds for only 3 human-designed proteins and zero CASP13 FM target. In addition, we find that ResNet may fare better for the human-designed proteins when trained without co-evolution information than with co-evolution. These results suggest that ResNet does not simply denoise co-evolution signals, but instead is able to learn important sequence-structure relationship from experimental structures. This has important implications on protein design and engineering especially when evolutionary information is not available.

Availability: http://raptorx.uchicago.edu/ and https://github.com/j3xugit/RaptorX-3DModeling/
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcpartlon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.336859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved protein structure prediction by deep learning irrespective of co-evolution information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional repertoire convergence of distantly related eukaryotic plankton lineages revealed by genome-resolved metagenomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine planktonic eukaryotes play a critical role in global biogeochemical cycles and climate. However, their poor representation in culture collections limits our understanding of the evolutionary history and genomic underpinnings of planktonic ecosystems. Here, we used 280 billion Tara Oceans metagenomic reads from polar, temperate, and tropical sunlit oceans to reconstruct and manually curate more than 700 abundant and widespread eukaryotic environmental genomes ranging from 10 Mbp to 1.3 Gbp. This genomic resource covers a wide range of poorly characterized eukaryotic lineages that complement long-standing contributions from culture collections while better representing plankton in the upper layer of the oceans. We performed the first comprehensive genome-wide functional classification of abundant unicellular eukaryotic plankton, revealing four major groups connecting distantly related lineages. Neither trophic modes of plankton nor its vertical evolutionary history could explain the functional repertoire convergence of major eukaryotic lineages that coexisted within oceanic currents for millions of years.

CoverNavigating on the map of plankton genomics with Tara Oceans and anvio: a comprehensive genome-resolved metagenomic survey dedicated to eukaryotic plankton.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=153 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/341214v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delmont, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinsinger, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fremont, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Guerra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kourlaiev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>d'Agata, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clayssen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labadie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruaud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da Silva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aury, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coordinators, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vargas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karsenti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelletier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wincker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaillon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.341214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional repertoire convergence of distantly related eukaryotic plankton lineages revealed by genome-resolved metagenomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interaction Landscape of K29-Linked Ubiquitin Signaling Revealed by a Linkage-Specific Synthetic Antigen-Binding Fragment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein ubiquitination shows remarkable topological and functional diversity through the polymerization of ubiquitin via different linkages. Deciphering the cellular ubiquitin code is of central importance to understand the physiology of the cell. Among the eight possible linkages, K29-linked polyubiquitin is a relatively abundant type of polyubiquitin in both human and yeast cells. However, our understanding of its function is rather limited due to the lack of specific binders as tools to detect K29-linked polyubiquitin. In this study, we screened and characterized a synthetic antigen-binding fragment, termed sAB-K29, that can specifically recognize K29-linked polyubiquitin using chemically synthesized K29-linked diubiquitin. We further determined the crystal structure of this fragment bound to the K29-linked diubiquitin, which revealed the molecular basis of specificity. Using sAB-K29 as a tool, we uncovered that K29-linked ubiquitination is involved in different kinds of cellular proteotoxic stress response as well as cell cycle regulation. In particular, we showed that K29-linked ubiquitination is enriched in the midbody and downregulation of the K29-linked ubiquitination signal arrests cells in G1/S phase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.341719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interaction Landscape of K29-Linked Ubiquitin Signaling Revealed by a Linkage-Specific Synthetic Antigen-Binding Fragment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral and brain signatures of substance use vulnerability in childhood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prevalence of risky behavior such as substance use increases during adolescence; however, the neurobiological precursors to adolescent substance use remain unclear. Predictive modeling may complement previous work observing associations with known risk factors or substance use outcomes by developing generalizable models that predict early susceptibility. The aims of the current study were to identify and characterize behavioral and brain models of vulnerability to future substance use. Principal components analysis (PCA) of behavioral risk factors were used together with connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) during rest and task-based functional imaging to generate predictive models in a large cohort of nine- and ten-year-olds enrolled in the Adolescent Brain & Cognitive Development (ABCD) study (NDA release 2.0.1). Dimensionality reduction (n=9,437) of behavioral measures associated with substance use identified two latent dimensions that explained the largest amount of variance: risk-seeking (PC1; e.g., curiosity to try substances) and familial factors (PC2; e.g., family history of substance use disorder). Using cross-validated regularized regression in a subset of data (Year 1 Fast Track data; n>1,500), functional connectivity during rest and task conditions (resting-state; monetary incentive delay task; stop signal task; emotional n-back task) significantly predicted individual differences in risk-seeking (PC1) in held-out participants (partial correlations between predicted and observed scores controlling for motion and number of frames [rp]: 0.07-0.21). By contrast, functional connectivity was a weak predictor of familial risk factors associated with substance use (PC2) (rp: 0.03-0.06). These results demonstrate a novel approach to understanding substance use vulnerability, which--together with mechanistic perspectives--may inform strategies aimed at early identification of risk for addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rapuano, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maza, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.346403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral and brain signatures of substance use vulnerability in childhood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HeartBioPortal2.0: new developments and updates for genetic ancestry and cardiometabolic quantitative traits in diverse human populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide for both genders and across most racial and ethnic groups. However, different races and ethnicities exhibit different rates of cardiovascular disease and its related cardiorenal and metabolic co-morbidities, suggesting differences in genetic predisposition and risk of onset, as well as socioeconomic and lifestyle factors (diet, exercise, etc.) that act upon an individuals unique underlying genetic background. Here we present HeartBioPortal2.0, a major update to HeartBioPortal, the worlds largest CVD genetics data precision medicine platform for harmonized CVD-relevant genetic variants, which now enables search and analysis of human genetic information related to heart disease across ethnically diverse populations and cardiovascular/renal/metabolic quantitative traits pertinent to CVD pathophysiology. HeartBioPortal2.0 is structured as a cloud-based computing platform and knowledge portal that consolidates a multitude of CVD-relevant next-generation sequencing data modalities into a single powerful query and browsing interface between data and user via a user-friendly web application publicly available to the scientific research community. Since its initial release, HeartBioPortal2.0 has added new cardiovascular/renal/metabolic disease relevant gene expression data as well as genetic association data from numerous large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) consortiums such as CARDIoGRAMplusC4D, TOPMed, FinnGen, AFGen, MESA, MEGASTROKE, UK Biobank, CHARGE, Biobank Japan, MyCode, among other studies. In addition, HeartBioPortal2.0 now includes support for quantitative traits and ethnically diverse populations, allowing users to investigate the shared genetic architecture of any gene or its variants across the continuous cardiometabolic spectrum from health (e.g., blood pressure traits) to disease (hypertension), facilitating the understanding of CVD trait genetics that inform health-to-disease transitions and endophenotypes. Custom visualizations in the new and improved user interface (UI), including performance enhancements and new security features such as user authentication collectively re-imagine HeartBioPortals user experience and provide a data commons that co-locates data, storage and computing infrastructure in the context of studying the genetic basis behind the leading cause of global mortality.

Database URLhttps://www.heartbioportal.com/
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khomtchouk, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vand, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmisano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.346445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HeartBioPortal2.0: new developments and updates for genetic ancestry and cardiometabolic quantitative traits in diverse human populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Abelson tyrosine kinase and the Nedd4-family ubiquitin ligase Suppressor of Deltex converge at the Notch PPxY motif to regulate endosomal trafficking and signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The conserved Notch signaling pathway coordinates diverse cellular processes during animal development. Unlike most cell surface receptors that use a cytoplasmic cascade to amplify and diversify signaling dynamics, Notch itself transduces external cues directly to the nucleus. How appropriate signaling dynamics and transcriptional responses are achieved with this pathway architecture remains unclear. Here, we report that the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase Abelson (Abl) fine-tunes Notch signaling by regulating Notch endocytic trafficking. We show that Abl can directly phosphorylate a PPxY motif important for Nedd4-family ubiquitin-ligase-mediated transfer of Notch into degradative endosomal compartments. Consistent with this, loss of Abl or inhibition of its kinase activity results in aberrant endosomal accumulation of Notch, while mutation of the PPxY tyrosine renders Notch insensitive to such regulation. Phenotypic and genetic interaction studies in the wing, together with parallel assays in cultured cells, show that loss or gain of Abl activity can respectively increase or decrease Notch output. We propose that the Notch PPxY motif operates as a molecular hub that integrates multiple post-translational modifications to regulate Notch trafficking and fine-tune signaling output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Luege, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda-Alban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valbuena, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebay, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.347468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Abelson tyrosine kinase and the Nedd4-family ubiquitin ligase Suppressor of Deltex converge at the Notch PPxY motif to regulate endosomal trafficking and signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.336578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The E3 ligase TRIM1 ubiquitinates LRRK2 and controls its localization, degradation, and toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.336578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Missense mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinsons Disease (PD); however, pathways regulating LRRK2 subcellular localization, function, and turnover are not fully defined. We performed quantitative mass spectrometry-based interactome studies to identify 48 novel LRRK2 interactors, including the microtubule-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM1 (Tripartite Motif Family 1). TRIM1 recruits LRRK2 to the microtubule cytoskeleton for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by binding LRRK2911-920, a nine amino acid segment within a flexible interdomain region (LRRK2853-981), which we designate the "Regulatory Loop" (RL). Phosphorylation of LRRK2 Ser910/Ser935 within LRRK2 RL serves as a molecular switch controlling LRRK2s association with cytoplasmic 14-3-3 versus microtubule-bound TRIM1. Association with TRIM1 modulates LRRK2s interaction with Rab29 and prevents upregulation of LRRK2 kinase activity by Rab29 in an E3-ligase-dependent manner. Finally, TRIM1 rescues neurite outgrowth deficits caused by PD-driving mutant LRRK2 G2019S. Our data suggest that TRIM1 is a critical regulator of LRRK2, controlling its degradation, localization, binding partners, kinase activity, and cytotoxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stormo, A. E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FitzGibbon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shavarebi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earley, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lum, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verschueren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaney, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skibinski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravisankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Haren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Dollen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirescu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iaccarino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauer, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittmann, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiniker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.336578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The E3 ligase TRIM1 ubiquitinates LRRK2 and controls its localization, degradation, and toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.341784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone H2A ubiquitination resulting from Brap loss of function connects multiple aging hallmarks and accelerates neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.341784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is an intricate process that is characterized by multiple hallmarks including stem cell exhaustion, genome instability, epigenome alteration, impaired proteostasis, and cellular senescence. While each of these traits is detrimental at the cellular level, it remains unclear how they are interconnected to cause systemic organ deterioration. Here we show that abrogating Brap, a BRCA1 associated protein important for neurogenesis, results in cellular senescence with persistent DNA double-strand breaks and elevation of histone H2A mono- and poly-ubiquitination (H2Aub). The high H2Aub initiates histone proteolysis, leading to both epigenetic alteration and proteasome overflow. These defects induce neuroinflammation, impair proteostasis, accelerate neurodegeneration, and substantially shorten lifespan in mice carrying Brap deletions in the brain. We further show H2Aub is also increased in human brain tissues of Alzheimers disease. These data together suggest that chromatin aberrations mediated by H2Aub act as a nexus of multiple aging hallmarks and promote tissue-wide degeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomiak, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berezovski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monuki, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.341784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone H2A ubiquitination resulting from Brap loss of function connects multiple aging hallmarks and accelerates neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.351114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphological and phylogeographic evidence for budding speciation: an example in hominins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.351114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parametric phylogenetic approaches that attempt to delineate between distinct  modes of speciation (splitting cladogenesis, budding cladogenesis, and anagenesis) between fossil taxa have become increasingly popular among comparative biologists. But it is not yet well-understood how clearly morphological data from fossil taxa speak to detailed questions of speciation mode as compared to the lineage diversification models that serve as their basis. In addition, the congruence of inferences made using these approaches with geographic patterns has not been explored. Here, I extend a previously introduced maximum-likelihood approach for the examination of ancestor-descendant relationships to accommodate budding speciation and apply it to a dataset of fossil hominins. I place these results in a phylogeographic context to better understand spatial dynamics underlying the hypothesized speciation patterns. The spatial patterns implied by the phylogeny hint at the complex demographic processes underlying the spread and diversification of hominins throughout the Pleistocene. I also find that inferences of budding are driven primarily by stratigraphic, versus morphological, data and discuss the ramifications for interpretations of speciation process in hominins specifically and from phylogenetic data in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parins-Fukuchi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.351114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphological and phylogeographic evidence for budding speciation: an example in hominins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.356048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ISG15-dependent Activation of the RNA Sensor MDA5 and its Antagonism by the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.356048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of the RIG-I-like receptors, RIG-I and MDA5, establishes an antiviral state by upregulating interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs). Among these is ISG15 whose mechanistic roles in innate immunity still remain enigmatic. Here we report that ISGylation is essential for antiviral IFN responses mediated by the viral RNA sensor MDA5. ISG15 conjugation to the caspase activation and recruitment domains of MDA5 promotes the formation of higher-order assemblies of MDA5 and thereby triggers activation of innate immunity against a range of viruses including coronaviruses, flaviviruses and picornaviruses. The ISG15-dependent activation of MDA5 is antagonized through direct de-ISGylation mediated by the papain-like protease (PLpro) of SARS-CoV-2, a recently emerged coronavirus that causes the COVID-19 pandemic. Our work demonstrates a crucial role for ISG15 in the MDA5-mediated antiviral response, and also identifies a novel immune evasion mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, which may be targeted for the development of new antivirals and vaccines to combat COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Gent, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedl, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis-Gardner, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wies, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gack, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.356048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ISG15-dependent Activation of the RNA Sensor MDA5 and its Antagonism by the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.356295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Codon usage bias levels predict taxonomic identity and genetic composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.356295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we investigate how an organisms codon usage bias levels can serve as a predictor and classifier of various genomic and evolutionary features across the three kingdoms of life (archaea, bacteria, eukarya). We perform secondary analysis of existing genetic datasets to build several artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning models trained on over 13,000 organisms that show it is possible to accurately predict an organisms DNA type (nuclear, mitochondrial, chloroplast) and taxonomic identity simply using its genetic code (64 codon usage frequencies). By leveraging advanced AI and machine learning methods to accurately identify evolutionary origins and genetic composition from codon usage patterns, our study suggests that the genetic code can be utilized to train accurate machine learning classifiers of taxonomic and phylogenetic features. Our dataset and analyses are made publicly available on Github and the UCI Machine Learning Repository (https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Codon+usage) to facilitate open-source reproducibility and community engagement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khomtchouk, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.356295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Codon usage bias levels predict taxonomic identity and genetic composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New Genes in Drosophila Quickly Evolved Essential Functions in Viability During Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is a conventionally held dogma that the genetic basis underlying development is conserved in a long evolutionary time scale. Ample experiments based on mutational, biochemical, functional, and complementary knockdown/knockout approaches have revealed the unexpectedly important role of recently evolved new genes in the development of Drosophila. The recent progress in the analyses of gene effects and improvements in the computational identification of new genes, which has led to large sample sizes of new genes, open the door to investigate the evolution of gene essentiality with a phylogenetically high resolution. These advancements also raised interesting issues related to phenotypic effect analyses of genes, particularly of those that recently originated. Here we reported our analyses of these issues, including the dating of gene ages, the interpretation of RNAi data that may confuse false positive/false negative rates, and the potential confounding impact of compensation and developmental effects that were not considered during previous CRISPR knockout experiments. We further analyzed new data from knockdowns of 702 new genes (~66% of total 1,070 Drosophila melanogaster new genes), revealing a similarly high proportion of essential genes from recent evolution, compared to those found in distant ancestors of D. melanogaster. Knockout of a few young genes detected analogous essentiality. Furthermore, our experimentally determined distribution and comparison of knockdown efficiency in different RNAi libraries provided valuable data for general functional analyses of genes. Taken together, these data, along with an improved understanding of the phenotypic effect analyses of new genes, provide further evidence to the conclusion that new genes in Drosophila quickly evolved essential functions in viability during development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanKuren, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemkemer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Advani, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gschwend, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vibranovski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.357848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New Genes in Drosophila Quickly Evolved Essential Functions in Viability During Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial microcompartments linked to the flavin-based extracellular electron transfer drives anaerobic ethanolamine utilization in Listeria monocytogenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ethanolamine (EA) is a valuable microbial carbon and nitrogen source derived from phospholipids present in cell membranes. EA catabolism is suggested to occur in so-called bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) and activation of EA utilization (eut) genes is linked to bacterial pathogenesis. Despite reports showing that activation of eut in Listeria monocytogenes is regulated by a vitamin B12-binding riboswitch and that upregulation of eut genes occurs in mice, it remains unknown whether EA catabolism is BMC dependent. Here, we provide evidence for BMC-dependent anaerobic EA utilization via metabolic analysis, proteomics and electron microscopy. First, we show B12-induced activation of the eut operon in L. monocytogenes coupled to uptake and utilization of EA thereby enabling growth. Next, we demonstrate BMC formation in conjunction to EA catabolism with the production of acetate and ethanol in a molar ratio of 2:1. Flux via the ATP generating acetate branch causes an apparent redox imbalance due to reduced regeneration of NAD+ in the ethanol branch resulting in a surplus of NADH. We hypothesize that the redox imbalance is compensated by linking eut BMC to anaerobic flavin-based extracellular electron transfer (EET). Using L. monocytogenes wild type, a BMC mutant and a EET mutant, we demonstrate an interaction between BMC and EET and provide evidence for a role of Fe3+ as an electron acceptor. Taken together, our results suggest an important role of anaerobic BMC-dependent EA catabolism in the physiology of L. monocytogenes, with a crucial role for the flavin-based EET system in redox balancing.

IMPORTANCEListeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen causing severe illness and, as such, it is crucial to understand the molecular mechanisms contributing to pathogenicity. One carbon source that allows L. monocytogenes to grow in humans is ethanolamine (EA), which is derived from phospholipids present in eukaryotic cell membranes. It is hypothesized that EA utilization occurs in bacterial microcompartments (BMCs), self-assembling subcellular proteinaceous structures and analogs of eukaryotic organelles. Here, we demonstrate that BMC-driven utilization of EA in L. monocytogenes results in increased energy production essential for anaerobic growth. However, exploiting BMCs and the encapsulated metabolic pathways also requires balancing of oxidative and reductive pathways. We now provide evidence that L. monocytogenes copes with this by linking BMC activity to flavin-based extracellular electron transfer (EET) using iron as an electron acceptor. Our results shed new light on an important molecular mechanism that enables L. monocytogenes to grow using host-derived phospholipid degradation products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandula, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smid, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Notebaart, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.358424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial microcompartments linked to the flavin-based extracellular electron transfer drives anaerobic ethanolamine utilization in Listeria monocytogenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.359240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-genome analysis of Nigerian patients with breast cancer reveals ethnic-driven somatic evolution and distinct genomic subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.359240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Black women of African ancestry experience more aggressive breast cancer with higher mortality rates than White women of European ancestry. Although inter-ethnic germline variation is known, differential somatic evolution has not been investigated in detail. Analysis of deep whole genomes of 97 breast tumors, with RNA-seq in a subset, from indigenous African patients in Nigeria in comparison to The Cancer Genome Atlas (n=76) revealed a higher rate of genomic instability and increased intra-tumoral heterogeneity as well as a unique genomic subtype defined by early clonal GATA3 mutations and a 10.5-year younger age at diagnosis. We also found evidence for non-coding mutations in two novel drivers (ZNF217 and SYPL1) and a novel INDEL signature strongly associated with African ancestry proportion. This comprehensive analysis of an understudied population underscores the need to incorporate diversity of genomes as a key parameter in fundamental research with potential to tailor clinical intervention and promote equity in precision oncology care.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ansari-Pour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitt, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dentro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimatsu, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odetunde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popoola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falusi, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babalola, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogundiran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obafunwa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojengbede, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barretina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Loo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wedge, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olopade, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.28.359240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-genome analysis of Nigerian patients with breast cancer reveals ethnic-driven somatic evolution and distinct genomic subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.361691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering plasmids in metagenomes based on genetic architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.361691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite their prevalence and impact on microbial lifestyles, ecological and evolutionary insights into naturally occurring plasmids are far from complete. Here we developed a machine learning model, PlasX, which identified 68,350 non-redundant plasmids across human gut metagenomes, and we organized them into 1,169 evolutionarily cohesive  plasmid systems using our sequence containment-aware network partitioning algorithm, MobMess. Similar to microbial taxa, individuals from the same country tend to cluster together based on their plasmid diversity. However, we found no correlation between plasmid diversity and bacterial taxonomy. Individual plasmids were often country-specific, yet most plasmid systems spanned across geographically distinct human populations, revealing cargo genes that likely respond to environmental selection. Our study introduces powerful tools to recognize and organize plasmids, uncovers their tremendous diversity and intricate ecological and evolutionary patterns in naturally occurring habitats, and demonstrates that plasmids represent a dimension of ecosystems that is not explained by microbial taxonomy alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.01.361691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering plasmids in metagenomes based on genetic architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.365106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetic model of small RNA-mediated regulation suggests that a small RNA can regulate co-transcriptionally 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.03.365106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small RNAs (sRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression in bacteria, particularly during stress responses. Many genetically and biochemically well characterized sRNAs regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, by affecting translation and degradation of the target mRNA after they bind to their targets through base pairing. However, how regulation at each of these levels quantitatively contributes to the overall efficacy of sRNA-mediated regulation is not well understood. Here we present a general approach combining imaging and mathematical modeling to determine kinetic parameters at different levels of sRNA-mediated gene regulation. Unexpectedly, our data reveal that certain previously characterized sRNAs are able to regulate some targets co-transcriptionally, rather strictly post-transcriptionally, and suggest that sRNA-mediated regulation can occur early in the mRNAs lifetime, perhaps as soon as the sRNA binding site is transcribed. In addition, our data suggest several important kinetic steps that may determine the efficiency and differential regulation of multiple mRNA targets by an sRNA. Particularly, binding of sRNA to the target mRNA is likely the rate-limiting step and may dictate the regulation hierarchy observed within an sRNA regulon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chennakesavalu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heideman, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bujnowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderpool, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.03.365106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetic model of small RNA-mediated regulation suggests that a small RNA can regulate co-transcriptionally]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine modification of HIV-1 RNA evades RIG-I-mediated sensing to suppresses type-I interferon induction in monocytic cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a prevalent RNA modification that plays a key role in regulating eukaryotic cellular mRNA functions. RNA m6A modification is regulated by two groups of cellular proteins, writers and erasers that add or remove m6A, respectively. HIV-1 RNA contains m6A modifications that modulate viral infection and gene expression in cells. However, it remains unclear whether m6A modifications of HIV-1 RNA modulate innate immune responses in cells or HIV-1-infected individuals. Here we show that m6A modification of HIV-1 RNA suppresses the expression of antiviral cytokine type-I interferon (IFN-I) in human monocytic cells. Transfection of differentiated monocytic cells with HIV-1 RNA fragments containing a single m6A-modification significantly reduced IFN-I mRNA expression relative to their unmodified RNA counterparts. We generated HIV-1 with altered RNA m6A levels by manipulating the expression of the m6A erasers or pharmacological inhibition of m6A addition in virus-producing cells. RNA transfection and viral infection of differentiated monocytic cells demonstrated that HIV-1 RNA with decreased m6A levels enhanced IFN-I expression, whereas HIV-1 RNA with increased m6A modifications had opposite effects. Our mechanistic studies revealed that m6A of HIV-1 RNA escaped the RIG-I-mediated RNA sensing and activation of the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7 that drive IFN-I gene expression. Moreover, RNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-1 viremic patients showed increased m6A levels that correlated with increased IFN-I mRNA expression compared to levels from HIV-1-suppressed patients on antiretroviral therapy. Together, our results suggest that RNA m6A modifications regulate viral replication and antiviral innate immune responses in HIV-1-infected individuals.

Author SummaryHIV-1 is known as a weak inducer of antiviral cytokines including IFN-I, but it is unclear how HIV-1 evades innate immunity. Different types of RNA modifications including m6A within the HIV-1 genome modulate viral replication; however, the role of m6A modifications of HIV-1 RNA in regulating innate immune responses remains elusive. In this study, we found that HIV-1 RNA modified with m6A suppresses the expression of IFN-I in differentiated monocytic cells by avoiding innate immune detection of viral RNA mediated by RIG-I, an RNA sensor in host cells. We also observed significantly increased RNA m6A modifications of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-1 viremic patients compared to virally suppressed patients on combined antiretroviral therapy, suggesting a functional link between m6A modifications and antiretroviral treatment. Investigating the functions of m6A modifications of HIV-1 RNA in regulating innate immune sensing and IFN-I induction in monocytic cells can help understand the mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirumuru, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapleton, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.368712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N6-methyladenosine modification of HIV-1 RNA evades RIG-I-mediated sensing to suppresses type-I interferon induction in monocytic cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenomic conflict coincides with rapid morphological innovation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.368902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary biologists have long been fascinated with the episodes of rapid phenotypic innovation that underlie the emergence of major lineages. Although our understanding of the environmental and ecological contexts of such episodes has steadily increased, it has remained unclear how population processes contribute to emergent macroevolutionary patterns. One insight gleaned from phylogenomics is that phylogenomic conflict, frequently caused by population-level processes, is often rampant during the origin of major lineages. With the understanding that phylogenomic conflict is often driven by complex population processes, we hypothesized that there may be a direct correspondence between areas of high conflict and elevated rates of phenotypic innovation if both patterns result from the same processes. We evaluated this hypothesis in six clades spanning vertebrates and plants. We found that the most conflict-rich regions of these six clades also tended to experience the highest rates of phenotypic innovation, suggesting that population processes shaping both phenotypic and genomic evolution may leave signatures at deep timescales. Closer examination of the biological significance of phylogenomic conflict may yield improved connections between micro- and macroevolution and increase our understanding of the processes that shape the origin of major lineages across the Tree of Life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parins-Fukuchi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stull, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.368902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenomic conflict coincides with rapid morphological innovation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.368969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NERO: A Biomedical Named-entity (Recognition) Ontology with a Large, Annotated Corpus Reveals Meaningful Associations Through Text Embedding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.05.368969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Machine reading is essential for unlocking valuable knowledge contained in the millions of existing biomedical documents. Over the last two decades 1,2, the most dramatic advances in machine-reading have followed in the wake of critical corpus development3. Large, well-annotated corpora have been associated with punctuated advances in machine reading methodology and automated knowledge extraction systems in the same way that ImageNet 4 was fundamental for developing machine vision techniques. This study contributes six components to an advanced, named-entity analysis tool for biomedicine: (a) a new, Named-Entity Recognition Ontology (NERO) developed specifically for describing entities in biomedical texts, which accounts for diverse levels of ambiguity, bridging the scientific sublanguages of molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and medicine; (b) detailed guidelines for human experts annotating hundreds of named-entity classes; (c) pictographs for all named entities, to simplify the burden of annotation for curators; (d) an original, annotated corpus comprising 35,865 sentences, which encapsulate 190,679 named entities and 43,438 events connecting two or more entities; (e) validated, off-the-shelf, named-entity recognition automated extraction, and; (f) embedding models that demonstrate the promise of biomedical associations embedded within this corpus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alachram, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soldatova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananiadou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopoulou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambite, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermjakob, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beissbarth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingender, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galstyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khomtchouk, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rzhetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.05.368969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NERO: A Biomedical Named-entity (Recognition) Ontology with a Large, Annotated Corpus Reveals Meaningful Associations Through Text Embedding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.373696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of Targetable Multi-Drug Nanoparticles for Glioblastoma Treatment and In Vitro Evaluation in Glioblastoma Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.373696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant brain tumor with a poor long-term prognosis. The current median survival is approximately fifteen to twenty months with the standard of care therapy which includes surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. An important factor contributing to recurrence of GBM is high resistance of GBM cancer stem cells (CSCs) to several anticancer drugs, for which a systemically delivered single drug approach will be unlikely to produce a viable cure. Therefore, multidrug therapies have the potential to improve the survival time. Currently, only temozolomide (TMZ), which is a DNA alkylator, affects overall survival in GBM patients. CSCs regenerate rapidly and over-express a methyl transferase which overrides the DNA-alkylating mechanism of TMZ, leading to drug resistance. Idasanutlin (RG7388, R05503781) is a potent, selective MDM2 antagonist that additively kills GBM CSCs when combined with TMZ. Nanotechnology is an emerging field that shows great promise in drug delivery and diagnostics. The ability to combine both therapy and imaging allows real time assessment of drug delivery in vivo for the field of theranostics.

To develop a multi-drug therapy using multi-functional nanoparticles (NPs) that preferentially target the GBM CSC subpopulation and provide in vivo preclinical imaging capability. Polymer-micellar NPs composed of poly(styrene-b-ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) were developed investigating both single and double emulsion fabrication techniques as well as combinations of TMZ and RG7388. The NPs were covalently bound to a 15-base-pair CD133 aptamer in order to target the CD133 antigen expressed on the surface of GBM CSC subpopulation. For theranostic functionality, the NPs were also labelled with a radiotracer, Zirconium-89 (89Zr). The NPs maintained a small size of less than 100 nm, a low negative charge and exhibited the ability to effectively target and kill the CSC subpopulation. In addition, the conjugation of the CD133 aptamer was able to promote killing in CSCs leading to the justification of a targeted nanosystem to potentially improve localized therapy in future in vivo models. This work has provided a potentially therapeutic option for GBM specific for CSC targeting and theranostic imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smiley, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayyagari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollok, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vannier, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veronesi, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.08.373696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of Targetable Multi-Drug Nanoparticles for Glioblastoma Treatment and In Vitro Evaluation in Glioblastoma Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.375451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AGORA2: Large scale reconstruction of the microbiome highlights wide-spread drug-metabolising capacities. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.375451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human microbiome influences the efficacy and safety of a wide variety of commonly prescribed drugs, yet comprehensive systems-level approaches to interrogate drug-microbiome interactions are lacking. Here, we present a computational resource of human microbial genome-scale reconstructions, deemed AGORA2, which accounts for 7,206 strains, includes microbial drug degradation and biotransformation, and was extensively curated based on comparative genomics and literature searches. AGORA2 serves as a knowledge base for the human microbiome and as a metabolic modelling resource. We demonstrate the latter by mechanistically modelling microbial drug metabolism capabilities in single strains and pairwise models. Moreover, we predict the individual-specific drug conversion potential in a cohort of 616 colorectal cancer patients and controls. This analysis reveals that some drug activation capabilities are present in only a subset of individuals, moreover, drug conversion potential correlate with clinical parameters. Thus, AGORA2 paves the way towards personalised, predictive analysis of host-drug-microbiome interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heinken, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravcheev, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okpala, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnusdottir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preciat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edirisinghe, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, R. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiele, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.09.375451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AGORA2: Large scale reconstruction of the microbiome highlights wide-spread drug-metabolising capacities.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.375675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leukocyte dynamics after intracerebral hemorrhage in a living patient reveal rapid adaptations to tissue milieu 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.375675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating form of stroke with a high mortality rate and few treatment options. Discovery of therapeutic interventions has been slow given the challenges associated with studying acute injury, particularly over time, in the human brain. Inflammation induced by exposure of brain tissue to blood appears to be a major part of brain tissue injury. Here we longitudinally profiled blood and cerebral hematoma effluent from a patient enrolled in the Minimally Invasive Surgery with Thrombolysis in Intracerebral Haemorrhage Evacuation (MISTIEIII) trial, offering a rare window into the local and systemic immune responses to acute brain injury. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we characterized the local cellular response during ICH in the brain of a living patient at single-cell resolution for the first time. Our analysis revealed rapid shifts in the activation states of myeloid and T cells in the brain over time, suggesting that leukocyte responses are dynamically reshaped by the hematoma microenvironment. Interestingly, the patient had an asymptomatic re-bleed (second local exposure to blood) that our transcriptional data indicated occurred more than 30 hours prior to detection by CT scan. This case highlights the rapid immune dynamics in the brain after ICH and suggests that sensitive methods like scRNA-seq can inform our understanding of complex intracerebral events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goods, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askenase, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markarian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatty, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLong, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matouk, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuccarello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanley, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalek, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansing, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.375675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leukocyte dynamics after intracerebral hemorrhage in a living patient reveal rapid adaptations to tissue milieu]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.373647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic transcriptome risk scores improve portability of polygenic risk scores across ancestries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.373647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) are on course to translate the results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) into clinical practice. To date, most GWAS have been based on individuals of European-ancestry, meaning that the utility of PRS for non-European populations is limited because SNP effects and LD patterns may not be conserved across populations. We hypothesized that cross population prediction at the level of genes rather than SNPs would be more effective, since the effect of genes on traits is likely to be more highly conserved. Therefore, we developed a framework to convert effect sizes at SNPs into effect sizes for genetically predicted transcript abundance, which we used for prediction in non-European populations. We compared this approach, which we call polygenic transcriptome risk scores (PTRS), to PRS, using data from 17 quantitative traits that were measured in multiple ancestries (European, African, East Asian, and South Asian) by UK Biobank. On average, PTRS using whole blood predicted transcriptome had lower absolute prediction accuracy than PRS, as we expected since not all regulatory processes were captured by a single tissue. However, as hypothesized, we found that in the African target set, the portability (prediction accuracy relative to the European reference set) was significantly higher for PTRS than PRS (p=0.03) with additional gain when transcriptomic prediction models ancestry matched the target population (p=0.021). Taken together, our results suggest that using PTRS can improve prediction in underrepresented populations and that increasing the diversity of transcriptomic data may be an effective way to improve portability of GWAS results between populations and help reduce health disparities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pividori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.12.373647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic transcriptome risk scores improve portability of polygenic risk scores across ancestries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.382838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal characterization of phenotypic profile of T cells in chronic hepatitis B identifies immune markers predicting HBsAg loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.382838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current desirable endpoint of treatment against chronic hepatitis B virus infection (cHBV) is to achieve a functional cure, which is defined as HBsAg loss (sAg-L) with or without anti-HBs seroconversion. However, the immunological features that are associated with functional cure have not been studied in detail. Here, a total of 172 cHBV patients including 31 sAg-L patients, and 24 healthy individuals were examined for their T cell phenotypic profile and HBV-specific T cell responses by flow cytometry. sAg-L patients showed distinct CD4 and CD8 T cell phenotype fingerprints compared to those of HBsAg-positive patients, as indicated by the upregulation of CD25, CD40L and CTLA-4 expression on CD4 T cells; HLA-DR, CD95 and PD-1 on both CD4 and CD8 T cells; as well as a potent HBcAg-specific CD8 T cell response. The changes in the T cell phenotype in sAg-L patients began during rapid HBsAg decrease upon treatment onset, were maintained after sAg-L. HLA-DR expression on T cells was positively correlated with the level of HBsAg reduction and the magnitude of the HBcAg-specific T cell responses in cHBV patients. Importantly, increased HLA-DR and CTLA-4 expression on CD4, as well as HLA-DR and TIM-3 expression on CD8 T cells were identified as predictive factors for HBsAg loss within 48 weeks of therapy in cHBV patients. The onset of HBsAg decrease and subsequent loss in cHBV patients on treatment is associated with significant alterations of both CD4 and CD8 T cell phenotypes. Characterization of the T cell phenotype in cHBV patients possessed greater predicative value for sAg-L.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathrin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.16.382838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal characterization of phenotypic profile of T cells in chronic hepatitis B identifies immune markers predicting HBsAg loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.389197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurrent circuit based neural population codes for stimulus representation and inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.18.389197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A large part of the synaptic input received by cortical neurons comes from local cortico-cortical connectivity. Despite their abundance, the role of local recurrent connections in cortical function is unclear, and in simple coding schemes it is often the case that a circuit with no recurrent connections performs optimally. We consider a recurrent excitatory-inhibitory circuit model of a cortical hypercolumn which performs sampling-based Bayesian inference to infer latent hierarchical stimulus features. We show that local recurrent connections can store an internal model of the correlations between stimulus features that are present in the external world. When the resulting recurrent input is combined with feedforward input it produces a population code from which the posterior over the stimulus features can be linearly read out. Internal Poisson spiking variability provides the proper fluctuations for the population to sample stimulus features, yet the resultant population variability is aligned along the stimulus feature direction, producing differential correlations. Importantly, the amplitude of these internally generated differential correlations is determined by the associative prior in the model stored in the recurrent connections. This provides experimentally testable predictions for how population connectivity and response variability are related to the structure of latent external stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.18.389197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurrent circuit based neural population codes for stimulus representation and inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.21.392688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic profile discriminates and predicts Arabidopsis susceptibility to virus under field conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.21.392688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As obligatory parasites, plant viruses alter host cellular metabolism. There is a lack of information on the variability of virus-induced metabolic responses among genetically diverse plants in a natural context with daily changing conditions. To decipher the metabolic landscape of plant-virus interactions in a natural setting, one hundred and thirty-two and twenty-six accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana were inoculated with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), in two field experiments over 2 years. The accessions were phenotyped for viral accumulation, above-ground biomass, targeted and untargeted metabolic profiles. The accessions revealed quantitative response to the virus, from susceptibility to resistance. Susceptible accessions accumulate primary and secondary metabolites upon infection, at the cost of hindered growth. Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed that the primary metabolites sucrose, glucose and glutamate discriminate susceptible and resistant accessions. Twenty-one metabolic signatures were found to significantly accumulate in resistant accessions whereas they maintained their growth at the same level as mock-inoculated plants without biomass penalty.

Metabolic content was demonstrated to discriminate and to be highly predictive of the susceptibility of inoculated Arabidopsis. The PLS coefficient estimated in the training data set reveals, after cross-validation, a correlation of 0.61 between predicted and true viral accumulation. This study is the first to describe the metabolic landscape of plant-virus interactions in a natural setting and its predictive link to susceptibility. It reveals that, in this undomesticated species and in ecologically realistic conditions, growth and resistance are in a permanent conversation and provides new insights on plant-virus interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubio, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caballero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schurdi-Levraud, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.21.392688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic profile discriminates and predicts Arabidopsis susceptibility to virus under field conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.395012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prefrontal cortical activity predicts the extra-place field spiking of hippocampal place cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.395012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The receptive field of a neuron describes the regions of a stimulus space where the neuron is consistently active. Sparse spiking outside of the receptive field is often considered to be noise, rather than a reflection of information processing. Whether this characterization is accurate remains unclear. We therefore contrasted the sparse, temporally isolated spiking of hippocampal CA1 place cells to the consistent, temporally adjacent spiking seen within their spatial receptive fields ("place fields"). We found that isolated spikes, which occur during locomotion, are more strongly phase coupled to hippocampal theta oscillations than adjacent spikes and, surprisingly, transiently express coherent representations of non-local spatial representations. Further, prefrontal cortical activity is coordinated with, and can predict the occurrence of future isolated spiking events. Rather than local noise within the hippocampus, sparse, isolated place cell spiking reflects a coordinated cortical-hippocampal process consistent with the generation of non-local scenario representations during active navigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.395012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prefrontal cortical activity predicts the extra-place field spiking of hippocampal place cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.400523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Study of Real-Valued Distance Prediction For Protein Structure Prediction with Deep Learning 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.26.400523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inter-residue distance prediction by deep ResNet (convolutional residual neural network) has greatly advanced protein structure prediction. Currently the most successful structure prediction methods predict distance by discretizing it into dozens of bins. Here we study how well real-valued distance can be predicted and how useful it is for 3D structure modeling by comparing it with discrete-valued prediction based upon the same deep ResNet. Different from the recent methods that predict only a single real value for the distance of an atom pair, we predict both the mean and standard deviation of a distance and then employ a novel method to fold a protein by the predicted mean and deviation. Our findings include: 1) tested on the CASP13 FM (free-modeling) targets, our real-valued distance prediction obtains 81% precision on top L/5 long-range contact prediction, much better than the best CASP13 results (70%); 2) our real-valued prediction can predict correct folds for the same number of CASP13 FM targets as the best CASP13 group, despite generating only 20 decoys for each target; 3) our method greatly outperforms a very new real-valued prediction method DeepDist in both contact prediction and 3D structure modeling; and 4) when the same deep ResNet is used, our real-valued distance prediction has 1-6% higher contact and distance accuracy than our own discrete-valued prediction, but less accurate 3D structure models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.26.400523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Study of Real-Valued Distance Prediction For Protein Structure Prediction with Deep Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.28.397018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reframing Fouquieria splendens in its larger environmental and ecological context: Effect of topography and interspecific neighbors on ocotillo morphology and distribution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.28.397018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fouquieria splendens is a stem-succulent native to the Chihuahuan, Mojave, and Sonoran Deserts that spans Mexico and the American Southwest. It is well-known for its variable morphology, the underlying reason for which remains incompletely understood. Here, we attempt to quantify the effect of topographic and interspecific factors on F. splendens morphology and distribution. To this end, we measured 27 ocotillos located in the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument within the Sonoran Desert during June of 2019. We also quantified the spatial distribution of interspecific neighbors relative to F. splendens within two topographically different sites: a bajada gradient and a plain. Using ocotillo morphology, the distances to the nearest neighbors of ocotillos, and hydrographic data extracted from the National Hydrography Dataset, we demonstrate 1) the effect of major interspecific neighbors, i.e. shrubs and cacti, on ocotillo morphology; 2) the effect of elevation on intraspecific spacing as individuals compete for limited space; and 3) a trade-off between height and number of branches. This places F. splendens morphology in its larger environmental and ecological context, highlighting the importance of individual traits and associated trade-offs among traits affected by topography and interspecific neighbors. By examining the ocotillo in a multi-species community and diverse landscape, this study provides empirical insight into a wider range of factors contributing to the variation in F. splendens morphology and spacing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, A. T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.28.397018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reframing Fouquieria splendens in its larger environmental and ecological context: Effect of topography and interspecific neighbors on ocotillo morphology and distribution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.28.397430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FiberAI: A Deep Learning model for automated analysis of nascent DNA Fibers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.28.397430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All life forms undergo cell division and are dependent on faithful DNA replication to maintain the stability of their genomes. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors can stress the replication process and multiple checkpoint mechanisms have evolved to ensure genome stability. Understanding these molecular mechanisms is crucial for preventing and treating genomic instability associated diseases including cancer. DNA replicating fiber fluorography is a powerful technique that directly visualizes the replication process and a cells response to replication stress. Analysis of DNA-fiber microscopy images provides quantitative information about replication fitness. However, a bottleneck for high throughput DNA-fiber studies is that quantitative measurements are laborious when performed manually. Here we introduce FiberAI, which uses state-of-the art deep learning frameworks to detect and quantify DNA-fibers in high throughput microscopy images. FiberAI efficiently detects DNA fibers, achieving a bounding box average precision score of 0.91 and a segmentation average precision score of 0.90. We then use FiberAI to measure the integrity of replication checkpoints. FiberAI is publicly available and allows users to view model predicted selections, add their own manual selections, and easily analyze multiple image sets. Thus, FiberAI can help elucidate DNA replication processes by streamlining DNA-fiber analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohsin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnovitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gounari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.28.397430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FiberAI: A Deep Learning model for automated analysis of nascent DNA Fibers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Neutralizing Antibody-Conjugated Photothermal Nanoparticle Captures and Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The outbreak of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in a global pandemic. Despite intensive research including several clinical trials, currently there are no completely safe or effective therapeutics to cure the disease. Here we report a strategy incorporating neutralizing antibodies conjugated on the surface of a photothermal nanoparticle to actively capture and inactivate SARS-CoV-2. The photothermal nanoparticle is comprised of a semiconducting polymer core and a biocompatible polyethylene glycol surface decorated with neutralizing antibodies. Such nanoparticles displayed efficient capture of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses, excellent photothermal effect, and complete inhibition of viral entry into ACE2-expressing host cells via simultaneous blocking and inactivating of the virus. This photothermal nanoparticle is a flexible platform that can be readily adapted to other SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and extended to novel therapeutic proteins, thus providing a broad range of protection against multiple strains of SARS-CoV-2.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=192 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/404624v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (66K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@44a5a8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d7bcd5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ae6e70org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d4a4f5_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prominski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankenbruck, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penaloza-MacMaster, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.404624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Neutralizing Antibody-Conjugated Photothermal Nanoparticle Captures and Inactivates SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.401729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CXCR6 governs the retention of tissue-resident memory T cells to promote enhanced surveillance and control of ovarian cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.401729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeResident memory CD8 T cells owing to their ability to reside and persist in peripheral tissues, impart adaptive sentinel activity and amplify local immune response, have beneficial implications for tumor surveillance and control. The current study aims to clarify the less known chemotactic mechanisms that govern the localization, retention, and residency of memory CD8 T cells in the ovarian tumor microenvironment.

Experimental DesignRNA/FACS based profiling of chemokine receptor expression in CD8+ resident memory T cells in human ovarian cancer and analyze their association with survival. Analyze chemokine receptor role in anti-tumor response and control by resident memory T cells using prophylactic mice models of ovarian cancer, treated with adoptive transfer of OT1 T cells and vaccination with maraba virus-OVA to target Ovalbumin expressing tumor.

ResultsChemokine receptor profiling of CD8+CD103+ resident memory TILs in ovarian cancer patients revealed high expression of CXCR6. Analysis of the TCGA ovarian cancer database revealed CXCR6 to be associated with CD103 and increased patient survival. Functional studies in mouse models of ovarian cancer revealed that CXCR6 is a marker of resident, but not circulatory tumor-specific memory CD8 T cells. Knockout of CXCR6 in tumor-specific CD8 T cells showed reduced retention in tumor tissues leading to diminished resident memory responses and poor control of ovarian cancer

ConclusionsCXCR6 by promoting increased retention in tumor tissues serves a critical role in resident memory T cell-mediated immunosurveillance and control of ovarian cancer. Future studies warrant exploiting CXCR6 to promote resident memory response in cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muthuswamy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGray, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battaglia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miliotto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eppolito, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litchy, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrikant, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odunsi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.401729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CXCR6 governs the retention of tissue-resident memory T cells to promote enhanced surveillance and control of ovarian cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.407031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circulating ACE2-expressing Exosomes Block SARS-CoV-2 Virus Infection as an Innate Antiviral Mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.407031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with innate and adaptive immune response triggered in such patients by viral antigens. Both convalescent plasma and engineered high affinity human monoclonal antibodies have shown therapeutic potential to treat COVID-19. Whether additional antiviral soluble factors exist in peripheral blood remain understudied. Herein, we detected circulating exosomes that express the SARS-CoV-2 viral entry receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in plasma of both healthy donors and convalescent COVID-19 patients. We demonstrated that exosomal ACE2 competes with cellular ACE2 for neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 infection. ACE2-expressing (ACE2+) exosomes blocked the binding of the viral spike (S) protein RBD to ACE2+ cells in a dose dependent manner, which was 400- to 700-fold more potent than that of vesicle-free recombinant human ACE2 extracellular domain protein (rhACE2). As a consequence, exosomal ACE2 prevented SARS-CoV-2 pseudotype virus tethering and infection of human host cells at a 50-150 fold higher efficacy than rhACE2. A similar antiviral activity of exosomal ACE2 was further demonstrated to block wild-type live SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of note, depletion of ACE2+ exosomes from COVID-19 patient plasma impaired the ability to block SARS-CoV-2 RBD binding to host cells. Our data demonstrate that ACE2+ exosomes can serve as a decoy therapeutic and a possible innate antiviral mechanism to block SARS-CoV-2 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El-Shennawy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dashzeveg, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehl, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokars, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaescu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostiguin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batlle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hope, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chae, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randall, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demonbreun, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ison, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.03.407031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circulating ACE2-expressing Exosomes Block SARS-CoV-2 Virus Infection as an Innate Antiviral Mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.410845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Impact of Digital Histopathology Batch Effect on Deep Learning Model Accuracy and Bias 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.410845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) is one of the largest biorepositories of digital histology. Deep learning (DL) models have been trained on TCGA to predict numerous features directly from histology, including survival, gene expression patterns, and driver mutations. However, we demonstrate that these features vary substantially across tissue submitting sites in TCGA for over 3,000 patients with six cancer subtypes. Additionally, we show that histologic image differences between submitting sites can easily be identified with DL. This site detection remains possible despite commonly used color normalization and augmentation methods, and we quantify the digital image characteristics constituting this histologic batch effect. As an example, we show that patient ethnicity within the TCGA breast cancer cohort can be inferred from histology due to site-level batch effect, which must be accounted for to ensure equitable application of DL. Batch effect also leads to overoptimistic estimates of model performance, and we propose a quadratic programming method to guide validation that abrogates this bias.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Howard, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolezal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochanny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heij, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olopade, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kather, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.03.410845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Impact of Digital Histopathology Batch Effect on Deep Learning Model Accuracy and Bias]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.411215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-canonical H3K79me2-dependent pathways promote the survival of MLL-rearranged leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.411215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MLL-rearranged leukemia depends on H3K79 methylation. Depletion of this transcriptionally-activating mark by DOT1L deletion or high concentrations of the inhibitor pinometostat downregulates HOXA9 and MEIS1, and consequently reduces leukemia survival. Yet some MLL-rearranged leukemias are inexplicably susceptible to low-dose pinometostat, far below concentrations that downregulate this canonical proliferation pathway. In this context, we define alternative proliferation pathways that more directly derive from H3K79me2 loss. By ICeChIP-seq, H3K79me2 is markedly depleted at pinometostat-downregulated and MLL-fusion targets, with paradoxical increases of H3K4me3 and loss of H3K27me3. Although downregulation of polycomb components accounts for some of the proliferation defect, transcriptional downregulation of FLT3 is the major pathway. Loss-of-FLT3-function recapitulates the cytotoxicity and gene expression consequences of low-dose pinometostat, whereas overexpression of constitutively active STAT5A, a target of FLT3-ITD-signalling, largely rescues these defects. This pathway also depends on MLL1, indicating combinations of DOT1L, MLL1 and FLT3 inhibitors should be explored for treating FLT3-mutant leukemia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richter, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruthenburg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.411215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-canonical H3K79me2-dependent pathways promote the survival of MLL-rearranged leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.412783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Swallowing-related neural oscillation: An intracranial EEG study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.412783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Swallowing is a unique movement due to the indispensable orchestration of voluntary and involuntary movement. The transition from voluntary to involuntary swallowing is executed on the order of milliseconds. We hypothesized that its neural mechanism is revealed by high frequency cortical activities. Eight epileptic participants fitted with intracranial electrodes over the orofacial cortex were asked to swallow a water bolus, and cortical oscillatory changes, including high {gamma} band (75-150 Hz) and {beta} band (13-30 Hz) were investigated at the time of mouth-opening, water-injection, and swallowing. High {gamma} power increases associated with mouth-opening were observed in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex with water-injection in the lateral central sulcus and with swallowing in the region along the Sylvian fissure. Mouth-opening induced a {beta} power decrease, which continued until the completion of swallowing. The high {gamma} burst activity was focal and specific to swallowing, however, the {beta} activities were extensive and not specific to swallowing. At the boundary time between voluntary and involuntary swallowing, swallowing-related high {gamma} power achieved the peak, and subsequently, the power decreased. We demonstrated three distinct activities related to mouth-opening, water-injection, and swallowing induced at different timings, using high {gamma} activities. The peak of high {gamma} power related to swallowing suggests that during voluntary swallowing phases, the cortex is the main driving force for swallowing rather than the brain stem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hashimoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kameda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maezawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oshino, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoo, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanagisawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimine, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kishima, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.05.412783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Swallowing-related neural oscillation: An intracranial EEG study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.413229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tubular lysosomes harbor active ion gradients and poise macrophages for phagocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.05.413229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomes adopt dynamic, tubular states that regulate antigen presentation, phagosome resolution and autophagy. To date, tubular lysosomes have been studied either by inducing autophagy or by activating immune cells, both of which lead to cell states where lysosomal gene expression differs from the resting state. Therefore, it has been challenging to pinpoint the specific biochemical properties lysosomes acquire upon tubulation that could drive their functionality. We describe a DNA-based assembly that tubulates lysosomes in macrophages without activating them. Lumenal proteolytic activity maps at single lysosome resolution revealed that tubular lysosomes were less degradative. Further, they showed striking proximal to distal lumenal pH and Ca2+ gradients. Such gradients had been predicted, but never previously observed. We now identify a role for tubular lysosomes whereby they poise resting macrophages for phagocytosis. The ability to tubulate lysosomes without having to starve or activate immune cells may help reveal new roles for tubular lysosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suresh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saminathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.05.413229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tubular lysosomes harbor active ion gradients and poise macrophages for phagocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.414938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NEONATAL THYROXINE ACTIVATION MODIFIES EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF THE LIVER 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.07.414938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the neonatal liver, a peak of type 2 deiodinase (D2) activity accelerates local T3 production and the expression of thyroid hormone (TH)-responsive genes. Here we show that this acute increase in T3 signaling permanently modifies hepatic gene expression. Liver-specific Dio2 inactivation (Alb-D2KO) transiently increased H3K9me3 levels during post-natal days 1-5 (P1-P5) in discrete chromatin areas, and methylation of 1,508 DNA sites (H-sites) that remained in the adult mouse liver. These sites were associated with 1,551 areas of reduced chromatin accessibility (RCA; Atac-seq) within core promoters and 2,426 within intergenic regions, with reduction in the expression of 1,525 genes (RNA-seq). There was strong correlation between H-sites and RCA sites (r=0.85; p<0.0002), suggesting a cause-effect relationship. The analysis of chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data revealed a set of 57 repressed genes that have a promoter RCA in close contact with an intergenic RCA ~300 Kbp apart, including Foxa2 that plays an important role during development. Thus, the post-natal surge in hepatic D2 activity and TH-signaling prevents discrete DNA methylation and modifies the transcriptome of the adult mouse. This explains how the systemic T3 hormone acts locally during development to define future chromatin accessibility and expression of critically relevant hepatic genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.414938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NEONATAL THYROXINE ACTIVATION MODIFIES EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF THE LIVER]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder patient-derived neurons predict lithium response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.14.422616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with genetic risk factors defined by recurrent episodes of mania/hypomania, depression and circadian rhythm abnormalities. While lithium is an effective drug for BD, 30-40% of patients fail to respond adequately to treatment. Previous work has demonstrated that lithium affects the expression of "clock genes" and that lithium responders (Li-R) can be distinguished from non-responders (Li-NR) by differences in circadian rhythms. However, rhythm abnormalities in BD have not been evaluated in neurons and it is unknown if neuronal rhythms differ between Li-R and Li-NR. We used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to culture neuronal precursor cells (NPC) and glutamatergic neurons from BD patients and controls. We identified strong circadian rhythms in Per2-luc expression in NPCs and neurons from controls and Li-R. NPC rhythms in Li-R had a shorter circadian period. Li-NR rhythms were low-amplitude and profoundly weakened. In NPCs and neurons, expression of PER2 was higher in both BD groups compared to controls. In neurons, PER2 protein expression was higher in BD than controls, especially in Li-NR samples. In single cells, NPC and neuron rhythms in both BD groups were desynchronized compared to controls. Lithium lengthened period in Li-R and control neurons but failed to alter rhythms in Li-NR. In contrast, temperature entrainment increased amplitude across all groups, and partly restored rhythms in Li-NR neurons. We conclude that neuronal circadian rhythm abnormalities are present in BD and most pronounced in Li-NR. Rhythm deficits in BD may be partly reversible through stimulation of entrainment pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakhla, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenburgh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrettini, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coryell, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frye, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gage, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McInnis, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nievergelt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurnberger, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilling, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oedegaard, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandi, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Pharmacogenomics of Bipolar Disorder Study,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelsoe, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.14.422616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder patient-derived neurons predict lithium response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals pervasive but highly cell type-specific genetic ancestry effects on the response to viral infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans vary in their susceptibility to infectious disease, partly due to variation in the immune response following infection. Here, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing to quantify genetic contributions to this variation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, focusing specifically on the transcriptional response to influenza infection. We find that monocytes are the most responsive to influenza infection, but that all cell types mount a conserved interferon response, which is stronger in individuals with increased European ancestry. By comparing European American and African American individuals, we show that genetic ancestry effects on expression are common, influencing 29% of genes, but highly cell type-specific. Further, we demonstrate that much of this population-associated expression variation is explained by cis expression quantitative trait loci, which are enriched for signatures of recent positive selection. Our findings establish common cis-regulatory variants--including those that are differentiated by genetic ancestry--as important determinants of the antiviral immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Randolph, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiege, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielen, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenier, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobb, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussin, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langlois, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.423830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals pervasive but highly cell type-specific genetic ancestry effects on the response to viral infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.423749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frequency-dependent competition between strains imparts resilience to perturbations in a model of Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.423749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In high-transmission endemic regions, local populations of Plasmodium falciparum exhibit vast diversity of the var genes encoding its major surface antigen, with each parasite comprising multiple copies from this diverse gene pool. This strategy to evade the immune system through large combinatorial antigenic diversity is common to other hyperdiverse pathogens. It underlies a series of fundamental epidemiological characteristics, including large reservoirs of transmission from high prevalence of asymptomatics and long-lasting infections. Previous theory has shown that negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS) mediated by the acquisition of specific immunity by hosts structures the diversity of var gene repertoires (strains), in a pattern of limiting similarity that is both non-random and non-neutral. A combination of stochastic agent-based models and network analyses has enabled the development and testing of theory in these complex adaptive systems, where assembly of local parasite diversity occurs under frequency-dependent selection and large pools of variation. We show here the application of these approaches to theory comparing the resilience of the malaria transmission system to intervention when strain diversity is assembled under (competition-based) selection vs. a form of neutrality, where immunity depends only on the number but not the genetic identity of previous infections. The transmission system is considerably more resilient under NFDS, exhibiting a lower extinction probability despite comparable prevalence during intervention. We explain this pattern on the basis of the structure of strain diversity, in particular the more pronounced fraction of highly dissimilar parasites. For simulations that survive intervention, prevalence under specific immunity is lower than under neutrality, because the recovery of diversity is considerably slower than that of prevalence and decreased var gene diversity reduces parasite transmission. A Principal Component Analysis of network features describing parasite similarity reveals that despite lower overall diversity, NFDS is quickly restored after intervention constraining strain structure and maintaining patterns of limiting similarity important to parasite persistence. Given the resulting resilience to perturbations, intervention efforts will likely require longer times than the usual practice to eliminate P. falciparum populations. We discuss implications of our findings and potential analogies for ecological communities with non-neutral assembly processes involving frequency-dependence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilosof, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiedje, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.423749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frequency-dependent competition between strains imparts resilience to perturbations in a model of Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cysteine biosynthesis is a determinant of Brucella ovis stress survival and fitness in the intracellular niche 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brucella ovis is an ovine intracellular pathogen with tropism for the male genital tract. To establish and maintain infection, B. ovis must survive stressful conditions inside host cells, including low pH, nutrient limitation, and reactive oxygen species. These same conditions are often encountered in axenic cultures during stationary phase. Studies of stationary phase may thus inform understanding of Brucella infection biology, yet the genes and pathways that are important in Brucella stationary phase physiology remain poorly defined. We measured fitness of a barcoded pool of B. ovis Tn-himar mutants as a function of growth phase and identified cysE as a determinant of fitness in stationary phase. CysE catalyzes the first step in cysteine biosynthesis from serine, and we provide genetic evidence that two related enzymes, CysK1 and CysK2, function redundantly to catalyze cysteine synthesis at steps downstream of CysE. Deleting either cysE ({Delta}cysE) or both cysK1 and cysK2 ({Delta}cysK1 {Delta}cysK2) results in premature entry into stationary phase, reduced culture yield and sensitivity to exogenous hydrogen peroxide. These phenotypes can be chemically complemented by cysteine or glutathione. {Delta}cysE and {Delta}cysK1 {Delta}cysK2 strains have no defect in host cell entry in vitro but have significantly diminished intracellular fitness between 2 and 24 hours post infection. Our study has uncovered unexpected redundancy at the CysK step of cysteine biosynthesis in B. ovis, and demonstrates that cysteine anabolism is a determinant of peroxide stress survival and fitness in the intracellular niche.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varesio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.424080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cysteine biosynthesis is a determinant of Brucella ovis stress survival and fitness in the intracellular niche]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cognitive state transformation model for task-general and task-specific subsystems of the brain connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human brain flexibly controls different cognitive behaviors, such as memory and attention, to satisfy contextual demands. Much progress has been made to reveal task-induced modulations in the whole-brain functional connectome, but we still lack a way to model changes in the brains functional organization. Here, we present a novel connectome-to-connectome (C2C) state transformation framework that enables us to model the brains functional reorganization in response to specific task goals. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging data from the Human Connectome Project, we demonstrate that the C2C model accurately generates an individuals task-specific connectomes from their task-free connectome with a high degree of specificity across seven different cognitive states. Moreover, the C2C model amplifies behaviorally relevant individual differences in the task-free connectome, thereby improving behavioral predictions. Finally, the C2C model reveals how the connectome reorganizes between cognitive states. Previous studies have reported that task-induced modulation of the brain connectome is domain-specific as well as domain-general, but did not specify how brain systems reconfigure to specific cognitive states. Our observations support the existence of reliable state-specific systems in the brain and indicate that we can quantitatively describe patterns of brain reorganization, common across individuals, in a computational model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cognitive state transformation model for task-general and task-specific subsystems of the brain connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.24.424270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanowires unravel a time-correlated stochastic vectorial process in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.24.424270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A cell uses its cytoskeletal machinery to control its membrane projections to seek and obtain cargo from its microenvironment. Though this process has been studied extensively using spherical cargo, it remains largely unknown how the process operates with vectorial ones, which are non-spheroid rigid objects with an aspect ratio. In this study, a vectorial cargo, silicon nanowire, was observed to have multiple modes of initial contact and to realign along a membrane projection or on a lamella. Using a qualitative theoretical approach, we demonstrate how membrane energy fluctuations potentially drive this realignment of a vectorial cargo. This was understood by calculations which establish how aspect ratio controls the energy landscape in a vectorial object and its influence on relative energy stability of nanowire-membrane contacts. A study of the realignment transport of vectorial cargoes and their comparison with Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process simulations revealed how one-dimensional time-correlated noise manifested in the transport process. Furthermore, a comparison between sliding of nanowires on cell membrane contacts versus rotational realignment with the same model revealed identical characteristics behind both. The understanding that one-dimensional time-correlated noise underlies both sliding and rotation of a vectorial cargo establishes how cytoskeletal dynamics effectively couples their realignment with subsequent transport for phagocytosis. This work establishes the significance of vectorial cargoes and the nature of underlying vectorial processes that enable their cellular processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seebald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.24.424270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanowires unravel a time-correlated stochastic vectorial process in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.25.424401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A quantitative model predicts how m6A reshapes the kinetic landscape of nucleic acid hybridization and conformational transitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.25.424401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a post-transcriptional modification that controls gene expression by recruiting proteins to RNA sites. The modification also slows biochemical processes through mechanisms that are not understood. Using NMR relaxation dispersion, we show that m6A pairs with uridine with the methylamino group in the anti conformation to form a Watson-Crick base pair that transiently exchanges on the millisecond timescale with a singly hydrogen-bonded low-populated (1%) mismatch-like conformation in which the methylamino group is syn. This ability to rapidly interchange between Watson-Crick or mismatch-like forms, combined with different syn:anti isomer preferences when paired (~1:100) versus unpaired (~10:1), explains how m6A robustly slows duplex annealing without affecting melting via two pathways in which isomerization occurs before or after duplex annealing. Our model quantitatively predicts how m6A reshapes the kinetic landscape of nucleic acid hybridization and conformational transitions, and provides an explanation for why the modification robustly slows diverse cellular processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangadurai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussbaumer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erharter, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreutz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hashimi, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.25.424401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A quantitative model predicts how m6A reshapes the kinetic landscape of nucleic acid hybridization and conformational transitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.26.424452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-based Trajectory Inference for Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Using Deep Learning with a Mixture Prior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.26.424452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trajectory inference methods are essential for analyzing the developmental paths of cells in single-cell sequencing datasets. It provides insights into cellular differentiation, transitions, and lineage hierarchies, helping unravel the dynamic processes underlying development and disease progression. However, many existing tools lack a coherent statistical model and reliable uncertainty quantification, limiting their utility and robustness. In this paper, we introduce VITAE (Variational Inference for Trajectory by AutoEncoder), a novel statistical approach that integrates a latent hierarchical mixture model with variational autoencoders to infer trajectories. The statistical hierarchical model enhances the interpretability of our framework, while the posterior approximations generated by our variational autoencoder ensure computational efficiency and provide uncertainty quantification of cell projections along trajectories. Specifically, VITAE enables simultaneous trajectory inference and data integration, improving the accuracy of learning a joint trajectory structure in the presence of biological and technical heterogeneity across datasets. We show that VITAE outperforms other state-of-the-art trajectory inference methods on both real and synthetic data under various trajectory topologies. Furthermore, we apply VITAE to jointly analyze three distinct single-cell RNA sequencing datasets of the mouse neocortex, unveiling comprehensive developmental lineages of projection neurons. VITAE effectively reduces batch effects within and across datasets and uncovers finer structures that might be overlooked in individual datasets. Additionally, we showcase VITAEs efficacy in integrative analyses of multi-omic datasets with continuous cell population structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.26.424452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-based Trajectory Inference for Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Using Deep Learning with a Mixture Prior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Why sensory neurons are tuned to multiple stimulus features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many sensory neurons encode information about more than one stimulus feature. Multidimensional tuning increases ambiguity in stimulus-response relationships, but we find that it also offers an unexpected computational advantage, allowing the brain to better reconstruct sensory stimuli. From the responses of sensory neurons, populations, and sensory-driven movement behavior, more information can be recovered about a stimulus vector than about its individual components. We term this coding advantage "stimulus synergy" and show that it is distinct from other coding synergies, arising from inseparability of the response-conditioned stimulus distribution along individual stimulus dimensions. From extracellular recordings in motion sensitive cortex and measurements of pursuit eye movements, we demonstrate that stimulus synergy in cortical populations is preserved downstream in the precision of pursuit, and that a common decoding model predicts the level of synergy in pursuit behavior. This suggests that the brain exploits the information advantage afforded by multidimensional sensory tuning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Macellaio, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborne, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.29.424235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Why sensory neurons are tuned to multiple stimulus features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intergenerational microbial transmission in the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMicrobial transmission from parent to offspring is hypothesized to be widespread in vertebrates. However, evidence for this is limited as many evolutionarily important clades remain unexamined. There is currently no data on the microbiota associated with any Chondrichthyan species during embryonic development, despite the global distribution, ecological importance, and phylogenetic position of this clade. In this study, we take the first steps towards filling this gap by investigating the microbiota associated with embryonic development in the little skate, Leucoraja erinacea, a common North Atlantic species and popular system for chondrichthyan biology.

MethodsTo assess the potential for bacterial transmission in an oviparous chondrichthyan, we used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to characterize the microbial communities associated with the skin, gill, and egg capsule of the little skate, at six points during ontogeny. Community composition was analyzed using the QIIME2 pipeline and microbial continuity between stages was tracked using FEAST.

ResultsWe identify site-specific and stage-specific microbiota dominated by the bacterial phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. This composition is similar to, but distinct from, that of previously published data on the adult microbiota of other chondrichthyan species. Our data reveal that the skate egg capsule harbors a highly diverse bacterial community-particularly on the internal surface of the capsule-and facilitates intergenerational microbial transfer to the offspring. Embryonic skin and external gill tissues host similar bacterial communities; the skin and gill communities later diverge as the internal gills and skin denticles develop.

ConclusionsOur study is the first exploration of the chondrichthyan microbiota throughout ontogeny and provides the first evidence of vertical transmission in this group.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mika, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Welch, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.30.424594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intergenerational microbial transmission in the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Going beyond rote auditory learning: Neural patterns of generalized auditory learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.30.424903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to generalize rapidly across specific experiences is vital for robust recognition of new patterns, especially in speech perception considering acoustic-phonetic pattern variability. Behavioral research has demonstrated that listeners are rapidly able to generalize their experience with a talkers speech and quickly improve understanding of a difficult-to-understand talker without prolonged practice, e.g., even after a single training session. Here, we examine the differences in neural responses to generalized versus rote learning in auditory cortical processing by training listeners to understand a novel synthetic talker using a Pretest-Posttest design with electroencephalography (EEG). Participants were trained using either (1) a large inventory of words where no words repeated across the experiment (generalized learning) or (2) a small inventory of words where words repeated (rote learning). Analysis of long-latency auditory evoked potentials at Pretest and Posttest revealed that while rote and generalized learning both produce rapid changes in auditory processing, the nature of these changes differed. In the context of adapting to a talker, generalized learning is marked by an amplitude reduction in the N1-P2 complex and by the presence of a late-negative (LN) wave in the auditory evoked potential following training. Rote learning, however, is marked only by temporally later source configuration changes. The early N1-P2 change, found only for generalized learning, suggests that generalized learning relies on the attentional system to reorganize the way acoustic features are selectively processed. This change in relatively early sensory processing (i.e. during the first 250ms) is consistent with an active processing account of speech perception, which proposes that the ability to rapidly adjust to the specific vocal characteristics of a new talker (for which rote learning is rare) relies on attentional mechanisms to adaptively tune early auditory processing sensitivity.

Statement of SignificancePrevious research on perceptual learning has typically examined neural responses during rote learning: training and testing is carried out with the same stimuli. As a result, it is not clear that findings from these studies can explain learning that generalizes to novel patterns, which is critical in speech perception. Are neural responses to generalized learning in auditory processing different from neural responses to rote learning? Results indicate rote learning of a particular talkers speech involves brain regions focused on the memory encoding and retrieving of specific learned patterns, whereas generalized learning involves brain regions involved in reorganizing attention during early sensory processing. In learning speech from a novel talker, only generalized learning is marked by changes in the N1-P2 complex (reflective of secondary auditory cortical processing). The results are consistent with the view that robust speech perception relies on the fast adjustment of attention mechanisms to adaptively tune auditory sensitivity to cope with acoustic variability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heald, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hedger, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veillette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.30.424903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Going beyond rote auditory learning: Neural patterns of generalized auditory learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.02.424855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
12-Lipoxygenase Governs the Innate Immune Pathogenesis of Islet Inflammation and Autoimmune Diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.02.424855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages and related myeloid cells are innate immune cells that participate in the early islet inflammation of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The inflammatory signals and antigen presentation by these cells may be inducers of the adaptive immune response that is the hallmark of T1D. The enzyme 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) catalyzes the formation of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids from membrane-derived phospholipids, but its role and mechanisms in the pathogenesis of islet inflammation have not been elucidated. Leveraging a model of T1D-like islet inflammation in zebrafish, we show here that macrophages contribute significantly to the loss of {beta}-cells and the subsequent development of hyperglycemia. Depletion or inhibition of 12-LOX in this model resulted in significantly reduced macrophage infiltration into islets with preservation of {beta}-cell mass. In mice, we deleted the gene encoding 12-LOX (Alox15) in the myeloid lineage in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) model of T1D. Myeloid cell-specific Alox15 knockout NOD mice demonstrated reduced insulitis and T-cell responses, preserved {beta} cell mass, and almost complete protection from the development of T1D. A critical effect of 12-LOX depletion appeared secondary to a defect in myeloid cell migration, a function required for immune surveillance and tissue injury responses. This effect on migration appeared to be secondary to the loss of the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Transgenic expression of the gene encoding CXCR3 rescued the migrator defect in zebrafish 12-LOX morphants. Taken together, our results reveal a formative role for innate immune myeloid cells in the early pathogenesis of T1D and identify 12-LOX as a necessary enzyme to promote their pro-diabetogenic phenotype in the context of autoimmunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineros, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Perez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadler, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tersey, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.02.424855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[12-Lipoxygenase Governs the Innate Immune Pathogenesis of Islet Inflammation and Autoimmune Diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dia1 Coordinates Differentiation and Cell Sorting in a Stratified Epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although implicated in adhesion, few studies address how actin assembly factors guide cell positioning in multicellular tissue. The formin, Dia1, localizes to the proliferative basal layer of epidermis. In organotypic cultures, Dia1 depletion reduced basal cell density and resulted in stratified tissue with disorganized differentiation and proliferative markers. Since crowding induces differentiation in epidermal tissue, we hypothesized that Dia1 allows cells to reach densities amenable to differentiation prior to stratification. Consistent with this hypothesis, forced crowding of Dia1-deficient cells rescued transcriptional abnormalities. Dia1 promotes rapid growth of lateral adhesions, a behavior consistent with the ability of cells to remain monolayered when crowded. In aggregation assays, cells sorted into distinct layers based on Dia1 expression status. These results suggested that as basal cells proliferate, reintegration and packing of Dia1-positive daughter cells is favored while Dia1-negative cells tend to delaminate to a suprabasal compartment. These data demonstrate how formin expression patterns play a crucial role in constructing distinct domains within stratified epithelia.

SummaryHarmon et al demonstrate that differential expression of an actin nucleator, the formin, Dia1, drives cell sorting and maintains distinct morphological domains within an epithelial tissue. This illuminates the possible utility of evolving a large formin family in orchestrating the compartmentalization and differentiation of complex tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harmon, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devany, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dia1 Coordinates Differentiation and Cell Sorting in a Stratified Epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functionality of the putative surface glycoproteins of the Wuhan spiny eel influenza virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A panel of novel influenza-like virus sequences were recently documented in jawless fish, ray-finned fish, and amphibians. Of these, the Wuhan spiny eel influenza virus (WSEIV) was found to phylogenetically cluster with influenza B viruses as a sister clade. Influenza B viruses have been historically documented to circulate only in humans, with certain virus isolates found in harbor seals. It is therefore interesting that a similar virus was potentially found in fish. Here we characterized the functionality and antigenicity of the putative hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface glycoproteins of the WSEIV to better understand this virus and its pandemic potential. Upon functional characterization of NA, we identified that the WSEIV NA-like protein has sialidase activity comparable to B/Malaysia/2506/2004 influenza B virus NA, making it a bona fide neuraminidase that could be inhibited by NA inhibitors. Testing of the functionality of HA was carried out including receptor specificity, stability, and preferential airway protease cleavage and showed very specific binding to monosialic ganglioside 2 (GM2). To probe the degree of conservation of target epitopes, binding of known broadly cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies targeting the influenza B HA and NA, respectively, were assessed through enzyme linked immunosorbent assays against recombinant WSEIV glycoproteins. Human serum samples of patients with antibodies to influenza B viruses were used to determine the cross-reactivity against these novel glycoproteins. Very few monoclonal antibodies - notably including pan NA antibody 1G01 - showed cross-reactivity and reactivity from human sera was basically absent. In summary, we have conducted a functional and antigenic characterization of the glycoproteins of the novel WSEIV to assess if it is indeed a bona fide influenza virus potentially circulating in ray-finned fish.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arunkumar, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strohmeier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhavsar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chromikova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amanat, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunyatov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellebedy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boons, G.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functionality of the putative surface glycoproteins of the Wuhan spiny eel influenza virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread bacterial protein flavinylation in functionally distinct extracytosolic redox biochemistries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disparate redox activities that take place beyond the bounds of the prokaryotic cell cytosol must connect to membrane or cytosolic electron pools. Proteins post-translationally flavinylated by the enzyme ApbE mediate electron transfer in several characterized extracytosolic redox systems but the breadth of functions of this modification remains unknown. Here we present a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of 31,910 prokaryotic genomes that provides evidence of extracytosolic ApbEs within ~50% of bacteria and the involvement of flavinylation in numerous uncharacterized biochemical processes. By mining flavinylation-associated gene clusters, we identify five protein classes responsible for transmembrane electron transfer and two domains of unknown function (DUF2271 and DUF3570) that are flavinylated by ApbE. We observe flavinylation/iron transporter gene colocalization patterns that implicate functions in iron reduction and assimilation. We find associations with characterized and uncharacterized respiratory oxidoreductases that highlight roles of flavinylation in respiratory electron transport chains. Finally, we identify interspecies gene cluster variability consistent with flavinylation/cytochrome functional redundancies and discover a class of "multi-flavinylated proteins'' that may resemble multiheme cytochromes in facilitating longer distance electron transfer. These findings provide key mechanistic insight into an important facet of bacterial physiology and establish flavinylation as a functionally diverse mediator of extracytosolic electron transfer.

Impact StatementBioinformatic and biochemical studies find that covalently bound flavins are common and participate in wide-ranging extracytosolic redox activities throughout bacterial life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Méheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Lugo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.07.425746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread bacterial protein flavinylation in functionally distinct extracytosolic redox biochemistries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear m6A reader Ythdc1 regulates the scaffold function of LINE1 in mouse ESCs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.10.426065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) on chromosome-associated regulatory RNAs (carRNAs), including repeat RNAs, play important roles in tuning the chromatin state and transcription1. Among diverse RNA-chromatin interacting modes, the nuclear RNA scaffold is considered important for trans-interactions2,3 but has not yet been connected with m6A yet. Here, we found that Ythdc1 played indispensable roles in the embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal and differentiation potency, and these roles highly depended on its m6A-binding ability. Ythdc1 deficiency in ESCs resulted in decreased rRNA synthesis and the activation of 2-cell (2C) embryo-specific transcriptional program, and these observations recapitulated the transcriptome defects induced by dysfunction of the long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE1)-scaffold, which were unrelated to the direct targeting of Ythdc1. A detailed analysis revealed that Ythdc1 recognized m6A on LINE1 and was physically involved in the formation of the LINE1-Nucleolin partnership and the chromatin recruitment of Kap1. In summary, our study reveals a new link between m6A and the RNA scaffold and thus provides a new regulatory model for the crosstalk between RNA and the chromatin epigenome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.10.426065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear m6A reader Ythdc1 regulates the scaffold function of LINE1 in mouse ESCs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.425291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restored TDCA and Valine Levels Imitate the Effects of Bariatric Surgery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.425291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is widespread and linked to various co-morbidities. Bariatric surgery has been identified as the only effective treatment, promoting sustained weight loss and the remission of co-morbidities.

We performed sleeve-gastrectomies (SGx) in a pre-clinical mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO), delineating the effects on long-term remission from obesity. SGx resulted in sustained weight loss and improved glucose tolerance. Mass-spectrometric metabolomic profiling revealed significantly reduced systemic levels of taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) and L-valine in DIO mice. Notably, TDCA and L-Valine levels were restored after SGx in both human and mice to levels comparable with lean controls.

Strikingly, combined systemic treatment with TDCA and valine induced a profound weight loss in DIO mice analogous to effects observed after SGx. Utilizing indirect calorimetry, we confirmed reduced food intake as causal for TDCA/valine-mediated weight loss via a central inhibition of the melanin-concentrating hormone.

In summary, we identified restored TDCA/valine levels as an underlying mechanism of SGx-derived effects on weight loss. Of translational relevance, TDCA and L-valine are presented as novel agents promoting weight loss while reversing obesity-associated metabolic disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tullius, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quante, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iske, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinbokel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biefer, H. R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krenzien, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uehara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maenosono, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azuma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratschke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavakkoli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegre, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.11.425291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restored TDCA and Valine Levels Imitate the Effects of Bariatric Surgery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gating current noise produced by Brownian models of a voltage sensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.13.426543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The activation of voltage-dependent ion channels is associated with the movement gating charges, that give rise to gating currents. Although gating currents originating from a single channel are too small to be detected, analysis of the fluctuations of macroscopic gating currents originating from a population of channels can make a good guess of their magnitude. The analysis of experimental gating current fluctuations, when interpreted in terms of a Markov model of channel activation, are in accordance with the presence of a main step along the activation pathway carrying 2.3-2.4 e0 of charge. To give a physical interpretation to these results and to relate them to the known atomic structure of the voltage sensor domain, we employed a Brownian model of voltage-dependent gating that we recently developed using structural information and applying the laws of electrodynamics. The model was capable to reproduce gating currents and gating current fluctuations essentially similar to those experimentally observed. The detailed study of this model output, also performed by making several simplifications aimed at understanding the basic dependencies of the gating current fluctuations, suggests that in real ion channels the voltage sensor does not move in a fully Markovian regimen due to the relatively low (<5 kT) energy barriers separating successive intermediate states. As a consequence, the simultaneous jump of multiple gating charges through the gating pore becomes frequent, and this occurrence is at the origin of the relatively high single-step charge detected by assuming Markovian behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Catacuzzeno, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franciolini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francisco, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.426543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gating current noise produced by Brownian models of a voltage sensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infection reduces Krüppel-Like Factor 2 in human lung autopsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurred in ~12% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in a recent New York City cohort. Pulmonary endothelial dysfunction, characterized by increased expression of inflammatory genes and increased monolayer permeability, is a major component of ARDS. Vascular leak results in parenchymal accumulation of leukocytes, protein, and extravascular water, leading to pulmonary edema, ischemia, and activation of coagulation associated with COVID-19. Endothelial inflammation further contributes to uncontrolled cytokine storm in ARDS. We have recently demonstrated that Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), a transcription factor which promotes endothelial quiescence and monolayer integrity, is significantly reduced in experimental models of ARDS. Lung inflammation and high-tidal volume ventilation result in reduced KLF2, leading to pulmonary endothelial dysfunction and acute lung injury. Mechanistically, we found that KLF2 is a potent transcriptional activator of Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 (RAPGEF3) which orchestrates and maintains vascular integrity. Moreover, KLF2 regulates multiple genome-wide association study (GWAS)-implicated ARDS genes. Whether lung KLF2 is regulated by SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknown. Here we report that endothelial KLF2 is significantly reduced in human lung autopsies from COVID-19 patients, which supports that ARDS due to SARS-CoV-2 is a vascular phenotype possibly attributed to KLF2 down-regulation. We provide additional data demonstrating that KLF2 is down-regulated in SARS-CoV infection in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoettler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adegunsoye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutlu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 infection reduces Krüppel-Like Factor 2 in human lung autopsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.426969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pupillometry signatures of sustained attention and working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.426969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There exists an intricate relationship between attention and working memory. Recent work has further established that attention and working memory fluctuate synchronously, by tightly interleaving sustained attention and working memory tasks. This work has raised many open questions about physiological signatures underlying these behavioral fluctuations. Across two experiments, we explore pupil dynamics using real-time triggering in conjunction with an interleaved sustained attention and working memory task. In Experiment 1, we use behavioral real-time triggering and replicate recent findings from our lab (deBettencourt et al., 2019) that sustained attention fluctuates concurrently with the number of items maintained in working memory. Furthermore, highly attentive moments, detected via behavior, also exhibited larger pupil sizes. In Experiment 2, we develop a novel real-time pupil triggering technique to track pupil size fluctuations in real time and trigger working memory probes. We reveal that this pupil triggering procedure elicits differences in sustained attention, as indexed by response time. These experiments reflect methodological advances in real-time triggering and further characterize an important biomarker of sustained attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keene, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deBettencourt, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.426969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pupillometry signatures of sustained attention and working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large lakes harbor streamlined free-living nitrifiers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial nitrification is a critical process governing nitrogen availability in aquatic systems. Freshwater nitrifiers have received little attention, leaving many unanswered questions about their taxonomic distribution, functional potential, and ecological interactions. Here, we reconstructed genomes to infer the metabolism and ecology of free-living picoplanktonic nitrifiers across the Laurentian Great Lakes, a connected series of five of Earths largest lakes. Surprisingly, ammonia oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) related to Nitrosospira dominated over ammonia oxidizing Archaea (AOA) at nearly all stations, with distinct ecotypes prevailing in the transparent, oligotrophic upper lakes compared to Lakes Erie and Ontario. Unexpectedly, one ecotype of Nitrosospira encodes proteorhodopsin, which could enhance survival in conditions where ammonia oxidation is inhibited or substrate limited. Nitrite oxidizing Bacteria (NOB) Ca. Nitrotoga and Nitrospira fluctuated in dominance, with the latter prevailing in deeper, less productive basins. Genome reconstructions reveal highly reduced genomes and features consistent with genome streamlining, along with diverse adaptations to sunlight and oxidative stress and widespread capacity for organic nitrogen use. Our findings expand the known functional diversity of nitrifiers and establish their ecological genomics in large lake ecosystems. By elucidating links between microbial biodiversity and biogeochemical cycling, our work also informs ecosystem models of the Laurentian Great Lakes, a critical freshwater resource experiencing rapid environmental change.

ImportanceMicroorganisms play critical roles in Earths nitrogen cycle. In lakes, microorganisms called nitrifiers derive energy from reduced nitrogen compounds. In doing so, they transform nitrogen into a form that can ultimately be lost to the atmosphere by a process called denitrification, which helps mitigate nitrogen pollution from fertilizer runoff and sewage. Despite their importance, freshwater nitrifiers are virtually unexplored. To understand their diversity and function, we reconstructed genomes of freshwater nitrifiers across some of Earths largest freshwater lakes, the Laurentian Great Lakes. We discovered several new species of nitrifiers specialized for clear low nutrient waters, and distinct species in comparatively turbid Lake Erie. Surprisingly, one species may be able to harness light energy using a protein called proteorhodopsin, despite the fact that nitrifiers typically live in deep dark water. Our work reveals unique biodiversity of the Great Lakes and fills key gaps in our knowledge of an important microbial group, the nitrifiers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Podowski, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paver, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.19.427344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large lakes harbor streamlined free-living nitrifiers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ketogenesis Impact on Liver Metabolism Revealed by Proteomics of Lysine β-hydroxybutyrylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ketone bodies are evolutionarily conserved metabolites that function as energy substrates, signaling molecules and epigenetic regulators. {beta}-hydroxybutyrate ({beta}-OHB) is utilized in lysine {beta}-hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb) of histones, which associates with starvation-responsive genes, effectively coupling ketogenic metabolism with gene expression. The emerging diversity of the lysine acylation landscape prompted us to investigate the full proteomic impact of Kbhb. Global protein Kbhb is induced in a tissue-specific manner by a variety of interventions that evoke {beta}-OHB. Mass spectrometry analysis of the {beta}-hydroxybutyrylome in mouse liver revealed 891 sites of Kbhb within 267 proteins enriched for fatty acid, amino acid, detoxification and 1-carbon metabolic pathways. Kbhb of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (AHCY), a rate-limiting enzyme of the methionine cycle, results in inhibition of enzymatic activity. Our results illuminate the role of Kbhb on hepatic metabolism under ketogenic conditions and demonstrate the functional consequence of this modification on a central metabolic enzyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koronowski, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fribourgh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosby, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassone-Corsi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.21.427645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ketogenesis Impact on Liver Metabolism Revealed by Proteomics of Lysine β-hydroxybutyrylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.427815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
6mer Seed Toxicity and Platinum Resistance in Ovarian Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.427815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous micro(mi)RNAs (short noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression) have been linked to platinum (Pt) sensitivity and resistance in ovarian cancer (OC). miRNA activity occurs when the guide strand of the miRNA, with its seed sequence (pos. 2-7/8), is loaded into the RNA induced silencing complex (RISC) and targets complementary short seed matches in the 3 untranslated region of mRNAs. Toxic seeds, targeting genes critical for cancer cell survival, have been found in tumor suppressive miRNAs. Many si- and shRNAs can also kill cancer cells via toxic seeds, the most toxic carrying G-rich 6mer seed sequences. We now show that treatment of OC cells with Pt leads to an increase in RISC-bound miRNAs carrying toxic 6mer seeds and a decrease in miRNAs with nontoxic seeds. Pt-resistant cells did not exhibit this toxicity shift but retained sensitivity to cell death mediated by siRNAs carrying toxic 6mer seeds. Analysis of RISC-bound miRNAs in OC patients revealed that the ratio between miRNAs with toxic versus miRNAs with nontoxic seeds was predictive of treatment outcome. Application of the 6mer seed toxicity concept to cancer relevant miRNAs provides a new framework for understanding and predicting cancer therapy responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nephew, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengyel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.24.427815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[6mer Seed Toxicity and Platinum Resistance in Ovarian Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.427972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hox genes regulate asexual reproductive behavior and tissue segmentation in adult animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.427972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hox genes are highly conserved transcription factors renowned for their roles in the segmental patterning of the embryonic anterior-posterior (A/P) axis1. Emerging evidence for Hox gene expression and function in postnatally derived structures has fueled interest in their additional roles beyond embryogenesis2,3. We report novel functions for Hox genes in A/P adult tissue segmentation and transverse fission behavior underlying asexual reproduction in the planarian flatworm, Schmidtea mediterranea. Silencing of each of the planarian Hox family members identified 5 Hox genes required for asexual reproduction. Among these, silencing of hox3 genes resulted in supernumerary segments, while silencing of post2b eliminated segmentation altogether. The opposing roles of hox3 and post2b in segmentation are paralleled in their respective regulation of fission behavior. Silencing of hox3 increased the frequency of fission behavior initiation, while silencing of post2b eliminated fission behavior entirely. Furthermore, we identified a network of downstream effector genes mediating Hox gene regulation of asexual reproduction, thereby providing insight into their respective mechanisms of action. Our study establishes postembryonic roles for Hox genes in regulating the emergence of tissue segmentation and specific behaviors associated with asexual reproduction in adult animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arnold, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migueles-Lozano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Alvarado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.24.427972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hox genes regulate asexual reproductive behavior and tissue segmentation in adult animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perceptual Weighting of V1 Spikes Revealed by Optogenetic White Noise Stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During visually guided behaviors, mere hundreds of milliseconds can elapse between a sensory input and its associated behavioral response. How spikes occurring at different times are integrated to drive perception and action remains poorly understood. We delivered random trains of optogenetic stimulation (white noise) to excite inhibitory interneurons in V1 of mice while they performed a visual detection task. We then performed a reverse correlation analysis on the optogenetic stimuli to generate a neuronal-behavioral kernel: an unbiased, temporally-precise estimate of how suppression of V1 spiking at different moments around the onset of a visual stimulus affects detection of that stimulus. Electrophysiological recordings enabled us to capture the effects of optogenetic stimuli on V1 responsivity and revealed that the earliest stimulus-evoked spikes are preferentially weighted for guiding behavior. These data demonstrate that white noise optogenetic stimulation is a powerful tool for understanding how patterns of spiking in neuronal populations are decoded in generating perception and action.

Significance StatementHow the brain decodes dynamic neuronal responses to generate perception and behavior remains uncertain. A critical challenge is determining the relative contribution of spikes that occur at different times on the timescale of brain computations (tens of ms). Optogenetic tools permit causal investigations into neuronal-behavioral relationships, but are generally impractical for obtaining millisecond resolution. We circumvented this by delivering random (white noise) patterns of optogenetic inhibition to the primary visual cortex of behaving mice during visual tasks. Aligning optogenetic stimuli to task outcomes (hit, miss) yielded a neuronal-behavioral kernel - a temporal weighting that describes how inhibition at different moments impacts perception of visual stimuli. Thus, this method is a powerful tool for linking neuronal spiking, perception, and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Day-Cooney, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cone, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maunsell, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.428138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perceptual Weighting of V1 Spikes Revealed by Optogenetic White Noise Stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional dynamic genetic effects on gene regulation are specific to particular cell types and environmental conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic effects on gene expression and splicing can be modulated by cellular and environmental factors; yet interactions between genotypes, cell type and treatment have not been comprehensively studied together. We used an induced pluripotent stem cell system to study multiple cell types derived from the same individuals and exposed them to a large panel of treatments. Cellular responses involved different genes and pathways for gene expression and splicing processes, and were also highly variable across cell types and treatments. For thousands of genes, we identified variable allelic expression across contexts, and characterized different types of gene-environment interactions. Many of these GxE genes are associated with complex traits. We characterized promoter functional and evolutionary features that distinguish genes with elevated allelic imbalance mean and variance. More than 47% of the genes with dynamic regulatory interactions were missed by GTEx, but we identified them using a suitable allelic imbalance study design. This indicates the importance of exploring multiple treatments to reveal previously unrecognized regulatory loci that may be important for disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Findley, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monziani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalita, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alazizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazokitoroudi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankararaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanfear, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pique-Regi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.29.428868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional dynamic genetic effects on gene regulation are specific to particular cell types and environmental conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non cell-autonomous effect of astrocytes on cerebral cavernous malformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are common neurovascular lesions caused by loss-of-function mutations in one of three genes, including KRIT1 (CCM1), CCM2, and PDCD10 (CCM3), and generally regarded as an endothelial cell-autonomous disease. Here we report that proliferative astrocytes play a critical role in CCM pathogenesis by serving as a major source of VEGF during CCM lesion formation. An increase in astrocyte VEGF synthesis is driven by endothelial nitric oxide (NO) generated as a consequence of KLF2 and KLF4-dependent elevation of eNOS in CCM endothelium. The increased brain endothelial production of NO stabilizes HIF-1 in astrocytes, resulting in increased VEGF production and expression of a "hypoxic" program under normoxic conditions. We show that the upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a direct HIF-1 target gene and a known component of the hypoxic program, contributes to the development of CCM lesions because the administration of a COX-2 inhibitor significantly prevents progression of CCM lesions. Thus, non-cell-autonomous crosstalk between CCM endothelium and astrocytes propels vascular lesion development, and components of the hypoxic program represent potential therapeutic targets for CCMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Ramirez, M. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soliman, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCurdy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lightle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenkar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulsen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daneman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gongol, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagarrigue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginsberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.29.428891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non cell-autonomous effect of astrocytes on cerebral cavernous malformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.30.428973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neuronal social trait space for first impressions in the human amygdala and hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.30.428973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People instantaneously evaluate faces with significant agreement on evaluations of social traits. However, the neural basis for such rapid spontaneous face evaluation remains largely unknown. Here, we recorded from 490 neurons in the amygdala and hippocampus in 5 neurosurgical patients and show that amygdala and hippocampal neurons encode a social trait space. We further investigated the temporal evolution and modulation on the social trait representation, and we employed encoding and decoding models to reveal the critical social traits for the trait space. We also recorded from another 259 neurons and replicated our findings using different social traits. Lastly, the neuronal social trait space may have a behavioral consequence likely involved in the abnormal processing of social information in autism. Together, our results suggest that there exists a neuronal population code for a comprehensive social trait space in the human amygdala and hippocampus that underlie spontaneous first impressions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todorov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandmeir, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.30.428973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neuronal social trait space for first impressions in the human amygdala and hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.429062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinesin-3 and kinesin-1 motors direct basement membrane protein secretion to a basal sub-region of the basolateral plasma membrane in epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.429062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Basement membranes (BMs) are sheet-like extracellular matrices that line the basal surfaces of all epithelia. Since BM proteins form networks, they likely need to be secreted near the basal surface. However, the location of their secretion site and how it is selected are unknown. Working in the Drosophila follicular epithelium, we identified two kinesins essential for normal BM formation. Our data suggest the two kinesins work together to transport Rab10+ BM protein-filled secretory vesicles towards the basal surface along the polarized microtubule array common to epithelia. This kinesin transport biases BM protein secretion basally. When kinesins are depleted, BM proteins are mis-secreted to more apical regions of the lateral membrane, creating ectopic BM protein networks between cells that disrupt cell movements and tissue architecture. These results introduce a new transport step in the BM protein secretion pathway and highlight the importance of controlling the sub-cellular exocytic site of network-forming proteins.

HighlightsO_LIA kinesin-3 and a kinesin-1 are required for normal basement membrane (BM) assembly
C_LIO_LIKinesins move Rab10+ BM secretory vesicles basally on polarized microtubule arrays
C_LIO_LITransport biases BM exocytosis to basal subregions of the basolateral membrane
C_LIO_LILoss of kinesins creates ectopic BM networks that disrupt tissue architecture
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zajac, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne-Badovinac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.429062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinesin-3 and kinesin-1 motors direct basement membrane protein secretion to a basal sub-region of the basolateral plasma membrane in epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.428871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanotraps for the containment and clearance of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.428871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells through its viral spike protein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on the host cells. Here we show functionalized nanoparticles, termed "Nanotraps", completely inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection by blocking the interaction between the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and the ACE2 of host cells. The liposomal-based Nanotrap surfaces were functionalized with either recombinant ACE2 proteins or anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and phagocytosis-specific phosphatidylserines. The Nanotraps effectively captured SARS-CoV-2 and completely blocked SARS-CoV-2 infection to ACE2-expressing human cell lines and primary lung cells; the phosphatidylserine triggered subsequent phagocytosis of the virus-bound, biodegradable Nanotraps by macrophages, leading to the clearance of pseudotyped and authentic virus in vitro. Furthermore, the Nanotraps demonstrated excellent biosafety profile in vitro and in vivo. Finally, the Nanotraps inhibited pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 infection in live human lungs in an ex vivo lung perfusion system. In summary, Nanotraps represent a new nanomedicine for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

HighlightsO_LINanotraps block interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and host ACE2 receptors
C_LIO_LINanotraps trigger macrophages to engulf and clear virus without becoming infected
C_LIO_LINanotraps showed excellent biosafety profiles in vitro and in vivo
C_LIO_LINanotraps blocked infection to living human lungs in ex vivo lung perfusion system
C_LI

Progress and PotentialTo address the global challenge of creating treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection, we devised a nanomedicine termed "Nanotraps" that can completely capture and eliminate the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The Nanotraps integrate protein engineering, immunology, and nanotechnology and are effective, biocompatible, safe, stable, feasible for mass production. The Nanotraps have the potential to be formulated into a nasal spray or inhaler for easy administration and direct delivery to the respiratory system, or as an oral or ocular liquid, or subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection to target different sites of SARS-CoV-2 exposure, thus offering flexibility in administration and treatment. More broadly, the highly versatile Nanotrap platform could be further developed into new vaccines and therapeutics against a broad range of diseases in infection, autoimmunity and cancer, by incorporating with different small molecule drugs, RNA, DNA, peptides, recombinant proteins, and antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wignakumar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirle, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edobor, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donington, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmugarajah, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penaloza-MacMaster, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madariaga, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.428871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanotraps for the containment and clearance of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Epigenomic Functions of Genetic Variants in the Context of Neurodevelopment via Deep Transfer Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decoding the regulatory effects of non-coding variants is a key challenge in understanding the mechanisms of gene regulation as well as the genetics of common diseases. Recently, deep learning models have been introduced to predict genome-wide epigenomic profiles and effects of DNA variants, in various cellular contexts, but they were often trained in cell lines or bulk tissues that may not be related to phenotypes of interest. This is particularly a challenge for neuropsychiatric disorders, since the most relevant cell and tissue types are often missing in the training data of such models.

To address this issue, we introduce a deep transfer learning framework termed MetaChrom that takes advantage of both a reference dataset - an extensive compendium of publicly available epigenomic data, and epigenomic profiles of cell types related to specific phenotypes of interest. We trained and evaluated our model on a comprehensive set of epigenomic profiles from fetal and adult brain, and cellular models representing early neurodevelopment. MetaChrom predicts these epigenomic features with much higher accuracy than previous methods, and than models without the use of reference epigenomic data for transfer learning. Using experimentally determined regulatory variants from iPS cell-derived neurons, we show that MetaChrom predicts functional variants more accurately than existing non-coding variant scoring tools. By combining genome-wide association study (GWAS) data with MetaChrom predictions, we prioritized 31 SNPs for Schizophrenia (SCZ). These candidate SNPs suggest potential risk genes of SCZ and the biological contexts where they act.

In summary, MetaChrom is a general transfer learning framework that can be applied to the study of regulatory functions of DNA sequences and variants in any disease-related cell or tissue types. The software tool is available at https://github.com/bl-2633/MetaChrom and a prediction web server is accessible at https://metachrom.ttic.edu/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Epigenomic Functions of Genetic Variants in the Context of Neurodevelopment via Deep Transfer Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining a Connectome-Based Predictive Model of Attentional Control in Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With advancing age, declines in the executive control of attention are accompanied by shifts in the functional topology of brain networks. However, there is increasing recognition of the considerable individual variability in the extent and types of attentional deficits that older adults exhibit, with results from neuroimaging investigations paralleling behavioral heterogeneity. Emerging computational methods leverage whole-brain functional connectivity to predict individual-level behaviors. These approaches are well-suited to the cognitive aging context, as they may elucidate configurations of functional connections that best explain group- and individual-level differences across older adults. Two independent samples of neurologically and psychiatrically healthy older adults were used to separately derive a predictive model of attentional control and test the models external validity. Here we show that despite challenges posed by heterogeneity in these aging samples, select functional connections carried meaningful variance, allowing for successful prediction of attention in a novel sample of older individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fountain-Zaragoza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manglani, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andridge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining a Connectome-Based Predictive Model of Attentional Control in Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redefining tumor classification and clinical stratification through a colorectal cancer single-cell atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colorectal cancer (CRC), a disease of high incidence and mortality, has had few treatment advances owing to a large degree of inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity. Attempts to classify subtypes of colorectal cancer to develop treatment strategies has been attempted by Consensus Molecular Subtypes (CMS) classification. However, the cellular etiology of CMS classification is incompletely understood and controversial. Here, we generated and analyzed a single-cell transcriptome atlas of 49,859 CRC cells from 16 patients, validated with an additional 31,383 cells from an independent CRC patient cohort. We describe subclonal transcriptomic heterogeneity of CRC tumor epithelial cells, as well as discrete stromal populations of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Within CRC CAFs, we identify the transcriptional signature of specific subtypes (CAF-S1 and CAF-S4) in more than 1,500 CRC patients using bulk transcriptomic data that significantly stratifies overall survival in multiple independent cohorts. We also uncovered two CAF-S1 subpopulations, ecm-myCAF and TGF{beta}-myCAF, known to be associated with primary resistance to immunotherapies. We demonstrate that scRNA analysis of malignant, stromal, and immune cells exhibit a more complex picture than portrayed by bulk transcriptomic-based Consensus Molecular Subtypes (CMS) classification. By demonstrating an abundant degree of heterogeneity amongst these cell types, our work shows that CRC is best represented in a transcriptomic continuum crossing traditional classification systems boundaries. Overall, this CRC cell map provides a framework to re-evaluate CRC tumor biology with implications for clinical trial design and therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khaliq, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kurt, z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunvald, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdogan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turgut, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rand, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayden, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govekar, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhama, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kam, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zloza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catenacci, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turaga, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thyparambil, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzel, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadanandam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Rayes, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salahudeen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redefining tumor classification and clinical stratification through a colorectal cancer single-cell atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Knockdown of Dnmt1 links Gene body DNA methylation to regulation of gene expression and maternal-zygotic transition in the wasp Nasonia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene body methylation (GBM) is an ancestral aspect of DNA methylation (Sarda, Zeng, Hunt, & Yi, 2012; Yi, 2012; Zemach, McDaniel, Silva, & Zilberman, 2010) whose role in development has been obscured by the more prominent roles of promoter and CpG island methylation. The wasp Nasonia has little promoter and CpG island methylation, yet retains strong GBM (Park et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2013; Werren et al., 2010), making it an excellent model for elucidating the role of GBM. Here we show that Nasonia DNA methyl transferase 1a (Nv-Dnmt1a) knockdown leads to failures in cellularization and gastrulation of the embryo. Both of these disrupted events are hallmarks of the maternal-zygotic transition (MZT) in insects. Analysis of the embryonic transcriptome and methylome revealed strong reduction of GBM and widespread disruption of gene expression during embryogenesis after Nv-Dnmt1a knockdown. There was a strong correlation between loss of GBM and reduced gene expression in thousands of methylated loci, while affected unmethylated genes tended to be upregulated. We propose that reduced GBM and subsequent lower expression levels of methylated genes was the direct effect of Nv-Dnmt1 knockdown, and that this disruption led to widespread downstream dysregulation of MZT, and manifesting in developmental failure at gastrulation.

Significance StatementThe importance of gene-body methylation (GBM) in development is unclear, due to the difficulty in teasing apart the effects of cis-regulatory methylation from those of GBM in vertebrate model systems. Unlike vertebrate models, the methylation machinery in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis appears to exclusively mediate GBM, thus simplifying interpretation of the role of GBM in development. Knockdown of DNMT1 (Nv-Dnmt1a) in Nasonia leads to embryonic lethality, which we show is caused by a failure of cellularization and gastrulation. Nv-Dnmt1a knockdown resulted in a global loss of GBM in the embryo, which was strongly correlated with a down-regulation of gene expression. We propose that GBM facilitated by Nv-Dnmt1a is required for proper zygotic genome activation in the wasp.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arsala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Knockdown of Dnmt1 links Gene body DNA methylation to regulation of gene expression and maternal-zygotic transition in the wasp Nasonia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogeny of the damselfishes (Pomacentridae) and patterns of asymmetrical diversification in body size and feeding ecology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.07.430149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The damselfishes (family Pomacentridae) inhabit near-shore communities in tropical and temperature oceans as one of the major lineages in coral reef fish assemblages. Our understanding of their evolutionary ecology, morphology and function has often been advanced by increasingly detailed and accurate molecular phylogenies. Here we present the next stage of multi-locus, molecular phylogenetics for the group based on analysis of 12 nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences from 345 of the 422 damselfishes. The resulting well-resolved phylogeny helps to address several important questions about higher-level damselfish relationships, their evolutionary history and patterns of divergence. A time-calibrated phylogenetic tree yields a root age for the family of 55.5 mya, refines the age of origin for a number of diverse genera, and shows that ecological changes during the Eocene-Oligocene transition provided opportunities for damselfish diversification. We explored the idea that body size extremes have evolved repeatedly among the Pomacentridae, and demonstrate that large and small body sizes have evolved independently at least 40 times and with asymmetric rates of transition among size classes. We tested the hypothesis that transitions among dietary ecotypes (benthic herbivory, pelagic planktivory and intermediate omnivory) are asymmetric, with higher transition rates from intermediate omnivory to either planktivory or herbivory. Using multistate hidden-state speciation and extinction models, we found that both body size and dietary ecotype are significantly associated with patterns of diversification across the damselfishes, and that the highest rates of net diversification are associated with medium body size and pelagic planktivory. We also conclude that the pattern of evolutionary diversification in feeding ecology, with frequent and asymmetrical transitions between feeding ecotypes, is largely restricted to the subfamily Pomacentrinae in the Indo-West Pacific. Trait diversification patterns for damselfishes across a fully resolved phylogeny challenge many recent general conclusions about the evolution of reef fishes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCord, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nash, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westneat, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.07.430149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogeny of the damselfishes (Pomacentridae) and patterns of asymmetrical diversification in body size and feeding ecology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic insight into substrate processing and allosteric inhibition of human p97 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
p97 processes ubiquitinated substrates and plays a central role in cellular protein homeostasis. Previous studies have showed that it is a potential drug target for cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and viral infections. Here, we report a series of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of substrate-engaged human p97 complex that captured "power stroke"-like motions of both the D1 and D2 ATPase rings of p97. A key feature of these structures is the critical conformational changes of the inter-subunit signaling (ISS) motifs, which tightens the binding of nucleotides and neighboring subunits, and contributes to the spiral staircase conformation of the D1 and D2 rings. We further determined the cryo-EM structure of human p97 in complex with NMS-873, the most potent p97 inhibitor. The structures showed that NMS-873 binds at a cryptic groove in the D2 domain and interacts with the ISS motif, preventing its conformational change, thus blocking substrate translocation allosterically.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.430295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic insight into substrate processing and allosteric inhibition of human p97]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CCG*CGG interruptions in high penetrance SCA8 families increase RAN translation and protein toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.08.430311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8), a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CTG*CAG expansion, is unusual because most individuals that carry the mutation do not develop ataxia. To understand the variable penetrance of SCA8 we studied the molecular differences between highly penetrant families and more common sporadic cases (82%) using a large cohort of SCA8 families (N=77). We show that repeat expansion mutations from individuals with two or more affected family members have CCG*CGG interruptions at a higher frequency than sporadic SCA8 cases and that the number of CCG*CGG interruptions correlates with age at onset. At the molecular level, CCG*CGG interruptions increase RNA hairpin stability and steady state levels of SCA8 RAN polyAla and polySer proteins. Additionally, the CCG*CGG interruptions, which encode arginine interruptions in the polyGln frame increase the toxicity of the resulting proteins. In summary, CCG*CGG interruptions increase polyAla and polySer RAN protein levels, polyGln protein toxicity and disease penetrance and provide novel insight into the molecular differences between SCA8 families with high vs. low disease penetrance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perez, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorrock, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banez-Coronel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laboissonniere, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashizawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schut, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berglund, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasholt, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramony, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranum, L. P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.08.430311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CCG*CGG interruptions in high penetrance SCA8 families increase RAN translation and protein toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystal structure of a bacterial CNNM magnesium transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.11.430706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CBS-pair domain divalent metal cation transport mediators (CNNMs) are a broadly conserved family of integral membrane proteins with close to 90,000 protein sequences known. CNNM proteins are associated with Mg2+ transport but it is not known if they mediate transport themselves or regulate other transporters. Here, we determined the crystal structure of an archaeal CNNM protein with Mg2+-ATP bound. The structure reveals a novel transmembrane fold for the DUF21 domain, the largest family of domains of unknown function. The protein has a negatively charged cavity that penetrates halfway through the membrane suggesting it functions as a cation transporter. The cytosolic portion of the protein is comprised of highly charged four-helix bundle and a CBS-pair domain. HDX-MS experiments, molecular dynamics, and additional crystal structures show that the cytosolic domains undergo large conformational changes upon nucleotide binding suggesting a mechanism of regulation shared between human and bacterial orthologs. The molecular characterization of CNNM proteins has profound implications for understanding their biological functions in human diseases, including cancer, and in animals, bacteria and plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armitano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeller, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fakih, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohaim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehring, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.11.430706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystal structure of a bacterial CNNM magnesium transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.13.431091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A brain-based universal measure of attention: predicting task-general and task-specific attention performance and their underlying neural mechanisms from task and resting state fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.13.431091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention is central for many aspects of cognitive performance, but there is no singular measure of a persons overall attentional functioning across tasks. To develop a universal measure that integrates multiple components of attention, we collected data from more than 90 participants performing three different attention-demanding tasks during fMRI. We constructed a suite of whole-brain models that can predict a profile of multiple attentional components - sustained attention, divided attention and tracking, and working memory capacity - from a single fMRI scan type within novel individuals. Multiple brain regions across the frontoparietal, salience, and subcortical networks drive accurate predictions, supporting a universal (general) attention factor across tasks, which can be distinguished from task-specific attention factors and their neural mechanisms. Furthermore, connectome-to-connectome transformation modeling enhanced predictions of an individuals attention-task connectomes and behavioral performance from their rest connectomes. These models were integrated to produce a new universal attention measure that generalizes best across multiple, independent datasets, and which should have broad utility for both research and clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constable, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.13.431091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A brain-based universal measure of attention: predicting task-general and task-specific attention performance and their underlying neural mechanisms from task and resting state fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.430825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A tissue-aware machine learning framework enhances the mechanistic understanding and genetic diagnosis of Mendelian and rare diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.430825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic studies of Mendelian and rare diseases face the critical challenges of identifying pathogenic gene variants and their modes-of-action. Previous efforts rarely utilized the tissue-selective manifestation of these diseases for their elucidation. Here we introduce an interpretable machine learning (ML) platform that utilizes heterogeneous and large-scale tissue-aware datasets of human genes, and rigorously, concurrently and quantitatively assesses hundreds of candidate mechanisms per disease. The resulting tissue-aware ML platform is applicable in gene-specific, tissue-specific, or patient-specific modes. Application of the platform to selected Mendelian disease genes pinpointed mechanisms that lead to tissue-specific disease manifestation. When applied jointly to diseases that manifest in the same tissue, the models revealed common known and previously underappreciated factors that underlie tissue-selective disease manifestation. Lastly, we harnessed our ML platform toward genetic diagnosis of tissue-selective rare diseases. Patient-specific models of candidate disease-causing genes from 50 patients successfully prioritized the pathogenic gene in 86% of the cases, implying that the tissue-selectivity of rare diseases aids in filtering out unlikely candidate genes. Thus, interpretable tissue-aware ML models can boost mechanistic understanding and genetic diagnosis of tissue-selective heritable diseases. A webserver supporting gene prioritization is available at https://netbio.bgu.ac.il/trace/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simonovsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hekselman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jubran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinogradov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argov, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basha, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerber, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yogev, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokach, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeger-Lotem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.430825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A tissue-aware machine learning framework enhances the mechanistic understanding and genetic diagnosis of Mendelian and rare diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared long-term and short-term memory representational formats in occipital and parietal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current theories propose that the short-term retention of information in working memory (WM) and the recall of information from long-term memory (LTM) are supported by overlapping neural mechanisms in occipital and parietal cortex. Both are thought to rely on reinstating patterns of sensory activity evoked by the perception of the remembered item. However, the extent of the shared representations between WM and LTM are unclear, and it is unknown how WM and LTM representations may differ across cortical regions. We designed a spatial memory task that allowed us to directly compare the representations of remembered spatial information in WM and LTM. Critically, we carefully matched the precision of behavioral responses in these tasks. We used fMRI and multivariate pattern analyses to examine representations in (1) retinotopic cortex and (2) lateral parietal cortex (LPC) regions previously implicated in LTM. We show that visual memories were represented in a sensory-like code in both tasks across retinotopic regions in occipital and parietal cortex. LPC regions also encoded remembered locations in both WM and LTM, but in a format that differed from the sensory-evoked activity. These results suggest a striking correspondence in the format of WM and LTM representations across occipital and parietal cortex. On the other hand, we show that activity patterns in nearly all parietal regions, but not occipital regions, contained information that could discriminate between WM trials and LTM trials. Our data provide new evidence for theories of memory systems and the representation of mnemonic content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vo, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutterer, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprague, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared long-term and short-term memory representational formats in occipital and parietal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase upregulates PD-1 expression on ovarian tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells via kynurenine activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immunoregulatory enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis are potent mechanisms that impede effective anti-tumor immunity in ovarian cancer. However, whether the IDO pathway regulates PD-1 expression in T cells is currently unknown. Here we show that tumoral IDO1 expression led to profound changes in tryptophan, nicotinate/nicotinamide, and purine metabolic pathways in the ovarian tumor microenvironment, and to an increased frequency of PD-1+CD8+ tumor infiltrating T cells. We determined that activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) by kynurenine induced PD-1 expression, and this effect was significantly abrogated by the AHR antagonist CH223191. Mechanistically, kynurenine alters chromatin accessibility in regulatory regions of T cell inhibitory receptors, allowing AHR to bind to consensus XRE motifs in the promoter region of PD-1. These results enable the design of strategies to target the IDO1 and AHR pathways for enhancing anti-tumor immunity in ovarian cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amobi-McCloud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MUTHUSWAMY, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battaglia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putluri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putluri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takemasa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugade, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odunsi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.431473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase upregulates PD-1 expression on ovarian tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells via kynurenine activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrastructural analysis of dendritic spine necks reveals a continuum of spine morphologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic spines are membranous protrusions, with a bulbous head connected to the dendrite by a thin neck, and receive essentially all excitatory inputs in most mammalian neurons. Spines have a wide variety of morphologies that likely have a significant effect on their biochemical and electrical properties. The question of whether spines belong to distinct morphological or functional subtypes or constitute a continuum is still open. To discern this, it is important to measure spine necks objectively. Recent advances in electron microscopy enable automatic reconstructions of 3D spines with nanometer precision. Analyzing ultrastructural reconstructions from mouse neocortical neurons with computer vision algorithms, we demonstrate that the vast majority of spines can be rigorously separated into head and neck components. Analysis of the head and neck morphologies reveals a continuous distribution of parameters. The spine neck diameter, but not the neck length, was correlated with the head volume. Spines with larger head volumes often had a spine apparatus and pairs of spines in a post-synaptic cell contacted by the same axon had similar head volumes. Our data are consistent with a lack of morphological categories of spines and indicate that the morphologies of the spine neck and head are independently regulated. These results have repercussions for our understanding of the function of dendritic spines in neuronal circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ofer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuste, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.431725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrastructural analysis of dendritic spine necks reveals a continuum of spine morphologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.432007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Protein A based Staphylococcus aureus vaccine with improved safety 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.19.432007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exposure to Staphylococcus aureus does not lead to immunity as evidenced by the persistent colonization of one third of the human population. S. aureus immune escape is mediated by factors that preempt complement activation, destroy phagocytes, and modify B and T cell responses. One such factor, Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) encompasses five Immunoglobulin binding domains (IgBDs) that associate with the Fc{gamma} domain to block phagocytosis. IgBDs also associate with the Fab domain of VH3-idiotypic IgM which activates B cells with the resulting secretion of antibodies that cannot bind determinants of S. aureus. SpA crosslinking of VH3-idiotypic IgG and IgE receptors of mast cells and basophils promotes histamine release and anaphylaxis. Previous work demonstrated the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of SpAKKAA, a variant partially defective for VH3-idiotypic Ig cross-linking, in murine models of S. aureus. Compared to mice (10%), humans produce significantly more VH3-idiotypic B cells (50%), prompting a search for safer SpA variants that may be suitably developed as clinical-grade vaccines for efficacy testing in humans. Here, we report the identification of such variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneewind, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Missiakas, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.19.432007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Protein A based Staphylococcus aureus vaccine with improved safety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing gene expression responses to biomechanical strain in an in vitro model of osteoarthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic degenerative joint disease affecting articular cartilage and underlying bone. Both genetic and environmental factors appear to contribute to the development of this disease. Specifically, pathological levels of biomechanical stress on joints play a notable role in disease initiation and progression. Population-level gene expression studies of cartilage cells experiencing biomechanical stress may uncover gene-by-environment interactions relevant to OA and human joint health. To build a foundation for such studies, we applied differentiation protocols to develop an in vitro system of chondrogenic cell lines (iPSC-chondrocytes). We characterized gene regulatory responses of three human iPSC-chondrocyte lines to cyclic tensile strain treatment. We measured the contribution of biological and technical factors to gene expression variation in this system and, even in this small sample, found several genes that exhibit inter-individual expression differences in response to mechanical strain, including genes previously implicated in OA. Expanding this system to include iPSC-chondrocytes from a larger number of individuals will allow us to characterize and better understand gene-by-environment interactions related to OA and joint health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Housman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briscoe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing gene expression responses to biomechanical strain in an in vitro model of osteoarthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pulsatile contractions and pattern formation in excitable active gels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The actin cortex is an active adaptive material, embedded with complex regulatory networks that can sense, generate, and transmit mechanical forces. The cortex exhibits a wide range of dynamic behaviours, from generating pulsatory contractions and travelling waves to forming organised structures. Despite the progress in characterising the biochemical and mechanical components of the actin cortex, the emergent dynamics of this mechanochemical system is poorly understood. Here we develop a reaction-diffusion model for the RhoA signalling network, the upstream regulator for actomyosin assembly and contractility, coupled to an active actomyosin gel, to investigate how the interplay between chemical signalling and mechanical forces regulate stresses and patterns in the cortex. We demonstrate that mechanochemical feedback in the cortex acts to destabilise homogeneous states and robustly generate pulsatile contractions. By tuning active stress in the system, we show that the cortex can generate propagating contraction pulses, form network structures, or exhibit topological turbulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Staddon, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pulsatile contractions and pattern formation in excitable active gels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted comodulation supports flexible and accurate decoding in V1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory-guided behavior requires reliable encoding of stimulus information in neural populations, and task-specific readout through a selective combination of these responses. The former has been the topic of extensive study, but the means by which the brain achieves the latter remain poorly understood, especially when adapting to changing task demands. Here we introduce a novel theory for adaptive sensory processing based on functionally-targeted stochastic modulation. We find that responses of neurons in area V1 of monkeys performing a visual orientation discrimination task exhibit low-dimensional, rapidly fluctuating gain modulation, which is stronger in neurons that are most informative for the current behavioral task. We propose that this modulation serves as a label that supports adaptive downstream readout. Our theoretical and experimental results show that V1 modulation can be used to decode from neural activity after only a small number of training trials, consistent with observed behavior. In a hierarchical visual neural network model, the modulator-induced labels are learned quickly and accompany task information across several processing stages to finally guide decisions. Consistent with this model, we find that the V1 modulatory signal is also present in the activity of simultaneously recorded MT units, and that its label of task information is preserved. Our findings provide evidence for a novel mechanism for task-adaptive information routing in the brain, through targeted co-modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haimerl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruff, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoncelli, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted comodulation supports flexible and accurate decoding in V1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic wireless neural population recordings with common marmosets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marmosets are an increasingly important model system for neuroscience in part due to genetic tractability and enhanced cortical accessibility, due to a lissencephalic neocortex. However, many of the techniques generally employed to record neural activity in primates inhibit the expression of natural behaviors in marmosets precluding neurophysiological insights. To address this challenge, we developed methods for recording neural population activity in unrestrained marmosets across multiple ethological behaviors, multiple brain states, and over multiple years. Notably, our flexible methodological design allows for replacing electrode arrays and removal of implants providing alternative experimental endpoints. We validate the method by recording sensorimotor cortical population activity in freely moving marmosets across their natural behavioral repertoire and during sleep.

HIGHLIGHTS- Simultaneous and chronic wireless neural population recordings in multiple freely moving marmosets
- Neural recording approach enables studies of natural repertoire of behaviors and sleep
- Methyl-methacrylate free surgical approach designed to promote biocompatibility and longitudinal success of the implant
- Modular headstage configuration requires minimal daily animal handling for daily neural recordings
- Alternative experimental endpoints: implant removal, healing, and electrode array replacement
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirschel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niekrasz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.432889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic wireless neural population recordings with common marmosets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A public broadly neutralizing antibody class targets a membrane-proximal anchor epitope of influenza virus hemagglutinin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broadly neutralizing antibodies against influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) have the potential to provide universal protection against influenza virus infections. Here, we report a distinct class of broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting an epitope toward the bottom of the HA stalk domain where HA is "anchored" to the viral membrane. Antibodies targeting this membrane-proximal anchor epitope utilized a highly restricted repertoire, which encode for two conserved motifs responsible for HA binding. Anchor targeting B cells were common in the human memory B cell repertoire across subjects, indicating pre-existing immunity against this epitope. Antibodies against the anchor epitope at both the serological and monoclonal antibody levels were potently induced in humans by a chimeric HA vaccine, a potential universal influenza virus vaccine. Altogether, this study reveals an underappreciated class of broadly neutralizing antibodies against H1-expressing viruses that can be robustly recalled by a candidate universal influenza virus vaccine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guthmiller, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utset, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, L. Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamper, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stovicek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentles, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, N.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richey, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tepora, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitar, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changrob, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strohmeier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sastre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachbagauer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palese, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.432905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A public broadly neutralizing antibody class targets a membrane-proximal anchor epitope of influenza virus hemagglutinin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The chemotherapeutic CX-5461 primarily targets TOP2B and exhibits selective activity in high-risk neuroblastoma. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.25.432934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Survival in high-risk pediatric neuroblastoma has remained around 50% for the last 20 years, with immunotherapies and targeted therapies having had minimal impact. Here, we identify the small molecule CX-5461 as selectively cytotoxic to high-risk neuroblastoma and synergistic with low picomolar concentrations of topoisomerase I inhibitors improving survival in vivo in orthotopic patient-derived xenograft neuroblastoma mouse models. CX-5461 recently progressed through phase I clinical trial as a first-in-human inhibitor of RNA-POL I. However, we also use a comprehensive panel of in vitro and in vivo assays to demonstrate that CX-5461 has been mischaracterized and that its primary target at pharmacologically relevant concentrations, is in fact topoisomerase II beta (TOP2B), not RNA-POL I. These findings are important because existing clinically approved chemotherapeutics have well-documented off-target interactions with TOP2B, which have previously been shown to cause both therapy-induced leukemia and cardiotoxicity--often-fatal adverse events, which can emerge several years after treatment. Thus, while we show that combination therapies involving CX-5461 have promising anti-tumor activity in vivo in neuroblastoma, our identification of TOP2B as the primary target of CX-5461 indicates unexpected safety concerns that should be examined in ongoing phase II clinical trials in adult patients before pursuing clinical studies in children.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapple, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubair, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batchelder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenship, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozsgai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuetz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalathur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>chen, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connelly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruett-Miller, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geeleher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.432934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The chemotherapeutic CX-5461 primarily targets TOP2B and exhibits selective activity in high-risk neuroblastoma.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric Contraction of Adherens Junctions arises through RhoA and E-cadherin feedback 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue morphogenesis often arises from the culmination of discrete changes in cell-cell junction behaviors, namely ratcheted junction contractions that lead to collective cellular rearrangements. Mechanochemical signaling in the form of RhoA underlies these ratcheted contractions, which occur asymmetrically as one highly motile vertex contracts toward a relatively less motile tricellular vertex. The underlying mechanisms driving asymmetric vertex movement remains unknown. Here, we use optogenetically controlled RhoA in model epithelia together with biophysical modeling to uncover the mechanism lending to asymmetric vertex motion. We find that both local and global RhoA activation leads to increases in junctional tension, thereby facilitating vertex motion. RhoA activation occurs in discrete regions along the junction and is skewed towards the less-motile vertex. At these less-motile vertices, E-cadherin acts as an opposing factor to limit vertex motion through increased frictional drag. Surprisingly, we uncover a feedback loop between RhoA and E-cadherin, as regional optogenetic activation of specified junctional zones pools E-cadherin to the location of RhoA activation. Incorporating this circuit into a mathematical model, we find that a positive feedback between RhoA-mediated tension and E-cadherin-induced frictional drag on tricellular vertices recapitulates experimental data. As such, the location of RhoA determines which vertex is under high tension, pooling E-cadherin and increasing the frictional load at the tricellular vertex to limit its motion. This feedback drives a tension-dependent intercellular "clutch" at tricellular vertices which stabilizes vertex motion upon tensional load.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cavanaugh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staddon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chmiel, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmon, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budnar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.433093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric Contraction of Adherens Junctions arises through RhoA and E-cadherin feedback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel epitopes of human monoclonal antibodies targeting the influenza virus N1 neuraminidase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) targeting antibodies are an independent correlate of protection against infection. Antibodies against the NA act by blocking enzymatic activity, preventing virus release and transmission. As we advance the development of improved influenza virus vaccines that incorporate standard amounts of NA antigen, it is important to identify the antigenic targets of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Additionally, it is important to understand how escape from mAbs changes viral fitness. Here, we describe escape mutants generated by serial passage of A/Netherlands/602/2009 (H1N1) in the presence of human anti-N1 mAbs. We observed escape mutations on the N1 protein around the enzymatic site (S364N, N369T and R430Q) and also detected escape mutations located on the sides and bottom of the NA (N88D, N270D and Q313K/R). We found that a majority of escape mutant viruses had increased fitness in vitro but not in vivo. This work increases our understanding of how human antibody responses target the N1 protein.

ImportanceAs improved influenza virus vaccines are being developed, the influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) is becoming an important new target for immune responses. By identifying novel epitopes of anti-NA antibodies, we can improve vaccine design. Additionally, characterizing changes in viruses containing mutations in these epitopes aids in identifying effects of NA antigenic drift.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick Roubidoux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carreno, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capuano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Bakel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.433142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel epitopes of human monoclonal antibodies targeting the influenza virus N1 neuraminidase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling assemblies BAF and PBAF differentially regulate cell cycle exit and cellular invasion in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin remodelers such as the SWI/SNF complex coordinate metazoan development through broad regulation of chromatin accessibility and transcription, ensuring normal cell cycle control and cellular differentiation in a lineage-specific and temporally restricted manner. Mutations in genes encoding the structural subunits of chromatin, such as histone subunits, and chromatin regulating factors (CRFs) are associated with a variety of disease mechanisms including cancer metastasis, in which cancer co-opts cellular invasion programs functioning in healthy cells during development. Here we utilize Caenorhabditis elegans anchor cell (AC) invasion as an in vivo model to identify the suite of chromatin agents and CRFs that promote cellular invasiveness. We demonstrate that the SWI/SNF ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex is a critical regulator of AC invasion, with pleiotropic effects on both G0 cell cycle arrest and activation of invasive machinery. Using targeted protein degradation and enhanced RNA interference (RNAi) vectors, we show that SWI/SNF contributes to AC invasion in a dose-dependent fashion, with lower levels of activity in the AC corresponding to aberrant cell cycle entry and increased loss of invasion. Our data specifically implicate the SWI/SNF BAF assembly in the regulation of the G0 cell cycle arrest in the AC, whereas the SWI/SNF PBAF assembly promotes AC invasion via cell cycle-independent mechanisms, including attachment to the basement membrane (BM) and activation of the pro-invasive fos-1/FOS gene. Together these findings demonstrate that the SWI/SNF complex is necessary for two essential components of AC invasion: arresting cell cycle progression and remodeling the BM. The work here provides valuable single-cell mechanistic insight into how the SWI/SNF assemblies differentially contribute to cellular invasion and how SWI/SNF subunit-specific disruptions may contribute to tumorigeneses and cancer metastasis.

SUMMARY STATEMENTCellular invasion through the basement membrane by the C. elegans anchor cell requires both BAF and PBAF SWI/SNF assemblies to arrest the cell cycle and promote the expression of pro-invasive genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pars, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M. A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, F. E. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmisano, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohrman, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delos Reyes, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adikes, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medwig-Kinney, T. N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracht, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matus, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling assemblies BAF and PBAF differentially regulate cell cycle exit and cellular invasion in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive ecological processes and metabolic independence drive microbial colonization and resilience in the human gut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in microbial community composition as a function of human health and disease states have sparked remarkable interest in the human gut microbiome. However, establishing reproducible insights into the determinants of microbial succession in disease has been a formidable challenge. Here we use fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as an in natura experimental model to investigate the association between metabolic independence and resilience in stressed gut environments. Our genome-resolved metagenomics survey suggests that FMT serves as an environmental filter that favors populations with higher metabolic independence, the genomes of which encode complete metabolic modules to synthesize critical metabolites, including amino acids, nucleotides, and vitamins. Interestingly, we observe higher completion of the same biosynthetic pathways in microbes enriched in IBD patients. These observations suggest a general mechanism that underlies changes in diversity in perturbed gut environments, and reveal taxon-independent markers of  dysbiosis that may explain why widespread yet typically low abundance members of healthy gut microbiomes can dominate under inflammatory conditions without any causal association with disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuessel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veseli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLongchamp, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trigodet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lolans, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaiber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quince, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soylev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.02.433653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive ecological processes and metabolic independence drive microbial colonization and resilience in the human gut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High molecular weight DNA extraction strategies for long-read sequencing of complex metagenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By offering extremely long contiguous characterization of individual DNA molecules, rapidly emerging long-read sequencing strategies offer comprehensive insights into the organization of genetic information in genomes and metagenomes. However, successful long-read sequencing experiments demand high concentrations of highly purified DNA of high molecular weight (HMW), which limits the utility of established DNA extraction kits designed for short-read sequencing. Challenges associated with input DNA quality intensify further when working with complex environmental samples of low microbial biomass, which requires new protocols that are tailored to study metagenomes with long-read sequencing. Here, we use human tongue scrapings to benchmark six HMW DNA extraction strategies that are based on commercially available kits, phenol-chloroform (PC) extraction, and agarose encasement followed by agarase digestion. A typical end goal of HMW DNA extractions is to obtain the longest possible reads during sequencing, which is often achieved by PC extractions as demonstrated in sequencing of cultured cells. Yet our analyses that consider overall read-size distribution, assembly performance, and the number of circularized elements found in sequencing results suggest that non-PC methods may be more appropriate for long-read sequencing of metagenomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trigodet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lolans, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaiber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.03.433801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High molecular weight DNA extraction strategies for long-read sequencing of complex metagenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue specific targeting of DNA nanodevices in a multicellular living organism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleic acid nanodevices present great potential as agents for logic-based therapeutic intervention as well as in basic biology. Often, however, the disease targets that need corrective action are localized in specific organs and thus realizing the full potential of DNA nanodevices also requires ways to target them to specific cell-types in vivo. Here we show that by exploiting either endogenous or synthetic receptor-ligand interactions and by leveraging the biological barriers presented by the organism, we can target extraneously introduced DNA nanodevices to specific cell types in C. elegans, with sub-cellular precision. The amenability of DNA nanostructures to tissue-specific targeting in vivo significantly expands their utility in biomedical applications and discovery biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aburas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moutel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koushika, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.434169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue specific targeting of DNA nanodevices in a multicellular living organism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular and Structural Basis of Olfactory Sensory Neuron Coalescence by Kirrel Receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Projections from sensory neurons of olfactory systems coalesce into glomeruli in the brain. The Kirrel receptors are believed to homodimerize via their ectodomains and help separate sensory neuron axons into Kirrel2- or Kirrel3-expressing glomeruli. Here we present the crystal structures of homodimeric Kirrel receptors and show that the closely related Kirrel2 and Kirrel3 have evolved specific sets of polar and hydrophobic interactions, respectively, disallowing heterodimerization while preserving homodimerization, likely resulting in proper segregation and coalescence of Kirrel-expressing axons into glomeruli. We show that the dimerization interface at the N-terminal IG domains is necessary and sufficient to create homodimers, and fail to find evidence for a secondary interaction site in Kirrel ectodomains. Furthermore, we show that abolishing dimerization of Kirrel3 in vivo leads to improper formation of glomeruli in the mouse accessory olfactory bulb as observed in Kirrel3-/- animals. Our results provide strong evidence for Kirrel3 homodimerization controlling axonal coalescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaddadi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quilez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumontier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cloutier, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular and Structural Basis of Olfactory Sensory Neuron Coalescence by Kirrel Receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic evaluation of transcriptomics-based deconvolution methods and references using thousands of clinical samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimating cell type composition of blood and tissue samples is a biological challenge relevant in both laboratory studies and clinical care. In recent years, a number of computational tools have been developed to estimate cell type abundance using gene expression data. While these tools use a variety of approaches, they all leverage expression profiles from purified cell types to evaluate the cell type composition within samples. In this study, we compare ten deconvolution tools and evaluate their performance while using each of eleven separate reference profiles. Specifically, we have run deconvolution tools on over 4,000 samples with known cell type proportions, spanning both immune and stromal cell types. Twelve of these represent in vitro synthetic mixtures and 300 represent in silico synthetic mixtures prepared using single cell data. A final 3,728 clinical samples have been collected from the Framingham Cohort, for which cell populations have been quantified using electrical impedance cell counting. When tools are applied to the Framingham dataset, the tool EPIC produces the highest correlation while GEDIT produces the lowest error. The best tool for other datasets is varied, but CIBERSORT and GEDIT most consistently produce accurate results. In terms of reference choice, we find that the Human Primary Cell Atlas (HPCA) and references published by the EPIC authors produce accurate results for the largest number of tools and datasets. When applying deconvolution to blood samples, the leukocyte reference matrix LM22 is also a suitable choice, usually (but not always) outperforming HPCA and EPIC. Running time varies substantially across tools. For as many as 5052 samples, SaVanT and dtangle reliably finish in under one minute, while slower tools may require up to two hours. However, when using custom references, CIBERSORT can run very slowly, taking over 24 hours to complete for large datasets. We conclude that combining the best tools with optimal reference datasets can provide significant gains in accuracy when carrying out deconvolution tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shou, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic evaluation of transcriptomics-based deconvolution methods and references using thousands of clinical samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecophysiology of the cosmopolitan OM252 bacterioplankton (Gammaproteobacteria) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Among the thousands of species that comprise marine bacterioplankton communities, most remain functionally obscure. One key cosmopolitan group in this understudied majority is the OM252 clade of Gammaproteobacteria. Although frequently found in sequence data and even previously cultured, the diversity, metabolic potential, physiology, and distribution of this clade has not been thoroughly investigated. Here we examined these features of OM252 bacterioplankton using a newly isolated strain and genomes from publicly available databases. We demonstrated that this group constitutes a globally distributed novel genus (Candidatus Halomarinus), sister to Litoricola, comprising two subclades and multiple distinct species. OM252 organisms have small genomes (median 2.21 Mbp) and are predicted obligate aerobes capable of alternating between chemoorganoheterotrophic and chemolithotrophic growth using reduced sulfur compounds as electron donors, with subclade I genomes encoding the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle for carbon fixation. One representative strain of subclade I, LSUCC0096, had extensive halotolerance but a mesophilic temperature range for growth, with a maximum of 0.36 doublings/hr at 35{degrees}C. Cells were curved rod/spirillum-shaped, ~1.5 x 0.2 m. Growth on thiosulfate as the sole electron donor under autotrophic conditions was roughly one third that of heterotrophic growth, even though calculations indicated similar Gibbs energies for both catabolisms. These phenotypic data show that some Ca. Halomarinus organisms can switch between serving as carbon sources or sinks and indicate the likely anabolic cost of lithoautotrophic growth. Our results thus provide new hypotheses about the roles of these organisms in global biogeochemical cycling of carbon and sulfur.

ImportanceMarine microbial communities are teeming with understudied taxa due to the sheer numbers of species in any given sample of seawater. One group, the OM252 clade of Gammaproteobacteria, has been identified in gene surveys from myriad locations, and one isolated organism has even been genome sequenced (HIMB30). However, further study of these organisms has not occurred. Using another isolated representative (strain LSUCC0096) and publicly available genome sequences from metagenomic and single-cell genomic datasets, we examined the diversity within the OM252 clade, the distribution of these taxa in the worlds oceans, reconstructed the predicted metabolism of the group, and quantified growth dynamics in LSUCC0096. Our results generate new knowledge about the previously enigmatic OM252 clade and point towards the importance of facultative chemolithoautotrophy for supporting some clades of ostensibly "heterotrophic" taxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savoie, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanclos, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaRowe, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappe, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thrash, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecophysiology of the cosmopolitan OM252 bacterioplankton (Gammaproteobacteria)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.432967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cannabidiol Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Promotes the Host Innate Immune Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.432967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid spread of COVID-19 underscores the need for new treatments. Here we report that cannabidiol (CBD), a compound produced by the cannabis plant, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection. CBD and its metabolite, 7-OH-CBD, but not congeneric cannabinoids, potently block SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung epithelial cells. CBD acts after cellular infection, inhibiting viral gene expression and reversing many effects of SARS-CoV-2 on host gene transcription. CBD induces interferon expression and up-regulates its antiviral signaling pathway. A cohort of human patients previously taking CBD had significantly lower SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence of up to an order of magnitude relative to matched pairs or the general population. This study highlights CBD, and its active metabolite, 7-OH-CBD, as potential preventative agents and therapeutic treatments for SARS-CoV-2 at early stages of infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaescu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friesen, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drayman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gula, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millis, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauli, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.10.432967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cannabidiol Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Promotes the Host Innate Immune Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel soluble ACE2 protein totally protects from lethal disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.435191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses full-length angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is membrane bound, as its initial cell contact receptor preceding viral entry. Here we report a human soluble ACE2 variant fused with a 5kD albumin binding domain (ABD) and bridged via a dimerization motif hinge-like 4-cysteine dodecapeptide, which we term ACE2 1-618-DDC-ABD. This protein is enzymatically active, has increased duration of action in vivo conferred by the ABD-tag, and displays 20-30-fold higher binding affinity to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain than its des-DDC monomeric form (ACE2 1-618-ABD) due to DDC-linked dimerization. ACE2 1-618-DDC-ABD was administered for 3 consecutive days to transgenic k18-hACE2 mice, a model that develops lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection, to evaluate the preclinical preventative/ therapeutic value for COVID-19. Mice treated with ACE2 1-618-DDC-ABD developed a mild to moderate disease for the first few days assessed by a clinical score and modest weight loss. The untreated control animals, by contrast, became severely ill and had to be sacrificed by day 6/7 and lung histology revealed extensive pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and mononuclear infiltrates. At 6 days, mortality was totally prevented in the treated group, lung histopathology was improved and viral titers markedly reduced. This demonstrates for the first time in vivo the preventative/ therapeutic potential of a novel soluble ACE2 protein in a preclinical animal model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelarden, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomatsidou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicoleascu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeldandi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batlle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel soluble ACE2 protein totally protects from lethal disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.435279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene duplications and genomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.435279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inferring the intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of species diversification and phenotypic disparity across the Tree of Life is a major challenge in evolutionary biology. In green plants, polyploidy (or whole-genome duplication, WGD) is known to play a major role in microevolution and speciation1, but the extent to which WGD has shaped macroevolutionary patterns of diversification and phenotypic innovation across plant phylogeny remains an open question. Here we examine the relationship of various facets of genomic evolution--including gene and genome duplication, genome size, and chromosome number--with macroevolutionary patterns of phenotypic innovation, species diversification, and climatic occupancy in gymnosperms. We show that genomic changes, such as WGD and genome-size shifts, underlie the origins of most major extant gymnosperm clades, and notably our results support an ancestral WGD in the gymnosperm lineage. Spikes of gene duplication typically coincide with major spikes of phenotypic innovation, while increased rates of phenotypic evolution are typically found at nodes with high gene-tree conflict, representing historic population-level dynamics during speciation. Most shifts in gymnosperm diversification since the rise of angiosperms are decoupled from putative WGDs and instead are associated with increased rates of climatic occupancy evolution, particularly in cooler and/or more arid climatic conditions, suggesting that ecological opportunity, especially in the later Cenozoic, and environmental heterogeneity have driven a resurgence of gymnosperm diversification. Our study provides critical insight on the processes underlying diversification and phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms, with important broader implications for the major drivers of both micro- and macroevolution in plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stull, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, X.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parins-Fukuchi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltis, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltis, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, T.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.13.435279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene duplications and genomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A signature of Neanderthal introgression on molecular mechanisms of environmental responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ancient human migrations led to the settlement of population groups in varied environmental contexts worldwide. The extent to which adaptation to local environments has shaped human genetic diversity is a longstanding question in human evolution. Recent studies have suggested that introgression of archaic alleles in the genome of modern humans may have contributed to adaptation to environmental pressures such as pathogen exposure. Functional genomic studies have demonstrated that variation in gene expression across individuals and in response to environmental perturbations is a main mechanism underlying complex trait variation. We considered gene expression response to in vitro treatments as a molecular phenotype to identify genes and regulatory variants that may have played an important role in adaptations to local environments. We investigated if Neanderthal introgression in the human genome may contribute to the transcriptional response to environmental perturbations. To this end we used eQTLs for genes differentially expressed in a panel of 52 cellular environments, resulting from 5 cell types and 26 treatments, including hormones, vitamins, drugs, and environmental contaminants. We found that SNPs with introgressed Neanderthal alleles (N-SNPs) disrupt binding of transcription factors important for environmental responses, including ionizing radiation and hypoxia, and for glucose metabolism. We identified an enrichment for N-SNPs among eQTLs for genes differentially expressed in response to 8 treatments, including glucocorticoids, caffeine, and vitamin D. Using Massively Parallel Reporter Assays (MPRA) data, we validated the regulatory function of 21 introgressed Neanderthal variants in the human genome, corresponding to 8 eQTLs regulating 15 genes that respond to environmental perturbations. These findings expand the set of environments where archaic introgression may have contributed to adaptations to local environments in modern humans and provide experimental validation for the regulatory function of introgressed variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Findley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalita, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohmueller, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pique-Regi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A signature of Neanderthal introgression on molecular mechanisms of environmental responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting Glioblastoma Signaling and Metabolism with A Re-Purposed Brain-Penetrant Drug 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The highly lethal brain cancer glioblastoma (GBM) poses a daunting challenge because the blood-brain barrier renders potentially druggable amplified or mutated oncoproteins relatively inaccessible. Here, we identify SMPD1, an enzyme that regulates the conversion of sphingomyelin to ceramide and a critical regulator of plasma membrane structure and organization, as an actionable drug target in glioblastoma. We show that the safe and highly brain-penetrant antidepressant fluoxetine, potently inhibits SMPD1 activity, killing GBMs, in vitro and in patient-derived xenografts, through inhibition of EGFR signaling and via activation of lysosomal stress. Combining fluoxetine with the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide, a standard of care for GBM patients, causes massive increases in GBM cell death, and complete and long-lived tumor regression in mice. Incorporation of real-world evidence from electronic medical records from insurance databases, reveals significantly increased survival in glioblastoma patients treated with fluoxetine, which was not seen in patients treated with other SSRI anti-depressants. These results nominate the repurposing of fluoxetine as a potentially safe and promising therapy for GBM patients and suggest prospective randomized clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimple, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armando, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prager, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wainwright, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furnari, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cloughesy, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quehenberger, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornblum, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rzhetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cravatt, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mischel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.16.435487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting Glioblastoma Signaling and Metabolism with A Re-Purposed Brain-Penetrant Drug]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An egg-derived sulfated N-Acetyllactosamine glycan is an antigenic decoy of influenza virus vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza viruses grown in eggs for the purposes of vaccine generation often acquire mutations during egg adaptation or possess differential glycosylation patterns than viruses circulating amongst humans. Here, we report that seasonal influenza virus vaccines possess an egg-derived sulfated N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) that is an antigenic decoy. Half of subjects that received an egg-grown vaccine mounted an antibody response against this egg-derived antigen. Egg-binding monoclonal antibodies specifically bind viruses grown in eggs, but not viruses grown in other chicken derived cells, suggesting only egg-grown vaccines can induce anti-LacNAc antibodies. Notably, antibodies against the sulfated LacNAc utilized a restricted antibody repertoire and possessed features of natural antibodies, as most antibodies were IgM and have simple heavy chain complementarity determining region 3. By analyzing a public dataset of influenza virus vaccine induced plasmablasts, we discovered egg-binding public clonotypes that were shared across studies. Together, this study shows that egg-grown vaccines can induce antibodies against an egg-associated glycan, which may divert the host immune response away from protective epitopes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guthmiller, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utset, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, N.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palese, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.16.435673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An egg-derived sulfated N-Acetyllactosamine glycan is an antigenic decoy of influenza virus vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin filament alignment causes mechanical hysteresis in cross-linked networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.435707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells dynamically control their material properties through remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, an assembly of cross-linked networks and bundles formed from the biopolymer actin. We recently found that cross-linked networks of actin filaments reconstituted in vitro can exhibit adaptive behavior and thus serve as a model system to understand the underlying mechanisms of mechanical adaptation of the cytoskeleton. In these networks, training, in the form of applied shear stress, can induce asymmetry in the nonlinear elasticity. Here, we explore control over this mechanical hysteresis by tuning the concentration and mechanical properties of cross-linking proteins in both experimental and simulated networks. We find that this effect depends on two conditions: the initial network must exhibit nonlinear strain stiffening, and filaments in the network must be able to reorient during training. Hysteresis depends strongly and non-monotonically on cross-linker concentration, with a peak at moderate concentrations. In contrast, at low concentrations, where the network does not strain stiffen, or at high concentrations, where filaments are less able to rearrange, there is little response to training. Additionally, we investigate the effect of changing cross-linker properties and find that longer or more flexible cross-linkers enhance hysteresis. Remarkably plotting hysteresis against alignment after training yields a single curve regardless of the physical properties or concentration of the cross-linkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scheff, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redford, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorpaiboon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumdar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.16.435707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin filament alignment causes mechanical hysteresis in cross-linked networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An efficient urine peptidomics workflow identifies chemically defined dietary gluten peptides from patients with celiac disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disorder induced by consuming gluten proteins from wheat, barley, and rye. Glutens resist gastrointestinal proteolysis, resulting in peptides that elicit inflammation in patients with CeD. Despite well-established connections between glutens and CeD, chemically defined, bioavailable peptides produced from dietary proteins have never been identified from humans in an unbiased manner. This is largely attributable to technical challenges, impeding our knowledge of potentially diverse peptide species that encounter the immune system. Here, we developed a novel liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric workflow for untargeted sequence analysis of the urinary peptidome. We detected 679 distinct dietary peptides, of which ~35% have a CeD-relevant T cell epitope and ~5% are known to stimulate innate immune responses. Remarkably, gluten peptides from patients with CeD qualitatively and quantitatively differ from controls. Our results provide a new foundation for understanding gluten immunogenicity, improving CeD management, and characterizing the dietary and urinary peptidomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palanski, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilmer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fall, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Becker, N. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An efficient urine peptidomics workflow identifies chemically defined dietary gluten peptides from patients with celiac disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clathrin adaptors mediate two sequential pathwaysof intra-Golgi recycling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathways of membrane traffic within the Golgi apparatus are not fully known. This question was addressed using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the maturation of individual Golgi cisternae can be visualized. We recently proposed that the AP-1 clathrin adaptor mediates intra-Golgi recycling late in the process of cisternal maturation. Here, we demonstrate that AP-1 cooperates with the Ent5 clathrin adaptor to recycle a set of Golgi transmembrane proteins. This recycling can be detected by removing AP-1 and Ent5, thereby diverting the AP-1/Ent5-dependent Golgi proteins into an alternative recycling loop that involves traffic to the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis. Unexpectedly, various AP-1/Ent5-dependent Golgi proteins show either intermediate or late kinetics of residence in maturing cisternae. We infer that the AP-1/Ent5 pair mediates two sequential intra-Golgi recycling pathways that define two classes of Golgi proteins. This insight can explain the polarized distribution of transmembrane proteins in the Golgi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casler, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krahn, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantazopoulou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clathrin adaptors mediate two sequential pathwaysof intra-Golgi recycling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ENCODING OF LIMB STATE BY SINGLE NEURONS IN THE CUNEATE NUCLEUS OF AWAKE MONKEYS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cuneate nucleus (CN) is among the first sites along the neuraxis where proprioceptive signals can be integrated, transformed, and modulated. The objective of the study was to characterize the proprioceptive representations in CN. To this end, we recorded from single CN neurons in three monkeys during active reaching and passive limb perturbation. We found that many neurons exhibited responses that were tuned approximately sinusoidally to limb movement direction, as has been found for other sensorimotor neurons. The distribution of their preferred directions (PDs) was highly non-uniform and resembled that of muscle spindles within individual muscles, suggesting that CN neurons typically receive inputs from only a single muscle. We also found that the responses of proprioceptive CN neurons tended to be modestly amplified during active reaching movements compared to passive limb perturbations, in contrast to cutaneous CN neurons whose responses were not systematically different in the active and passive conditions. Somatosensory signals thus seem to be subject to a "spotlighting" of relevant sensory information rather than uniform suppression as has been suggested previously.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Versteeg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenow, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ENCODING OF LIMB STATE BY SINGLE NEURONS IN THE CUNEATE NUCLEUS OF AWAKE MONKEYS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ODOR IDENTITY CAN BE EXTRACTED FROM THE RECIPROCAL CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN OLFACTORY BULB AND PIRIFORM CORTEX IN HUMANS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.436041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal oscillations route external and internal information across brain regions. In the olfactory system, the two central nodes--the olfactory bulb (OB) and the piriform cortex (PC)--communicate with each other via neural oscillations to shape the olfactory percept. Communication between these nodes have been well characterized in non-human animals but less is known about their role in the human olfactory system. Using a recently developed and validated EEG-based method to extract signals from the OB and PC sources, we show in healthy human participants that there is a bottom-up information flow from the OB to the PC in the beta and gamma frequency bands, while top-down information from the PC to the OB is facilitated by delta and theta oscillations. Importantly, we demonstrate that there was enough information to decipher odor identity above chance from the low gamma in the OB-PC oscillatory circuit as early as 100ms after odor onset. These data further our understanding of the critical role of bidirectional information flow in human sensory systems to produce perception. However, future studies are needed to determine what specific odor information is extracted and communicated in the information exchange.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iravani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arshamian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundqvist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundstrom, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.436041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ODOR IDENTITY CAN BE EXTRACTED FROM THE RECIPROCAL CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN OLFACTORY BULB AND PIRIFORM CORTEX IN HUMANS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Herpesviral induction of germline transcription factor DUX4 is critical for viral gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DUX4 is a transcription factor and a master regulator of embryonic genome activation (EGA). During early embryogenesis, EGA is crucial for maternal to zygotic transition at the 8-cell stage in order to overcome silencing of genes and enable transcription from the zygotic genome. In adult somatic cells, DUX4 expression is largely silenced. Activation is likely pathogenic, and in adult muscle cells causes genetic disorder Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD).

We identified activation of DUX4 expression upon lytic replication of the herpesviruses HSV-1, HCMV, EBV and KSHV, but not of adenoviruses, negative strand RNA viruses or positive strand RNA viruses. We demonstrate by RNA-Seq analysis that DUX4 expression upon herpesviral replication leads to the induction of hundreds of DUX4 target genes including germline-specific retroelements as well as several members of the TRIM, PRAMEF and ZSCAN protein families. Moreover, we show that DUX4 expression is a direct consequence of herpesviral infection. DUX4 can be stimulated by overexpression of HSV-1 immediate early proteins, indicating active induction of EGA genes by herpesviral infection. We further show that DUX4 expression is critical for driving HSV-1 gene expression.

Our results show that viruses from alpha-, beta- and gamma-herpesvirus subfamilies induce DUX4 expression and downstream germline-specific genes and retroelements. We hypothesize that herpesviruses induce DUX4 expression in order to induce an early embryonic-like transcriptional program that prevents epigenetic silencing of the viral genome and facilitates herpesviral gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drayman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landthaler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akalin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ensser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Full, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Herpesviral induction of germline transcription factor DUX4 is critical for viral gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterotrophic bacterial diazotrophs are more abundant than their cyanobacterial counterparts in metagenomes covering most of the sunlit ocean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological nitrogen fixation is a major factor contributing to microbial primary productivity in the open ocean. The current view depicts a few cyanobacterial diazotrophs as the most relevant marine nitrogen fixers, whereas heterotrophic diazotrophs are more diverse and considered to have lower impacts on the nitrogen balance. Here, we used 891 Tara Oceans metagenomes to create a manually curated, non-redundant genomic database corresponding to free-living, as well as filamentous, colony-forming, particle-attached and symbiotic bacterial and archaeal populations occurring in the surface of five oceans and two seas. Notably, the database provided the genomic content of eight cyanobacterial diazotrophs including Trichodesmium populations and a newly discovered population similar to Richelia, as well as 40 heterotrophic bacterial diazotrophs organized into three main functional groups that considerably expand the known diversity of abundant marine nitrogen fixers compared to previous genomic surveys. Critically, these 48 populations may account for more than 90% of cells containing known nifH genes and occurring in the sunlit ocean, suggesting that the genomic characterization of the most abundant marine diazotrophs may be nearing completion. The newly identified heterotrophic bacterial diazotrophs are widespread, express their nifH genes in situ, and co-occur under nitrate-depleted conditions in large size fractions where they might form aggregates providing the low-oxygen microenvironments required for nitrogen fixation. Most significantly, we found heterotrophic bacterial diazotrophs to be more abundant than cyanobacterial diazotrophs in most metagenomes from the open oceans and seas. This large-scale environmental genomic survey emphasizes the considerable potential of heterotrophs in the marine nitrogen balance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delmont, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierella Karlusich, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veseli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuessel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wincker, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelletier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterotrophic bacterial diazotrophs are more abundant than their cyanobacterial counterparts in metagenomes covering most of the sunlit ocean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Class I Histone Deacetylases (HDAC1-3) are Histone Lysine Delactylases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysine O_SCPLOWLC_SCPLOW-lactylation [K(O_SCPLOWLC_SCPLOW-la)] is a newly discovered histone mark that can be stimulated under conditions of high glycolysis, such as the Warburg effect. K(O_SCPLOWLC_SCPLOW-la) is associated with functions that are different from the widely studied histone acetylation. While K(O_SCPLOWLC_SCPLOW-la) can be introduced by the acetyltransferase p300, histone delactylase enzymes remain unknown. Here, we report the systematic evaluation of zinc- and NAD+-dependent HDACs for their ability to cleave {varepsilon}-N-O_SCPLOWLC_SCPLOW-lactyllysine marks. Our screens identified HDACs 1-3 and SIRT1-3 as delactylases in vitro. HDACs 1-3 show robust activity toward not only K(O_SCPLOWLC_SCPLOW-la) but also K(O_SCPLOWDC_SCPLOW-la) and diverse short-chain acyl modifications. We further confirmed the de-O_SCPLOWLC_SCPLOW-lactylase activity of HDACs 1 and 3 in cells. Identification of p300 and HDAC3 as regulatory enzymes suggests that histone lactylation is installed and removed by enzymes as opposed to spontaneous chemical reactivity. Our results therefore represent an important step toward full characterization of this pathways regulatory elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Yruela, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolding, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jameson, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Class I Histone Deacetylases (HDAC1-3) are Histone Lysine Delactylases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A numerical framework for genetic hitchhiking in populations of variable size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.25.437048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural selection on beneficial or deleterious alleles results in an increase or decrease, respectively, of their frequency within the population. Due to chromosomal linkage, the dynamics of the selected site affect the genetic variation at nearby neutral loci in a process commonly referred to as genetic hitchhiking. Changes in population size, however, can yield patterns in genomic data that mimic the effects of selection. Accurately modeling these dynamics is thus crucial to understanding how selection and past population size changes impact observed patterns of genetic variation.

Here, we model the evolution of haplotype frequencies with the Wright-Fisher diffusion to study the impact of selection on linked neutral variation. Explicit solutions are not known for the dynamics of this diffusion when selection and recombination act simultaneously. Thus, we present a method for numerically evaluating the Wright-Fisher diffusion dynamics of two linked loci separated by a certain recombination distance when selection is acting. We can account for arbitrary population size histories explicitly using this approach. A key step in the method is to express the moments of the associated transition density, or sampling probabilities, as solutions to ordinary differential equations. Numerically solving these differential equations relies on a novel accurate and numerically efficient technique to estimate higher order moments from lower order moments.

We demonstrate how this numerical framework can be used to quantify the reduction and recovery of genetic diversity around a selected locus over time and elucidate distortions in the site-frequency-spectra of neutral variation linked to loci under selection in various demographic settings. The method can be readily extended to more general modes of selection and applied in likelihood frameworks to detect loci under selection and infer the strength of the selective pressure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Friedlander, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinruecken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.437048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A numerical framework for genetic hitchhiking in populations of variable size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parental-fetal interplay of immune genes leads to intrauterine growth restriction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) of fetuses affects 5-10% of pregnancies and is associated with perinatal morbidity, mortality and long-term health issues. Understanding genetic predisposition to IUGR is challenging, owing to extensive gene polymorphisms, linkage disequilibrium, and maternal and paternal influence. Here, we demonstrate that the inhibitory receptor, KIR2DL1, expressed on maternal uterine natural killer (uNK) cells, in interaction with the paternally-inherited HLA-C*05, an HLA-C group 2 allotype, expressed on fetal trophoblast cells, causes IUGR in a humanised mouse model. Micro-CT imaging of the uteroplacental vasculature revealed reduced uterine spiral artery diameter and increased segment length, increasing fetal blood flow resistance. Single cell RNA-Seq from the maternal-fetal interface highlighted expression programs activated by KIR2DL1-induced IUGR in several placental cell types, including degradation of extracellular matrix components, angiogenesis, and uNK cell communication, suggesting a complex response underlying IUGR. As current IUGR treatments are insufficient, our findings provide important insight for drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, C. B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashenberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riesenfeld, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofree, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggelakopoulou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuttikkatte, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attfield, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desel, C. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham-Davidi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soilleux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrington, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McVean, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblatt-Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fugger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.437292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parental-fetal interplay of immune genes leads to intrauterine growth restriction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.436835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sulfate adenylyl transferase kinetics and mechanisms of metabolic inhibitors of microbial sulfate respiration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.29.436835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sulfate analog oxyanions that function as selective metabolic inhibitors of dissimilatory sulfate reducing microorganisms (SRM) are widely used in ecological studies and industrial applications. As such, it is important to understand the mode of action and mechanisms of tolerance or adaptation to these compounds. Different oxyanions vary widely in their inhibitory potency and mechanism of inhibition, but current evidence suggests that the sulfate adenylyl transferase/ATP sulfurylase (Sat) enzyme is an important target. We heterologously expressed and purified the Sat from the model SRM, Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20. With this enzyme we determined the turnover kinetics (kcat, KM) for alternative substrates (molybdate, selenate, arsenate, monofluorophosphate, and chromate) and inhibition constants (KI) for competitive inhibitors (perchlorate, chlorate, and nitrate). These measurements enable the first quantitative comparisons of these compounds as substrates or inhibitors of a purified Sat from a respiratory sulfate reducer. We compare predicted half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) based on Sat kinetics with measured IC50 values against D. alaskensis G20 growth and discuss our results in light of known mechanisms of sensitivity or resistance to oxyanions. This analysis helps with the interpretation of recent adaptive laboratory evolution studies and illustrates the value of interpreting gene-microbe-environment interactions through the lens of enzyme kinetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngblut, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redford, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.29.436835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sulfate adenylyl transferase kinetics and mechanisms of metabolic inhibitors of microbial sulfate respiration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Species-specific gene duplication in Arabidopsis thaliana evolved novel phenotypic effects on morphological traits under strong positive selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene duplication is increasingly recognized as an important mechanism for the origination of new genes, as revealed by comparative genomic analysis. However, the ways in which new duplicate genes contribute to phenotypic evolution remain largely unknown, especially in plants, owing to a lack of experimental and phenotypic data. In this study, we identified the new gene Exov, derived from a partial gene region duplication of its parental gene Exov-L, which is a member of an exonuclease family, into a different chromosome in Arabidopsis thaliana. We experimentally investigated the phenotypic effects of Exov and Exov-L in an attempt to understand how the new gene diverged from the parental copy and contributes to phenotypic evolution. Evolutionary analysis demonstrated that Exov is a species-specific gene that originated within the last 3.5 million years and shows strong signals of positive selection. Unexpectedly, RNAseq analyses reveal that the new gene, despite its young age, has acquired a large number of novel direct and indirect interactions in which the parental gene does not engage. This is consistent with a high, selection-driven substitution rate in the protein sequence encoded by Exov in contrast to the slowly evolving Exov-L, suggesting an important role for Exov in phenotypic evolution. We analyzed phenotypic effects of exov and exov-l single T-DNA-insertion mutants;double exov, exov-l T-DNA insertion mutants; and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated exovcrp and exov-lcrp knockouts on seven morphological traits in both the new and parental genes. We detected significant segregation of morphological changes for all seven traits when assessed in terms of single mutants, as well as morphological changes for seven traits associated with segregation of double exov, exov-l mutants. Substantial divergence of phenotypic effects between new and parental genes was revealed by principal component analyses, suggesting neofunctionalization in the new gene. These results reveal a young gene that plays critical roles in biological processes that underlie morphological and developmental evolution in Arabidopsis thaliana.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortola, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.05.438504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Species-specific gene duplication in Arabidopsis thaliana evolved novel phenotypic effects on morphological traits under strong positive selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host Factor Rab11a is Critical for Efficient Assembly of Influenza A Virus Genomic Segments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is well documented that influenza A viruses selectively package 8 distinct viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs) into each virion; however, the role of host factors in genome assembly is not completely understood. To evaluate the significance of cellular factors in genome assembly, we generated a reporter virus carrying a tetracysteine tag in the NP gene (NP-Tc virus) and assessed the dynamics of vRNP localization with cellular components by fluorescence microscopy. At early time points, vRNP complexes were preferentially exported to the MTOC; subsequently, vRNPs associated on vesicles positive for cellular factor Rab11a and formed distinct vRNP bundles that trafficked to the plasma membrane on microtubule networks. In Rab11a deficient cells, however, vRNP bundles were smaller in the cytoplasm with less co-localization between different vRNP segments. Furthermore, Rab11a deficiency increased the production of non-infectious particles with higher RNA copy number to PFU ratios, indicative of defects in specific genome assembly. These results indicate that Rab11a+ vesicles serve as hubs for the congregation of vRNP complexes and enable specific genome assembly through vRNP:vRNP interactions, revealing the importance of Rab11a as a critical host factor for influenza A virus genome assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sali, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twigg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manivasagam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmanuel, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radoshevich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowen, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host Factor Rab11a is Critical for Efficient Assembly of Influenza A Virus Genomic Segments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity-dependent Golgi satellite formation in dendrites reshapes the neuronal surface glycoproteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.06.438745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activity-driven changes in the neuronal surface glycoproteome are known to occur with synapse formation, plasticity and related diseases, but their mechanistic basis and significance are unclear. Here, we observed that N-glycans on surface glycoproteins of dendrites shift from immature to mature forms containing sialic acid in response to increased neuronal excitation. In exploring the basis of these N-glycosylation alterations, we discovered they result from the growth and proliferation of Golgi satellites scattered throughout the dendrite. Golgi satellites that formed with neuronal excitation were in close association with ER exit sites and early endosomes and contained glycosylation machinery without the Golgi structural protein, GM130. They functioned as distal glycosylation stations in dendrites, terminally modifying sugars either on newly synthesized glycoproteins passing through the secretory pathway, or on surface glycoproteins taken up from the endocytic pathway. These activities led to major changes in the dendritic surface of excited neurons, impacting binding and uptake of lectins, as well as causing functional changes in neurotransmitter receptors such as nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neural activity thus boosts the activity of the dendrites satellite micro-secretory system by redistributing Golgi enzymes involved in glycan modifications into peripheral Golgi satellites. This remodeling of the neuronal surface has potential significance for synaptic plasticity, addiction and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Govind, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeyifous, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaprasad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valbuena, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casler, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippincott-Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.06.438745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity-dependent Golgi satellite formation in dendrites reshapes the neuronal surface glycoproteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.438884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymersomes decorated with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain elicit robust humoral and cellular immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.438884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A diverse portfolio of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates is needed to combat the evolving COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we developed a subunit nanovaccine by conjugating SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) to the surface of oxidation-sensitive polymersomes. We evaluated the humoral and cellular responses of mice immunized with these surface-decorated polymersomes (RBDsurf) compared to RBD-encapsulated polymersomes (RBDencap) and unformulated RBD (RBDfree), using monophosphoryl lipid A-encapsulated polymersomes (MPLA PS) as an adjuvant. While all three groups produced high titers of RBD-specific IgG, only RBDsurf elicited a neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 comparable to that of human convalescent plasma. Moreover, RBDsurf was the only group to significantly increase the proportion of RBD-specific germinal center B cells in the vaccination-site draining lymph nodes. Both RBDsurf and RBDencap drove similarly robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses that produced multiple Th1-type cytokines. We conclude that multivalent surface display of Spike RBD on polymersomes promotes a potent neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, while both antigen formulations promote robust T cell immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Volpatti, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raczy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpar, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briquez, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitrousis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchell, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasso, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansurov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnorenberg, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremain, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reda, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaescu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBelle, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirrell, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.438884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymersomes decorated with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain elicit robust humoral and cellular immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active Cytoskeletal Composites Display Emergent Tunable Contractility and Restructuring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.439072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cytoskeleton is a model active matter system that controls diverse cellular processes from division to motility. While both active actomyosin dynamics and actin-microtubule interactions are key to the cytoskeletons versatility and adaptability, an understanding of their interplay is lacking. Here, we couple microscale experiments with mechanistic modeling to elucidate how connectivity, rigidity, and force-generation affect emergent material properties in in vitro composites of actin, tubulin, and myosin. We use time-resolved differential dynamic microscopy and spatial image autocorrelation to show that ballistic contraction occurs in composites with sufficient flexibility and motor density, but that a critical fraction of microtubules is necessary to sustain controlled dynamics. Our active double-network models reveal that percolated actomyosin networks are essential for contraction, but that networks with comparable actin and microtubule densities can uniquely resist mechanical stresses while simultaneously supporting substantial restructuring. Our findings provide a much-needed blueprint for designing cytoskeleton-inspired materials that couple tunability with resilience and adaptability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leech, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lwin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rust, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGorty, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson-Anderson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.439072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active Cytoskeletal Composites Display Emergent Tunable Contractility and Restructuring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TBX5 drives Aldh1a2 expression to regulate a RA-Hedgehog-Wnt gene regulatory network coordinating cardiopulmonary development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gene regulatory networks that coordinate the development of the cardiac and pulmonary systems are essential for terrestrial life but poorly understood. The T-box transcription factor Tbx5 is critical for both pulmonary specification and heart development, but how these activities are mechanistically integrated remains unclear. We show that Tbx5 regulates an evolutionarily conserved retinoic acid (RA)-Hedgehog-Wnt signaling cascade coordinating cardiopulmonary development. We demonstrate that Tbx5 directly maintains expression of the RA-synthesizing enzyme Aldh1a2 in the foregut lateral plate mesoderm via an intronic enhancer that is evolutionarily conserved among terrestrial vertebrates. Tbx5 promotes posterior second heart field identity in a positive feedback loop with RA, antagonizing a Fgf8-Cyp regulatory module and restricting FGF activity to the anterior. Tbx5/Aldh1a2-dependent RA signaling also directly activates Shh transcription in the adjacent foregut endoderm through the conserved MACS1 enhancer. Epithelial Hedgehog then signals back to the mesoderm, where together with Tbx5 it activates expression of Wnt2/2b that ultimately induce pulmonary fate in the foregut endoderm. These results provide mechanistic insight into the interrelationship between heart and lung development informing cardiopulmonary evolution and birth defects.

KEY FINDINGSO_LITbx5 regulates second heart field patterning and pulmonary development via retinoic acid (RA) and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling.
C_LIO_LITbx5 directly maintains transcription of the RA-synthesizing enzyme Aldh1a2 in the posterior second heart field mesoderm via an evolutionarily conserved intronic enhancer.
C_LIO_LIDownstream of Tbx5, RA directly promotes Shh transcription through the evolutionarily conserved MACS1 endoderm enhancer.
C_LIO_LIDownstream of Tbx5, RA suppresses FGF signaling to pattern the second heart field while promoting a Hedgehog-Wnt2/2b signaling cascade that induces pulmonary fate.
C_LI

SUMMARY STATEMENTTbx5-dependent Retinoic Acid signaling regulates an evolutionarily conserved gene regulatory network that coordinates cardiac and pulmonary development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>rankin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steimle, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rydeen, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatuverdi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikegami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herriges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorn, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.439219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TBX5 drives Aldh1a2 expression to regulate a RA-Hedgehog-Wnt gene regulatory network coordinating cardiopulmonary development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.11.439354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Texture is encoded in precise temporal spiking patterns in primate somatosensory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.11.439354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWWe are exquisitely sensitive to the microstructure and material properties of surfaces. In the peripheral nerves, two separate mechanisms convey texture information: coarse textural features are encoded in spatial patterns of activation that reflect their spatial layout and fine features are encoded in highly repeatable, texture specific temporal spiking patterns evoked as the skin moves across the surface. In the present study, we examined whether this temporal code is preserved in the responses of neurons in somatosensory cortex. To this end, we scanned a diverse set of everyday textures across the fingertip of awake macaques while recording the responses evoked in individual cortical neurons. We found that temporal spiking patterns are highly repeatable across multiple presentations of the same texture, with millisecond precision. As a result, texture identity can be reliably decoded from the temporal patterns themselves, even after information carried in the spike rates is eliminated. However, the combination of rate and timing does is more informative than either code in isolation. The temporal precision of the texture response is heterogenous across cortical neurons and depends on the submodality composition of their input and on their location along the somatosensory neuraxis. Furthermore, temporal spiking patterns in cortex dilate and contract with decreases and increases in scanning speed and this systematic relationship between speed and patterning may contribute to the observed perceptual invariance to speed. Finally, we find that the quality of a texture percept can be better predicted when these temporal patterns are taken into consideration. We conclude that high-precision spike timing complements rate-based signals to encode texture in somatosensory cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Long, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieber, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.11.439354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Texture is encoded in precise temporal spiking patterns in primate somatosensory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Insights Into the Initiation and Elongation of Ubiquitination by Ubr1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The N-end rule pathway was one of the first ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent degradation pathways to be identified. Ubr1, a single-chain E3 ligase, targets proteins bearing a destabilizing residue at the N-terminus (N-degron) for rapid K48-linked ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. How Ubr1 catalyses the initiation of ubiquitination on the substrate and elongation of the Ub chain in a linkage-specific manner through a single E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (Ubc2) remains unknown. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of two complexes representing the initiation and elongation intermediates of Ubr1 captured using chemical approaches. In these two structures, Ubr1 adopts different conformations to facilitate the transfer of Ub from Ubc2 to either an N-degron peptide or a monoubiquitinated degron. These structures not only reveal the architecture of the Ubr1 complex but also provide mechanistic insights into the initiation and elongation steps of ubiquitination catalysed by Ubr1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.12.439291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Insights Into the Initiation and Elongation of Ubiquitination by Ubr1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolving the Olfactory System with Machine Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The convergent evolution of the fly and mouse olfactory system led us to ask whether the anatomic connectivity and functional logic of olfactory circuits would evolve in artificial neural networks trained to perform olfactory tasks. Artificial networks trained to classify odor identity recapitulate the connectivity inherent in the olfactory system. Input units are driven by a single receptor type, and units driven by the same receptor converge to form a glomerulus. Glomeruli exhibit sparse, unstructured connectivity to a larger, expansion layer of Kenyon cells. When trained to both classify odor identity and to impart innate valence onto odors, the network develops independent pathways for identity and valence classification. Thus, the defining features of fly and mouse olfactory systems also evolved in artificial neural networks trained to perform olfactory tasks. This implies that convergent evolution reflects an underlying logic rather than shared developmental principles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.15.439917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolving the Olfactory System with Machine Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct profiling of genome-wide dCas9 and Cas9 specificity using ssDNA mapping (CasKAS) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detecting and mitigating off-target activity is critical to the practical application of CRISPR-mediated genome and epigenome editing. While numerous methods have been developed to map Cas9 binding specificity genome-wide, they are generally time-consuming and/or expensive, and not applicable to catalytically dead CRISPR enzymes. We have developed a rapid, inexpensive, and facile assay for identifying off-target CRISPR enzyme binding and cleavage by chemically mapping the unwound single-stranded DNA structures formed upon binding of a sgRNA-loaded Cas9 protein ("CasKAS"). We demonstrate this method in both in vitro and in vivo contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marinov, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagdatli, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevino, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bintu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.16.440202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct profiling of genome-wide dCas9 and Cas9 specificity using ssDNA mapping (CasKAS)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.18.440290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of competition versus cooperation in microbial community coalescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.18.440290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New microbial communities often arise through the mixing of two or more separately assembled parent communities, a phenomenon that has been termed "community coalescence". Understanding how the interaction structures of complex parent communities determine the outcomes of coalescence events is an important challenge. While recent work has begun to elucidate the role of competition in coalescence, that of cooperation, a key interaction type commonly seen in microbial communities, is still largely unknown. Here, using a general consumer-resource model, we study the combined effects of competitive and cooperative interactions on the outcomes of coalescence events. In order to do so, we simulate coalescence events between pairs of communities with different degrees of competition for shared carbon resources and cooperation through cross-feeding on leaked metabolic by-products (facilitation). We also study how structural and functional properties of post-coalescence communities evolve when they are subjected to repeated coalescence events. We find that in coalescence events, the less competitive and more cooperative parent communities contribute a higher proportion of species to the new community, because this endows superior ability to deplete resources and resist invasions. Consequently, when a community is subjected to repeated coalescence events, it gradually evolves towards being less competitive and more cooperative, as well as more species rich, robust and efficient in resource use. Encounters between microbial communities are becoming increasingly frequent as a result of anthropogenic environmental change, and there is great interest in how the coalescence of microbial communities affects environmental and human health. Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms behind microbial community coalescence, and a framework to predict outcomes based on the interaction structures of parent communities.

Author summaryIn nature, new microbial communities often arise from the fusion of whole, previously separate communities (community coalescence). Despite the crucial role that interactions among microbes play in the dynamics of complex communities, our ability to predict how these affect the outcomes of coalescence events remains limited. Here, using a general mathematical model, we study how the structure of species interactions confers an advantage upon a microbial community when it encounters another, and how communities evolve after undergoing repeated coalescence events. We find that competitive interactions between species preclude their survival upon a coalescence event, while cooperative interactions are advantageous for post-coalescence survival. Furthermore, after a community is exposed to many coalescence events, the remaining species become less competitive and more cooperative. Ultimately, this drives the community evolution, yielding post-coalescence communities that are more species-rich, productive, and resistant to invasions. There are many potential environmental and health implications of microbial community coalescence, which will benefit from the theoretical insights that we offer here about the fundamental mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lechon Alonso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clegg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.18.440290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of competition versus cooperation in microbial community coalescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physical Characterization of Triolein and Implications for Its Role in Lipid Droplet Biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid droplets (LDs) are neutral lipid storing organelles surrounded by a phospholipid (PL) monolayer. At present, how LDs are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bilayer is poorly understood. In this study, we present a revised all-atom (AA) triolein (TG) model, the main constituent of the LD core, and characterize its properties in a bilayer membrane to demonstrate the implications of its behavior in LD biogenesis. In bilayer simulations, TG resides at the surface, adopting PL-like conformations (denoted in this work as SURF-TG). Free energy sampling simulation results estimate the barrier for TG relocating from the bilayer surface to the bilayer center to be [~]2 kcal/mol in the absence of an oil lens. SURF-TG is able to modulate membrane properties by increasing PL ordering, decreasing bending modulus, and creating local negative curvature. The other neutral lipid, dioleoyl-glycerol (DAG), also reduces the membrane bending modulus and populates the negative curvature regions. A phenomenological coarse-grained (CG) model is also developed to observe larger scale SURF-TG-mediated membrane deformation. The CG simulations confirm that TG nucleates between the bilayer leaflets at a critical concentration when SURF-TG is evenly distributed. However, when one monolayer contains more SURF-TG, the membrane bends toward the other leaflet, followed by TG nucleation if a concentration is higher than the critical threshold. The central conclusion of this study is that SURF-TG is a negative curvature inducer, as well as a membrane modulator. To this end, a model is proposed in which the accumulation of SURF-TG in the luminal leaflet bends the ER bilayer toward the cytosolic side, followed by TG nucleation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.21.440804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physical Characterization of Triolein and Implications for Its Role in Lipid Droplet Biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-existing chromatin accessibility and gene expression differences among naïve CD4+ T cells influence effector potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD4+ T cells have a remarkable potential to differentiate into diverse effector lineages following activation. Here, we probed the heterogeneity present among naive CD4+ T cells before encountering their cognate antigen to ask whether their effector potential is modulated by pre-existing transcriptional and epigenetic differences. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we showed that key drivers of variability are genes involved in T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Using CD5 expression as a read-out of the strength of tonic TCR interactions with self-peptide MHC, and sorting on the ends of this self-reactivity spectrum, we find that pre-existing transcriptional differences among naive CD4+ T cells impact follicular helper cell (TFH) versus non-TFH effector lineage choice. Moreover, our data implicate TCR signal strength during thymic development in establishing differences in naive CD4 T cell chromatin landscapes that ultimately shape their effector potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Beek, J. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rademaker, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artusa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebel, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condotta, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langlais, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melichar, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Textor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandl, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.21.440846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-existing chromatin accessibility and gene expression differences among naïve CD4+ T cells influence effector potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.436044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inverting the model of genomics data sharing with the NHGRI Genomic Data Science Analysis, Visualization, and Informatics Lab-space (AnVIL) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.436044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The traditional model of genomic data analysis - downloading data from centralized warehouses for analysis with local computing resources - is increasingly unsustainable. Not only are transfers slow and cost prohibitive, but this approach also leads to redundant and siloed compute infrastructure that makes it difficult to ensure security and compliance of protected data. The NHGRI Genomic Data Science Analysis, Visualization, and Informatics Lab-space (AnVIL; https://anvilproject.org) inverts this model, providing a unified cloud computing environment for data storage, management, and analysis. AnVIL eliminates the need for data movement, allows for active threat detection and monitoring, and provides scalable, shared computing resources that can be acquired by researchers as needed. This presents many new opportunities for collaboration and data sharing that will ultimately lead to scientific discoveries at scales not previously possible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippakis, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afgan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellrott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goecks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell Luria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overby Taylor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vessio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldron, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuichet, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AnVIL Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.436044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inverting the model of genomics data sharing with the NHGRI Genomic Data Science Analysis, Visualization, and Informatics Lab-space (AnVIL)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Undersampling and the inference of coevolution in proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.441025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein structure, function, and evolution depend on local and collective epistatic interactions between amino acids. A powerful approach to defining these interactions is to construct models of couplings between amino acids that reproduce the empirical statistics (frequencies and correlations) observed in sequences comprising a protein family. The top couplings are then interpreted. Here, we show that as currently implemented, this inference is always biased, a problem that fundamentally arises from the distinct scales at which epistasis occurs in proteins in the context of limited sampling. We show that these issues explain the ability of current approaches to predict tertiary contacts between amino acids and the inability to obviously expose larger networks of functionally-relevant, collectively evolving residues called sectors. This work provides a necessary foundation for more deeply understanding and improving evolution-based models of proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kleeorin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivoire, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.441025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Undersampling and the inference of coevolution in proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Great Deceiver: miR-2392's Hidden Role in Driving SARS-CoV-2 Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation that have a major impact on many diseases and provides an exciting avenue towards antiviral therapeutics. From patient transcriptomic data, we have discovered a circulating miRNA, miR-2392, that is directly involved with SARS-CoV-2 machinery during host infection. Specifically, we show that miR-2392 is key in driving downstream suppression of mitochondrial gene expression, increasing inflammation, glycolysis, and hypoxia as well as promoting many symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection. We demonstrate miR-2392 is present in the blood and urine of COVID-19 positive patients, but not detected in COVID-19 negative patients. These findings indicate the potential for developing a novel, minimally invasive, COVID-19 detection method. Lastly, using in vitro human and in vivo hamster models, we have developed a novel miRNA-based antiviral therapeutic that targets miR-2392, significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 viability in hamsters and may potentially inhibit a COVID-19 disease state in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enguita, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmett, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dybas, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aykin-Burns, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarnieri, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corry, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saravia-Butler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aunins, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagpal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meydan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozsary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerqueira, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaksas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtele, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costes, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galeano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paccanaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meinig, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>UNC COVID-19 Pathobiology Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgang, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altinok, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapoval, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treangen</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Great Deceiver: miR-2392's Hidden Role in Driving SARS-CoV-2 Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Family of RNA-Binding Proteins Regulate Polysaccharide Metabolism in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human gut microbiome composition is constantly changing, and diet is a major driver of these changes. Gut microbial species that persist in mammalian hosts for long periods of time must possess mechanisms for sensing and adapting to nutrient shifts to avoid being outcompeted. Global regulatory mechanisms mediated by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that govern responses to nutrient shifts have been characterized in Proteobacteria and Firmicutes but remain undiscovered in the Bacteroidetes. Here we report the identification of RBPs that are broadly distributed across the Bacteroidetes, with many genomes encoding multiple copies. Genes encoding these RBPs are highly expressed in many Bacteroides species. A purified RBP, RbpB, from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron binds to single-stranded RNA in vitro with an affinity similar to other characterized regulatory RBPs. B. thetaiotaomicron mutants lacking RBPs show dramatic shifts in expression of polysaccharide utilization and capsular polysaccharide loci, suggesting that these RBPs may act as global regulators of polysaccharide metabolism. A B. thetaiotaomicron {Delta}rbpB mutant shows a growth defect on dietary sugars belonging to the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs). The {Delta}rbpB mutant had reduced expression of BT1871, encoding a predicted RFO-degrading melibiase, compared to the wild-type strain. Mutation of BT1871 confirmed that the enzyme it encodes is essential for growth on melibiose and promotes growth on the RFOs raffinose and stachyose. Our data reveal that RbpB is required for optimal expression of BT1871 and other polysaccharide-related genes, suggesting that we have identified an important new family of global regulatory proteins in the Bacteroidetes.

ImportanceThe human colon houses hundreds of bacterial species, including many belonging to the genus Bacteroides, that aid in breaking down our food to keep us healthy. Bacteroides have many genes responsible for breaking down different dietary carbohydrates and complex regulatory mechanisms ensure that specific genes are only expressed when the right carbohydrates are available. In this study, we discovered that Bacteroides use a family of RNA-binding proteins as global regulators to coordinate expression of carbohydrate utilization genes. The ability to turn different carbohydrate utilization genes on and off in response to changing nutrient conditions is critical for Bacteroides to live successfully in the gut, and thus the new regulators we have identified may be important for life in the host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azam, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costliow, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degnan, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderpool, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Family of RNA-Binding Proteins Regulate Polysaccharide Metabolism in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.440824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Stakeholder Insights to Enhance Engagement in PhD Professional Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.440824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is increasing awareness of the need for predoctoral and postdoctoral professional development and career guidance, however many academic institutions are only beginning to build out these functional roles. As a graduate career educator, accessing the vast silos and resources at a university and with industrial partners can be daunting, yet collaborative endeavors and network development both on and off campus are crucial to the success of any career and professional development office. To better inform and direct the efforts of graduate career offices, forty-five stakeholders external and internal to academic institutions were identified and interviewed to gather and categorize perspectives on topics critical to career and professional development offices. Using a stakeholder network visualization tool developed by the authors, stakeholder engagement can be rapidly assessed to ascertain areas where offices have strong connections and other areas where additional efforts could be directed to enhance engagement. General themes from interviews with internal and external stakeholders are discussed to provide graduate career educators with various stakeholder subgroup perspectives to help prepare for successful interactions. Benefits include increased engagement and opportunities to collaborate, as well as the opportunity to build or expand graduate career development offices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramadoss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolgioni, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layton, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alder, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundsteen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stayart, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yellin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smart, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varvayanis, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.440824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Stakeholder Insights to Enhance Engagement in PhD Professional Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.441999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Librator, a platform for optimized sequence editing, design, and expression of influenza virus proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.441999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Artificial mutagenesis and chimeric/mosaic protein engineering have laid the foundation for antigenic characterization1 and universal vaccine design2-4 for influenza viruses. However, many methods used for influenza research and vaccine development require sequence editing and protein expression, limiting their applicability and the progress of related research to specialists. Rapid tools allowing even novice influenza researchers to properly analyze and visualize influenza protein sequences with accurate nomenclature are needed to expand the research field. To address this need, we developed Librator, a system for analyzing and designing protein sequences of influenza virus Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA). With Librators graphical user interface (GUI) and built-in sequence editing functions, biologists can easily analyze influenza sequences and phylogenies, automatically port sequences to visualize structures, then readily mutate target residues and design sequences for antigen probes and chimeric/mosaic proteins efficiently and accurately. This system provides optimized fragment design for Gibson Assembly5 of HA and NA expression constructs based on peptide conservation of all historical HA and NA sequences, ensuring fragments are reusable and compatible, allowing for significant reagent savings. Use of Librator will significantly facilitate influenza research and vaccine antigen design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stovicek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthmiller, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changrob, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamper, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, N.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.441999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Librator, a platform for optimized sequence editing, design, and expression of influenza virus proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular interactions of the M and E integral membrane proteins of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Specific lipid-protein interactions are key for cellular processes, and even more so for the replication of pathogens. The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed our lives and cause the death of nearly three million people worldwide, as of this writing. SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes the disease and has been at the center of scientific research over the past year. Most of the research on the virus is focused on key players during its initial attack and entry into the cellular host; namely the S protein, its glycan shield, and its interactions with the ACE2 receptors of human cells. As cases continue to raise around the globe, and new mutants are identified, there is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms of this virus during different stages of its life cycle. Here, we consider two integral membrane proteins of SARS-CoV-2 known to be important for viral assembly and infectivity. We have used microsecond-long all-atom molecular dynamics to examine the lipid-protein and protein-protein interactions of the membrane (M) and envelope (E) structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in a complex membrane model. We contrast the two proposed protein complexes for each of these proteins, and quantify their effect on their local lipid environment. This ongoing work also aims to provide molecular-level understanding of the mechanisms of action of this virus to possibly aid in the design of novel treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monje-Galvan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.442018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular interactions of the M and E integral membrane proteins of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decitabine Reactivation of FoxM1-Dependent Endothelial Regeneration and Vascular Repair for Potential Treatment of Elderly ARDS and COVID-19 Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is a major risk factor of high incidence and increased mortality of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19. We repot that aging impairs the intrinsic FoxM1-dependent endothelial regeneration and vascular repair program and causes persistent lung injury and high mortality following sepsis. Therapeutic gene transduction of FOXM1 in vascular endothelium or treatment with FDA-approved drug Decitabine was sufficient to reactivate FoxM1-dependent lung endothelial regeneration in aged mice, reverse aging-impaired resolution of inflammatory injury, and promote survival. In COVID-19 lung autopsy samples, FOXM1 expression was not induced in vascular endothelial cells of elderly patients in contrast to mid-age patients. Thus, Decitabine reactivation of FoxM1-dependent vascular repair represents a potential effective therapy for elderly COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 ARDS patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machireddy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutlu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.442061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decitabine Reactivation of FoxM1-Dependent Endothelial Regeneration and Vascular Repair for Potential Treatment of Elderly ARDS and COVID-19 Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.01.441686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse Hotspot Thermal Profiling Methods Detect Phosphorylation-Dependent Changes in Protein Stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.01.441686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hotspot thermal profiling (HTP) methods utilize modified-peptide level information in order to interrogate proteoform-specific stability inside of live cells. The first demonstration of HTP involved the integration of phosphopeptide enrichment into a TMT-based, single-LC separation thermal profiling workflow1. Here we present a new  label-fractionate-enrich (LFE)-HTP method that involves high-pH reverse phase fractionation of TMT-labeled peptides prior to phosphopeptide enrichment, followed by peptide detection and quantitation using multi-notch LC-MS3. We find that LFE-HTP, while more resource intensive, improves the depth and precision of (phospho)proteoform coverage relative to the initial published HTP workflow. The fraction of detected phosphorylation sites that are significantly perturbed in this new dataset are consistent with those seen in our previous study, as well as those published by others, when compared head-to-head with the same analysis pipelines. Likewise, many  hotspot phosphorylation sites identified in our paper are consistently reproduced by LFE-HTP as well as other modified HTP methods. The LFE-HTP dataset contains many novel  hotspot phosphorylation sites that regulate the stability of diverse proteins, including phosphosites in the central glycolytic enzyme Aldolase A that are associated with monomer-to-oligomer formation, enzymatic activity and metabolic regulation in cancer cells. Our comparative analyses confirm that several variants of the HTP method can track modified proteoforms in live cells to detect and prioritize PTM-dependent changes in protein stability that may be associated with function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stein, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantley, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moellering, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.01.441686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse Hotspot Thermal Profiling Methods Detect Phosphorylation-Dependent Changes in Protein Stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.442547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capacity to erase gene occlusion is a defining feature distinguishing naive from primed pluripotency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.04.442547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pluripotent stem cells can exist in either the naive state representing a developmental blank slate or the downstream primed state poised for differentiation. Currently, known differences between these two states are mostly phenomenological, and none can adequately explain why the two states should differ in developmental priming. Gene occlusion is a mode of epigenetic inactivation that renders genes unresponsive to their cognate transcriptional activators. It plays a crucial role in lineage restriction. Here, we report that a defining feature distinguishing the two pluripotent states lies in the ability of naive but not primed cells to erase occlusion. This "deocclusion" capacity requires Esrrb, a gene expressed only in the naive but not primed state. Notably, Esrrb silencing in the primed state is itself due to occlusion. Collectively, our data argue that the Esrrb-dependent deocclusion capacity in naive cells is key for sustaining naive pluripotency, and the loss of this capacity in the primed state via the occlusion of Esrrb poises cells for differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foshay, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaetz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looney, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahn, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.04.442547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capacity to erase gene occlusion is a defining feature distinguishing naive from primed pluripotency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.441818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Representations of Food-Related Attributes in the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex in Health and Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.441818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decisions about what to eat recruit the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and involve the evaluation of food-related attributes, such as taste and health. These attributes are utilized differently by healthy individuals and patients with disordered eating behavior, but it is unclear whether these attributes are decodable from activity in the OFC in both groups and whether neural representations of these attributes are differentially related to decisions about food. We used fMRI combined with behavioral tasks to investigate the representation of taste and health attributes in the human OFC and the role of these representations in food choices in healthy individuals and patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). We found that subjective ratings of tastiness and healthiness could be decoded from patterns of activity in the OFC in both groups. However, health-related patterns of activity in the OFC were more related to the magnitude of choice preferences among patients with AN than healthy individuals. These findings suggest that maladaptive decision-making in AN is associated with more consideration of health information represented by the OFC during deliberation about what to eat.

Significance StatementAn open question about the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is whether it supports the evaluation of food-related attributes during deliberation about what to eat. We found that healthiness and tastiness information were decodable from patterns of neural activity in the OFC in both patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and healthy controls. Critically, neural representations of health were more strongly related to choices in patients with AN, suggesting that maladaptive overconsideration of healthiness during deliberation about what to eat is related to activity in the OFC. More broadly, these results show that activity in the human OFC is associated with the evaluation of relevant attributes during value-based decision-making. These findings may also guide future research into the development of treatments for AN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foerde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinglass, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakkour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.441818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Representations of Food-Related Attributes in the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex in Health and Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.443006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial restoration of CAD GWAS gene PLPP3 by nanomedicine suppresses YAP/TAZ activity and reduces atherosclerosis in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.06.443006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have suggested new molecular mechanisms in vascular cells driving atherosclerotic diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic stroke (IS). Nevertheless, a major challenge to develop new therapeutic approaches is to spatiotemporally manipulate these GWAS-identified genes in specific vascular tissues in vivo. YAP (Yes-associated protein) and TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif) have merged as critical transcriptional regulators in cells responding to biomechanical stimuli, such as in athero-susceptible endothelial cells activated by disturbed flow (DF). The molecular mechanisms by which DF activates while unidirectional flow (UF) inactivates YAP/TAZ remain incompletely understood. Recent studies demonstrated that DF and genetic predisposition (risk allele) of CAD/IS locus 1p32.2 converge to reduce phospholipid phosphatase 3 (PLPP3) expression in vascular endothelium. Restoration of endothelial PLPP3 in vivo, although remains challenging and unexplored, is hypothesized to reduce atherosclerosis. We devised a nanomedicine system integrating nanoparticles and Cdh5 promoter-driven plasmids to successfully restore PLPP3 expression in activated endothelium, resulting in suppressed YAP/TAZ activity and reduced DF-induced atherosclerosis in mice. Mechanistically, our studies discovered a molecular paradigm by which CAD/IS GWAS gene PLPP3 inactivates YAP/TAZ by reducing lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced myosin II and ROCK in endothelium under UF. These results highlight a new mechanistic link between GWAS and YAP/TAZ mechano-regulation and moreover, establish a proof of concept of vascular wall-based therapies employing targeted nanomedicine to manipulate CAD/IS GWAS genes in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shentu, T.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.443006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial restoration of CAD GWAS gene PLPP3 by nanomedicine suppresses YAP/TAZ activity and reduces atherosclerosis in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuron specific ablation of eIF5A or deoxyhypusine synthase leads to impairment in development and cognitive functions in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is an essential factor with a unique amino acid, hypusine, required for its activity. Hypusine is formed exclusively in eIF5A by a post-translational modification involving two enzymes, deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH). Each of the three genes, Eif5a, Dhps or Dohh is required for mouse embryonic development. Variants in EIF5A or DHPS were recently identified as the genetic basis underlying certain rare neurodevelopmental disorders in humans. To investigate the roles of eIF5A and DHPS in brain development, we have generated four conditional knockout mouse strains using the Emx1-Cre or Camk2a-Cre strain and examined the effects of temporal- and region-specific deletion of Eif5a or Dhps. The conditional deletion of Dhps or Eif5a by Emx1 promotor driven Cre expression (E.9.5, cortex and hippocampus) led to gross defects in forebrain development, reduced growth and premature death. On the other hand, the conditional deletion of Dhps or Eif5a by Camk2a-promoter driven Cre expression (postnatal, mainly in the CA1 region of hippocampus) did not lead to global developmental defects; rather, these knockout animals exhibited severe impairment in spatial learning, contextual learning and memory, when subjected to the Morris Water Maze test and a contextual learning test. In both models, the Dhps knockout mice displayed more severe impairment than their Eif5a knockout counterparts. The observed defects in brain, global development or cognitive functions most likely result from translation errors due to a deficiency in active, hypusinated eIF5A. Our study underscores the important roles of eIF5A and DHPS in neurodevelopment.

SignificanceeIF5A, an essential translation factor, is the only protein that undergoes a unique posttranslational modification, that converts lysine to hypusine by conjugation of the aminobutyl moiety from the polyamine spermidine. Hypusine biosynthesis occurs by two enzymatic steps involving deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH). Mutations in EIF5A or DHPS have been associated with rare neurodevelopmental disorders in humans. To understand the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of the disease, we generated mutant mice with brain-specific deletions of Eif5a or Dhps. The Eif5a and Dhps conditional knockout mice exhibited impairment in brain development, growth and cognitive functions. These animal models may serve as useful tools in the development of therapies against the eIF5A- or DHPS-associated neurodevelopmental disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kar, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanner, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starost, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Springer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastracci, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuron specific ablation of eIF5A or deoxyhypusine synthase leads to impairment in development and cognitive functions in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chaperones directly and efficiently disperse stress-triggered biomolecular condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heat shock triggers formation of intracellular protein aggregates and induction of a molecular disaggregation system. Although this system (Hsp100/Hsp70/Hsp40 in most cellular life) can disperse aggregates of model misfolded proteins, its activity on these model substrates is puzzlingly weak, and its endogenous heat-induced substrates have largely eluded biochemical study. Recent work has revealed that several cases of apparent heat-induced aggregation instead reflect evolved, adaptive biomolecular condensation. In budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the resulting condensates depend on molecular chaperones for timely dispersal in vivo, hinting that condensates may be major endogenous substrates of the disaggregation system. Here, we show that the yeast disaggregation system disperses heat-induced biomolecular condensates of poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1) orders of magnitude more rapidly than aggregates of the most commonly used model substrate, firefly luciferase. Pab1 condensate dispersal also differs from aggregate dispersal in its molecular requirements, showing no dependence on small heat-shock proteins and a strict requirement for type II Hsp40. Unlike luciferase, Pab1 is not fully threaded (and thus not fully unfolded) by the disaggregase Hsp104 during dispersal, which we show can contribute to the extreme differences in dispersal efficiency. The Hsp70-related disaggregase Hsp110 shows some Pab1 dispersal activity, a potentially important link to animal systems, which lack cytosolic Hsp104. Finally, we show that the long-observed dependence of the disaggregation system on excess Hsp70 stems from the precise mechanism of the disaggregation system, which depends on the presence of multiple, closely spaced Hsp70s for Hsp104 recruitment and activation. Our results establish heat-induced biomolecular condensates of Pab1 as a direct endogenous substrate of the disaggregation machinery which differs markedly from previously studied foreign substrates, opening a crucial new window into the native mechanistic behavior and biological roles of this ancient system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bard, J. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilipenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chaperones directly and efficiently disperse stress-triggered biomolecular condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.16.444366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deficiency of Rho Kinase 1 (ROCK1) attenuates neutrophil NETosis and ameliorates UVB-induced skin inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.16.444366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveUltraviolet B (UVB) is an important trigger of skin inflammation and lupus with leukocyte recruitment to inflamed skin. We recently reported the involvement of neutrophil NETosis in UVB-induced skin inflammation, and that NETotic nuclear envelope rupture is driven by PKC-mediated nuclear lamin B disassembly. To address the role of Actin cytoskeleton in NETosis, we investigated the effects of Rho kinase (ROCK) and its downstream actomyosin cytoskeletal networks on PKC nuclear translocation and NET formation, as well as their involvement in UVB-induced skin inflammation.

MethodsWe studied the dynamic changes of ROCK and actomyosin cytoskeletal networks during NETosis induction and their involvement in PKC nuclear translocation. Using mice with hematopoietic-specific ROCK1 deficiency, we investigated the effects of ROCK1 deficiency on NETosis, and its involvement in UVB-induced skin inflammation.

ResultsOur time course studies demonstrated the dynamic changes of actin polymerization and ROCK activation, support the role of actin cytoskeleton in nuclear translocation of cytosolic PKC in early stage of NETosis induction. Inhibition of actin polymerization or key molecules of the ROCK/MLCK/myosin pathway decreased PKC nuclear translocation and NET formation. Genetic deficiency of ROCK1, inhibited NETosis ex vivo and in vivo, decreased extracellular display of NET-associated IL-17A, TNF, IFN{gamma}, and IFN in inflamed skin, which were correlated with the ameliorated skin inflammation in UVB-irradiated mice with hematopoietic-specific ROCK1 deficiency.

ConclusionsROCK regulated NETosis through modulation of PKC nuclear translocation via actomyosin cytoskeletal networks in neutrophils. ROCK1 deficiency ameliorated UVB- induced skin inflammation by attenuation of NETosis and NET-associated cytokines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werth, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.16.444366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deficiency of Rho Kinase 1 (ROCK1) attenuates neutrophil NETosis and ameliorates UVB-induced skin inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.16.444385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutational signatures of complex genomic rearrangements in human cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.16.444385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex genomic rearrangements (CGRs) are common in cancer and are known to form via two aberrant cellular structures--micronuclei and chromatin bridge. However, which mechanism is more relevant to CGR formation in cancer cells and whether there are other undiscovered mechanisms remain open questions. Here, we analyze 2,014 CGRs from 2,428 whole-genome sequenced tumors and deconvolute six CGR signatures based on the topology of CGRs. Through rigorous benchmarking, we show that our CGR signatures are highly accurate and biologically meaningful. Three signatures can be attributed to known biological processes--micronuclei- and chromatin-bridge-induced chromothripsis and extrachromosomal DNA. More than half of the CGRs belong to the remaining three newly discovered signatures. A unique signature (we named "hourglass chromothripsis") with highly localized breakpoints and small amount of DNA loss is abundant in prostate cancer. Through genetic association analysis, we find SPOP as a candidate gene causing hourglass chromothripsis and playing important role in maintaining genome integrity. Our study offers valuable insights into the formation of CGRs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.16.444385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutational signatures of complex genomic rearrangements in human cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.443632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
"How do we do this at a distance?!" A descriptive study of remote undergraduate research programs during COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.443632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic shut down undergraduate research programs across the U.S. Twenty-three sites offered remote undergraduate research programs in the life sciences during summer 2020. Given the unprecedented offering of remote research experiences, we carried out a study to describe and evaluate these programs. Using structured templates, we documented how programs were designed and implemented, including who participated. Through focus groups and surveys, we identified programmatic strengths and shortcomings as well as recommendations for improvements from the perspectives of participating students. Strengths included the quality of mentorship, opportunities for learning and professional development, and development of a sense of community. Weaknesses included limited cohort building, challenges with insufficient structure, and issues with technology. Although all programs had one or more activities related to diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice, these topics were largely absent from student reports even though programs coincided with a peak in national consciousness about racial inequities and structural racism. Our results provide evidence for designing remote REUs that are experienced favorably by students. Our results also indicate that remote REUs are sufficiently positive to further investigate their affordances and constraints, including the potential to scale up offerings, with minimal concern about disenfranchising students.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erickson, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Clare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augustus-Wallace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayoob, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkowitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branchaw, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgio, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceballos, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doze, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggers, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen-Ryan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalko, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minkara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murren, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ondrechen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla-Crespo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palchoudhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Lugo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reithel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.443632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA["How do we do this at a distance?!" A descriptive study of remote undergraduate research programs during COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid Bilayer Induces Contraction of the Denatured State Ensemble of a Helical-Bundle Membrane Protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defining the denatured state ensemble (DSE) and intrinsically disordered proteins is essential to understanding protein folding, chaperone action, degradation, translocation and cell signaling. While a majority of studies have focused on water-soluble proteins, the DSE of membrane proteins is much less characterized. Here, we reconstituted the DSE of a helical-bundle membrane protein GlpG of Escherichia coli in native lipid bilayers and measured the DSEs conformation and compactness. The DSE was obtained using steric trapping, which couples spontaneous denaturation of a doubly biotinylated GlpG to binding of two bulky monovalent streptavidin molecules. Using limited proteolysis and mass spectrometry, we mapped the flexible regions in the DSE. Using our paramagnetic biotin derivative and double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy, we determined the dimensions of the DSE. Finally, we employed our Upside model for molecular dynamics simulations to generate the DSE including the collapsed and fully expanded states in a bilayer. We find that the DSE is highly dynamic involving the topology changes of transmembrane segments and their unfolding. The DSE is expanded relative to the native state, but only to 55-90% of the fully expanded condition. The degree of expansion depends on the chemical potential with regards to local packing and the lipid composition. Our result suggests that the E. colis native lipid bilayer promotes the association of helices in the DSE of membrane proteins and, probably in general, facilitating interhelical interactions. This tendency may be the outcome of a general lipophobic effect of proteins within the cell membranes.

SignificanceHere, we delineate the conformation of the denatured state ensemble (DSE) of a membrane protein confined in a native lipid bilayer and assay whether the bilayer permits full expansion or nonspecific collapse of the DSE. Using the intramembrane protease GlpG as a model, we find that the denatured state is a dynamic ensemble involving topological changes and local unfolding of transmembrane segments. The bilayer tends to contract the DSE relative to the fully lipid-solvated, expanded conformations while the degree of compactness is determined by the balance between protein-lipid, lipid-lipid and protein-protein interactions. These findings provide new insights into the lipid bilayer as a solvent that mediates folding, chaperone action, turnover and protein-protein interactions in cell membranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaffney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhammednazaar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilmiller, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faruk, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.444377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid Bilayer Induces Contraction of the Denatured State Ensemble of a Helical-Bundle Membrane Protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The METTL5-TRMT112 N6-methyladenosine methyltransferase complex regulates metabolism and development via translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) have long been known to carry modifications, including numerous sites of 2O-methylation and pseudouridylation, as well as N6-methyladenosine (m6A), and N6,6-dimethyladenosine. While the functions of many of these modifications are unclear, some are highly conserved and occur in regions of the ribosome critical for mRNA decoding. Both 28S rRNA and 18S rRNA carry m6A, and while ZCCHC4 has been identified as the methyltransferase responsible for the 28S rRNA m6A site, the methyltransferase responsible for the 18S rRNA m6A site has remained uncharacterized until recently. Here, we show that the METTL5-TRMT112 complex is the methyltransferase responsible for installing m6A at position 1832 of human 18S rRNA. TRMT112 is required for the metabolic stability of METTL5, and human METTL5 mutations associated with microcephaly and intellectual disability disrupt this interaction. Loss of METTL5 in human cancer lines alters the translation of transcripts associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Mettl5 knockout mice display reduced body size and evidence of metabolic defects. This m6A site is located on the 3 end of 18S rRNA, which may become surface-exposed under some circumstances and thus may play a regulatory role in translation of specific transcripts. While recent work has focused heavily on m6A modifications in mRNA and its roles in mRNA processing and translation, deorphanizing putative methyltransferase enzymes is revealing previously unappreciated regulatory roles for m6A in noncoding RNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sepich-Poore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, X.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Castillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachtergaele, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.18.444567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The METTL5-TRMT112 N6-methyladenosine methyltransferase complex regulates metabolism and development via translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-species identification of cancer-resistance associated genes uncovers their relevance to human cancer risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer is an evolutionarily conserved disease that occurs in a wide variety of species. We applied a comparative genomics approach to systematically characterize the genes whose conservation levels significantly correlates positively (PC) or negatively (NC) with a broad spectrum of cancer-resistance estimates, computed across almost 200 vertebrate species. PC genes are enriched in pathways relevant to tumor suppression including cell cycle, DNA repair, and immune response, while NC genes are enriched with a host of metabolic pathways. The conservation levels of the PC and NC genes in a species serve to build the first genomics-based predictor of its cancer resistance score. We find that PC genes are less tolerant to loss of function (LoF) mutations, are enriched in cancer driver genes and are associated with germline mutations that increase human cancer risk. Furthermore, their expression levels are associated with lifetime cancer risk across human tissues. Finally, their knockout in mice results in increased cancer incidence. In sum, we find that many genes associated with cancer resistance across species are implicated in human cancers, pointing to several additional candidate genes that may have a functional role in human cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nair, N. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naddaf, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unterman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldape, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannenhalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, C.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabach, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruppin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-species identification of cancer-resistance associated genes uncovers their relevance to human cancer risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.444979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VIP neurons desynchronize cortical assemblies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.444979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gamma band synchronization can facilitate local and long-range communication in neural circuits. In the primary visual cortex (V1) the strength of synchronization on the local level is strongly tuned to the contrast, size and center/surround orientation of grating stimuli. On the global level, the synchronization of gamma oscillations across the retinotopic map crucially depends on matched stimulus properties in the corresponding locations in the visual field. Although these features of V1 gamma rhythms are likely to be crucial for how they might support cortico-cortical communication and visual perception, their neural basis remains largely unknown. We hypothesized VIP disinhibitory interneurons, which shape other tuning properties in V1 by inhibiting SST neurons, may be responsible for tuning local gamma band power and global gamma synchronization. To test these ideas, we combined multi-electrode electrophysiology, cell-type specific optogenetic suppression of VIP neurons and computational modeling. Contrary to expectations, our data show that on the local level, VIP activity has no role in tuning gamma power to stimulus properties; rather, it scales the gain of gamma oscillations linearly across stimulus space and across behavioral state. Conversely, on the global level, VIP neurons specifically suppress gamma synchronization (as measured by spectral coherence) between spatially separated cortical ensembles when they are processing non-matched stimulus features. A straightforward computational model of V1 shows that like-to-like connectivity across retinotopic space, and specific, but powerful VIPSST inhibition are sufficient to capture these seemingly opposed effects. These data demonstrate how VIP neurons differentially impact local and global properties of gamma rhythms depending on the global statistics of the retinal image. VIP neurons may thus construct temporal filters in the gamma band for spatially continuous image features, such as contours, to facilitate the downstream generation of coherent visual percepts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mossing, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.444979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VIP neurons desynchronize cortical assemblies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of potent cellular and humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 antigens via conjugation to a polymeric glyco-adjuvant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.445060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused an unprecedented global crisis, and curtailing its spread requires an effective vaccine which elicits a diverse and robust immune response. We have previously shown that vaccines made of a polymeric glyco-adjuvant conjugated to an antigen were effective in triggering such a response in other disease models and hypothesized that the technology could be adapted to create an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. The core of the vaccine platform is the copolymer p(Man-TLR7), composed of monomers with pendant mannose or a toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist. Thus, p(Man-TLR7) is designed to target relevant antigen-presenting cells (APCs) via mannose-binding receptors and then activate TLR7 upon endocytosis. The p(Man-TLR7) construct is amenable to conjugation to protein antigens such as the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, yielding Spike-p(Man-TLR7). Here, we demonstrate Spike-p(Man-TLR7) vaccination elicits robust antigen-specific cellular and humoral responses in mice. In adult and elderly wild-type mice, vaccination with Spike-p(Man-TLR7) generates high and long-lasting titers of anti-Spike IgGs, with neutralizing titers exceeding levels in convalescent human serum. Interestingly, adsorbing Spike-p(Man-TLR7) to the depot-forming adjuvant alum, amplified the broadly neutralizing humoral responses to levels matching those in mice vaccinated with formulations based off of clinically-approved adjuvants. Additionally, we observed an increase in germinal center B cells, antigen-specific antibody secreting cells, activated T follicular helper cells, and polyfunctional Th1-cytokine producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We conclude that Spike-p(Man-TLR7) is an attractive, next-generation subunit vaccine candidate, capable of inducing durable and robust antibody and T cell responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gray, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raczy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briquez, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchell, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpar, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volpatti, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasso, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansurov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitrousis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reda, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremain, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaescu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwissa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.445060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of potent cellular and humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 antigens via conjugation to a polymeric glyco-adjuvant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiview super-resolution microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We enhance the performance of confocal microscopy over imaging scales spanning tens of nanometers to millimeters in space and milliseconds to hours in time, improving volumetric resolution more than 10-fold while simultaneously reducing phototoxicity. We achieve these gains via an integrated, four-pronged approach: 1) developing compact line-scanners that enable sensitive, rapid, diffraction-limited imaging over large areas; 2) combining line-scanning with multiview imaging, developing reconstruction algorithms that improve resolution isotropy and recover signal otherwise lost to scattering; 3) adapting techniques from structured illumination microscopy, achieving super-resolution imaging in densely labeled, thick samples; 4) synergizing deep learning with these advances, further improving imaging speed, resolution and duration. We demonstrate these capabilities on more than twenty distinct fixed and live samples, including protein distributions in single cells; nuclei and developing neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, larvae, and adults; myoblasts in Drosophila wing imaginal disks; and mouse renal, esophageal, cardiac, and brain tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glidewell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey-Suarez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pommier, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colón-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.445200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiview super-resolution microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.22.445274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring Population Size Histories using Coalescent Hidden Markov Models with TMRCA and Total Branch Length as Hidden States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.22.445274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unraveling the complex demographic histories of natural populations is a central problem in population genetics. Understanding past demographic events is of general anthropological interest, but is also an important step in establishing accurate null models when identifying adaptive or disease-associated genetic variation. An important class of tools for inferring past population size changes from genomic sequence data are Coalescent Hidden Markov Models (CHMMs). These models make efficient use of the linkage information in population genomic datasets by using the local genealogies relating sampled individuals as latent states that evolve along the chromosome in an HMM framework. Extending these models to large sample sizes is challenging, since the number of possible latent states increases rapidly.

Here, we present our method CHIMP (CHMM History-Inference Maximum-Likelihood Procedure), a novel CHMM method for inferring the size history of a population. It can be applied to large samples (hundreds of haplotypes) and only requires unphased genomes as input. The two implementations of CHIMP that we present here use either the height of the genealogical tree (TMRCA) or the total branch length, respectively, as the latent variable at each position in the genome. The requisite transition and emission probabilities are obtained by numerically solving certain systems of differential equations derived from the ancestral process with recombination. The parameters of the population size history are subsequently inferred using an Expectation-Maximization algorithm. In addition, we implement a composite likelihood scheme to allow the method to scale to large sample sizes.

We demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of our method in a variety of benchmark tests using simulated data and present comparisons to other state-of-the-art methods. Specifically, our implementation using TMRCA as the latent variable shows comparable performance and provides accurate estimates of effective population sizes in intermediate and ancient times. Our method is agnostic to the phasing of the data, which makes it a promising alternative in scenarios where high quality data is not available, and has potential applications for pseudo-haploid data.

Author SummaryThe demograpic history of natural populations shapes their genetic variation. The genomes of contemporary individuals can thus be used to unravel past migration events and population size changes, which is of anthropological interest. However, it is also important to uncover these past events for studies investigating disease related genetic variation, since past demographic events can confound such analyses. Here we present a novel method for inferring the size history of a given population from full-genome sequencing data of contemporary individuals. Our method is based on a Coalescent Hidden Markov model framework, a model frequently applied to this type of inference. A key component of the model is the representation of unobserved local genealogical relationships among the sampled individuals as latent states. This is achieved by numerically solving certain differential equations that describe the distributions of these quantities and ultimately enables inference of past population size changes. Other methods performing similar inference rely on availability of high quality genomic data, whereas we demonstrate that our method can be applied in situations with limited data quality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Upadhya, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinruecken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.22.445274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring Population Size Histories using Coalescent Hidden Markov Models with TMRCA and Total Branch Length as Hidden States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cooperative multivalent receptor binding promotes exposure of the SARS-CoV-2 fusion machinery core 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular events that permit the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to bind, fuse, and enter cells are important to understand for both fundamental and therapeutic reasons. Spike proteins consist of S1 and S2 domains, which recognize angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors and contain the viral fusion machinery, respectively. Ostensibly, the binding of spike trimers to ACE2 receptors promotes the preparation of the fusion machinery by dissociation of the S1 domains. We report the development of bottom-up coarse-grained (CG) models validated with cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) data, and the use of CG molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the dynamical mechanisms involved in viral binding and exposure of the S2 trimeric core. We show that spike trimers cooperatively bind to multiple ACE2 dimers at virion-cell interfaces. The multivalent interaction cyclically and processively induces S1 dissociation, thereby exposing the S2 core containing the fusion machinery. Our simulations thus reveal an important concerted interaction between spike trimers and ACE2 dimers that primes the virus for membrane fusion and entry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cooperative multivalent receptor binding promotes exposure of the SARS-CoV-2 fusion machinery core]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preservation of HIV-1 Gag helical bundle symmetry by bevirimat is central tomaturation inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.445455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The assembly and maturation of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) requires proteolytic cleavage of the Gag polyprotein. The rate-limiting step resides at the junction between the capsid protein CA and spacer peptide 1, which assembles as a six-helix bundle (6HB). bevirimat (BVM), the first-in-class maturation inhibitor drug, targets the 6HB and impedes proteolytic cleavage, yet the molecular mechanisms of its activity, and relatedly, the escape mechanisms of mutant viruses, remain unclear. Here, we employed extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and free energy calculations to quantitatively investigate molecular structure-activity relationships, comparing wild-type and mutant viruses in the presence and absence of BVM and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), an assembly cofactor. Our analysis shows that the efficacy of BVM is directly correlated with preservation of six-fold symmetry in the 6HB, which exists as an ensemble of structural states. We identified two primary escape mechanisms, and both lead to loss of symmetry, thereby facilitating helix uncoiling to aid access of protease. Our findings also highlight specific interactions that can be targeted for improved inhibitor activity and support the use of MD simulations for future inhibitor design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdy, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeager, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.445455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preservation of HIV-1 Gag helical bundle symmetry by bevirimat is central tomaturation inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of spinal motor neuron terminal differentiation through sustained Hoxc8 gene activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal motor neurons (MNs) constitute cellular substrates for several movement disorders. Although their early development has received much attention, how spinal MNs become and remain terminally differentiated is poorly understood. Here, we determined the transcriptome of mouse brachial MNs at embryonic and postnatal stages. We found that genes encoding homeodomain (HOX, LIM) transcription factors (TFs), previously implicated in early MN development, continue to be expressed postnatally, suggesting later functions. To test this, we inactivated Hoxc8 at successive stages of MN development. We found that Hoxc8 is not only required to establish but also maintain expression of several MN terminal differentiation markers. Furthermore, we uncovered novel TFs with continuous MN expression, a Hoxc8 dependency for maintained expression of Iroquois (Irx) homeodomain TFs, and a new role for Irx2 in MN development. Our findings dovetail recent observations in C. elegans MNs, pointing toward an evolutionarily conserved role for Hox in neuronal terminal differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Catela, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of spinal motor neuron terminal differentiation through sustained Hoxc8 gene activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular electron transfer increases fermentation in lactic acid bacteria via a hybrid metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.26.445846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Energy conservation in microorganisms is classically categorized into respiration and fermentation, however recent work shows some species can use mixed or alternative bioenergetic strategies. We explored the utility of a flavin-based extracellular electron transport (FLEET) system for energy conservation within diverse lactic acid bacteria (LAB), microorganisms that mainly rely on fermentative metabolism and are important in food fermentations. The LAB Lactiplantibacillus plantarum uses extracellular electron transfer to increase its NAD+/NADH ratio, generate more ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation and accumulate biomass more rapidly. This novel, hybrid metabolism was dependent on a type-II NADH dehydrogenase (Ndh2) and conditionally required a flavin-binding extracellular lipoprotein (PplA) in the FLEET system to confer increased fermentation yield, metabolic flux, and environmental acidification in both laboratory media and food fermentation. The discovery of a single pathway that blends features of fermentation and respiration expands our knowledge of energy conservation metabolism and provides immediate biotechnology applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tejedor-Sanz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finnegan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoessen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajo-Franklin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.26.445846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular electron transfer increases fermentation in lactic acid bacteria via a hybrid metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Notch controls the cell cycle to define leader versus follower identities during collective cell migration. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coordination of cell proliferation and migration is fundamental for life, and its dysregulation has catastrophic consequences, as cancer. How cell cycle progression affects migration, and vice-versa, remains largely unknown. We address these questions by combining in silico modelling and in vivo experimentation in the zebrafish Trunk Neural Crest (TNC). TNC migrate collectively, forming chains with a leader cell directing the movement of trailing followers. We show that the acquisition of migratory identity is autonomously controlled by Notch signalling in TNC. High Notch activity defines leaders, while low Notch determines followers. Moreover, cell cycle progression is required for TNC migration and is regulated by Notch. Cells with low Notch activity stay longer in G1 and become followers, while leaders with high Notch activity quickly undergo G1/S transition and remain in S-phase longer. We propose that migratory behaviours are defined through the interaction of Notch signalling and cell cycle progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alhashem, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldner-Busztin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Garcillan Portillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbeaux, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.445572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Notch controls the cell cycle to define leader versus follower identities during collective cell migration.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metapopulations with habitat modification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across the tree of life, organisms modify their local environment, rendering it more or less hospitable for other species. Despite the ubiquity of these processes, simple models that can be used to develop intuitions about the consequences of widespread habitat modification are lacking. Here we extend the classic Levins metapopulation model to a setting where each of n species can colonize patches connected by dispersal, and when patches are vacated via local extinction, they retain a "memory" of the previous occupant--modeling habitat modification. While this model can exhibit a wide range of dynamics, we draw several overarching conclusions about the effects of modification and memory. In particular, we find that any number of species may potentially coexist, provided that each is at a disadvantage when colonizing patches vacated by a conspecific. This notion is made precise through a quantitative stability condition, which provides a way to unify and formalize existing conceptual models. We also show that when patch memory facilitates coexistence, it generically induces a positive relationship between diversity and robustness (tolerance of disturbance). Our simple model provides a portable, tractable framework for studying systems where species modify and react to a shared landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allesina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.446046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metapopulations with habitat modification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.445832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial cyclophilin D promotes disease tolerance by licensing NK cell development and IL-22 production against influenza virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.445832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunity to infectious disease involves a combination of host resistance, which eliminates the pathogen, and disease tolerance, which limits tissue damage. While the severity of most pulmonary viral infections, including influenza A virus (IAV), is linked to excessive inflammation, our mechanistic understanding of this observation remains largely unknown. Here we show that mitochondrial cyclophilin D (CypD) protects against IAV infection via disease tolerance. Mice deficient in CypD (CypD-/- mice) are significantly more susceptible to IAV infection despite comparable antiviral immunity. Instead, this susceptibility resulted from damage to the lung epithelial barrier caused by a significant reduction of IL-22 production by conventional NK cells in IAV-infected CypD-/- mice. Transcriptomic and functional data revealed that the compromised IL-22 production by NK cells resulted from dysregulated lymphopoiesis, stemming from increased cell death in NK cell progenitors, as well as the generation of immature NK cells that exhibited altered mitochondrial metabolism. Importantly, following IAV infection, administration of recombinant IL-22 abrogated pulmonary damage and enhanced survival of CypD-/- mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate a key role for CypD in NK cell-mediated disease tolerance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Downey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randolph, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pernet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khader, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barriero, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divangahi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.445832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial cyclophilin D promotes disease tolerance by licensing NK cell development and IL-22 production against influenza virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.446289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A connectomic study of a petascale fragment of human cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.446289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We acquired a rapidly preserved human surgical sample from the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex. We stained a 1 mm3 volume with heavy metals, embedded it in resin, cut more than 5000 slices at [~]30 nm and imaged these sections using a high-speed multibeam scanning electron microscope. We used computational methods to render the three-dimensional structure containing 57,216 cells, hundreds of millions of neurites and 133.7 million synaptic connections. The 1.4 petabyte electron microscopy volume, the segmented cells, cell parts, blood vessels, myelin, inhibitory and excitatory synapses, and 104 manually proofread cells are available to peruse online. Many interesting and unusual features were evident in this dataset. Glia outnumbered neurons 2:1 and oligodendrocytes were the most common cell type in the volume. Excitatory spiny neurons comprised 69% of the neuronal population, and excitatory synapses also were in the majority (76%). The synaptic drive onto spiny neurons was biased more strongly toward excitation (70%) than was the case for inhibitory interneurons (48%). Despite incompleteness of the automated segmentation caused by split and merge errors, we could automatically generate (and then validate) connections between most of the excitatory and inhibitory neuron types both within and between layers. In studying these neurons we found that deep layer excitatory cell types can be classified into new subsets, based on structural and connectivity differences, and that chandelier interneurons not only innervate excitatory neuron initial segments as previously described, but also each others initial segments. Furthermore, among the thousands of weak connections established on each neuron, there exist rarer highly powerful axonal inputs that establish multi-synaptic contacts (up to [~]20 synapses) with target neurons. Our analysis indicates that these strong inputs are specific, and allow small numbers of axons to have an outsized role in the activity of some of their postsynaptic partners.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shapson-Coe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Januszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalek, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitlin-Shepard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlupia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorkenwald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjostedt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavitt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzmaurice, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner-Carena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfister, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.29.446289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A connectomic study of a petascale fragment of human cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anal skin-like epithelium mediates colonic wound healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal epithelial wound healing, which is essential for health, is compromised and represents a therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While studies have elucidated important subpopulations of intestinal epithelial cells in repair, these have yet to translate to therapies. Here, in mouse models of acute colitis, we demonstrate a distinct and essential source of wound-healing cells that re-epithelialize the distal colon. Using 3-d imaging, lineage tracing, and single-cell transcriptomics, we show that neighboring skin-like (squamous) cells of the anus rapidly migrate into the injured colon and establish a permanent epithelium of crypt-like morphology. These squamous cells derive from a small unique transition zone, at the boundary of colonic and anal epithelium, that resists colitis. The cells of this zone have a pre-loaded program of colonic differentiation and further upregulate key aspects of colonic epithelium during repair. Thus, heterologous cell-types at tissue junctions represent unique reserve cells capable of repair and plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dube, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polk, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anal skin-like epithelium mediates colonic wound healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Sequencing Reveals Lineage-Specific Dynamic Genetic Regulation of Gene Expression During Human Cardiomyocyte Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic and temporally specific gene regulatory changes may underlie unexplained genetic associations with complex disease. During a dynamic process such as cellular differentiation, the overall cell type composition of a tissue (or an in vitro culture) and the gene regulatory profile of each cell can both experience significant changes over time. To identify these dynamic effects in high resolution, we collected single-cell RNA-sequencing data over a differentiation time course from induced pluripotent stem cells to cardiomyocytes, sampled at 7 unique time points in 19 human cell lines. We employed a flexible approach to map dynamic eQTLs whose effects vary significantly over the course of bifurcating differentiation trajectories, including many whose effects are specific to one of these two lineages. Our study design allowed us to distinguish true dynamic eQTLs affecting a specific cell lineage from expression changes driven by potentially non-genetic differences between cell lines such as cell composition. Additionally, we used the cell type profiles learned from single-cell data to deconvolve and re-analyze data from matched bulk RNA-seq samples. Using this approach, we were able to identify a large number of novel dynamic eQTLs in single cell data while also attributing dynamic effects in bulk to a particular lineage. Overall, we found that using single cell data to uncover dynamic eQTLs can provide new insight into the gene regulatory changes that occur among heterogeneous cell types during cardiomyocyte differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elorbany, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Sequencing Reveals Lineage-Specific Dynamic Genetic Regulation of Gene Expression During Human Cardiomyocyte Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lung epithelial signaling mediates early vaccine-induced CD4+ T cell activation and Mtb control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death due to a single infectious agent. The development of a TB vaccine that induces durable and effective immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is urgently needed. Early and superior Mtb control can be induced in M. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccinated hosts when the innate immune response is targeted to generate effective vaccine-induced immunity. In the present study, we show that innate activation of DCs is critical for mucosal localization of clonally activated vaccine-induced CD4+ T cells in the lung, and superior early Mtb control. In addition, our study reveals that Th1/Th17 cytokine axis play an important role in superior vaccine induced immunity. Our studies also show that activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF{kappa}{beta}) pathway in lung epithelial cells is critical for the mucosal localization of activated vaccine-induced CD4+ T cells for rapid Mtb control. Thus, our study provides novel insights into the immune mechanisms that can overcome TB vaccine bottlenecks and provide early rapid Mtb control.

ImportanceTuberculosis is a leading cause of death due to single infectious agent accounting 1.4 million deaths each year. The only licensed vaccine BCG is not effective due to variable efficacy. In our study, we determined the early immune events necessary for achieving complete protection in BCG vaccinated host. Our study reveals that innate activation of DCs can mediate superior and early Mtb control in BCG vaccinated host through lung epithelial cell signaling and localization of clonal activated, Mtb antigen specific, cytokine producing CD4+ T cells within the lung parenchyma and airways. Thus, our study provides novel insights into the immune mechanisms that can overcome TB vaccine bottlenecks and provide early rapid Mtb control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esaulova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitreva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Moreno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divangahi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artyomov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khader, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lung epithelial signaling mediates early vaccine-induced CD4+ T cell activation and Mtb control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AGNOSTOS-DB: a resource to unlock the uncharted regions of the coding sequence space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomes and metagenomes contain a considerable percentage of genes of unknown function, which are often excluded from downstream analyses limiting our understanding of the studied biological systems. To address this challenge, we developed AGNOSTOS, a combined database-computational workflow resource that unifies the known and unknown coding sequence space of genomes and metagenomes. Here, we present AGNOSTOS-DB, an extensive database of high-quality gene clusters enriched with functional, ecological and phylogenetic information. Moreover, AGNOSTOS allows integrating new data into existing AGNOSTOS-DBs, maximizing the information retrievable for the genes of unknown function. As a proof of concept, we provide a seed database that integrates the predicted genes from marine and human metagenomes, as well as from Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya and giant viruses environmental and cultivar genomes. The seed database comprises 6,572,081 gene clusters connecting 342 million genes and represents a comprehensive and scalable resource for the inclusion and exploration of the unknown fraction of genomes and metagenomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vanni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schechter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmont, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloeckner, F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Guerra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AGNOSTOS-DB: a resource to unlock the uncharted regions of the coding sequence space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myofibroblast differentiation is governed by adhesion mechanics, and inhibition of the stress sensor Talin2 reverses lung fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrosis is involved in 45% of deaths in the United States, and no treatment exists to reverse progression of the disease. In order to find novel targets for fibrosis therapeutics, we developed a model for the differentiation of monocytes to myofibroblasts that allowed us to screen for proteins involved in myofibroblast differentiation. Inhibition of a novel protein target generated by our model, talin2, reduces myofibroblast morphology, -smooth muscle actin content, collagen I content, and lowers the pro-fibrotic secretome of myofibroblasts. We find that knockdown of talin2 de-differentiates myofibroblasts, talin2 knockdown reverses bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice, and Tln2 -/-mice are resistant to unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced kidney fibrosis and are resistant to bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Talin2 inhibition is a potential treatment for reversing lung and kidney fibroses.

One Sentence SummarySilencing the stress sensor Talin2 reverses myofibroblast differentiation and existing fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>WHITE, M. J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozkan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medellin, J. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myofibroblast differentiation is governed by adhesion mechanics, and inhibition of the stress sensor Talin2 reverses lung fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447405v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blocking antibodies against integrin-α3, integrin-αM, and integrin-αMβ2 de-differentiate myofibroblasts and reverse lung and kidney fibroses in a mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.07.447405v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrosis is involved in 45% of deaths in the United States, and no treatment exists to reverse the progression of the disease. Myofibroblasts are key to the progression and maintenance of fibrosis. We investigated features of cell adhesion necessary for monocytes to differentiate into myofibroblasts, seeking to identify pathways key to myofibroblast differentiation. Blocking antibodies against integrins 3, M, and M{beta}2 de-differentiate myofibroblasts in vitro, lower the pro-fibrotic secretome of myofibroblasts, and reverse lung and kidney fibrosis in vivo. Decorins collagen-binding peptide directs blocking antibodies (against integrins-3, -M, -M{beta}2) to both fibrotic lungs and fibrotic kidneys, reducing the dose of antibody necessary to reverse fibrosis. This targeted immunotherapy blocking key integrins may be an effective therapeutic for the treatment and reversal of fibrosis.

SummaryBlocking antibodies against integrins-3, -M, and -M{beta}2 can be targeted to sites of fibrosis, reverse lung and kidney fibroses, and offer the potential to bring immunotherapy to fibrosis
]]></description>
<dc:creator>WHITE, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ozkan, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raczy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medellin, J. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koss, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpar, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naved, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wertheim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.07.447405</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blocking antibodies against integrin-α3, integrin-αM, and integrin-αMβ2 de-differentiate myofibroblasts and reverse lung and kidney fibroses in a mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain charts for the human lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past few decades, neuroimaging has become a ubiquitous tool in basic research and clinical studies of the human brain. However, no reference standards currently exist to quantify individual differences in neuroimaging metrics over time, in contrast to growth charts for anthropometric traits such as height and weight1. Here, we built an interactive resource to benchmark brain morphology, www.brainchart.io, derived from any current or future sample of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. With the goal of basing these reference charts on the largest and most inclusive dataset available, we aggregated 123,984 MRI scans from 101,457 participants aged from 115 days post-conception through 100 postnatal years, across more than 100 primary research studies. Cerebrum tissue volumes and other global or regional MRI metrics were quantified by centile scores, relative to non-linear trajectories2 of brain structural changes, and rates of change, over the lifespan. Brain charts identified previously unreported neurodevelopmental milestones3; showed high stability of individual centile scores over longitudinal assessments; and demonstrated robustness to technical and methodological differences between primary studies. Centile scores showed increased heritability compared to non-centiled MRI phenotypes, and provided a standardised measure of atypical brain structure that revealed patterns of neuroanatomical variation across neurological and psychiatric disorders. In sum, brain charts are an essential first step towards robust quantification of individual deviations from normative trajectories in multiple, commonly-used neuroimaging phenotypes. Our collaborative study proves the principle that brain charts are achievable on a global scale over the entire lifespan, and applicable to analysis of diverse developmental and clinical effects on human brain structure. Furthermore, we provide open resources to support future advances towards adoption of brain charts as standards for quantitative benchmarking of typical or atypical brain MRI scans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bethlehem, R. A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexopoulos, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Areces-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auyeung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron-Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beare, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benegal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bin Bae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blesa Cabez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boardman, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borzage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch-Bayard, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarty, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chertavian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetelat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courchesne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crivello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cropley, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosbie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrivieres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain charts for the human lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative Epigenomic and High-Throughput Functional Enhancer Profiling Reveals Determinants of Enhancer Heterogeneity in Gastric Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEnhancers are distal cis-regulatory elements required for cell-specific gene expression and cell fate determination. In cancer, enhancer variation has been proposed as a major cause of inter-patient heterogeneity - however, most predicted enhancer regions remain to be functionally tested.

ResultsAnalyzing 128 epigenomic histone modification profiles of primary GC samples, normal gastric tissues, and GC cell lines, we report a comprehensive catalog of 75,730 recurrent predicted enhancers, the majority of which are tumor-associated in vivo (>50,000) and associated with lower somatic mutation rates inferred by whole-genome sequencing. Applying Capture-based Self-Transcribing Active Regulatory Region sequencing (CapSTARR-seq) to the enhancer catalog, we observed significant correlations between CapSTARR-seq functional activity and H3K27ac/H3K4me1 levels. Super-enhancer regions exhibited increased CapSTARR-seq signals compared to regular enhancers even when decoupled from native chromatin contexture. We show that combining histone modification and CapSTARR-seq functional enhancer data improves the prediction of enhancer-promoter interactions and pinpointing of germline single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs), and trans-acting TFs involved in GC expression. Specifically, we identified cancer-relevant genes (e.g. ING1, ARL4C) whose expression between patients is influenced by enhancer differences in genomic copy number and germline SNPs, and HNF4 as a master trans-acting factor associated with GC enhancer heterogeneity.

ConclusionsOur study indicates that combining histone modification and functional assay data may provide a more accurate metric to assess enhancer activity than either platform individually, and provides insights into the relative contribution of genetic (cis) and regulatory (trans) mechanisms to GC enhancer functional heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S. W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anene-Nzelu, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavi-Mohseni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen Skanderup, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.09.447637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative Epigenomic and High-Throughput Functional Enhancer Profiling Reveals Determinants of Enhancer Heterogeneity in Gastric Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Indigenous ancestry and admixture in the Uruguayan population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Amerindian group known as the Charruas inhabited Uruguay at the timing of European colonial contact. Even though they were extinguished as an ethnic group as a result of a genocide, Charruan heritage is part of the Uruguayan identity both culturally and genetically. While mitochondrial DNA studies have shown evidence of Amerindian ancestry in living Uruguayans, here we undertake whole-genome sequencing of 10 Uruguayan individuals with Charruan heritage. We detect chromosomal segments of Amerindian ancestry supporting the presence of indigenous genetic ancestry in living descendants. Specific haplotypes were found to be enriched in  Charruas and rare in the rest of the Amerindian groups studied. Some of these we interpret as the result of positive selection, as we identified selection signatures and they were located mostly within genes related to the infectivity of specific viruses.

Historical records describe contacts of the Charruas with other Amerindians, such as Guarani, and patterns of genomic similarity observed here concur with genomic similarity between these groups. Less expected, we found a high genomic similarity of the Charruas to Diaguita from Argentinian and Chile, which could be explained by geographically proximity.

Finally, by fitting admixture models of Amerindian and European ancestry for the Uruguayan population, we were able to estimate the timing of the first pulse of admixture between European and Uruguayan indigenous peoples in 1658 and the second migration pulse in 1683. Both dates roughly concurring with the Franciscan missions in 1662 and the foundation of the city of Colonia in 1680 by the Spanish.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spangenberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fariello, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arce, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Illanes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greif, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.09.447750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Indigenous ancestry and admixture in the Uruguayan population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unified classification of mouse retinal ganglion cells using function, morphology, and gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.10.447922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classification and characterization of neuronal types are critical for understanding their function and dysfunction. Neuronal classification schemes typically rely on measurements of electrophysiological, morphological, and molecular features, but aligning such datasets has been challenging. Here, we present a unified classification of mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the sole retinal output neurons. We used visually-evoked responses to classify 1859 mouse RGCs into 42 types. We also obtained morphological or transcriptomic data from subsets and used these measurements to align the functional classification to publicly available morphological and transcriptomic data sets. We created an online database that allows users to browse or download the data and to classify RGCs from their light responses using a machine learning algorithm. This work provides a resource for studies of RGCs, their upstream circuits in the retina, and their projections in the brain, and establishes a framework for future efforts in neuronal classification and open data distribution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goetz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessen, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.10.447922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unified classification of mouse retinal ganglion cells using function, morphology, and gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Domain-Based Prediction of Compound-Target Interactions and Experimental Validation on LIM Kinases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive approaches such as virtual screening have been used in drug discovery with the objective of reducing developmental time and costs. Current machine learning and network- based approaches have issues related to generalization, usability, or model interpretability, especially due to the complexity of target proteins structure/function, and bias in system training datasets. Here, we propose a new computational method "DRUIDom" to predict bio- interactions between drug candidate compounds and target proteins by utilizing the domain modularity of proteins, to overcome problems associated with current approaches. DRUIDom is composed of two methodological steps. First, ligands/compounds are statistically mapped to structural domains of their target proteins, with the aim of identifying physical or functional interactions. As such, other proteins containing the mapped domain or domain pair become new candidate targets for the corresponding compounds. Next, a million-scale dataset of small molecule compounds, including the ones mapped to domains in the previous step, are clustered based on their molecular similarities, and their domain associations are propagated to other compounds within the same clusters. Experimentally verified bioactivity data points, obtained from public databases, are meticulously filtered to construct datasets of active/interacting and inactive/non-interacting compound-target pairs ([~]2.9M data points), and used as training data for calculating parameters of compound- domain mappings, which led to 27,032 high-confidence associations between 250 domains and 8,165 compounds, and a finalized output of [~]5 million new compound-protein interactions. DRUIDom is experimentally validated by syntheses and bioactivity analyses of compounds predicted to target LIM-kinase proteins, which play critical roles in the regulation of cell motility, cell cycle progression, and differentiation through actin filament dynamics. We showed that LIMK-inhibitor-2 and its derivatives significantly block the cancer cell migration through inhibition of LIMK phosphorylation and the downstream protein cofilin. One of the derivative compounds (LIMKi-2d) was identified as a promising candidate due to its action on resistant Mahlavu liver cancer cells. The results demonstrated that DRUIDom can be exploited to identify drug candidate compounds for intended targets and to predict new target proteins based on the defined compound-domain relationships. The datasets, results, and the source code of DRUIDom are fully-available at: https://github.com/cansyl/DRUIDom.

Author SummaryDrug development comprises several interlinked steps from designing drug candidate molecules to running clinical trials, with the aim to bring a new drug to market. A critical yet costly and labor-intensive stage is drug discovery, in which drug candidate molecules that specifically interact with the intended biomolecular target (mostly proteins) are identified. Lately, data-centric computational methods have been proposed to aid experimental procedures in drug discovery. These methods have the ability to rapidly assess large molecule libraries and reduce the time and cost of the process; however, most of them suffer from problems related to producing reliable biologically relevant results, preventing them from gaining real-world usage. Here, we have developed a new method called DRUIDom to predict unknown interactions between drugs/drug candidate compounds and biological targets by utilizing the modular structure of proteins. For this, we identify the domains, i.e., the evolutionary and functional building blocks of proteins, where these potential drug compounds can bind, and utilize this information along with protein domain annotations to predict new drug targets. We have tested the biological relevance of DRUIDom on selected proteins that play critical roles in the progression of numerous types of cancer. Cell-based experimental results indicated that predicted inhibitors are effective even on drug-resistant cancer cells. Our results suggest that DRUIDom produces novel and biologically relevant results that can be directly used in the early steps of the drug discovery process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dogan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhan Güzelcan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atas, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxendale, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetin-Atalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Domain-Based Prediction of Compound-Target Interactions and Experimental Validation on LIM Kinases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting a proteolytic neo-epitope of CUB-domain containing protein 1 in RAS-driven cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.14.448427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central challenge for any therapeutic is targeting diseased over normal cells. Proteolysis is frequently upregulated in disease and can generate proteoforms with unique neo-epitopes. We hypothesize that targeting proteolytic neo-epitopes can enable more effective and safer treatments, reflecting a conditional layer of disease-specific regulation. Here, we characterized the precise proteolytic isoforms of CUB domain containing protein 1 (CDCP1), a protein overexpressed and specifically cleaved in RAS-driven cancers. We validated that the N-terminal and C-terminal fragments of CDCP1 remain associated after proteolysis in vitro and on the surface of pancreatic cancer cells. Using a differential phage display strategy, we generated exquisitely selective recombinant antibodies that target cells harboring cleaved CDCP1 and not the full-length form using antibody-drug conjugates or a bi-specific T-cell engagers. We show tumor-specific localization and anti-tumor activity in a syngeneic pancreatic tumor model having superior safety profiles compared to a pan-CDCP1-targeting antibody. Our studies show proteolytic neo-epitopes can provide an orthogonal "AND" gate for disease-specific targeting.

One-Sentence SummaryAntibody-based targeting of neo-epitopes generated by disease-associated proteolysis improves the therapeutic index
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinko, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filippova, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remesh, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.14.448427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting a proteolytic neo-epitope of CUB-domain containing protein 1 in RAS-driven cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validating marker-less pose estimation with 3D x-ray radiography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To reveal the neurophysiological underpinnings of natural movement, neural recordings must be paired with accurate tracking of limbs and postures. Here we validate the accuracy of DeepLabCut (DLC) by comparing it to a 3D x-ray video radiography system that tracks markers placed under the skin (XROMM). We record behavioral data simultaneously with XROMM and high-speed video for DLC as marmosets engage in naturalistic foraging and reconstruct three-dimensional kinematics in a shared coordinate system. We find that DLC tracks position and velocity of 12 markers on the forelimb and torso with low median error (0.272 cm and 1.76 cm/s, respectively) corresponding to 2.9% of the full range of marker positions and 5.9% of the range of speeds. For studies that can accept this relatively small degree of error, DLC and similar marker-less pose estimation tools enable the study of more naturalistic, unconstrained behaviors in many fields including non-human primate motor control.

Summary StatementWe validate the accuracy of DeepLabCut, a widely used marker-less pose estimation tool, using a marker-based 3D x-ray radiography system (XROMM).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopoulos, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.15.448541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validating marker-less pose estimation with 3D x-ray radiography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Human Tumor Atlas Network (HTAN) Breast PreCancer Atlas: A multi-omic integrative analysis of ductal carcinoma in situ with clinical outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the most common precursor of invasive breast cancer (IBC), with variable propensity for progression. We have performed the first multiscale, integrated profiling of DCIS with clinical outcomes by analyzing 677 DCIS samples from 481 patients with 7.1 years median follow-up from the Translational Breast Cancer Research Consortium (TBCRC) 038 study and the Resource of Archival Breast Tissue (RAHBT) cohorts. We identified 812 genes associated with ipsilateral recurrence within 5 years from treatment and developed a classifier that was predictive of DCIS or IBC recurrence in both cohorts. Pathways associated with recurrence include proliferation, immune response, and metabolism. Distinct stromal expression patterns and immune cell compositions were identified. Our multiscale approach employed in situ methods to generate a spatially resolved atlas of breast precancers, where complementary modalities can be directly compared and correlated with conventional pathology findings, disease states, and clinical outcome.

HIGHLIGHTS Development of a new classifier for DCIS recurrence or progression
 Outcome associated pathways identified across multiple data types and compartments
 Four stroma-specific signatures identified
 CNAs characterize DCIS subgroups associated with high risk invasive cancers
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strand, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivero-Gutierrez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houlahan, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seoane, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risom, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vennam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisneros, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilgore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocque, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMichele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAuliffe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nangia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storniolo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veis, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSchryver, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matusiak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tappenden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tibshirani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelo, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owzar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pol</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Human Tumor Atlas Network (HTAN) Breast PreCancer Atlas: A multi-omic integrative analysis of ductal carcinoma in situ with clinical outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human embryoid bodies as a novel system for genomic studies of functionally diverse cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.16.448714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most disease-associated loci, though located in putatively regulatory regions, have not yet been confirmed to affect gene expression. One reason for this could be that we have not examined gene expression in the most relevant cell types or conditions. Indeed, even large-scale efforts to study gene expression broadly across tissues are limited by the necessity of obtaining human samples post-mortem, and almost exclusively from adults. Thus, there is an acute need to expand gene regulatory studies in humans to the most relevant cell types, tissues, and states. We propose that embryoid bodies (EBs), which are organoids that contain a multitude of cell types in dynamic states, can provide an answer. Single cell RNA-sequencing now provides a way to interrogate developmental trajectories in EBs and enhance the potential to uncover dynamic regulatory processes that would be missed in studies of static adult tissue. Here, we examined the properties of the EB model for the purpose mapping inter-individual regulatory differences in a large variety of cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.16.448714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human embryoid bodies as a novel system for genomic studies of functionally diverse cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Properties of Two-Locus Genealogies and Linkage Disequilibrium in Temporally Structured Samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Archaeogenetics has been revolutionary, revealing insights into demographic history and recent positive selection in many organisms. However, most studies to date have ignored the non-random association of genetic variants at different loci (i.e., linkage disequilibrium, LD). This may be in part because basic properties of LD in samples from different times are still not well understood. Here, we derive several results for summary statistics of haplotypic variation under a model with time-stratified sampling: 1) The correlation between the number of pairwise differences observed between time-staggered samples ({pi}{Delta}t) in models with and without strict population continuity; 2) The product of the LD coefficient, D, between ancient and modern samples, which is a measure of haplotypic similarity between modern and ancient samples; and 3) The expected switch rate in the Li and Stephens haplotype copying model. The latter has implications for genotype imputation and phasing in ancient samples with modern reference panels. Overall, these results provide a characterization of how haplotype patterns are affected by sample age, recombination rates, and population sizes. We expect these results will help guide the interpretation and analysis of haplotype data from ancient and modern samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinrücken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Properties of Two-Locus Genealogies and Linkage Disequilibrium in Temporally Structured Samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and powerful statistical method for context-specific QTL mapping in multi-context genomic studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Context-specific eQTLs mediate genetic risk for complex diseases. However, limitations in current methods for identifying these eQTLs have hindered their comprehensive characterization and downstream interpretation of disease-associated variants. Here, we introduce FastGxC, a method to efficiently and powerfully map context-specific eQTLs by leveraging the correlation structure in genomic studies with repeated sampling, e.g., single-cell RNA-seq studies. Using simulations, we demonstrate that FastGxC is up to nine times more powerful and 106 times faster than existing approaches, reducing computation time from years to minutes. We applied FastGxC to bulk multi-tissue (N=698) and single-cell PBMC (N=1,218) RNA-seq datasets, generating comprehensive tissue- and cell-type-specific eQTL maps. These eQTLs exhibited up to four-fold enrichment in open chromatin regions from matched contexts and were twice as enriched as standard context-specific eQTLs, highlighting their biological relevance. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between context-specific eQTLs and complex human traits and diseases. FastGxC improved precision in identifying relevant contexts for each trait by three-fold and expanded candidate causal genes by 25% in cell types and 6% in tissues compared to standard eQTLs. In summary, FastGxC provides a powerful framework for mapping context-specific eQTLs, advancing our understanding of gene regulatory mechanisms underlying complex human traits and diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balliu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and powerful statistical method for context-specific QTL mapping in multi-context genomic studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.19.449131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual stimulation induces distinct forms of sensitization of On-Off direction-selective ganglion cell responses in the dorsal and ventral retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.19.449131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experience-dependent modulation of neuronal responses is a key attribute in sensory processing. In the mammalian retina, the On-Off direction-selective ganglion cell (On-Off DSGC) is well known for its robust direction selectivity. However, how the On-Off DSGC light responsiveness dynamically adjusts to the changing visual environment is underexplored. Here, we report that the On-Off DSGC can be transiently sensitized by prior stimuli. Notably, distinct sensitization patterns are found in dorsal and ventral DSGCs that receive visual inputs from lower and upper visual fields respectively. Although responses of both dorsal and ventral DSGCs to dark stimuli (Off responses) are sensitized, only dorsal cells show sensitization of responses to bright stimuli (On responses). Visual stimulation to the dorsal retina potentiates a sustained excitatory input from Off bipolar cells, leading to tonic depolarization of dorsal DSGCs. Such tonic depolarization propagates from the Off to the On dendritic arbor of the DSGC to sensitize its On response. We also identified a previously overlooked feature of DSGC dendritic architecture that can support direct electrotonic propagation between On and Off dendritic layers. By contrast, ventral DSGCs lack a sensitized tonic depolarization and thus do not exhibit sensitization of their On responses. Our results highlight a topographic difference in Off bipolar cell inputs underlying divergent sensitization patterns of dorsal and ventral On-Off DSGCs. Moreover, substantial crossovers between dendritic layers of On-Off DSGCs suggest an interactive dendritic algorithm for processing On and Off signals before they reach the soma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acaron Ledesma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.19.449131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual stimulation induces distinct forms of sensitization of On-Off direction-selective ganglion cell responses in the dorsal and ventral retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VEGF-A, PDGF-BB and HB-EGF engineered for promiscuous super affinity to the extracellular matrix improve wound healing in a model of type 1 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic non-healing wounds, frequently caused by diabetes, lead to lower quality of life, infection, and amputation. These wounds have limited treatment options. We have previously engineered growth factors to bind to exposed extracellular matrix (ECM) in the wound environment using the heparin-binding domain of placental growth factor-2 (PlGF-2123-144), which binds promiscuously to ECM proteins. Here, in the type 1 diabetic (T1D) NOD mouse model, engineered growth factors improved both re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation. Engineered growth factors were even more potent in combination, and the "triple therapy" of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-PlGF-2123-144), platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB-PlGF-2123-144), and heparin-binding epidermal-growth factor (EGF-PlGF-2123-144) both improved wound healing and remained at the site of administration for significantly longer than wild-type growth factors. In addition, we also found that changes in the cellular milieu of a wound, including changing amounts of M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages and effector T cells, are most predictive of wound healing success in the NOD mouse model. These results suggest that the triple therapy of VEGF-PlGF-2123-144, PDGF-BB-PlGF-2123-144, and EGF-PlGF-2123-144 may be an effective therapy for chronic non-healing wounds in that occur as a complication of diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>WHITE, M. J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briquez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, D. A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VEGF-A, PDGF-BB and HB-EGF engineered for promiscuous super affinity to the extracellular matrix improve wound healing in a model of type 1 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-clotting functions of lymphatics form the natural on-off switch for immune recognition by controlling the antigens and immune cells access to the lymph nodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of lymph to clot indicates that, like blood vessels, lymphatics must have means to counteract this process. Here, we analyzed lymphatic hemostatic properties, tailoring them for potential therapeutic applications. Inflammatory stimuli induced tissue factor-dependent focal lymph clotting while blocking thrombomodulin leading to widespread but transient occlusion of collecting vessels. Decellularization of lymphatics resulted in tissue factor-independent lymphatic occlusion by widespread and persistent lymph clots. In occluded decellularized  ghost vessels, fibrin was eventually reperfused. During the regeneration, ghost lymphatics were filled with granuloma-like clusters of antigen-presenting cells and T cells. Despite that, immune response against allografts placed under non-drained skin did not develop as long lymphatics remained occluded, the effect that could be prolonged by delaying regeneration of the decellularized collectors. When the lymph clotting was blocked, decellularized lymphatics could still drain macromolecules and leukocytes, showing that lymphatic endothelium is not necessary for the classic lymphatic functions. The control of excessive clotting emerges as the essential function of lymphatics that could explain the seeming spandrel presence of lymphatic networks in organs such as the kidney or heart, contribute to microvascular thrombosis during infection, and can be exploited to induce immune ignorance of the subcutaneous endocrine grafts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kilarski, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muchowicz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mezyk-Kopec, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golab, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-clotting functions of lymphatics form the natural on-off switch for immune recognition by controlling the antigens and immune cells access to the lymph nodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine Neurons Evaluate Natural Fluctuations in Performance Quality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many motor skills are learned by comparing ongoing behavior to internal performance benchmarks. Dopamine neurons encode performance error in behavioral paradigms where error is externally induced, but it remains unknown if dopamine also signals the quality of natural performance fluctuations. Here we recorded dopamine neurons in singing birds and examined how spontaneous dopamine spiking activity correlated with natural fluctuations in ongoing song. Antidromically identified basal ganglia-projecting dopamine neurons correlated with recent, and not future, song variations, consistent with a role in evaluation, not production. Furthermore, dopamine spiking was suppressed following the production of outlying vocal variations, consistent with a role for active song maintenance. These data show for the first time that spontaneous dopamine spiking can evaluate natural behavioral fluctuations unperturbed by experimental events such as cues or rewards.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duffy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latimer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhall, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadagkar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.23.449657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine Neurons Evaluate Natural Fluctuations in Performance Quality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Forget-Me-Not dHCP study: 7 Tesla high resolution diffusion imaging in the unfixed post-mortem neonatal brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion MRI of the neonatal brain allows investigation of the organisational structure of maturing fibres during brain development. Post-mortem imaging has the potential to achieve high resolution by using long scan times, enabling precise assessment of small structures. The Forget-Me-Not study, part of the Developing Human Connectome Project (dHCP), aims to acquire and publicly distribute high-resolution diffusion MRI data for unfixed post-mortem neonatal brain at 7T with a custom-built head coil. This paper describes how the study addressed logistical, technical and ethical challenges relating to recruitment pipeline, care pathway, tissue preservation, scan setup and protocol optimisation. Results from the first subject recruited to the study demonstrate high-quality diffusion MRI data. Preliminary voxel-wise and tractography-based analyses are presented for the cortical plate, subplate and white matter pathways, with comparison to age-matched in vivo dHCP data. These results demonstrate that high quality post-mortem data can be acquired and provide a sensitive means to explore the developing human brain, as well as altered diffusion properties consistent with post-mortem changes, at high resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieger, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, J. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andritsou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastiani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fry, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgibbon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foxley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajnal, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moultrie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papp, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sallet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slater, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.24.449666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Forget-Me-Not dHCP study: 7 Tesla high resolution diffusion imaging in the unfixed post-mortem neonatal brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ETV2 primes hematoendothelial gene enhancers prior to hematoendothelial fate commitment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lineage-determining transcription factor ETV2 is necessary and sufficient for hematoendothelial fate commitment. We investigated how ETV2-driven gene regulatory networks promote hematoendothelial fate commitment. We resolved the sequential determination steps of hematoendothelial versus cardiac differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells. Etv2 was strongly induced and bound to the enhancers of hematoendothelial genes in a common cardiomyocyte-hematoendothelial mesoderm progenitor. However, only Etv2 itself and Tal1, not other ETV2-bound genes, were induced. Despite ETV2 genomic binding and Etv2 and Tal1 expression, cardiomyogenic fate potential was maintained. A second wave of ETV2-bound target genes was up-regulated during the transition from the common cardiomyocyte-hematoendothelial progenitor to the committed hematoendothelial population. A third wave of ETV-bound genes were subsequently expressed in the committed hematoendothelial population for sub-lineage differentiation. The shift from ETV2 binding to productive transcription, not ETV2 binding to target gene enhancers, drove hematoendothelial fate commitment. This work identifies mechanistic phases of ETV2-dependent gene expression that distinguish hematoendothelial specification, commitment, and differentiation.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIThe hematoendothelial master TF ETV2 is expressed in a multipotent mesoderm progenitor.
C_LIO_LIETV2 binds to target genes in the mesoderm progenitor without target gene activation.
C_LIO_LIETV2 binding in the mesoderm progenitor does not diminish alternative cardiac fate potential.
C_LIO_LIETV2-bound target genes are activated upon hematoendothelial fate commitment.
C_LI

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=110 SRC="FIGDIR/small/449981v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steimle, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadadur, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kweon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikegami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.25.449981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ETV2 primes hematoendothelial gene enhancers prior to hematoendothelial fate commitment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fin Shape, Asymmetry, and Evolutionary Ecomorphology in Triggerfishes and Filefishes (Superfamily: Balistoidea) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triggerfishes and filefishes exhibit a wide range of fin and body morphologies, inhabit many marine habitats, and feed on a variety of benthic and pelagic organisms. Particular morphologies are predicted to provide functional advantages for swimming behaviors that facilitate life in diverse habitats and feeding guilds. Ecomorphological relationships can, in turn, inform evolutionary patterns of morphological convergence. We quantified morphological diversity of 80 balistoid species using geometric morphometrics and assigned each species a primary habitat and feeding mode. Results revealed strong evidence for evolutionary integration among body and fin shapes as well as widespread convergence of both high and low aspect ratio (AR) dorsal and anal fins, the fins that power steady locomotion in these fishes. Dorsal and anal fins were determined to be moderately to highly asymmetrical in most species. Families exhibited considerable overlap in fin and body shapes, but triggerfishes generally exhibited higher AR and more asymmetrical fins than filefishes. Fin asymmetry was not strongly associated with ecology. Planktivorous and offshore-pelagic species exhibited high AR dorsal and anal fins suitable for high endurance swimming performance, while benthic grazing and structured reef species exhibited convergence on low AR median fins more suitable for facilitating maneuverability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>George, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westneat, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.29.450391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fin Shape, Asymmetry, and Evolutionary Ecomorphology in Triggerfishes and Filefishes (Superfamily: Balistoidea)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting RNA splicing from DNA sequence using Pangolin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent progress in deep learning approaches have greatly improved the prediction of RNA splicing from DNA sequence. Here, we present Pangolin, a deep learning model to predict splice site strength in multiple tissues that has been trained on RNA splicing and sequence data from four species. Pangolin outperforms state of the art methods for predicting RNA splicing on a variety of prediction tasks. We use Pangolin to study the impact of genetic variants on RNA splicing, including lineage-specific variants and rare variants of uncertain significance. Pangolin predicts loss-of-function mutations with high accuracy and recall, particularly for mutations that are not missense or nonsense (AUPRC = 0.93), demonstrating remarkable potential for identifying pathogenic variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting RNA splicing from DNA sequence using Pangolin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mDrop-seq: Massively parallel single-cell RNA-seq of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in high-throughput single-cell mRNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have been limited till date by technical challenges like tough cell walls and low RNA quantity that prevented transcriptomic profiling of microbial species at throughput. We present microbial Drop-seq or mDrop-seq, a high-throughput scRNA-seq technique that is used on two yeast species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a popular model organism and Candida albicans, a common opportunistic pathogen. We benchmarked mDrop-seq for sensitivity and specificity and used it to profile 35,109 S. cerevisiae cells to detect variation in mRNA levels between them. As a proof of concept, we quantified expression differences in heat-shocked S. cerevisiae using mDrop-seq. We detected differential activation of stress response genes within a seemingly homogenous population of S. cerevisiae under heat-shock. We also applied mDrop-seq to C. albicans cells, a polymorphic and clinically relevant yeast species with thicker cell wall compared to S. cerevisiae. Single cell transcriptomes in 39,705 C. albicans cells was characterized using mDrop-seq under different conditions, including exposure to fluconazole, a common anti-fungal drug. We noted differential regulation in stress response and drug target pathways between C. albicans cells, changes in cell cycle patterns and marked increases in histone activity. These experiments are among the first high throughput single cell RNA-seq on different yeast species and demonstrate mDrop-seq as an affordable, easily implementable, and scalable technique that can quantify the variability in gene expression in different yeast species. We hope that mDrop-seq will lead to better understanding of genetic variation in yeasts in response to stimuli and find immediate applications in investigating drug resistance and infection outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dohn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Back, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selewa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckart, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.06.451338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mDrop-seq: Massively parallel single-cell RNA-seq of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid evolution of the functionally conserved gap gene giant in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental processes in multicellular organisms, and the outcomes they produce, are often evolutionarily conserved. Yet phylogenetic conservation of developmental outcomes is not reflected in functional preservation of the genes regulating these processes, a phenomenon referred to as developmental system drift (1, 2). Little is known about the evolutionary forces producing change in the molecular details of regulatory genes and their networks while preserving development outcomes. Here we address this void in knowledge by systematically swapping the Drosophila melanogaster coding and noncoding regions of the essential gap gene, giant, a key regulator of embryonic pattern formation, with orthologous sequences drawn from both closely and distantly related species within the genus. Employing sensitized genetic complementation assays, the loss of a transgenes ability to restore viability occurs across phylogeny at every interspecific level of comparison and includes both coding and noncoding changes. Epistasis is present as well -- both between coding and noncoding sequences and, in a dramatic example of change-of-sign epistasis, between the only two coding substitutions separating two very closely related species. A continuous process of functional divergence hidden under conserved phylotypic developmental outcomes requires reconsideration of the prevailing view that the essential genes in conserved regulatory networks are protected from the driving forces of evolutionary change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matute, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreitman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.451553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid evolution of the functionally conserved gap gene giant in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Community MRI Collection and Utilities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD), a 10 year longitudinal neuroimaging study of the largest population based and demographically distributed cohort of 9-10 year olds (N=11,877), was designed to overcome reproducibility limitations of prior child mental health studies. Besides the fantastic wealth of research opportunities, the extremely large size of the ABCD data set also creates enormous data storage, processing, and analysis challenges for researchers. To ensure data privacy and safety, researchers are not currently able to share neuroimaging data derivatives through the central repository at the National Data Archive (NDA). However, sharing derived data amongst researchers laterally can powerfully accelerate scientific progress, to ensure the maximum public benefit is derived from the ABCD study. To simultaneously promote collaboration and data safety, we developed the ABCD-BIDS Community Collection (ABCC), which includes both curated processed data and software utilities for further analyses. The ABCC also enables researchers to upload their own custom-processed versions of ABCD data and derivatives for sharing with the research community. This NeuroResource is meant to serve as the companion guide for the ABCC. In section we describe the ABCC. Section II highlights ABCC utilities that help researchers access, share, and analyze ABCD data, while section III provides two exemplar reproducibility analyses using ABCC utilities. We hope that adoption of the ABCCs data-safe, open-science framework will boost access and reproducibility, thus facilitating progress in child and adolescent mental health research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feczko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tervo-Clemens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturgeon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilamovich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermosillo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miranda-Dominguez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebimpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieslak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juliano, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snider, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriartel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapuano, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garavan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldstein Ewing, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dosenbach, N. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.09.451638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Community MRI Collection and Utilities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The functional form of specialized predation dramatically affects whether Janzen-Connell effects can prevent competitive exclusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Janzen Connell Effects (JCEs), specialized predation of seeds and seedlings near conspecific trees, are hypothesized to promote high species richness. While past modeling studies show JCEs can maintain higher diversity than a neutral community, recent theoretical work indicates JCEs may weakly inhibit competitive exclusion when species exhibit interspecific fitness variation. However, recent models make somewhat restrictive assumptions about the functional form of specialized predation - that JCEs occur at a fixed rate when seeds/seedlings are within a fixed distance of a conspecific tree. Using a theoretical model, I show that the functional form of JCEs largely impacts their ability to promote coexistence. If specialized predation pressure increases additively with adult tree density and decays exponentially with distance, JCEs maintain considerably higher diversity than predicted by recent models. Parameterizing the model with values from a Panamanian tree community indicates JCEs can maintain high diversity in communities exhibiting high interspecific fitness variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.10.451901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The functional form of specialized predation dramatically affects whether Janzen-Connell effects can prevent competitive exclusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Making Strides in Doctoral-Level Career Outcomes Reporting: Surveying the Landscape of Classification and Visualization Methodologies and Creating a Crosswalk Tool 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.451657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent movement underscoring the importance of career taxonomies has helped usher in a new era of transparency in PhD career outcomes. The convergence of discipline-specific organizational movements, interdisciplinary collaborations, and federal initiatives have all helped to increase PhD career outcomes tracking and reporting. Transparent and publicly available PhD career outcomes are being used by institutions to attract top applicants, as prospective graduate students are factoring these in when deciding on the program and institution in which to enroll for their PhD studies. Given the increasing trend to track PhD career outcomes, the number of institutional efforts and supporting offices for these studies have increased, as has the variety of methods being used to classify and report/visualize outcomes. This report identifies and summarizes currently available PhD career taxonomy tools, resources, and visualization options to help catalyze and empower institutions to develop and publish their own PhD career outcomes. Similar fields between taxonomies were mapped to create a new crosswalk tool. This work serves as an empirical review of the career outcome tracking systems available and highlights organizations, consortia, and funding agencies that are impacting policy change toward greater transparency in PhD career outcomes reporting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collins, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadoss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankston, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stayart, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson-Hamm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinche, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burghart, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlsen-Bryan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eswara, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasna, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.451657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Making Strides in Doctoral-Level Career Outcomes Reporting: Surveying the Landscape of Classification and Visualization Methodologies and Creating a Crosswalk Tool]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive taxon sampling and vetted fossils help clarify the time tree of shorebirds (Aves, Charadriiformes) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) are a globally distributed clade of modern birds and, due to their ecological and morphological disparity, a frequent subject of comparative studies. While molecular phylogenies have been instrumental to resolving the suprafamilial backbone of the charadriiform tree, several higher-level relationships, including the monophyly of plovers (Charadriidae) and the phylogenetic positions of several monotypic families, have remained unclear. The timescale of shorebird evolution also remains uncertain as a result of extensive disagreements among the published divergence dating studies, stemming largely from different choices of fossil calibrations. Here, we present the most comprehensive non-supertree phylogeny of shorebirds to date, based on a total-evidence dataset comprising 336 ingroup taxa (89% of all extant species), 24 loci (15 mitochondrial and 9 nuclear), and 69 morphological characters. Using this phylogeny, we clarify the charadriiform evolutionary timeline by conducting a node-dating analysis based on a subset of 8 loci tested to be clock-like and 16 carefully selected, updated, and vetted fossil calibrations. Our concatenated, species-tree, and total-evidence analyses consistently support plover monophyly and are generally congruent with the topologies of previous studies, suggesting that the higher-level relationships among shorebirds are largely settled. However, several localized conflicts highlight areas of persistent uncertainty within the gulls (Laridae), true auks (Alcinae), and sandpipers (Scolopacidae). At shallower levels, our phylogenies reveal instances of genus-level nonmonophyly that suggest changes to currently accepted taxonomies. Our node-dating analyses consistently support a mid-Paleocene origin for the Charadriiformes and an early diversification for most major subclades. However, age estimates for more recent divergences vary between different relaxed clock models, and we demonstrate that this variation can affect phylogeny-based macroevolutionary studies. Our findings demonstrate the impact of fossil calibration choice on the resulting divergence time estimates, and the sensitivity of diversification rate analyses to the modeling assumptions made in time tree inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cerny, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natale, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive taxon sampling and vetted fossils help clarify the time tree of shorebirds (Aves, Charadriiformes)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic regulator genes direct lineage switching in MLL-AF4 leukaemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fusion gene MLL-AF4 defines a high-risk subtype of pro-B acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. However, relapse can be associated with a switch from acute lymphoblastic to acute myeloid leukaemia. Here we show that these myeloid relapses share oncogene fusion breakpoints with their matched lymphoid presentations and can originate in either early, multipotent progenitors or committed B-cell precursors. Lineage switching is linked to substantial changes in chromatin accessibility and rewiring of transcriptional programmes indicating that the execution and maintenance of lymphoid lineage differentiation is impaired. We show that this subversion is recurrently associated with the dysregulation of repressive chromatin modifiers, notably the nucleosome remodelling and deacetylation complex, NuRD. In addition to mutations, we show differential expression or alternative splicing of NuRD members and other genes is able to reprogram the B lymphoid into a myeloid gene regulatory network. Lineage switching in MLL-AF4 leukaemia is therefore driven and maintained by defunct epigenetic regulation.

Statement of SignificanceWe demonstrate diverse cellular origins of lineage switched relapse within MLL-AF4 pro-B acute leukaemia. Irrespective of the developmental origin of relapse, dysregulation of NuRD and/or other epigenetic machinery underpins fundamental lineage reprogramming with profound implications for the increasing use of epitope directed therapies in this high-risk leukaemia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tirtakusuma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szoltysek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinev, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ptasinska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakjang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hehir-Kwa, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cauchy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assi, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imperato, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogiatzi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wunderlich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stutterheim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerkalenkova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNeill, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Soria, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordham, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsbury, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becq, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miakova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haniffa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marschalek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cargo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schewe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olshanskaya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thirman, M. J</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic regulator genes direct lineage switching in MLL-AF4 leukaemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Agonism and grooming behavior explain social status effects on physiology and gene regulation in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in social status predicts molecular, physiological, and life history outcomes across a broad range of species, including our own. Experimental studies indicate that some of these relationships persist even when the physical environment is held constant. Here, we draw on data sets from one such study--experimental manipulation of dominance rank in captive female rhesus macaques--to investigate how social status shapes the lived experience of these animals to alter gene regulation, glucocorticoid physiology, and mitochondrial DNA phenotypes. We focus specifically on dominance rank-associated dimensions of the social environment, including both competitive and affiliative interactions. Our results show that simple summaries of rank-associated behavioral interactions are often better predictors of molecular and physiological outcomes than dominance rank itself. However, while measures of immune function are best explained by agonism rates, glucocorticoid-related phenotypes tend to be more closely linked to affiliative behavior. We conclude that dominance rank serves as a useful summary for investigating social environmental effects on downstream outcomes. Nevertheless, the behavioral interactions that define an individuals daily experiences reveal the proximate drivers of social status-related differences, and are especially relevant for understanding why individuals who share the same social status sometimes appear physiologically distinct.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simons, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Agonism and grooming behavior explain social status effects on physiology and gene regulation in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regional cytoarchitecture of the adult and developing mouse enteric nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The enteric nervous system (ENS) populates the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and controls GI function. In contrast to the central nervous system, macrostructure of the ENS has been largely overlooked. Here, we visually and computationally demonstrate that the ENS is organized in circumferential stripes that regionally differ in development and neuronal composition. This characterization provides a blueprint for future understanding of region-specific GI function and identifying ENS structural correlates of GI disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamnett, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dershowitz, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampathkumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Andrade, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druckmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaltschmidt, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regional cytoarchitecture of the adult and developing mouse enteric nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diet modifies allele-specific phenotypes in Drosophila carrying epilepsy-associated PNPO variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyridox(am)ine 5-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6 required for the synthesis of neurotransmitters GABA and monoamines. Pathogenic variants in PNPO have been repeatedly identified in patients with neonatal epileptic encephalopathy and early-onset epilepsy. These patients often exhibit different types of seizures and variable comorbidities, including developmental impairment and intellectual disability. It is unclear how seizure types and associated comorbidities are linked to specific PNPO alleles and to what degree diet can modify their expression. Furthermore, the molecular characteristics of PNPO variants have not been examined in model systems. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated four knock-in Drosophila alleles, hWT, hR116Q, hD33V, and hR95H, in which the endogenous Drosophila PNPO (sugarlethal) was replaced by wild-type human PNPO cDNA and epilepsy-associated variants corresponding to R116Q, D33V, and R95H, respectively. We examined these knock-in flies at the molecular, circuitry, and behavioral levels. Collectively, we found a wide range of phenotypes in an allele- and diet-dependent manner. Specifically, the D33V mutation reduces the mRNA level, R95H reduces the protein stability, and R116Q alters the protein localization of PNPO in the brain. D33V and R95H mutations lead to partial and complete lethality during development, respectively and R116Q and D33V mutations shorten lifespan. At the behavioral level, hD33V/hR95H trans-heterozygous flies are hypoactive on all tested diets whereas hR116Q flies show diet-dependent locomotor activities. At the circuitry level, hD33V homozygotes show rhythmic burst firing and hD33V/hR95H trans-heterozygotes exhibit spontaneous seizure discharges. In hR95H homozygotes rescued with PLP supplementation, we uncovered that PLP deficiency abolishes development and causes extreme seizures in adults. Lastly, genetic and electrophysiological analyses demonstrate that hWT/hR95H heterozygous flies are prone to seizures due to a dominant-negative effect of hR95H on hWT, highlighting the possibility that human R95H carriers may also be susceptible to epilepsy. Together, this study demonstrates that human PNPO variants interact with diet to contribute to phenotypic variations; and that the knock-in Drosophila model offers a powerful approach to systematically examine clinical manifestations and the underlying mechanisms of human PNPO deficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.452889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diet modifies allele-specific phenotypes in Drosophila carrying epilepsy-associated PNPO variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Quantitative Paradigm for Water Assisted Proton Transport Through Proteins and Other Confined Spaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Water assisted proton transport through confined spaces influences many phenomena in biomolecular and nanomaterial systems. In such cases, the water molecules that fluctuate in the confined pathways provide the environment and the medium for the hydrated excess proton migration via Grotthuss shuttling. However, a definitive collective variable (CV) that accurately couples the hydration and the connectivity of the proton wire with the proton translocation has remained elusive. To address this important challenge - and thus to define a new quantitative paradigm for facile proton transport in confined spaces - a CV is derived in this work from graph theory, which is verified to accurately describe water wire formation and breakage coupled to the proton translocation in carbon nanotubes and the Cl-/H+ antiporter protein, ClC-ec1. Significant alterations in the conformations and thermodynamics of water wires are uncovered after introducing an excess proton into them. Large barriers in the proton translocation free energy profiles are found when water wires are defined to be disconnected according to the new CV, even though the pertinent confined space is still reasonably well hydrated and - by the simple measure of the mere existence of a water structure - the proton transport would have been predicted to be facile via that oversimplified measure. In this new paradigm, however, the simple presence of water is not sufficient for inferring proton translocation since an excess proton itself is able to drive hydration and, additionally, the water molecules themselves must be adequately connected to facilitate any successful proton transport.

Significance StatementAs first proposed more than 200 years ago by Grotthuss, proton transport is enabled by a chemical bond-breaking and bond-making proton hopping mechanism through water networks or "wires", often contained within confined systems such as protein channels or nanotubes. Herein, concepts from graph theory are utilized in order to define a new continuously differentiable collective variable (CV) for water wire connectivity and facile proton transport. As such, the water connectivity can be explicitly quantified via free energy sampling, to both qualitatively and quantitatively describe the thermodynamics and kinetics of water-facilitated proton transport via Grotthuss hopping - something that has been lacking since the first conceptual identification of this key chemical process in Nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.452976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Quantitative Paradigm for Water Assisted Proton Transport Through Proteins and Other Confined Spaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary tuning of a key helix drove androgen selectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic and biophysical mechanisms by which new protein functions evolve are central concerns in evolutionary biology and molecular evolution. Despite much speculation, we know little about how protein function evolves. Here, we use ancestral proteins to trace the evolutionary history of ligand recognition in a sub-class of steroid receptors (SRs), an ancient family of ligand-regulated transcription factors that enable long-range cellular communication central to multicellular life. The most ancestral members of this family display promiscuous ligand binding due to their large ligand binding pockets, while more recently evolved SRs tend to have smaller cavities. Less obvious, however, are the forces driving the selectivity of highly similar ligands. A key example is the divergence between the progesterone and androgen receptors (PR, AR), which display a high degree of sequence similarity and yet display differential ligand preferences. This work uses the ancestral steroid receptor 2 (AncSR2), the common ancestor of all 3-ketosteroids and the ancestral androgen receptor 1 (AncAR1), the seminal androgen receptor, to explore the biophysical mechanisms that drove the evolution of androgen specificity. We determine that ligand specificity in androgen receptors is driven by changes in the conformational dynamics of the receptor as well as altered binding pocket interactions, with helix 10 (H10) playing a critical role in tuning ligand specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okafor, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colucci, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cato, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottrill, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hercules, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eick, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortlund, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.21.453223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary tuning of a key helix drove androgen selectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modelling the spatiotemporal spread of beneficial alleles using ancient genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ancient genome sequencing technologies now provide the opportunity to study natural selection in unprecedented detail. Rather than making inferences from indirect footprints left by selection in present-day genomes, we can directly observe whether a given allele was present or absent in a particular region of the world at almost any period of human history within the last 10,000 years. Methods for studying selection using ancient genomes often rely on partitioning individuals into discrete time periods or regions of the world. However, a complete understanding of natural selection requires more nuanced statistical methods which can explicitly model allele frequency changes in a continuum across space and time. Here we introduce a method for inferring the spread of a beneficial allele across a landscape using two-dimensional partial differential equations. Unlike previous approaches, our framework can handle time-stamped ancient samples, as well as genotype likelihoods and pseudohaploid sequences from low-coverage genomes. We apply the method to a panel of published ancient West Eurasian genomes to produce dynamic maps showcasing the inferred spread of candidate beneficial alleles over time and space. We also provide estimates for the strength of selection and diffusion rate for each of these alleles. Finally, we highlight possible avenues of improvement for accurately tracing the spread of beneficial alleles in more complex scenarios.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muktupavela, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ségurel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korneliussen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racimo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.21.453231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modelling the spatiotemporal spread of beneficial alleles using ancient genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.26.453663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CASowary: CRISPR-Cas13 guide RNA predictor for transcript depletion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.26.453663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent discovery of the gene editing system -CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats) associated proteins (Cas), has resulted in its widespread use for improved understanding of a variety of biological systems. Cas13, a lesser studied Cas protein, has been repurposed to allow for efficient and precise editing of RNA molecules. The Cas13 system utilizes base complementarity between a crRNA/sgRNA (crispr RNA or single guide RNA) and a target RNA transcript, to preferentially bind to only the target transcript. Unlike targeting the upstream regulatory regions of protein coding genes on the genome, the transcriptome is significantly more redundant, leading to many transcripts having wide stretches of identical nucleotide sequences. Transcripts also exhibit complex three-dimensional structures and interact with an array of RBPs (RNA Binding Proteins), both of which further limit the scope of effective target sequences. As a result, there currently exists no method to predict whether a specific sgRNA will effectively knockdown a transcript. Here we present a novel machine learning and computational tool, CASowary, to predict the efficacy of a sgRNA. We used publicly available RNA knockdown data from Cas13 characterization experiments for 555 sgRNAs targeting the transcriptome in HEK293 cells, in conjunction with transcriptome-wide protein occupancy information on RNA. Our model utilizes a Decision Tree architecture with a set of 112 sequence and target availability features, to classify sgRNA efficacy into one of four classes, based upon expected level of target transcript knockdown. After accounting for noise in the training data set, the noise-normalized accuracy exceeds 70%. Additionally, highly effective sgRNA predictions have been experimentally validated using an independent RNA targeting Cas system -CIRTS, confirming the robustness and reproducibility of our models sgRNA predictions. Utilizing transcriptome wide protein occupancy map generated using POP-seq in Hela cells against publicly available protein-RNA interaction map in Hek293 cells, we show that CASowary can predict high quality guides for numerous transcripts in a cell line specific manner. Application of CASowary to whole transcriptomes should enable rapid deployment of CRISPR/Cas13 systems, facilitating the development of therapeutic interventions linked with aberrations in RNA regulatory processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krohannon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janga, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.26.453663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CASowary: CRISPR-Cas13 guide RNA predictor for transcript depletion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory computations in the cuneate nucleus of macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWTactile nerve fibers fall into a few classes that can be readily distinguished based on their spatiotemporal response properties. Because nerve fibers reflect local skin deformations, they individually carry ambiguous signals about object features. In contrast, cortical neurons exhibit heterogeneous response properties that reflect computations applied to convergent input from multiple classes of afferents, which confer to them a selectivity for behaviorally relevant features of objects. The conventional view is that these complex response properties arise within the cortex itself, implying that sensory signals are not processed to any significant extent in the two intervening structures - the cuneate nucleus (CN) and the thalamus. To test this hypothesis, we recorded the responses evoked in CN to a battery of stimuli that have been extensively used to characterize tactile coding in both the periphery and cortex, including skin indentations, vibrations, random dot patterns, and scanned edges. We found that CN responses are more similar to their cortical counterparts than they are to their inputs: CN neurons receive input from multiple classes of nerve fibers, they have spatially complex receptive fields, and they exhibit selectivity for object features. Contrary to consensus, then, CN plays a key role in processing tactile information.

SO_SCPLOWIGNIFICANCEC_SCPLOWPerception is the outcome of the sequential processing of sensory signals at multiple stages along the neuraxis. The conventional view is that tactile signals are processed predominantly in the cerebral cortex. We tested this view by investigating the response properties of neurons in the cuneate nucleus (CN), the first potential stage of processing along the primary touch neuraxis. We found that CN responses more nearly resemble those of cortical neurons than they do those of nerve fibers: CN neurons have spatially complex receptive fields reflecting convergent input from multiple classes of nerve fibers and exhibit a selectivity for object features, absent in the nerve. We conclude that CN plays a key, early role in the processing of tactile information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suresh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenspon, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenow, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory computations in the cuneate nucleus of macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Oscillatory Mechanism for Multi-level Storage in Short-term Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oscillatory activity is commonly observed during the maintenance of information in short-term memory, but its role remains unclear. Non-oscillatory models of short-term memory storage are able to encode stimulus identity through their spatial patterns of activity, but are typically limited to either an all-or-none representation of stimulus amplitude or exhibit a biologically implausible exact-tuning condition. Here, we demonstrate a simple phase-locking mechanism by which oscillatory input enables a circuit to generate persistent or sequential activity patterns that encode information not only in their location but also in their discretely graded amplitudes.

SignificanceA core observation in many memory systems and tasks is the presence of oscillations during memory maintenance. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism for the accumulation and storage of information in short-term memory in which oscillatory activity enables a solution to long-standing challenges in modeling the persistent neural activity underlying working memory. These challenges include the ability to encode information with low firing rates, multi-level storage of stimulus amplitude without extreme fine tuning, and multi-level storage of information in sequential activity. Altogether, this work proposes a new class of models for the storage of information in working memory, a new potential role for brain oscillations, and a novel dynamical mechanism for multi-stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Champion, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lankow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ermentrout, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.454329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Oscillatory Mechanism for Multi-level Storage in Short-term Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale dendritic spine extraction and analysis through petascale computing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The synapse is a central player in the nervous system serving as the key structure that permits the relay of electrical and chemical signals from one neuron to another. The anatomy of the synapse contains important information about the signals and the strength of signal it transmits. Because of their small size, however, electron microscopy (EM) is the only method capable of directly visualizing synapse morphology and remains the gold standard for studying synapse morphology. Historically, EM has been limited to small fields of view and often only in 2D, but recent advances in automated serial EM ("connectomics") have enabled collecting large EM volumes that capture significant fractions of neurons and the different classes of synapses they receive (i.e. shaft, spine, soma, axon). However, even with recent advances in automatic segmentation methods, extracting neuronal and synaptic profiles from these connectomics datasets are difficult to scale over large EM volumes. Without methods that speed up automatic segmentation over large volumes, the full potential of utilizing these new EM methods to advance studies related to synapse morphologies will never be fully realized. To solve this problem, we describe our work to leverage Argonne leadership-scale supercomputers for segmentation of a 0.6 terabyte dataset using state of the art machine learning-based segmentation methods on a significant fraction of the 11.69 petaFLOPs supercomputer Theta at Argonne National Laboratory. We describe an iterative pipeline that couples human and machine feedback to produce accurate segmentation results in time frames that will make connectomics a more routine method for exploring how synapse biology changes across a number of biological conditions. Finally, we demonstrate how dendritic spines can be algorithmically extracted from the segmentation dataset for analysis of spine morphologies. Advancing this effort at large compute scale is expected to yield benefits in turnaround time for segmentation of individual datasets, accelerating the path to biology results and providing population-level insight into how thousands of synapses originate from different neurons; we expect to also reap benefits in terms of greater accuracy from the more compute-intensive algorithms these systems enable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wildenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badalamente, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uram, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.454371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale dendritic spine extraction and analysis through petascale computing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal correlates of attentional selectivity and intensity in visual area V4 are invariant of motivational context 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flexibly switching attentional strategies is crucial for adaptive behavior in changing environments. Depending on the context, task demand employs different degrees of the two fundamental components of attention- attentional selectivity (preferentially attending to one location in visual space) and effort (the total non-selective intensity of attention). Neuronal responses in the visual cortex that show modulation with changes in either selective attention or effort are reported to partially represent motivational aspect of the task context. The relative contributions and interactions of these two components of attention to modulate neuronal signals and their sensitivity to distinct motivational drives are poorly understood. To address this question, we independently controlled monkeys spatially selective attention and non-selective attentional intensity in the same experimental session during a novel visual orientation change detection task. Attention was controlled either by adjusting the relative difficulty of the orientation changes at the two locations or by the reward associated with stimuli at two locations while simultaneously recording spikes from populations of neurons in area V4. We found that V4 neurons are robustly modulated by either selective attention or attentional intensity. Notably, as attentional selectivity for a neurons receptive field location decreased, its responses became weaker, despite an increase in the animals overall attentional intensity. This strong interaction between attentional selectivity and intensity could be identified in single trial spike trains. A simple divisive normalization of spatially distributed attention performances can explain the interaction between attention components well at the single neuron level. The effects of attentional selectivity and attentional intensity on neuronal responses were the same regardless of whether the changes were motivated by reward or task difficulty. These results provide a detailed cellular-level mechanism of how fundamental components of attention integrate and affect sensory processing in varying motivational and stimulus contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maunsell, J. H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.454515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal correlates of attentional selectivity and intensity in visual area V4 are invariant of motivational context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.01.454530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adult neuromarkers of sustained attention and working memory predict inter- and intra-individual differences in these processes in youth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.01.454530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sustained attention (SA) and working memory (WM) are critical processes, but the brain networks supporting these abilities in development are unknown. We characterized the functional brain architecture of SA and WM in 9-11-year-old children and adults. First, we found that adult network predictors of SA generalized to predict individual differences and fluctuations in SA in youth. A WM network model predicted WM performance both across and within children--and captured individual differences in later recognition memory--but underperformed in youth relative to adults. We next characterized functional connections differentially related to SA and WM in youth compared to adults. Results revealed two network configurations: a dominant architecture predicting performance in both age groups and a secondary architecture, more prominent for WM than SA, predicting performance in one. Thus, functional connectivity predicts SA and WM in youth, with networks predicting WM changing more from preadolescence to adulthood than those predicting SA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kardan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stier, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas-Inigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruin, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schertz, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakhtakia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tindel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.01.454530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adult neuromarkers of sustained attention and working memory predict inter- and intra-individual differences in these processes in youth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM Structures of Prestin and the Molecular Basis of Outer Hair Cell Electromotility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.06.455374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The voltage-dependent motor protein, Prestin (SLC26A5) is responsible for the electromotive behavior of outer hair cells (OHCs). Here, we determined the structure of dolphin Prestin in six distinct states using single particle cryo-electron microscopy. Structural and functional data suggest that Prestin adopts a unique and complex set of states, tunable by the identity of bound anions. Complexes with the inhibitor salicylate show that it competes for the anion-binding site of Prestin. These conformations reveal a novel mechanism of area expansion that depends on the helix flexibility and conformational transitions at the membrane protein interface and putatively affects the physical state of the surrounding membrane. These observations illuminate the structural basis of Prestin electromotility, a key component of the mammalian cochlear amplifier.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bavi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milewski, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perozo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.06.455374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM Structures of Prestin and the Molecular Basis of Outer Hair Cell Electromotility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.07.455521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DAAM mediates the assembly of long-lived, treadmilling stress fibers in collectively migrating epithelial cells in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.07.455521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress fibers (SFs) are actomyosin bundles commonly found in individually migrating cells in culture. However, whether and how cells use SFs to migrate in vivo or collectively is largely unknown. Studying the collective migration of the follicular epithelial cells in Drosophila, we found that the SFs in these cells show a novel treadmilling behavior that allows them to persist as the cells migrate over multiple cell lengths. Treadmilling SFs grow at their fronts by adding new integrin-based adhesions and actomyosin segments over time. This causes the SFs to have many internal adhesions along their lengths, instead of adhesions only at the ends. The front-forming adhesions remain stationary relative to the substrate and typically disassemble as the cell rear approaches. By contrast, a different type of adhesion forms at the SFs terminus that slides with the cells trailing edge as the actomyosin ahead of it shortens. We further show that SF treadmilling depends on cell movement and identify a developmental switch in the formins that mediate SF assembly, with DAAM acting during migratory stages and Diaphanous acting during post-migratory stages. We propose that treadmilling SFs keep each cell on a linear trajectory, thereby promoting the collective motility required for epithelial migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sherrard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne-Badovinac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.07.455521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DAAM mediates the assembly of long-lived, treadmilling stress fibers in collectively migrating epithelial cells in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noncanonical Notch signals have opposing roles during cardiac development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Notch pathway is an ancient intercellular signaling system with crucial roles in numerous cell-fate decision processes across species. While the canonical pathway is activated by ligand-induced cleavage and nuclear localization of membrane-bound Notch, Notch can also exert its activity in a ligand/transcription-independent fashion, which is conserved in Drosophila, Xenopus, and mammals. However, the noncanonical role remains poorly understood in in vivo processes. Here we show that increased levels of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) in the early mesoderm inhibit heart development, potentially through impaired induction of the second heart field (SHF), independently of the transcriptional effector RBP-J. Similarly, inhibiting Notch cleavage, shown to increase noncanonical Notch activity, suppressed SHF induction in embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived mesodermal cells. In contrast, NICD overexpression in late cardiac progenitor cells lacking RBP-J resulted in an increase in heart size. Our study suggests that noncanonical Notch signaling has stagespecific roles during cardiac development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulistio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyamoto, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tampakakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibino, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uosaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noncanonical Notch signals have opposing roles during cardiac development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.455912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein prediction for trait mapping in diverse populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.455912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically regulated gene expression has helped elucidate the biological mechanisms underlying complex traits. Improved high-throughput technology allows similar interrogation of the genetically regulated proteome for understanding complex trait mechanisms. Here, we used the Trans-omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Multi-omics pilot study, which comprises data from Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), to optimize genetic predictors of the plasma proteome for genetically regulated proteome-wide association studies (PWAS) in diverse populations. We built predictive models for protein abundances using data collected in TOPMed MESA, for which we have measured 1,305 proteins by a SOMAscan assay. We compared predictive models built via elastic net regression to models integrating posterior inclusion probabilities estimated by fine-mapping SNPs prior to elastic net. In order to investigate the transferability of predictive models across ancestries, we built protein prediction models in all four of the TOPMed MESA populations, African American (n=183), Chinese (n=71), European (n=416), and Hispanic/Latino (n=301), as well as in all populations combined. As expected, fine-mapping produced more significant protein prediction models, especially in African ancestries populations, potentially increasing opportunity for discovery. When we tested our TOPMed MESA models in the independent European INTERVAL study, fine-mapping improved cross-ancestries prediction for some proteins. Using GWAS summary statistics from the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study, which comprises ~50,000 Hispanic/Latinos, African Americans, Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Native Americans, we applied S-PrediXcan to perform PWAS for 28 complex traits. The most protein-trait associations were discovered, colocalized, and replicated in large independent GWAS using proteome prediction model training populations with similar ancestries to PAGE. At current training population sample sizes, performance between baseline and fine-mapped protein prediction models in PWAS was similar, highlighting the utility of elastic net. Our predictive models in diverse populations are publicly available for use in proteome mapping methods at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4837328.

Author summaryGene regulation is a critical mechanism underlying complex traits. Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) have helped elucidate potential mechanisms because each association connects a gene rather than a variant to the complex trait. Like genome-wide association studies (GWAS), most TWAS are still conducted exclusively in populations of European ancestry, which misses the opportunity to test the full spectrum of human genetic variation for associations with complex traits. Here, move beyond the transcriptome and because protein measurement assays are growing to allow interrogation of the proteome, we use data from TOPMed MESA to develop genetic predictors of protein abundance in diverse ancestry populations. We compare model-building strategies with the goal of providing the best resource for protein association discovery with available data. We demonstrate how these prediction models can be used to perform proteome-wide association studies (PWAS) in diverse populations. We show the most protein-trait associations were discovered, colocalized, and replicated in independent cohorts using proteome prediction model training populations with similar ancestries to individuals in the GWAS. We shared our protein prediction models and performance statistics publicly to facilitate future proteome mapping studies in diverse populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schubert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geoffroy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregga, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerszten, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Den Berg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papanicolaou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhaylova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.11.455912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein prediction for trait mapping in diverse populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.455951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sub-3 Angstrom cryo-EM structure of RNA enabled by engineered homomeric self-assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.11.455951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many functional RNAs fold into intricate and precise 3D architectures, and high-resolution structures are required to understand their underlying mechanistic principles. However, RNA structural determination is difficult. Herein, we present a nanoarchitectural strategy to enable the efficient single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis of RNA-only structures. This strategy, termed RNA oligomerization-enabled cryo-EM via installing kissing-loops (ROCK), involves the engineering of target RNAs by installing kissing-loop sequences onto functionally nonessential stems for the assembly into closed homomeric nanoarchitectures. Assembly with geometric restraints leads to (1) molecular weight multiplication and (2) structural flexibility mitigation, both beneficial for cryo-EM analysis. Together with construct optimization and symmetry-expansion reconstruction, ROCK yields the cryo-EM reconstruction of the Tetrahymena group I intron at an overall resolution of 2.98 [A] (2.85 [A] resolution for the core domains), enabling the de novo model building of the complete intron RNA including previously unknown peripheral domains. When applied to smaller RNAs, ROCK readily produces modest-resolution maps, revealing the conformational rearrangement of the Azoarcus group I intron and the bound ligand in the FMN riboswitch. Our work unleashes the largely unexplored potential of cryo-EM in RNA structural studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thelot, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccirilli, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.11.455951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sub-3 Angstrom cryo-EM structure of RNA enabled by engineered homomeric self-assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stoney vs. Histed: Quantifying the Spatial Effects of Intracortical Microstimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.12.456091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIntracortical microstimulation (ICMS) is used to map neural circuits and restore lost sensory modalities such as vision, hearing, and somatosensation. The spatial effects of ICMS remain controversial: Stoney and colleagues proposed that the volume of somatic activation increased with stimulation intensity, while Histed et al. suggested activation density, but not somatic activation volume, increases with stimulation intensity.

ObjectiveWe used computational modeling to quantify the spatial effects of ICMS intensity and unify the apparently paradoxical findings of Histed and Stoney.

MethodsWe implemented a biophysically-based computational model of a cortical column comprising neurons with realistic morphology and representative synapses. We quantified the spatial effects of single pulse ICMS, including the radial distance to activated neurons and the density of activated neurons as a function of stimulation intensity.

ResultsAt all amplitudes, the dominant mode of somatic activation was by antidromic propagation to the soma following axonal activation, rather than via trans-synaptic activation. There were no occurrences of direct activation of somata or dendrites. The volume over which antidromic action potentials were initiated grew with stimulation amplitude, while the volume of somatic activations did not. However, the density of somatic activation within the activated volume increased with stimulation amplitude.

ConclusionsThe results resolve the apparent paradox between Stoney and Histeds results by demonstrating that the volume over which action potentials are initiated grows with ICMS amplitude, consistent with Stoney. However, the volume occupied by the activated somata remains approximately constant, while the density of activated neurons within that volume increase, consistent with Histed.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIImplemented a biophysically-based computational model of cortical column comprising cortical neurons with realistic morphology and representative synapses.
C_LIO_LIQuantified the spatial patterns of neural activation by intracortical microstimulation to resolve the paradoxical findings of Stoney et al., 1968 and Histed et al., 2009.
C_LIO_LIThe dominant mode of neural activation near the electrode was direct (i.e., via antidromic propagation from direct activation of the axon) and not trans-synaptic.
C_LIO_LIThe dominant effect of increased ICMS intensity was to increase the density of activated neurons but not the volume of activation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumaravelu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sombeck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.12.456091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stoney vs. Histed: Quantifying the Spatial Effects of Intracortical Microstimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.15.456357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quaternary structure independent folding of voltage-gated ion channel pore domain subunits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.15.456357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Every voltage-gated ion channel (VGIC) superfamily member has an ion conducting pore consisting of four pore domain (PD) subunits that are each built from a common plan comprising an antiparallel transmembrane helix pair, a short, obliquely positioned helix (the pore helix), and selectivity filter. The extent to which this structure, the VGIC-PD fold, relies on the extensive quaternary interactions observed in PD assemblies is unclear. Here, we present crystal structures of three bacterial voltage-gated sodium channel (BacNaO_SCPLOWVC_SCPLOW) pores that adopt a surprising set of non-canonical quaternary structures and yet maintain the native tertiary structure of the PD monomer. This context-independent structural robustness demonstrates that the VGIC-PD fold, the fundamental VGIC structural building block, can adopt its native-like tertiary fold independent of native quaternary interactions. In line with this observation, we find that the VGIC-PD fold is not only present throughout the VGIC superfamily and other channel classes but has homologs in diverse transmembrane and soluble proteins. Characterization of the structures of two synthetic Fabs (sFabs) that recognize the VGIC-PD fold shows that such sFabs can bind purified full-length channels and indicates that non-canonical quaternary PD assemblies can occur in the context of complete VGICs. Together, our data demonstrate that the VGIC-PD structure can fold independently of higher-order assembly interactions and suggest that full-length VGIC PDs can access previously unknown non-canonical quaternary states. These PD properties have deep implications for understanding how the complex quaternary architectures of VGIC superfamily members are achieved and point to possible evolutionary origins of this fundamental VGIC structural element.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arrigoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lolicato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohaim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Findeisen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colleran, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minor, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.15.456357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quaternary structure independent folding of voltage-gated ion channel pore domain subunits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique Characterization of Spatiotemporal Neuronal Network Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroscientific analyses balance between capturing the brains complexity and expressing that complexity in meaningful and understandable ways. Here we present a novel approach that fully characterizes neural network activity and does so by uniquely transforming raw signals into easily interpretable and biologically relevant metrics of network behavior. We first prove that third-order, or triple, correlation describes network activity in its entirety using the triple correlation uniqueness (TCU) theorem. Triple correlation quantifies the relationships among three events separated by spatial and temporal lags, which are triplet motifs. Classifying these motifs by their event sequencing leads to fourteen qualitatively distinct motif classes that embody well-studied network behaviors such as synchrony, feedback, feedforward, convergence, and divergence. Within these motif classes, the summed triple correlations provide novel metrics of network behavior, as well as being inclusive of commonly used analyses. We demonstrate the power of this approach on a range of networks with increasingly obscured signals, from ideal noiseless simulations to noisy experimental data. This approach can be easily applied to any recording modality, so existing neural datasets are ripe for reanalysis. Triple correlation is an accessible signal processing tool with a solid theoretical foundation capable of revealing previously elusive information within recordings of neural networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Drongelen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.16.456546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique Characterization of Spatiotemporal Neuronal Network Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Skin stem cells orchestrate de novo generation of extrathymic regulatory T cells to establish a temporary protective niche during wound healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult stem cells reside in various tissues to govern homeostasis and repair damage. During wound healing, these stem cells must be mobilized to enter the center of the injury where they are exposed to many inflammatory immune cells infiltrating the wounded tissue. While these immune cells are indispensable for preventing infections and clearing dead cells, they can also create a harsh inflammatory environment which could potentially damage the stem cells and prevent their self-renewal and differentiation. Here, using a model of cutaneous wound healing in which hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) repair the wound, we show that, upon migrating into the wound, skin stem cells acquire a strong immune modulatory capacity which allows them to sculpt a temporary immune suppressive niche for self-protection. We reveal that the HFSCs in the wound bed orchestrate extrathymic differentiation of regulatory T (Treg) cells by providing co-stimulation to the woundinfiltrating CD4 effector T cells. In this way, Treg cells can be generated de novo in close proximity to and can intimately protect HFSCs from the collateral damage inflicted by inflammatory neutrophils. This study uncovered a striking inflammatory adaptation capacity unique to adult tissue stem cells which allows them to shape their own immune suppressive niche during wound repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Truong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodside, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Infarinato, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levorse, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasolli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikiy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudensky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.16.456570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Skin stem cells orchestrate de novo generation of extrathymic regulatory T cells to establish a temporary protective niche during wound healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning predicts translation initiation sites in neurologic diseases with expanded repeats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A number of neurologic diseases, including a form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and others associated with expanded nucleotide repeats have an unconventional form of translation called repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation. Repeat protein products accumulate and are hypothesized to contribute to disease pathogenesis. It has been speculated that the repeat regions in the RNA fold into secondary structures in a length-dependent manner, promoting RAN translation. Additionally, nucleotides that flank the repeat region, especially ones closest to the initiation site, are believed to enhance translation initiation. Recently, a machine learning model based on a large number of flanking nucleotides has been proposed for identifying translation initiation sites. However, most likely due to its extensive feature selection and limited training data, the model has diminished predictive power. Here, we overcome this limitation and increase prediction accuracy by a) capturing the effect of nucleotides most critical for translation initiation via feature reduction, b) implementing an alternative machine learning algorithm better suited for limited data, c) building comprehensive and balanced training data (via sampling without replacement) that includes previously unavailable sequences, and, d) splitting ATG and near-cognate translation initiation codon data to train two separate models. We also design a supplementary scoring system to provide an additional prognostic assessment of model predictions. The resultant models have high performance, with 85.00-87.79% accuracy exceeding that of the previously published model by >18%. The models presented here are then used to identify translation initiation sites in genes associated with a number of neurologic repeat expansion disorders. The results confirm a number of experimentally discovered sites of translation initiation upstream of the expanded repeats and predict many sites that are not yet established.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gleason, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghadge, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonobe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roos, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.17.456657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning predicts translation initiation sites in neurologic diseases with expanded repeats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanisms underlying enhanced hemichannel function of a cataract-associated Cx50 mutant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Connexin-50 (Cx50) is among the most frequently mutated genes associated with congenital cataracts. While most of these disease-linked variants cause loss-of-function due to misfolding or aberrant trafficking, others directly alter channel properties. The mechanistic bases for such functional defects are mostly unknown. We investigated the functional and structural properties of a cataract-linked mutant, Cx50T39R (T39R), in the Xenopus oocyte system. T39R exhibited greatly enhanced hemichannel currents with altered voltage-gating properties compared to Cx50 and induced cell death. Co-expression of mutant T39R with wild-type Cx50 (to mimic the heterozygous state) resulted in hemichannel currents whose properties were indistinguishable from those induced by T39R alone, suggesting that the mutant had a dominant effect. Co-expression with Cx46 also produced channels with altered voltage-gating properties, particularly at negative potentials. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the R39 substitution can form multiple electrostatic salt-bridge interactions between neighboring subunits that could stabilize the open-state conformation of the N-terminal domain, while also neutralizing the voltage-sensing residue D3 as well as residue E42 which participates in loop-gating. Together, these results suggest T39R acts as a dominant gain-of-function mutation that produces leaky hemichannels that may cause cytotoxicity in the lens and lead to development of cataracts.

Statement of significanceWe investigated the functional and structural properties of a cataract-linked mutant, Cx50T39R (T39R), in the Xenopus oocyte system and showed that T39R exhibited greatly enhanced hemichannel currents with altered voltage-gating properties compared to Cx50 and induced cell death. Consistent with our experimental findings, all-atom equilibrium state molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of T39R show that R39 stabilized the open-state configuration of the N-terminal (NT) domain from an adjacent subunit. These results suggest that T39R causes disease by preventing the hemichannels from closing when present in the plasma membrane in the undocked state and provide an atomistic rationalization for the Cx50 disease-linked phenotype. They also expand our understanding of how connexin hemichannel channel gating is controlled.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tong, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minogue, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthoud, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichow, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebihara, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanisms underlying enhanced hemichannel function of a cataract-associated Cx50 mutant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ubiquitin modulates 26S proteasome conformational dynamics and promotes substrate degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.18.456915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 26S proteasome is the major ATP-dependent protease in eukaryotic cells, where it catalyzes the degradation of thousands of proteins for general homeostasis and the control of vital processes. It specifically recognizes appropriate substrates through attached ubiquitin chains and uses its ATPase motor for mechanical unfolding and translocation into a proteolytic chamber. Here, we used single-molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) measurements to provide unprecedented insights into the mechanisms of selective substrate engagement, ATP-dependent degradation, and the regulation of these processes by ubiquitin chains. Our assays revealed the proteasome conformational dynamics and allowed monitoring individual substrates as they progress through the central channel during degradation. We found that rapid transitions between engagement- and processing-competent conformations of the proteasome control substrate access to the ATPase motor. Ubiquitin-chain binding functions as an allosteric regulator to slow these transitions, stabilize the engagement-competent state, and facilitate degradation initiation. The global conformational transitions cease upon substrate engagement, and except for apparent motor slips when encountering stably folded domains, the proteasome remains in processing-competent states for substrate translocation and unfolding, which is further accelerated by ubiquitin chains. Our studies revealed the dependence of ATP-dependent substrate degradation on the conformational dynamics of the proteasome and its allosteric regulation by ubiquitin chains, which ensure substrate selectivity and prioritization in a crowded cellular environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Htet, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bard, J. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ubiquitin modulates 26S proteasome conformational dynamics and promotes substrate degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection against admixture and gene regulatory divergence in a long-term primate field study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Admixture has profoundly influenced evolution across the tree of life, including in humans and other primates1,2. However, we have limited insight into the genetic and phenotypic consequences of admixture in primates, especially during its key early stages. Here, we address this gap by combining 50 years of field observations with population and functional genomic data from yellow (Papio cynocephalus) and anubis (P. anubis) baboons in Kenya, in a longitudinally studied population that has experienced both historical and recent admixture3. We use whole-genome sequencing to characterize the extent of the hybrid zone, estimate local ancestry for 442 known individuals, and predict the landscape of introgression across the genome. Despite no major fitness costs to hybrids, we identify signatures of selection against introgression that are strikingly similar to those described for archaic hominins4-6. These signatures are strongest near loci with large ancestry effects on gene expression, supporting the importance of gene regulation in primate evolution and the idea that selection targeted large regulatory effects following archaic hominin admixture7,8. Our results show that genomic data and field observations of hybrids are important and mutually informative. They therefore demonstrate the value of other primates as living models for phenomena that we cannot observe in our own lineage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vilgalys, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mututua, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warutere, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siodi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voyles, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archie, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberts, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.456711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection against admixture and gene regulatory divergence in a long-term primate field study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ReporterSeq reveals genome-wide determinants of proteasome expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is critical for cellular and organismal health. To uncover mechanisms regulating the UPS in normal and stress conditions, we systematically probed the genome of the eukaryotic model system Saccharomyces cerevisiae for modulators of the UPS master regulator Rpn4 under basal and stress conditions using the reverse genetic method ReporterSeq. The top UPS regulators were the thioredoxin reductase Trr1 and proteins of the large ribosomal subunit, both of which had no previously known role in UPS regulation. Unlike all known mechanisms for Rpn4 regulation which regulate Rpn4 levels, we found that Trr1 modulates the molecular activity of Rpn4 and does so in response to oxidative stress. Our work illuminates the genetic landscape through which cells regulate the UPS, and provides insight into how cells combat proteotoxicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Work, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alford, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.456712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ReporterSeq reveals genome-wide determinants of proteasome expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a universal nanobody-binding Fab module for fiducial-assisted cryo- EM studies of membrane proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With conformation-specific nanobodies being used for a wide range of structural, biochemical, and cell biological applications, there is a demand for antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) that specifically and tightly bind these nanobodies without disturbing the nanobody-target protein interaction. Here we describe the development of a synthetic Fab (termed NabFab) that binds the scaffold of an alpaca-derived nanobody with picomolar affinity. We demonstrate that upon CDR grafting onto this parent nanobody scaffold, nanobodies recognizing diverse target proteins and derived from llama or camel can cross-react with NabFab without loss of affinity. Using NabFab as a fiducial and size enhancer (50 kDa), we determined the high-resolution cryo-EM structures of nanobody-bound VcNorM and ScaDMT, both small membrane proteins of ~50 kDa. Using an additional anti-Fab nanobody further facillitated reliable initial 3D structure determination from small cryo-EM test datasets. Given that NabFab is of synthetic origin, humanized, and can be conveniently expressed in E. coli in large amounts, it may not only be useful for structural biology, but also for biomedical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bloch, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filippova, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niederer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steyaert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locher, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.457137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a universal nanobody-binding Fab module for fiducial-assisted cryo- EM studies of membrane proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
proovframe: frameshift-correction for long-read (meta)genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-read sequencing technologies hold big promises for the genomic analysis of complex samples such as microbial communities. Yet, despite improving accuracy, basic gene prediction on long-read data is still often impaired by frameshifts resulting from small indels. Consensus polishing using either complementary short reads or to a lesser extent the long reads themselves can mitigate this effect but requires universally high sequencing depth, which is difficult to achieve in complex samples where the majority of community members are rare. Here we present proovframe, a software implementing an alternative approach to overcome frameshift errors in long-read assemblies and raw long reads. We utilize protein-to-nucleotide alignments against reference databases to pinpoint indels in contigs or reads and correct them by deleting or inserting 1-2 bases, thereby conservatively restoring reading-frame fidelity in aligned regions. Using simulated and real-world benchmark data we show that proovframe performs comparably to short-read-based polishing on assembled data, works well with remote protein homologs, and can even be applied to raw reads directly. Together, our results demonstrate that protein-guided frameshift correction significantly improves the analyzability of long-read data both in combination with and as an alternative to common polishing strategies. Proovframe is available from https://github.com/thackl/proovframe.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hackl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trigodet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biller, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eppley, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLong, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[proovframe: frameshift-correction for long-read (meta)genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A compilation of fecal microbiome shotgun metagenomics from hospitalized patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hospitalized patients receiving hematopoietic cell transplants provide a unique opportunity to study how the human gut microbiome changes in response to perturbations, and how the resulting changes in the microbiome feedback on its living host. We previously compiled a large-scale longitudinal dataset of stool microbiome compositions from these patients and associated metadata1. In that dataset the microbiome analysis was limited to the taxonomic composition of the bacterial population obtained from 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Here, we augment those data with shotgun metagenomic sequences from a nested subset of 395 stool samples. We provide accession numbers that link each sample to the paired-end sequencing files deposited in a public repository, which can be directly accessed by the online services of PATRIC2 to be analyzed without the users having to download or transfer the files. We provide examples that show how shotgun sequencing enriches microbiome analyses beyond the taxonomic composition such as the analysis of gene functions including virulence factors and antibiotic resistances, and the assembly of genomes from metagenomic data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amoretti, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peled, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taur, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perales, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siranosian, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Brink, M. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schluter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A compilation of fecal microbiome shotgun metagenomics from hospitalized patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Scale-Free Gradient of Cognitive Resource Disruptions in Childhood Psychopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Hurst exponent (H) isolated in fractal analyses of neuroimaging time-series is implicated broadly in cognition. The connection between H and the mathematics of criticality makes it a candidate measure of individual differences in cognitive resource allocation. Relationships between H and multiple mental disorders have been detected, suggesting that H is transdiagnostically associated with psychopathology. Here, we demonstrate a gradient of decreased H with increased general psychopathology and attention-deficit/hyperactivity extracted factor scores during a working memory task which predicts concurrent and future working memory performance in 1,839 children. This gradient defines psychological and functional axes which indicate that psychopathology is associated with an imbalance in resource allocation between fronto-parietal and sensory-motor regions, driven by reduced resource allocation to fonto-parietal regions. This suggests the hypothesis that impaired cognitive function associated with psychopathology follows from a reduced cognitive resource pool and a reduction in resources allocated to the task at hand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stier, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas-Iniguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardan, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, F. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahey, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Scale-Free Gradient of Cognitive Resource Disruptions in Childhood Psychopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental Venous Anomalies are a Genetic Primer for Cerebral Cavernous Malformations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) are a neurovascular anomaly that may occur sporadically in otherwise healthy individuals, or be inherited by autosomal dominant mutations in the genes that encode the proteins of the CCM signaling complex (KRIT1, CCM2, or PDCD10)1-4. CCMs have long been known to follow a genetic two-hit model where lesion formation is initiated by somatic mutations resulting in biallelic loss of a CCM complex gene5-8. Recent studies have shown that somatic mutations in MAP3K3 and PIK3CA also contribute to CCM pathogenesis9-11; however, it remains unclear how these mutations contribute to sporadic versus familial cases. Here we show that somatic mutations in MAP3K3 are mutually exclusive with mutations in CCM complex genes and that mutations in MAP3K3 contribute to sporadic, but not familial CCM. Using single-nucleus DNA sequencing, we show that co-occurring MAP3K3 and PIK3CA mutations are present within the same clonal population of cells. Furthermore, we identify PIK3CA mutations in CCM-associated developmental venous anomalies (DVA). It has long been known that sporadic CCM often develop in the vicinity of a DVA. However, the underlying cause of this association is unknown12-14. In this first report of the molecular pathology of CCM-associated DVA, we find that the identical PIKC3A mutation is found in both the DVA and its associated CCM, but that an activating MAP3K3 mutation appears only in the CCM. These results support a mechanism where DVA develop as the result of a PIK3CA mutation, creating a region of the brain vasculature that functions as a genetic primer for CCM development following acquisition of an additional somatic mutation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Snellings, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lightle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchuk, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental Venous Anomalies are a Genetic Primer for Cerebral Cavernous Malformations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid gene evolution in an ancient post-transcriptional and translationalregulatory system compensates for meiotic X chromosomal inactivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is conventionally assumed that conserved pathways evolve slowly with little participation of gene evolution. Nevertheless, it has been recently observed that young genes can take over fundamental functions in essential biological processes, for example, development and reproduction. It is unclear how newly duplicated genes are integrated into ancestral networks and reshape the conserved pathways of important functions. Here, we investigated origination and function of two autosomal genes that evolved recently in Drosophila: Poseidon and Zeus, which were created by RNA-based duplications from the X-linked CAF40, a subunit of the conserved CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex involved in post-transcriptional and translational regulation. Knockdown and knockout assays show that the two genes quickly evolved critically important functions in viability and male fertility. Moreover, our transcriptome analysis demonstrates that the three genes have a broad and distinct effect in the expression of hundreds of genes, with almost half of the differentially expressed genes being perturbed exclusively by one paralog, but not the others. Co-immunoprecipitation and tethering assays show that the CAF40 paralog Poseidon maintains the ability to interact with the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex and might act in post-transcriptional mRNA regulation. The rapid gene evolution in the ancient post-transcriptional and translational regulatory system may be driven by evolution of sex chromosomes to compensate for the meiotic X chromosomal inactivation (MXCI) in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sgromo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izaurralde, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid gene evolution in an ancient post-transcriptional and translationalregulatory system compensates for meiotic X chromosomal inactivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Friend or Foe: Hybrid proline-rich proteins determine how plants interact with and respond to beneficial and pathogenic microbes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant plastids generate signals, including some derived from lipids, that need to be mobilized to effect signaling. We used informatics to discover potential plastid membrane proteins involved in microbial responses. Among these are proteins co-regulated with the systemic immunity component AZI1, a hybrid proline-rich protein (HyPRP) and HyPRP superfamily members. HyPRPs have a transmembrane domain, a proline-rich region (PRR) and a lipid transfer protein domain. The precise subcellular location(s) and function(s) is unknown for most HyPRP family members. As predicted by informatics, a subset of HyPRPs have a pool of protein that targets plastid outer envelope membranes (OEMs) via a mechanism that requires the PRR. Additionally, two HyPRPs may be associated with thylakoid membranes. Most of the plastid and non-plastid localized family members also have pools that localize to endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane or plasmodesmata. HyPRPs with plastid pools regulate, positively or negatively, systemic immunity against the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. HyPRPs also regulate the interaction with the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Pseudomonas simiae WCS417 in the roots to influence colonization, root system architecture and/or biomass. Thus, HyPRPs have broad and distinct roles in immune, development and growth responses to microbes and reside at sites that may facilitate signal molecule transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banday, Z. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecchini, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filzen, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agbo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Friend or Foe: Hybrid proline-rich proteins determine how plants interact with and respond to beneficial and pathogenic microbes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Wide-Field Micro-Computed Tomography Detector: Micron Resolution at Half-centimeter Scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ideal 3-dimensional imaging of many complex samples, such as biological tissues made up of micro-scale structures extending over millimeter- to centimeter-scale tissue samples and organisms, requires both a wide field-of-view and high resolution. With existing optics and detectors used for micro-CT imaging, sub-micron pixel resolution can only be achieved for fields-of-view of <2 mm. This manuscript presents a unique detector system with a 6-mm field-of-view image circle and 0.5 m pixel size that can be used in both synchrotron facilities and tabletop micro-CT units. A resolution-test pattern with linear microstructures and whole adult Daphnia magna were imaged on Beamline 8.3.2 of the Advanced Light Source. Volumes of 10,000 x 10,000 x 7,096 isotropic 0.5 m voxels were reconstructed over a 5.0 x 3.5 mm field-of-view. Measurements in the projection domain confirmed a 1.182 m measured spatial resolution that is largely Nyquist-limited. This unprecedented combination of field-of-view and resolution dramatically reduces the need for sectional scans and computational stitching for large samples, ultimately offering the means to elucidate change in tissue and cellular morphology in the context of larger whole, intact model organisms and specimens. This development is also anticipated to benefit micro-CT imaging in materials science, microelectronics, agricultural science, and biomedical engineering.

SynopsisA custom wide-field lens and a new-generation megapixel camera enabled microCT scanning over a 3.5 x 5 mm field-of-view at a 1 m resolution / 0.5 m pixel size at the Berkeley Lawrence Advanced Light Source using a phantom with micron scale features. This novel combination of resolution and field-of-view will be broadly applicable to any setting in which micron-scale structures need to be characterized comprehensively in 3 dimensions over mm to cm scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yakovlev, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanselow, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaino, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkinson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Wide-Field Micro-Computed Tomography Detector: Micron Resolution at Half-centimeter Scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stereo-specific Lasofoxifene Derivatives Reveal the Interplay between Estrogen Receptor Alpha Stability and Antagonistic Activity in ESR1 Mutant Breast Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.457901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical manipulation of estrogen receptor alpha ligand binding domain structural mobility tunes receptor lifetime and influences breast cancer therapeutic activities. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) extend ER cellular lifetime, accumulation, and are antagonists in the breast and agonists in the uterine epithelium and/or in bone. Selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) reduce ER cellular lifetime/accumulation and are pure antagonists. Activating somatic ESR1 mutations Y537S and D538G enable resistance to first-line endocrine therapies. SERDs have shown significant activities in ESR1 mutant setting while few SERMs have been studied. To understand whether chemical manipulation of ER cellular lifetime and accumulation influences antagonistic activity, we synthesized a series of methylpyrollidine lasofoxifene derivatives that maintained the drugs antagonistic activities while uniquely tuning ER cellular accumulation. These molecules were examined alongside a panel of antiestrogens in live cell assays of ER cellular accumulation, lifetime, SUMOylation, and transcriptional antagonism. High-resolution x-ray crystal structures of WT and Y537S ER ligand binding domain in complex with the methylated lasofoxifene derivatives, SERMs, and SERDs show that molecules that favor a highly buried helix 12 conformation achieve the greatest transcriptional suppression activities. Together these results show that chemical reduction of ER cellular lifetime does not necessarily correlate with transcriptional antagonism in ESR1 mutated breast cancer cells. Importantly, our approach shows how minor chemical additions modulate receptor cellular lifetime while maintaining other activities to achieve desired SERM or SERD profiles.

SIGNIFICANCEThis study shows that antiestrogens that enforce a wild-type-like antagonist conformation demonstrate improved therapeutic activities in hormone-resistant breast cancer cells harboring Y537S and D538G ESR1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hosfield, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suavage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nduwke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cush, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mader, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanning, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.27.457901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stereo-specific Lasofoxifene Derivatives Reveal the Interplay between Estrogen Receptor Alpha Stability and Antagonistic Activity in ESR1 Mutant Breast Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.29.458140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BiomeHorizon: visualizing microbiome time series data in R 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.29.458140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryA key aspect of microbiome research is analysis of longitudinal dynamics using time series data. A method to visualize both the proportional and absolute change in the abundance of multiple taxa across multiple subjects over time is needed. We developed BiomeHorizon, an open-source R package that visualizes longitudinal compositional microbiome data using horizon plots.

Availability and ImplementationBiomeHorizon is available at https://github.com/blekhmanlab/biomehorizon/ and released under the MIT license. A guide with step-by-step instructions for using the package is provided at https://blekhmanlab.github.io/biomehorizon/. The guide also provides code to reproduce all plots in this manuscript.

Contactlgrienei@umn.edu, blekhman@umn.edu, iafink@uchicago.edu

Supplementary informationNone
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fink, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdill, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blekhman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grieneisen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.29.458140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BiomeHorizon: visualizing microbiome time series data in R]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scale Invariance in fNIRS as a Measurement of Cognitive Load 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scale invariant neural dynamics are a relatively new but effective means of measuring changes in brain states as a result of varied cognitive load and task difficulty. This study is the first to test whether scale invariance (as measured by the Hurst exponent, H) can be used with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to quantify cognitive load. We analyzed H extracted from the fNIRS time series while participants completed an N-back working memory task. Consistent with what has been demonstrated in fMRI, the current results showed that scale-invariance analysis significantly differentiated between task and rest periods as calculated from both oxy- (HbO) and deoxy-hemoglobin (HbR) concentration changes. Results from both channel-averaged H and a multivariate partial least squares approach (Task PLS) demonstrated higher H during the 1-back task than the 2-back task. These results were stronger for H derived from HbR than from HbO. As fNIRS is relatively portable and robust to motion-related artifacts, these preliminary results shed light on the promising future of measuring cognitive load in real life settings.

Author SummaryScale invariance reflects a pattern of self-similarity (or fractalness) across a time series of brain data. In human neuroscience studies using EEG and fMRI, higher scale invariance has been associated with individuals being in a state of minimal cognitive effort or while performing a relatively easy task compared to doing something more challenging. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a flexible neuroimaging technique that can be used in naturalistic settings and measures the same underlying biological signal as fMRI. We expected that, if scale invariant brain states are indeed robust indicators of cognitive load or task difficulty, we should be able to replicate previous findings in fNIRS. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that more scale invariant brain states are indeed associated with less cognitively demanding and more restful brain states in fNIRS data. This finding opens up a wide array of potential applications for monitoring cognitive load and fatigue in real-life settings, such as during driving, learning in schools, or during interpersonal interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meidenbauer, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stier, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas-Iniguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huppert, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scale Invariance in fNIRS as a Measurement of Cognitive Load]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The chromatin organization of a chlorarachniophyte nucleomorph genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleomoprhs are remnants of secondary endosymbiotic events between two eukaryote cells wherein the endosymbiont has retained its eukaryotic nucleus. Nucleomorphs have evolved at least twice independently, in chlorarachniophytes and cryptophytes, yet they have converged on a remarkably similar genomic architecture, characterized by the most extreme compression and miniaturization among all known eukaryotic genomes. Previous computational studies have suggested that nucleomorph chromatin likely exhibits a number of divergent features. In this work, we provide the first maps of open chromatin, active transcription, and three-dimensional organization for the nucleomorph genome of the chlorarachniophyte Bigelowiella natans. We find that the B. natans nucleomorph genome exists in a highly accessible state, akin to that of ribosomal DNA in some other eukaryotes, and that it is highly transcribed over its entire length, with few signs of polymerase pausing at transcription start sites (TSSs). At the same time, most nucleomorph TSSs show very strong nucleosome positioning. Chromosome conformation (Hi-C) maps reveal that nucleomorph chromosomes interact with one other at their telomeric regions, and show the relative contact frequencies between the multiple genomic compartments of distinct origin that B. natans cells contain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marinov, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The chromatin organization of a chlorarachniophyte nucleomorph genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.455707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidating the neural mechanisms of Learning-to-Learn 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.455707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning-to-learn, a progressive speedup of learning while solving a series of similar problems, represents a core process of knowledge acquisition that draws attention in both neuroscience and artificial intelligence. To investigate its underlying brain mechanism, we trained a recurrent neural network model on arbitrary sensorimotor mappings known to depend on the prefrontal cortex. The network displayed an exponential time course of accelerated learning. The neural substrate of a schema emerges within a low-dimensional subspace of population activity; its reuse in new problems facilitates learning by limiting connection weight changes. Our work highlights the weight-driven modifications of the vector field, which determines the population trajectory of a recurrent network and behavior. Such plasticity is especially important for preserving and reusing the learnt schema in spite of undesirable changes of the vector field due to the transition to learning a new problem; the accumulated changes across problems account for the learning-to-learn dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goudar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peysakhovich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buffalo, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.02.455707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidating the neural mechanisms of Learning-to-Learn]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.458676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High lineage survivorship across the end-Devonian Mass Extinction suggested by a remarkable new Late Devonian actinopterygian 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.458676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A mass extinction at the end of the Devonian is thought to have had a major influence on the evolution of actinopterygians (ray-finned fishes), which comprise half of living vertebrates. This extinction appears to have acted as a bottleneck, paring the early diversity of the group to a handful of survivors. Coupled with increases in taxonomic and morphological diversity in the Carboniferous, this contributes to a model of explosive post-extinction radiation. However, most actinopterygians from within a ~20-million-year (Myr) window surrounding the extinction remain poorly known, contributing to uncertainty about these patterns. An exceptionally preserved fossil of a diminutive fish from 7 Myr before the extinction reveals unexpected anatomical features that suggest a very different story. This new fossil nests within a clade of post-Devonian species and, in an expanded phylogenetic analysis, draws multiple lineages of Carboniferous actinopterygians into the Devonian. This suggests cryptic but extensive lineage diversification in the latest Devonian, followed by more conspicuous feeding and locomotor structure diversification in the Carboniferous. Our revised model matches more complex patterns of divergence, survival, and diversification around the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary in other vertebrate clades. It also fundamentally recalibrates the onset of diversification early in the history of this major radiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feilich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.02.458676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High lineage survivorship across the end-Devonian Mass Extinction suggested by a remarkable new Late Devonian actinopterygian]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In lupus nephritis, specific in situ inflammatory states are associated with refractory disease and progression to renal failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In human lupus nephritis (LN), tubulointerstitial inflammation (TII) on biopsy predicts progression to end stage renal disease (ESRD). However, while approximately half of patients with moderate or severe TII develop ESRD, half do not. Therefore, we hypothesized that TII is heterogeneous, with distinct inflammatory states associated with different renal outcomes. We interrogated renal biopsies from LN longitudinal and cross-sectional cohorts using both conventional and highly multiplexed confocal microscopy. To accurately segment cells across whole biopsies, and to understand their spatial relationships, we developed unique computational pipelines by training and implementing several deep learning models and other computer vision techniques. Surprisingly, across biopsies, high B cell densities were strongly associated with protection from ESRD. In contrast, elevated CD4-T cell population densities, which included CD8, {gamma}{delta} and double negative (CD4-CD8-{delta}-, DN) T cells, were associated with both acute refractory renal failure and gradual progression to ESRD. Interestingly, lymphocytes and dendritic cells were organized into discrete clusters or neighborhoods that could be characterized by the enrichment for specific cell populations. B cells were often organized into large neighborhoods with CD4+ T cells including T follicular helper-like cells. In contrast, the CD4-T cell populations formed small cellular neighborhoods whose frequency predicted subsequent progression to ESRD. These data reveal that in LN, specific in situ inflammatory states are associated with refractory disease and progression to ESRD.

One sentence summaryUsing deep machine learning to analyze confocal microscopy data, we demonstrate that in lupus nephritis, CD4-T cell populations, including CD8+ and {gamma}{delta} T cells, organize into specific spatial neighborhoods that predict progression to renal failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abraham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durkee, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veselits, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oshinsky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peninger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In lupus nephritis, specific in situ inflammatory states are associated with refractory disease and progression to renal failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly formation is stabilized by Parvalbumin neurons and accelerated by Somatostatin neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning entails preserving the features of the external world in the neuronal representations of the brain, and manifests itself in the form of strengthened interactions between neurons within assemblies. Hebbian synaptic plasticity is thought to be one mechanism by which correlations in spiking promote assembly formation during learning. While spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) rules for excitatory synapses have been well characterized, inhibitory STDP rules remain incomplete, particularly with respect to sub-classes of inhibitory interneurons. Here, we report that in layer 2/3 of the orbitofrontal cortex of mice, inhibition from parvalbumin (PV) interneurons onto excitatory (E) neurons follows a symmetric STDP function and mediates homeostasis in E-neuron firing rates. However, inhibition from somatostatin (SOM) interneurons follows an asymmetric, Hebbian STDP rule. We incorporate these findings in both large scale simulations and mean-field models to investigate how these differences in plasticity impact network dynamics and assembly formation. We find that plasticity of SOM inhibition builds lateral inhibitory connections and increases competition between assemblies. This is reflected in amplified correlations between neurons within assembly and anti-correlations between assemblies. An additional finding is that the emergence of tuned PV inhibition depends on the interaction between SOM and PV STDP rules. Altogether, we show that incorporation of differential inhibitory STDP rules promotes assembly formation through competition, while enhanced inhibition both within and between assemblies protects new representations from degradation after the training input is removed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lagzi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canto Bustos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oswald, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.06.459211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly formation is stabilized by Parvalbumin neurons and accelerated by Somatostatin neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale Simulation of an Influenza A M2 Channel Mutant Reveals Key Features of Its Markedly Different Proton Transport Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.459301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The influenza A M2 channel, a prototype for the viroporin class of viral channels, is an acid-activated viroporin that conducts protons across the viral membrane, a critical step in the viral life cycle. As the protons enter from the viral exterior, four central His37 residues control the channel activation by binding subsequent protons, which opens the Trp41 gate and allows proton flux to the viral interior. Asp44 is essential for maintaining the Trp41 gate in a closed state at high pH, which results in asymmetric conduction. The prevalent D44N mutant disrupts this gate and opens the C-terminal end of the channel, resulting in overall increased conduction in the physiologically relevant pH range and a loss of this asymmetric conduction. Here, we use extensive Multiscale Reactive Molecular Dynamics (MS-RMD) and Quantum Mechanics/Molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations with an explicit, reactive excess proton to calculate the free energy of proton transport in the M2 mutant and to study the dynamic molecular-level behavior of D44N M2. We find that this mutation significantly lowers the barrier of His37 deprotonation in the activated state and shifts the barrier for entry up to the Val27 tetrad. These free energy changes are reflected in structural shifts. Additionally, we show that the increased hydration around the His37 tetrad diminishes the effect of the His37 charge on the channels water structure, facilitating proton transport and enabling activation from the viral interior. Altogether, this work provides key insight into the fundamental characteristics of PT in WT M2 and how the D44N mutation alters this PT mechanism, and it expands our understanding of the role of emergent mutations in viroporins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watkins, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGrado, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.459301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale Simulation of an Influenza A M2 Channel Mutant Reveals Key Features of Its Markedly Different Proton Transport Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Digital Spatial Profiling of Collapsing Glomerulopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.08.459502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collapsing glomerulopathy is a histologically distinct variant of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis that presents with heavy proteinuria and portends a poor prognosis. Collapsing glomerulopathy can be triggered by viral infections such as HIV and SARS-CoV-2. Transcriptional profiling of collapsing glomerulopathy lesions is difficult since only a few glomeruli may exhibit this histology within a kidney biopsy and the mechanisms driving this heterogeneity are unknown. Therefore, we used recently developed digital spatial profiling (DSP) technology which permits quantification of mRNA at the level of individual glomeruli. Using DSP, we profiled 1,852 transcripts in glomeruli from HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with biopsy confirmed collapsing glomerulopathy. The increased resolution of DSP uncovered heterogeneity in glomerular transcriptional profiles that were missed in early laser capture microdissection studies of pooled glomeruli. Focused validation using immunohistochemistry and RNA in situ hybridization showed good concordance with DSP results. Therefore, DSP represents a powerful method to dissect transcriptional programs of pathologically discernible kidney lesions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriksen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicosia, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpers, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akilesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.08.459502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Digital Spatial Profiling of Collapsing Glomerulopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.09.458948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Re-evaluating the role of nucleosomal bivalency in early development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.09.458948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleosomes, composed of DNA and histone proteins, represent the fundamental repeating unit of the eukaryotic genome1; posttranslational modifications of these histone proteins influence the activity of the associated genomic regions to regulate cell identity2-4. Traditionally, trimethylation of histone 3-lysine 4 (H3K4me3) is associated with transcriptional initiation5-10, whereas trimethylation of H3K27 (H3K27me3) is considered transcriptionally repressive11-15. The apparent juxtaposition of these opposing marks, termed "bivalent domains"16-18, was proposed to specifically demarcate of small set transcriptionally-poised lineage-commitment genes that resolve to one constituent modification through differentiation, thereby determining transcriptional status19-22. Since then, many thousands of studies have canonized the bivalency model as a chromatin hallmark of development in many cell types. However, these conclusions are largely based on chromatin immunoprecipitations (ChIP) with significant methodological problems hampering their interpretation. Absent direct quantitative measurements, it has been difficult to evaluate the strength of the bivalency model. Here, we present reICeChIP, a calibrated sequential ChIP method to quantitatively measure H3K4me3/H3K27me3 bivalency genome-wide, addressing the limitations of prior measurements. With reICeChIP, we profile bivalency through the differentiation paradigm that first established this model16,18: from naive mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) into neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs). Our results cast doubt on every aspect of the bivalency model; in this context, we find that bivalency is widespread, does not resolve with differentiation, and is neither sensitive nor specific for identifying poised developmental genes or gene expression status more broadly. Our findings caution against interpreting bivalent domains as specific markers of developmentally poised genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzybowski, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hattori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechner, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koide, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fierz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruthenburg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.09.458948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Re-evaluating the role of nucleosomal bivalency in early development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.09.459267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical dopamine reduces the impact of motivational biases governing automated behaviour 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.09.459267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motivations shape our behaviour: the promise of reward invigorates, while in the face of punishment, we hold back. Abnormalities of motivational processing are implicated in clinical disorders characterised by excessive habits and loss of top-down control, notably substance and behavioural addictions. Striatal and frontal dopamine have been hypothesised to play complementary roles in the respective generation and control of these motivational biases. However, while dopaminergic interventions have indeed been found to modulate motivational biases, these previous pharmacological studies used regionally non-selective pharmacological agents. Here, we tested the hypothesis that frontal dopamine controls the balance between Pavlovian, bias-driven automated responding and instrumentally learned action values. Specifically, we examined whether selective enhancement of cortical dopamine either (i) enables adaptive suppression of Pavlovian control when biases are maladaptive; or (ii) non-specifically modulates the degree of bias-driven automated responding. Healthy individuals (n=35) received the catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor tolcapone in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design, and completed a motivational Go NoGo task known to elicit motivational biases. In support of hypothesis (ii), tolcapone globally decreased motivational bias. Specifically, tolcapone improved performance on trials where the bias was unhelpful, but impaired performance in bias-congruent conditions. These results indicate a non-selective role for cortical dopamine in the regulation of motivational processes underpinning top-down control over automated behaviour. The findings have direct relevance to understanding neurobiological mechanisms underpinning addiction and obsessive-compulsive disorders, as well as highlighting a potential trans-diagnostic novel mechanism to address such symptoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scholz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rostami Kandroodi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Algermissen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christmas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Ouden, H. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.09.459267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical dopamine reduces the impact of motivational biases governing automated behaviour]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.09.459647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A curved manifold orients rotational dynamics in motor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.09.459647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During reaching, neurons in motor cortex exhibit complex, time-varying activity patterns. Though single-neuron activity correlates with movement parameters, movement correlations explain neural activity only partially. Neural responses also reflect population-level dynamics thought to generate outputs. These dynamics have previously been described as "rotational", such that activity orbits in neural state space. Here, we find two essential features previously missed. First, the planes in which rotations occur differ for different reaches. Second, this variation in planes reflects the overall location of activity in neural state space. Our "location-dependent rotations" model fits nearly all motor cortex activity during reaching and enables higher-quality decoding of reach kinematics from single-trial spiking. Varying rotational planes allows motor cortex to more simply produce richer outputs than possible under previous models. Finally, our model links representational and dynamical ideas: a representation-like signal is present as the state space location, which dynamics then convert into time-varying command signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.09.459647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A curved manifold orients rotational dynamics in motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proton Coupling and the Multiscale Kinetic Mechanism of a Peptide Transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proton coupled peptide transporters (POTs) are crucial for the uptake of di- and tri-peptides as well as drug and pro-drug molecules in prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells. We illustrate from multiscale modeling how transmembrane proton flux couples within a POT protein to drive essential steps of the full functional cycle: 1) protonation of a glutamate on transmembrane helix (TM) 7 opens the extracellular gate, allowing ligand entry; 2) inward proton flow induces the cytosolic release of ligand by varying the protonation state of a second conserved glutamate on TM10; 3) proton movement between TM7 and TM10 is thermodynamically driven and kinetically permissible via water proton shuttling without the participation of ligand. Our results, for the first time, give direct computational confirmation for the alternating access model of POTs, and point to a quantitative multiscale kinetic picture of the functioning protein mechanism.

SIGNIFICANCEProton-coupled peptide transporters (POTs) utilize transmembrane proton gradient to deliver small peptides and peptide-like drug molecules into cells. Despite extensive biochemical and structural studies, major question regarding protonation-induced shift from inward-facing state to outward-facing state remains obscure. Here, we report direct evidence through multiscale simulations that the extracellular salt bridge controls the outward-open conformational transition of POTs, and how proton influx through POTs couples ligand transport. The computational modeling also suggests a multiscale kinetic mechanism of POTs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newstead, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proton Coupling and the Multiscale Kinetic Mechanism of a Peptide Transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association mapping within a single Arabidopsis thaliana population reveals a richer genetic architecture for defensive metabolite diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A paradoxical finding from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in plants is that variation in metabolite profiles typically maps to a small number of loci, despite the complexity of underlying biosynthetic pathways. This discrepancy may partially arise from limitations presented by geographically diverse mapping panels. Properties of metabolic pathways that impede GWAS by diluting the additive effect of a causal variant, such as allelic and genic heterogeneity and epistasis, would be expected to increase in severity with the geographic range of the mapping panel. We hypothesized that a population from a single locality would reveal an expanded set of associated loci. We tested this in a French Arabidopsis thaliana population (< 1 km transect) by profiling and conducting GWAS for glucosinolates, a suite of defensive metabolites that have been studied in depth through functional and genetic mapping approaches. For two distinct classes of glucosinolates, we discovered more associations at biosynthetic loci than previous GWAS with continental-scale mapping panels. Candidate genes underlying novel associations were supported by concordance between their observed effects in the TOU-A population and previous functional genetic and biochemical characterization. Local populations complement geographically diverse mapping panels to reveal a more complete genetic architecture for metabolic traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergnol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurin, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.460136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association mapping within a single Arabidopsis thaliana population reveals a richer genetic architecture for defensive metabolite diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and classification of cis-regulatory elements in the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.460328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging research organisms enable the study of biology that cannot be addressed using classical "model" organisms. The development of new data resources can accelerate research in such animals. Here, we present new functional genomic resources for the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis, facilitating the exploration of gene regulatory evolution using this emerging research organism. We use Omni-ATAC-Seq, an improved form of the Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin coupled with next-generation sequencing (ATAC-Seq), to identify accessible chromatin genome-wide across a broad time course of Parhyale embryonic development. This time course encompasses many major morphological events, including segmentation, body regionalization, gut morphogenesis, and limb development. In addition, we use short- and long-read RNA-Seq to generate an improved Parhyale genome annotation, enabling deeper classification of identified regulatory elements. We discover differential accessibility, predict nucleosome positioning, infer transcription factor binding, cluster peaks based on accessibility dynamics, classify biological functions, and correlate gene expression with accessibility. Using a Minos transposase reporter system, we demonstrate the potential to identify novel regulatory elements using this approach, including distal regulatory elements. This work provides a platform for the identification of novel developmental regulatory elements in Parhyale, and offers a framework for performing such experiments in other emerging research organisms.

Primary Findings- Omni-ATAC-Seq identifies cis-regulatory elements genome-wide during crustacean embryogenesis
- Combined short- and long-read RNA-Seq improves the Parhyale genome annotation
- ImpulseDE2 analysis identifies dynamically regulated candidate regulatory elements
- NucleoATAC and HINT-ATAC enable inference of nucleosome occupancy and transcription factor binding
- Fuzzy clustering reveals peaks with distinct accessibility and chromatin dynamics
- Integration of accessibility and gene expression reveals possible enhancers and repressors
- Omni-ATAC can identify known and novel regulatory elements




O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=196 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/460328v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.16.460328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and classification of cis-regulatory elements in the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Top2a promotes the development of social behavior via PRC2 and H3K27me3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human infants exhibit innate social behaviors at birth, yet little is understood about the embryonic development of sociality. We screened 1120 known drugs and found that embryonic inhibition of topoisomerase II (Top2a) resulted in lasting social deficits in zebrafish. In mice, prenatal Top2 inhibition caused behavioral defects related to core symptoms of autism, including impairments in social interaction and communication. Mutation of Top2a in zebrafish caused downregulation of a set of genes highly enriched for genes associated with autism in humans. Both the Top2a-regulated and autism-associated gene sets possess binding sites for polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), a regulatory complex responsible for H3K27 trimethylation. Moreover, both gene sets are highly enriched for H3K27me3. Inhibition of PRC2 component Ezh2 rescued social deficits caused by Top2 inhibition. Therefore, Top2a is a key component of an evolutionarily conserved pathway that promotes the development of social behavior through PRC2 and H3K27me3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godar, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluimer, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nath, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, J.-R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.461107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Top2a promotes the development of social behavior via PRC2 and H3K27me3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global Epigenetic Analysis Reveals H3K27 Methylation as a Mediator of Double Strand Break Repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of cancer patients is treated with ionizing radiation (IR), a relatively safe and effective treatment considered to target tumors by inducing DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Despite clinical interest in increasing the efficacy of IR by preventing successful DSB repair, few effective radio-adjuvant therapies exist. Extensive literature suggests that chromatin modifiers play a role in the DSB repair and thus may represent a novel class of radiosensitizers. Indeed, chromatin has both local and global impacts on DSB formation, recognition of breaks, checkpoint signaling, recruitment of repair factors, and timely DSB resolution, suggesting that epigenetic deregulation in cancer may impact the efficacy of radiotherapy. Here, using tandem mass spectrometry proteomics to analyze global patterns of histone modification in MCF7 breast cancer cells following IR exposure, we find significant and long-lasting changes to the epigenome. Our results confirm that H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), best known for mediating gene repression and regulating cell fate, increases after IR. H3K27me3 changes rapidly, accumulating at sites of DNA damage. Inhibitors of the Polycomb related complex subunit and H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2 confirm that H3K27me3 is necessary for DNA damage recognition and cell survival after IR. These studies provide an argument for evaluating EZH2 as a radiosensitization target and H3K27me3 as a marker for radiation response in cancer. Proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD019388.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lutze, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgeher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kron, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.461136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global Epigenetic Analysis Reveals H3K27 Methylation as a Mediator of Double Strand Break Repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461259v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic score accuracy in ancient samples: quantifying the effects of allelic turnover 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461259v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic scores link the genotypes of ancient individuals to their phenotypes, which are often unobservable, offering a tantalizing opportunity to reconstruct complex trait evolution. In practice, however, interpretation of ancient polygenic scores is subject to numerous assumptions. For one, the genome-wide association (GWA) studies from which polygenic scores are derived, can only estimate effect sizes for loci segregating in contemporary populations. Therefore, a GWA study may not correctly identify all loci relevant to trait variation in the ancient population. In addition, the frequencies of trait-associated loci may have changed in the intervening years. Here, we devise a theoretical framework to quantify the effect of this allelic turnover on the statistical properties of polygenic scores as functions of population genetic dynamics, trait architecture, power to detect significant loci, and the age of the ancient sample. We model the allele frequencies of loci underlying trait variation using the Wright-Fisher diffusion, and employ the spectral representation of its transition density to find analytical expressions for several error metrics, including the correlation between an ancient individuals polygenic score and true phenotype, referred to as polygenic score accuracy. Our theory also applies to a two-population scenario and demonstrates that allelic turnover alone may explain a substantial percentage of the reduced accuracy observed in cross-population predictions, akin to those performed in human genetics. Finally, we use simulations to explore the effects of recent directional selection, a bias-inducing process, on the statistics of interest. We find that even in the presence of bias, weak selection induces minimal deviations from our neutral expectations for the decay of polygenic score accuracy. By quantifying the limitations of polygenic scores in an explicit evolutionary context, our work lays the foundation for the development of more sophisticated statistical procedures to analyze both temporally and geographically resolved polygenic scores.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinruecken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.21.461259</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic score accuracy in ancient samples: quantifying the effects of allelic turnover]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.459429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosomal instability mediates immune exclusion and response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in colorectal liver metastases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.459429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genomic drivers of immune exclusion in colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM) remain poorly understood. Chromosomal instability (CIN), resulting in aneuploidy and genomic rearrangements, is the central pathway of mismatch repair-proficient colorectal cancer pathogenesis; however, it is unknown whether CIN impacts the outcomes of patients with limited spread of CRCLM treated with curative intent cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgery. Herein, we examined the relationship between CIN and the molecular subtypes of CRCLM, immune signaling, treatment sensitivity, and patient outcomes in three independent CRCLM patient cohorts. We established that a previously developed 70-gene CIN signature (CIN70) is a reliable measure of CIN, encompassing features of both aneuploidy and cellular proliferation. We demonstrated that tumors with the canonical subtype of CRCLM exhibit elevated levels of CIN and aneuploidy. Genomically unstable tumors were associated with an immune-depleted tumor microenvironment, and patients with genomically unstable tumors were at increased risk for disease progression in adverse metastatic sites, resulting in poor progression-free and overall survival. However, high-CIN tumors were particularly susceptible to DNA-damaging chemotherapies, including topoisomerase inhibitors, as well as radiation therapy. Treatment with genotoxic agents depleted CIN-rich cell populations, which resulted in a concomitant increase in intratumoral CD8+ T-cells in patients with primary rectal, breast, and bladder cancer. Taken together, we propose a mechanistic explanation for why cytotoxic chemotherapy can augment anti-tumor immunity and improve outcomes in patients with genomically unstable cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spurr, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridgewater, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Primrose, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maughan, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Angelica, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talamonti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connell, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weichselbaum, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitroda, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.459429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosomal instability mediates immune exclusion and response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in colorectal liver metastases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signatures of visuospatial information foraging during learning of complex environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the real world, making sequences of decisions to achieve goals often depends upon the ability to learn aspects of the environment that are not directly perceptible. Learning these so-called latent features requires seeking information about them, a process distinct from learning about near-term reward contingencies. Prior efforts to study latent feature learning often use single decisions, use few features, and fail to distinguish between reward-seeking and informationseeking. To overcome this, we designed a task in which humans and monkeys made a series of choices to search for shapes hidden on a grid. Reward and information outcomes from uncovering parts of shapes were not perfectly correlated and their effects could be disentangled. Members of both species adeptly learned the shapes and preferred to select informative tiles earlier in trials than rewarding ones, searching a part of the grid until their outcomes dropped below the average information outcome-a pattern consistent with foraging behavior. In addition, how quickly humans learned the shapes was predicted by how well their choice sequences matched the foraging pattern. This adaptive search for information may underlie the ability in humans and monkeys to learn latent features to support goal-directed behavior in the long run.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barack, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakkour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salzman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signatures of visuospatial information foraging during learning of complex environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A different mechanism of C-type inactivation in the Kv-like KcsA mutant E71V 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A large class of K+ channels display a time-dependent phenomenon called C-type inactivation whereby prolonged activation by an external stimulus leads to a non-conductive conformation of the selectivity filter. C-type inactivation is of great physiological importance particularly in voltage-activated K+ channels (Kv), affecting the firing patterns of neurons and shaping cardiac action potentials. While understanding the molecular basis of inactivation has a direct impact on human health, its structural basis remains unresolved. Knowledge about C-type inactivation has been largely deduced from the pH-activated bacterial K+ channel KcsA, whose selectivity filter under inactivating conditions adopts a constricted conformation at the level of the central glycine (TTVGYGD) that is stabilized by tightly bound water molecules. However, C-type inactivation is highly sensitive to the molecular environment surrounding the selectivity filter in the pore domain, which is different in Kv channels than in the model KcsA. In particular, a glutamic acid residue at position 71 along the pore helix in KcsA is consistently substituted by a nonpolar valine in most Kv channels, suggesting that this side chain is an important molecular determinant of function. Here, a combination of X-ray crystallography, solid-state NMR and molecular dynamics simulations of the E71V mutant of KcsA is undertaken to explore the features associated with this Kv-like construct. In both X-ray and ssNMR data, it is observed that the filter of the Kv-like KcsA mutant does not adopt the familiar constricted conformation under inactivating conditions. Rather, the filter appears to adopt a conformation that is slightly narrowed and rigidified over its entire length. No structural inactivation water molecules are present. On the other hand, molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the familiar constricted conformation can nonetheless be stably established in the mutant channel. Together, these findings suggest that the Kv-like E71V mutation in the KcsA channel may be associated with different modes of C-type inactivation, showing that distinct selectivity filter environments entail distinct C-type inactivation mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rohaim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeulen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kummerer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Napoli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blachowicz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medeiros-Silva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weingarth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A different mechanism of C-type inactivation in the Kv-like KcsA mutant E71V]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mosquito microbiome includes habitat-specific but rare symbionts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities are known to influence mosquito lifestyles by modifying essential metabolic and behavioral processes that affect reproduction, development, immunity, digestion, egg survival, and ability to transmit pathogens. Many studies have used 16S rRNA gene amplicons to characterize mosquito microbiota and investigate factors that influence host-microbiota dynamics. However, a relatively low taxonomic resolution due to clustering methods based on arbitrary threshold and the overall dominance of Wolbachia or Asaia populations obscured the investigation of rare members of mosquito microbiota in previous studies. Here, we used high resolution Shannon entropy-based oligotyping approaches to analyze the microbiota of Culex pipiens, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes individuals from continental and overseas regions in Southern France and Guadeloupe as well as from laboratories with or without antibiotics treatment. Our experimental design that resulted in a series of mosquito samples with a gradient of Wolbachia density and relative abundance along with high-resolution analyses of amplicon sequences enabled the recovery of a robust signal from typically less accessible bacterial taxa. Our data confirm species-specific mosquito-bacteria associations with geography as a primary factor that influences bacterial community structure. But interestingly, they also reveal co-occurring symbiotic bacterial variants within single individuals for both Elizabethkingia and Erwinia genera, distinct and specific Asaia and Chryseobacterium in continental and overseas territories and a putative rare Wolbachia variant. Overall, our study reveals the presence of previously-overlooked microdiversity and multiple closely related symbiotic strains within mosquito individuals with a remarkable habitat-specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schrieke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maignien, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constancias, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trigodet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakloute, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakotoarivony, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>L'Ambert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makoundou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pages, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sicard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reveillaud, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.24.461628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mosquito microbiome includes habitat-specific but rare symbionts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topological insights into the neural basis of flexible behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.24.461717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is widely accepted that there is an inextricable link between neural computations, biological mechanisms, and behavior, but it is challenging to simultaneously relate all three. Here, we show that topological data analysis (TDA) provides an important bridge between these approaches to studying how brains mediate behavior. We demonstrate that cognitive processes change the topological description of the shared activity of populations of visual neurons. These topological changes constrain and distinguish between competing mechanistic models, are connected to subjects performance on a visual change detection task, and, via a link with network control theory, reveal a tradeoff between improving sensitivity to subtle visual stimulus changes and increasing the chance that the subject will stray off task. These connections provide a blueprint for using TDA to uncover the biological and computational mechanisms by which cognition affects behavior in health and disease.

Significance StatementAs the fields of systems, computational, and cognitive neuroscience strive to establish links between computations, biology, and behavior, there is an increasing need for an analysis framework to bridge levels of analysis. We demonstrate that topological data analysis (TDA) of the shared activity of populations of neurons provides that link. TDA allows us to distinguish between competing mechanistic models and to answer longstanding questions in cognitive neuroscience, such as why there is a tradeoff between visual sensitivity and staying on task. These results and analysis framework have applications to many systems within neuroscience and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rouse, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.24.461717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topological insights into the neural basis of flexible behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intraspecific variation stabilizes classic predator-prey dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 1920, Alfred J. Lotka found that, to his "considerable surprise", the dynamics of a simple predatorprey model he had devised led "to undamped, and hence indefinitely continued, oscillations" 1,2-- which he thought epitomized the "rhythm of Nature" dear to the Victorians. In 1926, the same model was proposed independently by mathematician Vito Volterra 3,4, who was inspired by the work of his son-in-law, fish biologist Umberto DAncona 5. For over a century, the equations that now bear their names have served as a template for the development of sophisticated models for population dynamics 6-10. Coexistence in this classic predator-prey model is fragile--stochasticity or temporal variability in parameter values result in extinctions. The dynamics can be stabilized by intraspecific competition or other forms of self-regulation, but the prevalence of these processes in large food webs has been questioned 11,12. Here we show that when we consider populations characterized by intraspecific variability, dynamics are stable--despite the absence of any direct self-regulation. Our results can be generalized further, defining a new class of consumer-resource models 8,13. By accounting for intraspecific variation, which is manifest in all biological populations, we obtain dynamics that differ qualitatively and quantitatively from those found for homogeneous populations--challenging a central assumption of many ecological models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allesina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Servan, C. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.461947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intraspecific variation stabilizes classic predator-prey dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PlasmidHostFinder: Prediction of plasmid hosts using random forest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmids play a major role facilitating the spread of antimicrobial resistance between bacteria. Understanding the host range and dissemination trajectories of plasmids is critical for surveillance and prevention of antimicrobial resistance. Identification of plasmid host ranges could be improved using automated pattern detection methods, compared to homology-based methods due to the diversity and genetic plasticity of plasmids. In this study, we developed a method for predicting the host range of plasmids based on the random forest machine learning method. We trained the models with 8,519 plasmids from 359 different bacterial species per taxonomic level, where the models achieved 0.662 and 0.867 Matthews correlation coefficients at the species and order levels, respectively. Our results suggest that despite the diverse nature and genetic plasticity of plasmids, our random forest model can accurately distinguish between plasmid hosts. This tool can be used online through Center for Genomic Epidemiology (https://cge.cbs.dtu.dk/services/PlasmidHostFinder/).

ImportanceAntimicrobial resistance is a global health threat to humans and animals causing high mortality and morbidity, and effectively ending decades of success in fighting against bacterial infections. Plasmids confer extra genetic capabilities to the host organisms through accessory genes, which can encode antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors. In addition to lateral inheritance, plasmids can be transferred horizontally between bacterial taxa. Therefore, detecting the host range of plasmids is crucial for understanding and predicting the dissemination trajectories of extrachromosomal genes and bacterial evolution, as well as for taking effective counter measures against antimicrobial resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aytan-Aktug, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CLAUSEN, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szarvas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lund, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aarestrup, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.462084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PlasmidHostFinder: Prediction of plasmid hosts using random forest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining hierarchical protein interaction networks from spectral analysis of bacterial proteomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.462107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular phenotypes emerge from a hierarchy of molecular interactions: proteins interact to form complexes, pathways, and phenotypes. We show that hierarchical networks of protein interactions can be extracted from the statistical pattern of proteome variation as measured across thousands of bacteria and that these hierarchies reflect the emergence of complex bacterial phenotypes. We describe the mathematics underlying our statistical approach and validate our results through gene-set enrichment analysis and comparison to existing experimentally-derived hierarchical databases. We demonstrate the biological utility of our unbiased hierarchical models by creating a model of motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and using it to discover a previously unappreciated genetic effector of twitch-based motility. Overall, our approach, SCALES (Spectral Correlation Analysis of Layered Evolutionary Signals), predicts hierarchies of protein interaction networks describing emergent biological function using only the statistical pattern of bacterial proteome variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zaydman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksianiuk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchser, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiAntonio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milbrandt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.28.462107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining hierarchical protein interaction networks from spectral analysis of bacterial proteomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome graphs detect human polymorphisms in active epigenomic states during influenza infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variants, including mobile element insertions (MEIs), are known to impact the epigenome. We hypothesized that the use of a genome graph, which encapsulates genetic diversity, could reveal missing epigenomic signal. Given the contributions of mobile elements to the evolution of primate innate immunity, we tested this in monocyte-derived macrophages obtained from 35 individuals before and after Influenza virus infection. After characterizing genetic variants in this cohort using linked-reads, including 5140 Alu, 316 L1, 94 SVAs and 48 ERVs, we incorporated them into a genome graph. Mapping epigenetic data to this graph revealed 2.5%, 3.0% and 2.3% novel peaks for H3K4me1 and H3K27ac ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq respectively. Notably, using a genome graph also modified quantitative trait loci estimates and we observed 375 polymorphic MEIs in active epigenomic state. For example, we found an AluYh3 polymorphism whose chromatin state changed after infection and that was associated with the expression of TRIM25, a gene that restricts influenza RNA synthesis. Our results demonstrate that graph genomes can reveal regulatory regions that would have been overlooked by other approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Groza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pramatarova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aracena, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.462206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome graphs detect human polymorphisms in active epigenomic states during influenza infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Daphnia carapace and the origin of novel structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how novel structures arise is a central question in evolution. Novel structures are often defined as structures that are not derived from (homologous to) any structure in the ancestor1. The carapace of the water flea Daphnia magna is a bivalved "cape" of exoskeleton that has been proposed to be one of many novel arthropod structures that arose through repeated co-option of genes that also pattern insect wings2-4. To determine whether the Daphnia carapace is a novel structure, we compare the expression of pannier, araucan, and vestigial between Daphnia, Parhyale, and Tribolium. Our results suggest that the Daphnia carapace did not arise by co-option, but instead derives from an exite (lateral lobe) that emerges from an ancestral proximal leg segment that was incorporated into the Daphnia body wall. The Daphnia carapace therefore appears to be homologous to the Parhyale tergal plate and the insect wing5. Remarkably, the vestigial-positive region that gives rise to the Daphnia carapace appears to be present in Parhyale6 and Tribolium as a small, inconspicuous protrusion. Similarly, the vestigial-positive regions that form thoracic tergal plates in Parhyale appear to be present in Daphnia, even though Daphnia does not form thoracic tergal plates. Thus, rather than a novel structure resulting from gene co-option, the Daphnia carapace appears to have arisen from a shared, ancestral tissue (morphogenetic field) that persists in a cryptic state in other arthropod lineages. Cryptic persistence of unrecognized serial homologs may thus be a general solution for the origin of novel structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruce, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.462403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Daphnia carapace and the origin of novel structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Full genome Nobecovirus sequences from Malagasy fruit bats define a unique evolutionary history for this coronavirus clade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bats are natural reservoirs for both Alpha- and Betacoronaviruses and the hypothesized original hosts of five of seven known zoonotic coronaviruses. To date, the vast majority of bat coronavirus research has been concentrated in Asia, though coronaviruses are globally distributed; indeed, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2-related Betacoronaviruses in the subgenus Sarbecovirus have been identified circulating in Rhinolophid bats in both Africa and Europe, despite the relative dearth of surveillance in these regions. As part of a long-term study examining the dynamics of potentially zoonotic viruses in three species of endemic Madagascar fruit bat (Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, Rousettus madagascariensis), we carried out metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing (mNGS) on urine, throat, and fecal samples obtained from wild-caught individuals. We report detection of RNA derived from Betacoronavirus subgenus Nobecovirus in fecal samples from all three species and describe full genome sequences of novel Nobecoviruses in P. rufus and R. madagascariensis. Phylogenetic analysis indicates the existence of five distinct Nobecovirus clades, one of which is defined by the highly divergent sequence reported here from P. rufus bats. Madagascar Nobecoviruses derived from P. rufus and R. madagascariensis demonstrate, respectively, Asian and African phylogeographic origins, mirroring those of their fruit bat hosts. Bootscan recombination analysis indicates significant selection has taken place in the spike, nucleocapsid, and NS7 accessory protein regions of the genome for viruses derived from both bat hosts. Madagascar offers a unique phylogeographic nexus of bats and viruses with both Asian and African phylogeographic origins, providing opportunities for unprecedented mixing of viral groups and, potentially, recombination. As fruit bats are handled and consumed widely across Madagascar for subsistence, understanding the landscape of potentially zoonotic coronavirus circulation is essential for mitigation of future zoonotic threats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kettenburg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kistler, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaivoson, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raharinosy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randriambolamanantsoa, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravelomanantsoa, N. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tato, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heraud, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.462406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Full genome Nobecovirus sequences from Malagasy fruit bats define a unique evolutionary history for this coronavirus clade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TES-1/Tes protects junctional actin networks under tension from self-injury during epidermal morphogenesis in the C. elegans embryo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During embryonic morphogenesis, the integrity of epithelial tissues depends on the ability of cells in tissue sheets to undergo rapid changes in cell shape while preventing self-injury to junctional actin networks. LIM domain-containing repeat (LCR) proteins are recruited to sites of strained actin filaments in cultured cells [1-3], and are therefore promising candidates for mediating self-healing of actin networks, but whether they play similar roles in living organisms has not been determined. Here, we establish roles for Caenorhabditis elegans TES-1/Tes, an actin-binding LCR protein present at apical junctions, during epithelial morphogenesis. TES-1::GFP is recruited to apical junctions during embryonic elongation, when junctions are under tension; in embryos in which stochastic failure of cell elongation occurs, TES-1 is only strongly recruited to junctions in cells that successfully elongate, and recruitment is severely compromised in genetic backgrounds in which cell shape changes do not successfully occur. tes-1 mutant embryos display junctional F-actin defects, and loss of TES-1 strongly enhances tension-dependent injury of junctional actin networks in hypomorphic mutant backgrounds for CCC components, suggesting that TES-1 helps to prevent self-injury of junctional actin networks during rapid cell shape change. Consistent with such role, a fragment of TES-1 containing its LIM domains localizes to stress fiber strain sites (SFSS) in cultured vertebrate cells. Together, these data establish TES-1 as a tension-sensitive stabilizer of the junctional actin cytoskeleton during embryonic morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lynch, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkelman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S. C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Block, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audhya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.30.462556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TES-1/Tes protects junctional actin networks under tension from self-injury during epidermal morphogenesis in the C. elegans embryo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strain and crack propagation of HIV-1 capsids during uncoating 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral replication in HIV-1 relies on a fullerene-shaped capsid to transport genetic material deep into the nucleus of an infected cell. Capsid stability is linked to the presence of cofactors, including inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) that bind to pores found in the capsid. Using extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of HIV-1 cores imaged from cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) in intact virions, which contain IP6 and a ribonucleoprotein complex, we find markedly striated patterns of strain on capsid lattices. The presence of these cofactors also increases rigidity of the capsid. Conformational analysis of capsid (CA) proteins show CA accommodates strain by locally flexing away from structures resolved using x-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. Then, cryo-ET of HIV-1 cores undergoing endogenous reverse transcription demonstrate that lattice strain increases in the capsid prior to mechanical failure and that the capsid ruptures by crack propagation along regions of high strain. These results uncover HIV-1 capsid properties involved in their critical disassembly process.

Significance statementThe mature capsids of HIV-1 are transiently stable complexes that self-assemble around the viral genome during maturation, and uncoat to release preintegration complexes that archive a double-stranded DNA copy of the virus in the host cell genome. However, a detailed view of how HIV cores rupture remains lacking. Here, we elucidate the physical properties involved in capsid rupture using a combination of large-scale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and cryo-electron tomography. We find that intrinsic strain on the capsid forms highly correlated patterns along the capsid surface, along which cracks propagate. Capsid rigidity also increases with high strain. Our findings provide fundamental insight into viral capsid uncoating.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, J. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganser-Pornillos, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pornillos, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.30.462583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strain and crack propagation of HIV-1 capsids during uncoating]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary insights into primate skeletal gene regulation using a comparative cell culture model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of complex skeletal traits in primates was likely influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Because skeletal tissues are notoriously challenging to study using functional genomic approaches, they remain poorly characterized even in humans, let alone across multiple species. The challenges involved in obtaining functional genomic data from the skeleton, combined with the difficulty of obtaining such tissues from nonhuman apes, motivated us to consider an alternative in vitro system with which to comparatively study gene regulation in skeletal cell types. Specifically, we differentiated six human and six chimpanzee induced pluripotent stem cell lines (iPSCs) into mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and subsequently into osteogenic cells (bone cells). We validated differentiation using standard methods and collected single-cell RNA sequencing data from over 100,000 cells across multiple samples and replicates at each stage of differentiation. While most genes that we examined display conserved patterns of expression across species, hundreds of genes are differentially expressed (DE) between humans and chimpanzees within and across stages of osteogenic differentiation. Some of these interspecific DE genes show functional enrichments relevant in skeletal tissue trait development. Moreover, topic modeling indicates that interspecific gene programs become more pronounced as cells mature. Overall, we propose that this in vitro model can be used to identify interspecific regulatory differences that may have contributed to skeletal trait differences between species.

Author SummaryPrimates display a range of skeletal morphologies and susceptibilities to skeletal diseases, but the molecular basis of these phenotypic differences is unclear. Studies of gene expression variation in primate skeletal tissues are extremely restricted due to the ethical and practical challenges associated with collecting samples. Nevertheless, the ability to study gene regulation in primate skeletal tissues is crucial for understanding how the primate skeleton has evolved. We therefore developed a comparative primate skeletal cell culture model that allows us to access a spectrum of human and chimpanzee cell types as they differentiate from stem cells into bone cells. While most gene expression patterns are conserved across species, we also identified hundreds of differentially expressed genes between humans and chimpanzees within and across stages of differentiation. We also classified cells by osteogenic stage and identified additional interspecific differentially expressed genes which may contribute to skeletal trait differences. We anticipate that this model will be extremely useful for exploring questions related to gene regulation variation in primate bone biology and development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Housman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briscoe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.30.462680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary insights into primate skeletal gene regulation using a comparative cell culture model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-conserved metabolic regulation by LKB1 distinguishes human and mouse lung adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human lung adenocarcinomas (hLUAD) and activating mutations in KRAS frequently co-occur with loss-of-function mutations in the tumor suppressor genes, TP53 or STK11/LKB1. However, mutation of all three genes is rarely observed in hLUAD, even though engineered mutations of all three genes produces a highly aggressive lung adenocarcinoma in mice (mLUAD). Here we provide an explanation of this difference between hLUAD and mLUAD by uncovering an evolutionary divergence in regulation of the glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase (TPI1). Using KRAS/TP53 mutant hLUAD cell lines, we show that TPI1 enzymatic activity can be altered via phosphorylation at Ser21 by the Salt Inducible Kinases (SIKs) in an LKB1-dependent manner; this allows modulation of glycolytic flux between completion of glycolysis and production of glycerol lipids. This metabolic flexibility appears to be critical in rapidly growing cells with KRAS and TP53 mutations, explaining why loss of LKB1 creates a metabolic liability in these tumors. In mice, the amino acid at position 21 of TPI1 is a Cys residue which can be oxidized to alter TPI1 activity, allowing regulation of glycolytic flux balance without a need for SIK kinases or LKB1. Our findings reveal an unexpected role for TPI1 in metabolic reprogramming and suggest that LKB1 and SIK family kinases are potential targets for treating KRAS/TP53 mutant hLUAD. Our data also provide a cautionary example of the limits of genetically engineered murine models as tools to study human diseases such as cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stein, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrarone, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollstein, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coukos, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindelar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asara, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moellering, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varmus, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantley, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-conserved metabolic regulation by LKB1 distinguishes human and mouse lung adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.462674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Basis of Urostyle Development: Genes and Gene Regulation Underlying an Evolutionary Novelty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.462674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary novelties entail the origin of morphologies that enable new functions. These features can arise through changes to gene function and regulation. One important novelty is the fused rod at the end of the vertebral column in anurans, the urostyle. This feature is composed of a coccyx and an ossifying hypochord, and both structures ossify during metamorphosis. We used Laser Capture Micro-dissection of these identified tissues and subjected them to RNA-seq and ATAC-seq analyses at three developmental stages in tadpoles of Xenopus tropicalis. These experiments reveal that the coccyx and hypochord have two different molecular signatures. ATAC-seq data reveals potential regulatory regions that are observed in proximity to candidate genes identified from RNA-seq. Neuronal (TUBB3) and muscle markers (MYH3) are upregulated in coccygeal tissues, whereas T-box genes (TBXT, TBXT.2), corticosteroid stress hormones (CRCH.1), and matrix metallopeptidases (MMP1, MMP8, MMP13) are upregulated in the hypochord. Even though an ossifying hypochord is only present in anurans, this ossification between the vertebral column and the notochord appears to resemble a congenital vertebral anomaly seen prenatally in humans, caused by an ectopic expression of the TBXT/TBXT.2 gene. This work opens the way to functional studies that help us better elucidate anuran bauplan evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Senevirathne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubin, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.462674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Basis of Urostyle Development: Genes and Gene Regulation Underlying an Evolutionary Novelty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-dimensional encoding of decisions in parietal cortex reflects long-term training history 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.07.463576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in parietal cortex exhibit task-related activity during decision-making tasks. However, it remains unclear how long-term training to perform different tasks over months or even years shapes neural computations and representations. We examine lateral intraparietal area (LIP) responses during a visual motion delayed-match-to-category (DMC) task. We consider two pairs of monkeys with different training histories: one trained only on the DMC task, and another first trained to perform fine motion-direction discrimination. We introduce generalized multilinear models to quantify low-dimensional, task-relevant components in population activity. During the DMC task, we found stronger cosine-like motion-direction tuning in the pretrained monkeys than in the DMC-only monkeys, and that the pretrained monkeys performance depended more heavily on sample-test stimulus similarity. These results suggest that sensory representations in LIP depend on the sequence of tasks that the animals have learned, underscoring the importance of training history in studies with complex behavioral tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Latimer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.07.463576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-dimensional encoding of decisions in parietal cortex reflects long-term training history]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.09.463777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mast cell regranulation involves a metabolic switch promoted by the interaction between mTORC1 and a glucose-6-phosphate transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.09.463777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mast cells (MCs) are highly granulated tissue resident hematopoietic cells and because of their capacity to degranulate and release many proinflammatory mediators, they are major effectors of chronic inflammatory disorders including asthma and urticaria. As MCs have the unique capacity to reform their granules following degranulation in vitro, their potential to undergo multiple cycles of degranulation and regranulation in vivo has been linked to their pathogenesis. However, it is not known what factors regulate MC regranulation let alone if MC regranulation occurs in vivo. Here, we report that IgE-sensitized mice can undergo multiple bouts of regranulation, following repeated anaphylactic reactions. mTORC1, a critical nutrient sensor that activates protein and lipid synthesis, was found necessary for MC regranulation. mTORC1 activity in MCs was regulated by a glucose-6-phosphate transporter, Slc37a2, which was found to be necessary for increased glucose-6-phosphate and ATP levels during regranulation, two upstream signals of mTOR. Slc37a2 is highly expressed at the cell periphery early during regranulation where it appears to colocalize with mTORC1. Additionally, this transporter was found to concentrate extracellular metabolites within endosomes which are trafficked directly into nascent granules. Thus, the metabolic switch associated with MC regranulation is mediated by the interactions of a cellular metabolic sensor and a transporter of extracellular metabolites into MC granules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iskarpatyoti, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathor, A. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.09.463777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mast cell regranulation involves a metabolic switch promoted by the interaction between mTORC1 and a glucose-6-phosphate transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.09.463779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intelligent Resolution: Integrating Cryo-EM with AI-driven Multi-resolution Simulations to Observe the SARS-CoV-2 Replication-Transcription Machinery in Action 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.09.463779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication transcription complex (RTC) is a multi-domain protein responsible for replicating and transcribing the viral mRNA inside a human cell. Attacking RTC function with pharmaceutical compounds is a pathway to treating COVID-19. Conventional tools, e.g., cryo-electron microscopy and all-atom molecular dynamics (AAMD), do not provide sufficiently high resolution or timescale to capture important dynamics of this molecular machine. Consequently, we develop an innovative workflow that bridges the gap between these resolutions, using mesoscale fluctuating finite element analysis (FFEA) continuum simulations and a hierarchy of AI-methods that continually learn and infer features for maintaining consistency between AAMD and FFEA simulations. We leverage a multi-site distributed workflow manager to orchestrate AI, FFEA, and AAMD jobs, providing optimal resource utilization across HPC centers. Our study provides unprecedented access to study the SARS-CoV-2 RTC machinery, while providing general capability for AI-enabled multi-resolution simulations at scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trifan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zvyagin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clyde, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCalpin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsaris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbiah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trebesch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mysore, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chennubhotla, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anandkumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwanath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajkhorshid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.09.463779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intelligent Resolution: Integrating Cryo-EM with AI-driven Multi-resolution Simulations to Observe the SARS-CoV-2 Replication-Transcription Machinery in Action]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population-specific patterns of toxin sequestration in monarch butterflies from around the world 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals frequently defend themselves against predators using diet-derived toxins. Monarch butterflies are a preeminent example of toxin sequestration, gaining protection via cardenolides in their milkweed hosts. Few studies have considered genetic variation in sequestration ability, in monarchs or other species. Here, we use two approaches to study natural selection on cardenolide sequestration in monarchs. First, we conducted a reciprocal rearing experiment with six monarch populations and six associated host species from around the world to determine whether sequestration is higher in monarchs reared on sympatric host species. Second, we compared sequestered cardenolides in wild-caught monarchs from Guam--an island where bird predators have been functionally extirpated for >40 years--to a nearby island with intact birds. We found substantial genetic variation in sequestration ability, though no consistent sequestration advantage in sympatric combinations. One monarch population from Puerto Rico showed greatly reduced sequestration from Asclepias syriaca, likely reflecting a lack of evolutionary association with this host. Monarchs from Guam showed reduced sequestration from A. curassavica, both in a cross-island comparison and when reared under controlled conditions. Our results suggest that processes involved in toxin sequestration are subject to natural selection and may evolve in response to contemporary changes in species interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freedman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choquette, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vannette, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.15.464593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population-specific patterns of toxin sequestration in monarch butterflies from around the world]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Propofol modulates functional connectivity signatures of sustained attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sustained attention is a critical cognitive function reflected in an individuals whole-brain pattern of fMRI functional connectivity. However sustained attention is not a purely static trait. Rather, attention waxes and wanes over time. Do functional brain networks that underlie individual differences in sustained attention also underlie changes in attentional state? To investigate, we replicate the finding that a validated connectome-based model of individual differences in sustained attention tracks pharmacologically induced changes in attentional state. Specifically, preregistered analyses revealed that participants exhibited functional connectivity signatures of stronger attention when awake than when under deep sedation with the anesthetic agent propofol. Furthermore, this effect was relatively specific to the predefined sustained attention networks: propofol administration modulated strength of the sustained attention networks more than it modulated strength of canonical resting-state networks and a network defined to predict fluid intelligence, and the functional connections most affected by propofol sedation overlapped with the sustained attention networks. Thus, propofol modulates functional connectivity signatures of sustained attention within individuals. More broadly these findings underscore the utility of pharmacological intervention in testing both the generalizability and specificity of network-based models of cognitive function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.15.464605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Propofol modulates functional connectivity signatures of sustained attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
M1 dynamics share similar inputs for initiating and correcting movement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary motor cortex (M1) plays a central role in voluntary movement, but how it integrates sensory-driven corrective instructions is unclear. We analyzed population activity recorded from M1 of macaques during a sequential arm movement task with target updates requiring online adjustments to the motor plan. Using Latent Factor Analysis via Dynamical Systems (LFADS), we separated neural activity into two components: intrinsic dynamics and inferred external inputs influencing those dynamics. Inferred input timing was more strongly locked to target appearance than to movement onset, suggesting that variable reaction times reflect interactions between inputs and ongoing dynamics. Inferred inputs were tuned similarly for both initial and corrective movements, suggesting a shared input encoding across visually-instructed and corrective movements that was previously obscured by M1 dynamics. Because input inference can suffer from the challenge of nonidentifiability, where different models fit the data indistinguishably, we used ensembles of models with varied hyperparameters to diagnose when inputs are identifiable or nonidentifiable. In the monkey data, ensembles produced consistently similar results, suggesting that inputs could be meaningfully inferred and that their encoding was not simply a result of model bias. These results highlight the challenges of nonidentifiability and the potential of model ensembles to identify inputs in ongoing dynamics, at least in some cases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malonis, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopoulos, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.18.464704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[M1 dynamics share similar inputs for initiating and correcting movement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling of Nascent Lariat Intermediates Reveals Key Genetic Determinants of the Timing of Human Co-transcriptional Splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As splicing is intimately coupled with transcription, understanding splicing mechanisms requires an understanding of splicing timing, which is currently limited. Here, we developed CoLa-seq (co-transcriptional lariat sequencing), a genomic assay that reports splicing timing relative to transcription through analysis of nascent lariat intermediates. In human cells, we mapped 165,282 branch points and characterized splicing timing for over 70,000 introns. Splicing timing varies dramatically across introns, with regulated introns splicing later than constitutive introns. Machine learning-based modeling revealed genetic elements predictive of splicing timing, notably the polypyrimidine tract, intron length, and regional GC content, which illustrate the significance of the broader genomic context of an intron and the impact of co-transcriptional splicing. The importance of the splicing factor U2AF in early splicing rationalizes surprising observations that most introns can splice independent of exon definition. Together, these findings establish a critical framework for investigating the mechanisms and regulation of co-transcriptional splicing.

HighlightsO_LICoLa-seq enables cell-type specific, genome-wide branch point annotation with unprecedented efficiency.
C_LIO_LICoLa-seq captures co-transcriptional splicing for tens of thousands of introns and reveals splicing timing varies dramatically across introns.
C_LIO_LIModeling uncovers key genetic determinants of splicing timing, most notably regional GC content, intron length, and the polypyrimidine tract, the binding site for U2AF2.
C_LIO_LIEarly splicing precedes transcription of a downstream 5 SS and in some cases accessibility of the upstream 3 SS, precluding exon definition.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamohan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruthenburg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staley, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.18.464728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling of Nascent Lariat Intermediates Reveals Key Genetic Determinants of the Timing of Human Co-transcriptional Splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.20.465173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic expression profiling of dprs and DIPs reveals cell surface codes in Drosophila larval peripheral neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.20.465173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In complex nervous systems, neurons must identify their correct partners to form synaptic connections. The prevailing model to ensure correct recognition posits that cell surface proteins (CSPs) in individual neurons act as identification tags. Thus, knowing what cells express which CSPs would provide insights into neural development, synaptic connectivity, and nervous system evolution. Here, we investigated expression of dprs and DIPs, two CSP subfamilies belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), in Drosophila larval motor neurons (MNs), sensory neurons (SNs), peripheral glia and muscles using a collection of GAL4 driver lines. We found that dprs are more broadly expressed than DIPs in MNs and SNs, and each examined neuron expresses a unique combination of dprs and DIPs. Interestingly, many dprs and DIPs are not robustly expressed, but instead, are found in gradient and temporal expression patterns. Hierarchical clustering showed a similar expression pattern of dprs and DIPs in neurons from the same type and with shared synaptic partners, suggesting these CSPs may facilitate synaptic wiring. In addition, the unique expression patterns of dprs and DIPs revealed three uncharacterized MNs - MN23-Ib, MN6-Ib (A2) and MN7-Ib (A2). This study sets the stage for exploring the functions of dprs and DIPs in Drosophila MNs and SNs and provides genetic access to subsets of neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobb-Rabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellen, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanca, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.20.465173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic expression profiling of dprs and DIPs reveals cell surface codes in Drosophila larval peripheral neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.23.465549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Classical Mathematical Models for Prediction of Response to Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.23.465549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classical mathematical models of tumor growth have shaped our understanding of cancer and have broad practical implications for treatment scheduling and dosage. However, even the simplest textbook models have been barely validated in real world-data of human patients. In this study, we fitted a range of differential equation models to tumor volume measurements of patients undergoing chemotherapy or cancer immunotherapy for solid tumors. We used a large dataset of 1472 patients with three or more measurements per target lesion, of which 652 patients had six or more data points. We show that the early treatment response shows only moderate correlation with the final treatment response, demonstrating the need for nuanced models. We then perform a head-to-head comparison of six classical models which are widely used in the field: the Exponential, Logistic, Classic Bertalanffy, General Bertalanffy, Classic Gompertz and General Gompertz model. Several models provide a good fit to tumor volume measurements, with the Gompertz model providing the best balance between goodness of fit and number of parameters. Similarly, when fitting to early treatment data, the general Bertalanffy and Gompertz models yield the lowest mean absolute error to forecasted data, indicating that these models could potentially be effective at predicting treatment outcome. In summary, we provide a quantitative benchmark for classical textbook models and state-of-the art models of human tumor growth. We publicly release an anonymized version of our original data, providing the first benchmark set of human tumor growth data for evaluation of mathematical models.

Author SummaryMathematical oncology uses quantitative models for prediction of tumor growth and treatment response. The theoretical foundation of mathematical oncology is provided by six classical mathematical models: the Exponential, Logistic, Classic Bertalanffy, General Bertalanffy, Classic Gompertz and General Gompertz model. These models have been introduced decades ago, have been used in thousands of scientific articles and are part of textbooks and curricula in mathematical oncology. However, these models have not been systematically tested in clinical data from actual patients. In this study, we have collected quantitative tumor volume measurements from thousands of patients in five large clinical trials of cancer immunotherapy. We use this dataset to systematically investigate how accurately mathematical models can describe tumor growth, showing that there are pronounced differences between models. In addition, we show that two of these models can predict tumor response to immunotherapy and chemotherapy at later time points when trained on early tumor growth dynamics. Thus, our article closes a conceptual gap in the literature and at the same time provides a simple tool to predict response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy on the level of individual patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghaffari Laleh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeffler, C. M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grajek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stankova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muti, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautwein, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enderling, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poleszczuk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kather, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.23.465549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Classical Mathematical Models for Prediction of Response to Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Atomic-Level Physiochemical Determinants of T Cell Receptor Dissociation Kinetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rational design of T Cell Receptors (TCRs) for immunotherapy has stagnated due to a limited understanding of the dynamic physiochemical features of the TCR that elicit an immunogenic response. The physiochemical features of the TCR-peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) bond dictate bond lifetime which, in turn, correlates with immunogenicity. Here, we: i) characterize the force-dependent dissociation kinetics of the bond between a TCR and a set of pMHC ligands using Steered Molecular Dynamics (SMD); and ii) implement a machine learning algorithm to identify which physiochemical features of the TCR govern dissociation kinetics. Our results demonstrate that the total number of hydrogen bonds between the CDR2{beta}-MHC({beta}), CDR1-Peptide, and CDR3{beta}-Peptide are critical features that determine bond lifetime. We propose that amino acid substitutions to these hypervariable regions of the TCR can efficiently manipulate immunogenicity and thus be used in the rational design of TCRs for immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rollins, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagkopoulos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Atomic-Level Physiochemical Determinants of T Cell Receptor Dissociation Kinetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transposable elements continuously remodel the regulatory landscape, transcriptome, and function of decidual stromal cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression evolution underlies the origin, divergence, and conservation of biological characters including cell-types, tissues, and organ systems. Previously we showed that large-scale gene expression changes in decidual stromal cells contributed to the origins of pregnancy in eutherians and the divergence of pregnancy traits in primates, and that transposable elements likely contributed to these gene expression changes. Here we show that two large waves of TEs remodeled the transcriptome and regulatory landscape of decidual stromal cells, including a major wave in primates. Genes nearby TE-derived regulatory elements are among the most progesterone responsive in the genome and play essential roles in orchestrating progesterone responsiveness and the core function of decidual cells by donating progesterone receptor binding sites to the genome. We tested the regulatory abilities of 89 TE consensus sequences and found nearly all acted as repressors in mammalian cells, but treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor unmasked latent enhancer functions. These data indicate TEs have played an important role in the development, evolution, and function of primate decidual stromal cells and suggest a two-step model in which latent enhancer functions of TEs are unmasked after they lose primary repressors functions.

Significance statementGene expression patterns evolved very rapidly during the evolutionary origins of pregnancy in early mammals and in primates. These episodes of gene expression evolution and linked with important processes that establish and maintain pregnancy, and appear to be driven by domestication of transposable elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mika, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transposable elements continuously remodel the regulatory landscape, transcriptome, and function of decidual stromal cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Architecture of the cytoplasmic face of the nuclear pore 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the sole bidirectional gateway for nucleocytoplasmic transport. Despite recent progress in elucidating the NPC symmetric core architecture, the asymmetrically decorated cytoplasmic face, essential for mRNA export and a hotspot for nucleoporin-associated diseases, has remained elusive. Here, we report a composite structure of the entire human cytoplasmic face obtained by combining biochemical reconstitution, crystal structure determination, docking into cryo-electron tomographic reconstructions, and physiological validation, accounting for a third of the NPCs mass. Whereas an evolutionarily conserved [~]540 kDa hetero-hexameric cytoplasmic filament nucleoporin complex is anchored by species-specific motifs above the central transport channel, attachment of the pentameric NUP358 bundles depends on the double-ring arrangement of the coat nucleoporin complex. Our results and the predictive power of our composite structure provide a rich foundation for elucidating the molecular basis of mRNA export and nucleoporin diseases.

One sentence summaryAn interdisciplinary analysis established the near-atomic molecular architecture of the cytoplasmic face of the human nuclear pore complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bley, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobbs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gres, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rundlet, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regmi, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palazzo, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoelz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Architecture of the cytoplasmic face of the nuclear pore]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.466006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Upregulated PD-1 Signaling is an Important Antagonist to Glomerular Health in Aged Kidneys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.466006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kidney aging and its contribution to disease and its underlying mechanisms are not well understood. With an aging population, kidney health becomes an important medical and socioeconomic factor. We previously showed that podocytes isolated from aged mice exhibit increased expression of Programed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) surface receptor and its two ligands (PD-L1, PD-L2). PDCD1 transcript increases with age in micro-dissected human glomeruli, which correlates with lower eGFR, and higher segmental glomerulosclerosis and vascular arterial intima to lumen ratio. In vitro studies in podocytes demonstrate a critical role for PD-1 signaling in cell survival and induction of a Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP). To prove PD-1 signaling is critical to podocyte aging, aged mice were injected with anti-PD-1 antibody (aPD-1ab). Treatment significantly improved the aging phenotype in both kidney and liver. In the glomerulus, it increased the life-span of podocytes, but not parietal epithelial, mesangial or endothelial cells. Transcriptomic and immunohistochemistry studies demonstrate that anti-PD-1 treatment improved the health-span of podocytes. It restored the expression of canonical podocyte genes, transcription factors and gene regulatory networks, increased cellular metabolism signatures and lessened SASPs. These results suggest a critical contribution for increased PD-1 signaling towards both kidney and liver aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pippin, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaverina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loretz, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bitzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessely, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankland, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.466006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Upregulated PD-1 Signaling is an Important Antagonist to Glomerular Health in Aged Kidneys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inducible transcriptional condensates drive 3D genome reorganization in the heat shock response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian developmental and disease-associated genes concentrate large quantities of the transcriptional machinery by forming membrane-less compartments known as transcriptional condensates. However, it is unknown whether these structures are evolutionarily conserved, capable of stress-inducible gene activation or involved in 3D genome reorganization. Here, we identify inducible transcriptional condensates in the yeast heat shock response (HSR). HSR condensates are biophysically dynamic spatiotemporal clusters of the sequence-specific transcription factor Heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) with Mediator and RNA Pol II. Uniquely, HSR condensates drive the coalescence of multiple Hsf1 target genes, even those located on different chromosomes. Binding of the chaperone Hsp70 to a site on Hsf1 represses clustering, while an intrinsically disordered region on Hsf1 promotes condensate formation and intergenic interactions. Mutation of both Hsf1 determinants reprograms HSR condensates to become mammalian-like: constitutively active without intergenic coalescence. These results suggest that transcriptional condensates are ancient and flexible compartments of eukaryotic gene control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chowdhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainth, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paracha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inducible transcriptional condensates drive 3D genome reorganization in the heat shock response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No robust coexistence in a canonical model of plant-soil feedbacks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) are considered a key mechanism generating frequency-dependent dynamics in plant communities. Negative feedbacks, in particular, are often invoked to explain coexistence and the maintenance of diversity in species-rich communities. However, the primary modeling framework used to study PSFs considers only two plant species, and we lack clear theoretical expectations for how these complex interactions play out in communities with natural levels of diversity. Here, we demonstrate that this canonical model for PSFs is equivalent to a well-studied model from evolutionary game theory, and use this equivalence to characterize the dynamics with an arbitrary number of plant species. Surprisingly, we find that coexistence of more than two species is virtually impossible, suggesting that alternative theoretical frameworks are needed to describe feedbacks observed in diverse natural communities. Drawing on our analysis, we discuss future directions for PSF models and implications for experimental study of PSF-mediated coexistence in the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechon-Alonso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allesina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No robust coexistence in a canonical model of plant-soil feedbacks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GATA4 regionalizes intestinal metabolism and barrier function to prevent immunopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Different regions of the gastrointestinal tract have distinct digestive and absorptive functions, which may be locally disrupted by infection or autoimmune disease. Yet, the mechanisms underlying intestinal regionalization and its dysregulation in disease are not well understood. Here, we used mouse models, transcriptomics, and immune profiling to show that regional epithelial expression of the transcription factor GATA4 prevented adherent bacterial colonization and inflammation in the proximal small intestine by regulating retinol metabolism and luminal IgA. Loss of epithelial GATA4 expression increased mortality in mice infected with Citrobacter rodentium. In active celiac patients with villous atrophy, low GATA4 expression was associated with metabolic alterations, mucosal Actinobacillus, and increased IL-17 immunity. This study reveals broad impacts of GATA4-regulated intestinal regionalization and highlights an elaborate interdependence of intestinal metabolism, immunity, and microbiota in homeostasis and disease.

One-sentence summaryEpithelial GATA4 regulates intestinal regionalization of bacterial colonization, metabolic pathways, and tissue immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Earley, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisicka, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sifakis, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamboa, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalczyk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Discepolo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernest, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matzinger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendelac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismagilov, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulzhenko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riesenfeld, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.28.466194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GATA4 regionalizes intestinal metabolism and barrier function to prevent immunopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational Fontan Analysis: Preserving accuracy while expediting workflow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPost-operative outcomes of the Fontan operation have been linked to graft shape after implantation. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to explore different surgical options. The objective of this study is to perform a systematic in vitro validation for investigating the accuracy and efficiency of CFD simulation to predict Fontan hemodynamics.

MethodsCFD simulations were performed to measure indexed power loss (iPL) and hepatic flow distribution (HFD) in 10 patient-specific Fontan models, with varying mesh and numerical solvers. The results were compared with a novel in vitro flow loop setup with 3D printed Fontan models. A high-resolution differential pressure sensor was used to measure the pressure drop for validating iPL predictions. Microparticles with particle filtering system were used to measure HFD. The computational time was measured for a representative Fontan model with different mesh sizes and numerical solvers.

ResultsWhen compared to in vitro setup, variations in CFD mesh sizes had significant effect on HFD (p = 0.0002) but no significant impact on iPL (p = 0.069). Numerical solvers had no significant impact in both iPL (p = 0.50) and HFD (P = 0.55). A transient solver with 0.5 mm mesh size requires computational time 100 times more than a steady solver with 2.5 mm mesh size to generate similar results.

ConclusionsThe predictive value of CFD for Fontan planning can be validated against an in vitro flow loop. The prediction accuracy can be affected by the mesh size, model shape complexity and flow competition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warburton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhuri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mass, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loke, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibino, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivieri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.28.466272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational Fontan Analysis: Preserving accuracy while expediting workflow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reproduction, seasonal morphology, and juvenile growth in three Malagasy fruit bats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The island nation of Madagascar is home to three endemic species of Old World Fruit Bat in the family Pteropodidae: Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, and Rousettus madagascariensis, all three of which are IUCN Red Listed under some category of threat. To inform conservation efforts to model population viability for these threatened species, as well understand the mechanisms underpinning persistence of several potentially zoonotic pathogens hosted by these bats, we here define the seasonal limits of a staggered annual birth pulse across the three species. Our field studies in central-eastern Madagascar indicate that this annual birth pulse takes place in September/October for P. rufus, November for E. dupreanum, and December for R. madagascariensis. Juvenile development periods vary across the three Malagasy pteropodids, resulting in near-synchronous weaning of pups for all species in late January-February at the height of the fruiting season for Madagascar, a pattern characteristic of most mammalian frugivores on the island. We here document the size range in morphological traits for the three Malagasy fruit bat species; these traits span the range of those known for pteropodids more broadly, with P. rufus and E. dupreanum among the larger of recorded species and R. madagascariensis among the smaller. All three species demonstrate subtle sexual dimorphism in observed traits with larger-bodied males vs. females. We explore seasonal variation in adult body condition by comparing observed body mass with body mass predicted by forearm length, demonstrating that pregnant females add weight during staggered gestation periods and males lose weight during the nutritionally-deficit Malagasy winter. Finally, we quantify forearm, tibia, and ear length growth rates in juvenile bats, demonstrating both faster growth and more protracted development times for the largest P. rufus species. The longer development period for the already-threatened P. rufus further jeopardizes this species conservation status as human hunting of bats for subsistence is particularly detrimental to population viability during reproductive periods. The more extreme seasonal variation in the mass to forearm relationship for P. rufus may also modulate immune function, an important consideration given these bats roles as reservoir hosts for several high profile viral families known to cause severe disease in humans. Our work highlights the importance of longitudinal field studies in collecting critical data for mammalian conservation efforts and human public health alike.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrianiaina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heraud, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaivoson, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravelomanantsoa, N. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treuer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.28.466299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reproduction, seasonal morphology, and juvenile growth in three Malagasy fruit bats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural transformation protein ComFA exhibits single-stranded DNA translocase activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural transformation is one of the major mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in bacterial populations and has been demonstrated in numerous species of bacteria. Despite the prevalence of natural transformation, much of the molecular mechanism remains unexplored. One major outstanding question is how the cell powers DNA import, which is rapid and highly processive. ComFA is one of a handful of proteins required for natural transformation in gram-positive bacteria. Its structural resemblance to the DEADbox helicase family has led to a long-held hypothesis that ComFA acts as a motor to help drive DNA import into the cytosol. Here, we explored the helicase and translocase activity of ComFA to address this hypothesis. We followed the DNA-dependent ATPase activity of ComFA and, combined with mathematical modeling, demonstrated that ComFA likely translocates on single-stranded DNA from 5 to 3. However, this translocase activity does not lead to DNA unwinding in the conditions we tested. Further, we analyzed the ATPase cycle of ComFA and found that ATP hydrolysis stimulates the release of DNA, providing a potential mechanism for translocation. These findings help define the molecular contribution of ComFA to natural transformation and support the conclusion that ComFA plays a key role in powering DNA uptake.

ImportanceCompetence, or the ability of bacteria to take up and incorporate foreign DNA in a process called natural transformation is common in the bacterial kingdom, but understanding of the mechanism is still limited. Increasing evidence in several bacteria confirms that long, contiguous stretches of DNA are imported into cells, and yet how bacteria power processive transformation remains unclear. Our finding that ComFA, a DExD-box helicase required for competence in gram-positive bacteria, translocates on single-stranded DNA from 5 to 3, supports the long held hypothesis that ComFA may be the motor powering DNA transport during natural transformation. Moreover, ComFA may be a previously unidentified type of DExD-box helicase--one with the capability of extended translocation on single-stranded DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foster, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srikant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cueny, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falbel, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keck, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.29.466550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural transformation protein ComFA exhibits single-stranded DNA translocase activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AAV9-MCT8 delivery at juvenile stage ameliorates neurological and behavioral deficits in an AHDS mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS) is a severe X-linked intellectual and psychomotor disability disorder accompanied by abnormal thyroid hormone (TH) levels. AHDS is caused by inactivating mutations in the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), a specific TH transporter widely expressed in the central nervous system. MCT8 gene mutations cause impaired transport of TH across brain barriers, leading to insufficient neural TH supply. There is currently no successful therapy for the neurological symptoms. AAV9-based gene therapy is a promising approach to treat monogenic neurological disorders. Here, the potential of this approach was tested in the well-established double knockout (dKO) Mct8-/y;Oatp1c1-/- mouse model of AHDS, which displays disease-relevant neurological and TH phenotypes. Systemic intravenous delivery of AAV9-MCT8 at a juvenile stage led to improved locomotor and cognitive function, as well as rescue of T3-brain content and T3-related gene expression. This preclinical study indicates that this gene therapy may improve the neurological symptoms of AHDS patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avalos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oksana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ofan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bresee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Likhite, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vit, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaspar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathrin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Refetoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svendsen, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vatine, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.31.466634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AAV9-MCT8 delivery at juvenile stage ameliorates neurological and behavioral deficits in an AHDS mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized immunoglobulin knock-ins using Cas9 reveal peritoneal B cell lineage relationships in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunoglobulin (Ig) knock-in mice are valuable tools in basic and translational immunological research. Here we present "Speed-Ig," a rapid Cas9-based method for generating Ig knock-in mouse lines with high on-target integration rates at both heavy and light chain alleles. With standardized target sites and promoter regions, Speed-Ig mice can be used for comparative studies of B cell biology and vaccine optimization in vivo. We used Speed-Ig to create panels of mice with Ig pairs derived from B-1a, B-1b, and B-2 cells. Surprisingly, B-1b and B-2 Ig pairs drove both B-1b and B-2 phenotypes, suggesting a previously unknown lineage relationship between these subsets. We then confirmed the B-1:B-2 relationship with transcription factor reporter lines and through adoptive cell transfer experiments. In summary, our Ig knock-in approach facilitated the discovery of previously unappreciated aspect of innate-like B cell biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bendelac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zapata-Bultman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degenstein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.31.466662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized immunoglobulin knock-ins using Cas9 reveal peritoneal B cell lineage relationships in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cas9-Assisted Biological Containment of a Genetically Engineered Human Commensal Bacterium and Genetic Elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sophisticated gene circuits built by synthetic biology can enable bacteria to sense their environment and respond predictably. Biosensing bacteria can potentially probe the human gut microbiome to prevent, diagnose, or treat disease. To provide robust biocontainment for engineered bacteria, we devised a Cas9-assisted auxotrophic biocontainment system combining thymidine auxotrophy, an Engineered Riboregulator (ER) for controlled gene expression, and a CRISPR Device (CD). The CD prevents the engineered bacteria from acquiring thyA via horizontal gene transfer, which would disrupt the biocontainment system, and inhibits the spread of genetic elements by killing bacteria harboring the gene cassette. This system tunably controlled gene expression in the human gut commensal bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, prevented escape from thymidine auxotrophy, and blocked transgene dissemination for at least 10 days. These capabilities were validated in vitro and in vivo. This biocontainment system exemplifies a powerful strategy for bringing genetically engineered microorganisms safely into biomedicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.03.467106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cas9-Assisted Biological Containment of a Genetically Engineered Human Commensal Bacterium and Genetic Elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-mapping from summary data with the "Sum of Single Effects" model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent work, Wang et al introduced the "Sum of Single Effects" (SuSiE) model, and showed that it provides a simple and efficient approach to fine-mapping genetic variants from individual-level data. Here we present new methods for fitting the SuSiE model to summary data, for example to single-SNP z-scores from an association study and linkage disequilibrium (LD) values estimated from a suitable reference panel. To develop these new methods, we first describe a simple, generic strategy for extending any individual-level data method to deal with summary data. The key idea is to replace the usual regression likelihood with an analogous likelihood based on summary data. We show that existing fine-mapping methods such as FINEMAP and CAVIAR also (implicitly) use this strategy, but in different ways, and so this provides a common framework for understanding different methods for fine-mapping. We investigate other common practical issues in fine-mapping with summary data, including problems caused by inconsistencies between the z-scores and LD estimates, and we develop diagnostics to identify these inconsistencies. We also present a new refinement procedure that improves model fits in some data sets, and hence improves overall reliability of the SuSiE fine-mapping results. Detailed evaluations of fine-mapping methods in a range of simulated data sets show that SuSiE applied to summary data is competitive, in both speed and accuracy, with the best available fine-mapping methods for summary data.

Author summaryThe goal of fine-mapping is to identify the genetic variants that causally affect some trait of interest. Fine-mapping is challenging because the genetic variants can be highly correlated, due to a phenomenon called linkage disequilibrium (LD). The most successful current approaches to fine-mapping frame the problem as a variable selection problem, and here we focus on one such approach based on the "Sum of Single Effects" (SuSiE) model. The main contribution of this paper is to extend SuSiE to work with summary data, which is often accessible when the full genotype and phenotype data are not. In the process of extending SuSiE, we also developed a new mathematical framework that helps to explain existing fine-mapping methods for summary data, why they work well (or not), and under what circumstances. In simulations, we show that SuSiE applied to summary data is competitive with the best available fine-mapping methods for summary data. We also show how different factors such as accuracy of the LD estimates can affect the quality of the fine-mapping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbonetto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.03.467167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-mapping from summary data with the "Sum of Single Effects" model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modelling liver cancer microenvironment: novel 3D culture system as a potential anti-cancer drug screening tool 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tumor microenvironment and its contribution to tumorigenesis has been a focal highlight in recent years. A two-way communication between the tumor and the surrounding microenvironment sustains and contributes to the growth and metastasis of tumors. Progression and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma have been reported to be exceedingly influenced by diverse microenvironmental cues. In this study, we present a 3D-culture model of liver cancer to better mimic in vivo tumor settings. By creating novel 3D co-culture model that combines free-floating and scaffold based 3D-culture techniques of liver cancer cells and fibroblasts, we aimed to establish a simple albeit reproducible ex vivo cancer microenvironment model that captures tumor-stroma interactions. The model presented herein exhibited unique gene expression and protein expression profiles when compared to 2D and 3D mono-cultures of liver cancer cells. Our results showed that in vivo like conditions cannot be mimicked by simply growing cancer cells as spheroids, but by co-culturing them with 3D fibroblast with which they were able to cross-talk. This was evident by the upregulation of several pathways involved in HCC, and the increase in secreted factors by co-cultured cancer cells, many of which are also involved in tumor-stroma interactions. Compared to the conventional 2D culture, the proposed model exhibits an increase in the expression of genes associated with development, progression, and poor prognosis of HCC. Our results correlated with an aggressive outcome that better mirrors in vivo HCC, and therefore, a more reliable platform for molecular understanding of HCC and possibly better anti-cancer drug screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al Hrout, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervantes-Gracia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chahwan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.04.467266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modelling liver cancer microenvironment: novel 3D culture system as a potential anti-cancer drug screening tool]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of ERK2 activity by dynamic S-acylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) are key effector proteins of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, choreographing essential processes of cellular physiology. Critical in regulating these regulators are a patchwork of mechanisms, including post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as MEK-mediated phosphorylation. Here, we discover that ERK1/2 are subject to S-palmitoylation, a reversible lipid modification of cysteine residues, at C271/C254. Moreover, the levels of ERK1/2 S-acylation are modulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling, mirroring its phosphorylation dynamics, and palmitoylation-deficient ERK2 displays altered phosphorylation patterns at key sites. We find that chemical inhibition of either lipid addition or removal significantly alters ERK1/2s EGF-triggered transcriptional program. We also identify a subset of "writer" protein acyl transferases (PATs) and an "eraser" acyl protein thioesterase (APT) that drive ERK1/2s cycle of palmitoylation and depalmitoylation. Finally, we examine ERK1/2 S-acylation in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome, correlating changes in its lipidation levels with alterations in writer/eraser expression and solidifying the link between ERK1/2 activity, ERK1/2 lipidation, and organismal health. This study not only presents a previously undescribed mode of ERK1/2 regulation and a node to modulate MAPK pathway signaling in pathophysiological conditions, it also offers insight into the role of dynamic S-palmitoylation in cell signaling more generally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azizi, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brookes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of ERK2 activity by dynamic S-acylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Making Common Fund data more Findable: Catalyzing a Data Ecosystem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Common Fund Data Ecosystem (CFDE) has created a flexible system of data federation that enables users to discover datasets from across the U.S. National Institutes of Health Common Fund without requiring that data owners move, reformat, or rehost those data. The CFDEs federation system is centered on a catalog that ingests metadata from individual Common Fund Programs Data Coordination Centers (DCCs) into a uniform metadata model that can then be indexed and searched from a centralized portal. This uniform Crosscut Metadata Model (C2M2) supports the wide variety of data types and metadata terms used by the individual DCCs and is designed to enable easy expansion to accommodate new data types. We describe its use to ingest and index data from ten DCCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charbonneau, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansone, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma'ayan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingrich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, D. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creasy, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocca-Serra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liming, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuler, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giglio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadendla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldrop, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Making Common Fund data more Findable: Catalyzing a Data Ecosystem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogenic and Tumor Suppressor Functions for Lymphoid Enhancer Factor 1 in a Murine Model of T Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T lymphocyte acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a heterogeneous disease affecting T cells at multiple stages of their development and is characterized by frequent genomic alterations. The transcription factor LEF1 is inactivated through mutation in a subset of T-ALL cases but elevated LEF1 expression and activating mutations have also been identified in this disease. Here we show, in a murine model of T-ALL, that the developmental timing of Lef1 mutation impacts its ability to function as a cooperative tumor suppressor or oncogene. T cell transformation in the presence of LEF1 allows leukemic cells to become addicted to its presence. In contrast, deletion prior to transformation both accelerates leukemogenesis and results in leukemic cells with altered expression of genes controlling receptor signaling pathways. Our data demonstrate that the developmental timing of Lef1 mutations impact its apparent oncogenic or tumor suppressive characteristics and demonstrate the utility of mouse models for understanding the cooperation and consequence of mutational order in leukemogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carr, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verykokakis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Beau, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartom, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kee, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogenic and Tumor Suppressor Functions for Lymphoid Enhancer Factor 1 in a Murine Model of T Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition Prevents Caveolin-1-dependent Calcifying Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, including vascular calcification, leading to higher mortality. Release of calcifying extracellular vesicles (EVs) by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) promotes the ectopic mineralization of vessel walls. Caveolin-1 (CAV1) protein plays a key role in genesis of calcifying EVs in VSMCs. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) co-localizes with and influences the intracellular trafficking of CAV1. Using a diet-induced mouse model of CKD, we measured serum EGFR and assessed the potential of EGFR inhibition to prevent vascular calcification. Mice with CKD developed widespread vascular calcification, which associated with increased serum levels of EGFR. We computationally analyzed 7651 individuals in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and Framingham cohorts to assess potential correlations between coronary artery calcium and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with elevated serum levels of EGFR. Individuals in the MESA and Framingham cohorts with SNPs associated with increased serum EGFR exhibit elevated coronary artery calcium. In both the CKD mice and human VSMC culture, EGFR inhibition significantly reduced vascular calcification by mitigating the release of CAV1-positive calcifying EVs. EGFR inhibition also increased bone mineral density in CKD mice. Given that EGFR inhibitors exhibit clinical safety and efficacy in other pathologies, the current data suggest that EGFR may be an ideal target to prevent pathological vascular calcification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nik, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacoviello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shearing, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertazzo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mero, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khomtchouk, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutcheson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition Prevents Caveolin-1-dependent Calcifying Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prehension kinematics in humans and macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWNon-human primates, especially rhesus macaques, have been a dominant model to study sensorimotor control of the upper limbs. Indeed, human and macaques have similar hands and homologous neural circuits to mediate manual behavior. However, few studies have systematically and quantitatively compared the manual behaviors of the two species. Such comparison is critical for assessing the validity of using the macaque sensorimotor system as a model of its human counterpart. In this study, we systematically compared the prehensile behaviors of humans and rhesus macaques using an identical experimental setup. We found human and macaque prehension kinematics to be generally similar with a few subtle differences. While the structure of the preshaping postures is similar in humans and macaques, human postures are more object-specific and human joints are less intercorrelated. Conversely, monkeys demonstrate more stereotypical grasping behaviors that are common across all grasp conditions and more variability in their postures across repeated grasps of the same object. Despite these subtle differences in manual behavior between humans and monkeys, our results bolster the use of the macaque model to understand the neural mechanisms of manual dexterity in humans.

NO_SCPLOWEWC_SCPLOWO_SCPCAP C_SCPCAPO_SCPLOWANDC_SCPLOWO_SCPCAP C_SCPCAPO_SCPLOWNEWSWORTHYC_SCPLOWMacaques have been a dominant animal model to study the neural mechanisms of human dexterity because they exhibit complex manual behavior. We show that the kinematics of prehension - a critical dexterous behavior - are largely similar in humans and macaques. However, human preshaping postures are more object-specific and the movement of human digits are less correlated with each other. The thumb, index, and wrist are major driver of these interspecies differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobinov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prehension kinematics in humans and macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BeeDNA: microfluidic environmental DNA metabarcoding as a tool for connecting plant and pollinator communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pollinators are imperiled by global declines that can reduce plant reproduction, erode essential ecosystem services and resilience, and drive economic losses. Monitoring pollinator biodiversity trends is key for adaptive conservation and management, but conventional surveys are often costly, time consuming, and require taxonomic expertise. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding surveys are booming due to their rapidity, non-invasiveness, and cost efficiency. Microfluidic technology allows multiple primer sets from different markers to be used in eDNA metabarcoding for more comprehensive species inventories whilst minimizing biases associated with individual primer sets. We evaluated microfluidic eDNA metabarcoding for pollinator community monitoring by introducing a bumblebee colony to a greenhouse flower assemblage and sampling natural flower plots. We collected nectar draws, flower swabs, or whole flower heads from four flowering species, including two occurring in both the greenhouse and field. Samples were processed using two eDNA isolation protocols before amplification with 15 primer sets for two markers (COI and 16S). Microfluidic eDNA metabarcoding detected the target bumblebee and greenhouse insects as well as common regional arthropods. Pollinator detection was maximized using whole flower heads preserved in ATL buffer and extracted with a modified Qiagen(R) DNeasy protocol for amplification with COI primers. eDNA surveillance could enhance pollinator assessment by detecting protected and endangered species and being more applicable to remote, inaccessible locations, whilst reducing survey time, effort, and expense. Microfluidic eDNA metabarcoding requires optimization to address remaining efficacy concerns but this approach shows potential in revealing complex networks underpinning critical ecosystem functions and services, enabling more accurate assessments of ecosystem resilience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harper, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niemiller, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benito, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paddock, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knittle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molano-Flores, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.468290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BeeDNA: microfluidic environmental DNA metabarcoding as a tool for connecting plant and pollinator communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Key Factors Governing Initial Stages of Lipid Droplet Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid droplets (LDs) are neutral lipid storage organelles surrounded by a phospholipid (PL) monolayer. LD biogenesis from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is driven by phase separation of neutral lipids, overcoming surface tension and membrane deformation. However, the core biophysics of the initial steps of LD formation remain relatively poorly understood. Here, we use a tunable, phenomenological coarse-grained (CG) model to study triacylglycerol (TG) nucleation in a bilayer membrane. We show that PL rigidity has a strong influence on TG lensing and membrane remodeling: When membrane rigidity increases, TG clusters remain more planar with high anisotropy but a minor degree of phase nucleation. This finding is confirmed by free energy sampling simulations that calculate the potential of mean force (PMF) as a function of the degree of nucleation and anisotropy. We also show that asymmetric tension, controlled by the number of PLs on each membrane leaflet, determines the budding direction. A TG lens buds in the direction of the monolayer containing excess PLs to allow for better PL coverage of TG, consistent with reported experiments. Finally, two governing mechanisms of the LD growth, Ostwald ripening and merging, are observed. Taken together, this study characterizes the interplay between two thermodynamic quantities during the initial LD phases, the TG bulk free energy and membrane remodeling energy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farese, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walther, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.12.468423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Key Factors Governing Initial Stages of Lipid Droplet Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.13.468127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale algorithmic search identifies stiff and sloppy dimensions in synaptic architectures consistent with murine neocortical wiring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.13.468127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex systems can be defined by "sloppy" dimensions, meaning that their behavior is unmodified by large changes to specific parameter combinations, and "stiff" dimensions whose change results in considerable behavioral modification. In the neocortex, sloppiness in synaptic architectures would be crucial to allow for the maintenance of asynchronous irregular spiking dynamics with low firing rates despite a diversity of inputs, states, and both short- and long-term plasticity. Using simulations on neural networks with first-order spiking statistics matched to firing in murine visual cortex while varying connectivity parameters, we determined the stiff and sloppy parameters of synaptic architectures across three classes of input (brief, continuous, and cyclical). Algorithmically-generated connectivity parameter values drawn from a large portion of the parameter space reveal that specific combinations of excitatory and inhibitory connectivity are stiff and that all other architectural details are sloppy. Stiff dimensions are consistent across input classes with self-sustaining synaptic architectures following brief input occupying a smaller subspace as compared to the other input classes. Experimentally estimated connectivity probabilities from mouse visual cortex are consistent with the connectivity correlations found and fall in the same region of the parameter space as architectures identified algorithmically. This suggests that simple statistical descriptions of spiking dynamics are a sufficient and parsimonious description of neocortical activity when examining structure-function relationships at the mesoscopic scale. Additionally, coarse graining cell types does not prevent the generation of accurate, informative, and interpretable models underlying simple spiking activity. This unbiased investigation provides further evidence of the importance of the interrelationship of excitatory and inhibitory connectivity to establish and maintain stable spiking dynamical regimes in the neocortex.

Author SummaryConnections between neurons are continuously changing to allow learning and adaptation to new stimuli. However, the ability of neural networks to vary these connections while avoiding excessively high- or low-activity states is still not well understood. We tackled this question by studying how changes in the parameters of connectivity within and between different neuronal populations impacted network activity in computational models. We identified specific combinations of parameters, deemed "stiff", that must be maintained to observe activity consistent with recordings from murine visual cortex, while the rest of the parameters can be varied freely with minimal effects on activity. Our results agree with experimentally measured connectivity statistics demonstrating the importance of balancing opposing forces to maintain activity in a natural regime.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jabri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.13.468127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale algorithmic search identifies stiff and sloppy dimensions in synaptic architectures consistent with murine neocortical wiring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of cutaneous responses in the cuneate nucleus of macaques during active movement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.15.468735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The authors have withdrawn their manuscript owing to an error identified in the data processing pipeline. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Versteeg, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.15.468735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of cutaneous responses in the cuneate nucleus of macaques during active movement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.468983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clonal hematopoiesis in individuals with ANKRD26 or ETV6 germline mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.468983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Currently, there are at least a dozen recognized hereditary hematopoietic malignancies (HHMs), some of which phenocopy others. Among these, three HHMs driven by germline mutations in ANKRD26, ETV6, or RUNX1 share a phenotype of thrombocytopenia, qualitative platelet defects, and an increased lifetime risk of hematopoietic malignancies (HMs). Prior work has demonstrated that RUNX1 germline mutation carriers experience an elevated lifetime risk (66%) for developing clonal hematopoiesis (CH) prior to age 50. Germline mutations in ANKRD26 or ETV6 phenocopy RUNX1 germline mutations, but no studies have focused on the risk of CH in individuals with germline mutations in ANKRD26 or ETV6.

To determine the prevalence of CH in individuals with germline mutations in ANKRD26 or ETV6, we performed next generation sequencing on hematopoietic tissue from twelve individuals with either germline ANKRD26 or germline ETV6 mutations. Each patient had thrombocytopenia but had not developed HMs. Among the seven individuals with germline ANKRD26 mutations, one patient had a CH clone driven by a somatic SF3B1 mutation (p.Lys700Glu). This mutation increased from a variant allele frequency (VAF) of 9.4% at age 56 to 17.4% at age 60. None of the germline ETV6 mutation carriers had evidence of CH at the limits of detection of the NGS assay (5% VAF). Unlike individuals with germline mutations in RUNX1, no individuals under the age of 50 with germline mutations in ANKRD26 or ETV6 had detectable CH. This work demonstrates that ANKRD26 germline mutation carriers, but not ETV6 mutation carriers, experience elevated risk for CH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drazer, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homan, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrade Silva, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNeely, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozsgai, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acevedo, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King-Smith, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korotev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sood, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NISC Comparative Sequencing Program,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velloso, E. D. R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godley, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.468983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clonal hematopoiesis in individuals with ANKRD26 or ETV6 germline mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Biophysical Model of Nonquantal Transmission at the Vestibular Hair Cell-Calyx Synapse: KLV currents Modulate Fast Electrical and Slow K+ potentials in the Synaptic Cleft 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.18.469197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vestibular hair cells transmit information about head position and motion across synapses to primary afferent neurons. At some of these synapses, the afferent neuron envelopes the hair cell, forming an enlarged synaptic terminal called a calyx. The vestibular hair cell-calyx synapse supports a mysterious form of electrical transmission that does not involve gap junctions termed nonquantal transmission (NQT). The NQT mechanism is thought to involve the flow of ions from the pre-synaptic hair cell to the post-synaptic calyx through low-voltage-activated channels driven by changes in cleft [K+] as K+ exits the hair cell. However, this hypothesis has not been tested with a quantitative model and the possible role of an electrical potential in the cleft has remained speculative. Here we present a computational model that captures salient experimental observations of NQT and identifies overlooked features that corroborate the existence of an electrical potential ({phi}) in the synaptic cleft. We show that changes in cleft{phi} reduce transmission latency and illustrate the relative contributions of both cleft [K+] and{phi} to the gain and phase of NQT. We further demonstrate that the magnitude and speed of NQT depend on calyx morphology and that increasing calyx height reduces action potential latency in the calyx afferent. These predictions are consistent with the idea that the calyx evolved to enhance NQT and speed up vestibular signals that drive neural circuits controlling gaze, balance, and orientation.

Significance StatementThe ability of the vestibular system to drive the fastest reflexes in the nervous system depends on rapid transmission of mechanosensory signals at vestibular hair cell synapses. In mammals and other amniotes, afferent neurons form unusually large calyx terminals on certain hair cells, and communication at these synapses includes nonquantal transmission (NQT), which avoids the synaptic delay of quantal transmission. We present a quantitative model that shows how NQT depends on the extent of the calyx covering the hair cell and attributes the short latency of NQT to changes in synaptic cleft electrical potential caused by current flowing through open potassium channels in the hair cell. This previously undescribed mechanism may act at other synapses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Govindaraju, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quraishi, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lysakowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eatock, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raphael, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.469197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Biophysical Model of Nonquantal Transmission at the Vestibular Hair Cell-Calyx Synapse: KLV currents Modulate Fast Electrical and Slow K+ potentials in the Synaptic Cleft]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.468693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effect of COVID-19 on the Postdoctoral Experience: a comparison of pre-pandemic and pandemic surveys. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.19.468693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the interest of advocating for the postdoctoral community in the United States, we present results from survey data collected before and during the COVID-19 pandemic on the same population of postdocs. In 2019, 5,929 postdocs in the US completed a comprehensive survey, and in 2020, a subset completed a follow-up survey several months into the pandemic. The results show that the pandemic has substantially impacted postdocs mental health and wellness irrespective of gender, race, citizenship, or other identities. Postdocs also reported a significant impact on their career trajectories and progression, reduced confidence in achieving career goals, and negative perceptions of the job market compared to pre-COVID-19. International postdocs also reported experiencing distinct stressors due to the changes in immigration policy. Notably, having access to Postdoctoral Associations and Postdoctoral Offices positively impacted postdocs overall well-being and helped mitigate the personal and professional stresses and career uncertainties caused by the pandemic.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=137 SRC="FIGDIR/small/468693v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (56K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@174d7e3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9893dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@114470org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a4278f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical Abstract of survey responses to: Why or how has your research been disrupted or not disrupted due to the pandemic? Overall, postdocs responded with feelings of loss of control as the pandemic was acting upon them and taking away their ability to complete their work.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helling, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risner, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.19.468693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effect of COVID-19 on the Postdoctoral Experience: a comparison of pre-pandemic and pandemic surveys.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A deep learning framework for inference of single-trial neural population activity from calcium imaging with sub-frame temporal resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.469441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many brain areas, neural populations act as a coordinated network whose state is tied to behavior on a moment-by-moment basis and millisecond timescale. Two-photon (2p) calcium imaging is a powerful tool to probe network-scale computation, as it can measure the activity of many individual neurons, monitor multiple cortical layers simultaneously, and sample from identified cell types. However, estimating network state and dynamics from 2p measurements has proven challenging because of noise, inherent nonlinearities, and limitations on temporal resolution. Here we describe RADICaL, a deep learning method to overcome these limitations at the population level. RADICaL extends methods that exploit dynamics in spiking activity for application to deconvolved calcium signals, whose statistics and temporal dynamics are quite distinct from electrophysiologically-recorded spikes. It incorporates a novel network training strategy that capitalizes on the timing of 2p sampling to recover network dynamics with high temporal precision. In synthetic tests, RADICaL infers network state more accurately than previous methods, particularly for high-frequency components. In real 2p recordings from sensorimotor areas in mice performing a "water grab" task, RADICaL infers network state with close correspondence to single-trial variations in behavior, and maintains high-quality inference even when neuronal populations are substantially reduced.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grier, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovannucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.21.469441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A deep learning framework for inference of single-trial neural population activity from calcium imaging with sub-frame temporal resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing the short-latency evoked response to intracortical microstimulation across a multi-electrode array 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivePersons with tetraplegia can use brain-machine interfaces to make visually guided reaches with robotic arms. Without somatosensory feedback, these movements will likely be slow and imprecise, like those of persons who retain movement but have lost proprioception. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) has promise for providing artificial somatosensory feedback. If ICMS can mimic naturally occurring neural activity, afferent interfaces may be more informative and easier to learn than interfaces that evoke unnaturalistic activity. To develop such biomimetic stimulation patterns, it is important to characterize the responses of neurons to ICMS.

ApproachUsing a Utah multi-electrode array, we recorded activity evoked by single pulses, and short (~0.2 s) and long (~4 s) trains of ICMS at a wide range of amplitudes and frequencies. As the electrical artifact caused by ICMS typically prevents recording for many milliseconds, we deployed a custom rapid-recovery amplifier with nonlinear gain to limit signal saturation on the stimulated electrode. Across all electrodes after stimulation, we removed the remaining slow return to baseline with acausal high-pass filtering of time-reversed recordings. With these techniques, we could record ~0.7 ms after stimulation offset even on the stimulated electrode.

Main resultsWe recorded likely transsynaptically-evoked activity as early as ~0.7 ms after single pulses of stimulation that was immediately followed by suppressed neural activity lasting 10-150 ms. Instead of this long-lasting inhibition, neurons increased their firing rates for ~100 ms after trains. During long trains, the evoked response on the stimulated electrode decayed rapidly while the response was maintained on non-stimulated channels.

SignificanceThe detailed description of the spatial and temporal response to ICMS can be used to better interpret results from experiments that probe circuit connectivity or function of cortical areas. These results can also contribute to the design of stimulation patterns to improve afferent interfaces for artificial sensory feedback.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sombeck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumaravelu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goetz, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterchev, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grill, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.22.469555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing the short-latency evoked response to intracortical microstimulation across a multi-electrode array]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribonucleotide Reductase Regulatory Subunit M2 as a Driver of Glioblastoma TMZ-Resistance through Modulation of dNTP Production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.23.469785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the most resistant and fatal forms of cancer. Previous studies have examined primary and recurrent GBM tumors, but it is difficult to study tumor evolution during therapy where resistance develops. To investigate this, we performed an in vivo single-cell RNA sequencing screen in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. Primary GBM was modeled by mice treated with DMSO control, recurrent GBM was modeled by mice treated with temozolomide (TMZ), and during therapy GBM was modeled by mice euthanized after two of five TMZ treatments. Our analysis revealed the cellular population present during therapy to be distinct from primary and recurrent GBM. We found the Ribonucleotide Reductase gene family to exhibit a unique signature in our data due to an observed subunit switch to favor RRM2 during therapy. GBM cells were shown to rely on RRM2 during therapy causing RRM2-knockdown (KD) cells to be TMZ-sensitive. Using targeted metabolomics, we found RRM2-KDs to produce less dGTP and dCTP than control cells in response to TMZ (p<0.0001). Supplementing RRM2-KDs with deoxycytidine and deoxyguanosine rescued TMZ-sensitivity, suggesting an RRM2-driven mechanism of chemoresistance, established by regulating the production of these nucleotides. In vivo, tumor-bearing mice treated with the RRM2-inhibitor, Triapine, in combination with TMZ, survived longer than mice treated with TMZ alone (p<0.01), indicating promising clinical opportunities in targeting RRM2. Our data present a novel understanding of RRM2 activity, and its alteration during therapeutic stress as response to TMZ-induced DNA damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perrault, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shireman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preddy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zolp, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budhiraja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baisiwala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Sahra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.23.469785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribonucleotide Reductase Regulatory Subunit M2 as a Driver of Glioblastoma TMZ-Resistance through Modulation of dNTP Production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synchrony and idiosyncrasy in the gut microbiome of wild primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human gut microbial dynamics are highly individualized, making it challenging to link microbiota to health and to design universal microbiome therapies. This individuality is typically attributed to variation in host genetics, diets, environments, and medications, but it could also emerge from fundamental ecological forces that shape microbiota more generally. Here we leverage extensive gut microbial time series from wild baboons--hosts who experience little interindividual dietary and environmental heterogeneity--to test whether gut microbial dynamics are synchronized across hosts or largely idiosyncratic. Despite their shared lifestyles, baboon microbiome dynamics were only weakly synchronized. The strongest synchrony occurred among baboons living in the same social group, likely because group members range over the same habitat and simultaneously encounter the same sources of food and water. However, this synchrony was modest compared to each hosts personalized dynamics. Indeed, host-specific factors, especially host identity, explained 10 times the deviance in longitudinal microbial dynamics, compared to factors shared across hosts. These results contribute to mounting evidence that highly idiosyncratic gut microbiomes are not an artifact of modern human environments, and that synchronizing forces in the gut microbiome (e.g., shared environments, diets, and microbial dispersal) are often not strong enough to overwhelm drivers of microbiome personalization, including host genetics, priority effects, horizontal gene transfer, and functional redundancy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bjork, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasari, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roche, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grieneisen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenier, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yotova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gesquiere, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Learn, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wango, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mututua, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warutere, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siodi, L. i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberts, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blekhman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.24.469913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synchrony and idiosyncrasy in the gut microbiome of wild primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stability criteria for the consumption and exchange of essential resources 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Models of pairwise interactions have informed our understanding of when ecological communities will have stable equilibria. However, these models do not explicitly include the effect of the resource environment, which has the potential to refine or modify our understanding of when a group of interacting species will coexist. Recent consumer-resource models incorporating the exchange of resources alongside competition exemplify this: such models can lead to either stable or unstable equilibria, depending on the resource supply. On the other hand, these recent models focus on a simplified version of microbial metabolism where the depletion of resources always leads to consumer growth. Here, we model an arbitrarily large system of consumers governed by Liebigs law, where species require and deplete multiple resources, but each consumers growth rate is only limited by a single one of these multiple resources. Consumed resources that do not lead to growth are leaked back into the environment, thereby tying the mismatch between depletion and growth to cross-feeding. For this set of dynamics, we show that feasible equilibria can be either stable or unstable, once again depending on the resource environment. We identify special consumption and production networks which protect the community from instability when resources are scarce. Using simulations, we demonstrate that the qualitative stability patterns we derive analytically apply to a broader class of network structures and resource inflow profiles, including cases in which species coexist on only one externally supplied resource. Our stability criteria bear some resemblance to classic stability results for pairwise interactions, but also demonstrate how environmental context can shape coexistence patterns when ecological mechanism is modeled directly.

Author summaryOne of the longstanding challenges in community ecology is to understand how diverse ecosystems assemble and stably persist. Microbial communities are a particularly acute example of this open problem, because thousands of different bacterial species can coexist in the same environment. Interactions between bacteria are of central importance across a wide variety of systems, from the dynamics of the human gut microbiome to the functioning of industrial bioreactors. As a result, a predictive understanding of which microbes can coexist together, and how they do it, will have far-reaching applications. In this paper, we incorporate a more realistic understanding of microbial metabolism into classic mathematical models of consumer-resource dynamics. In our model, bacteria deplete multiple abiotic nutrients but only grow on one of these resources. In addition, they recycle some of the nutrients they consume back into the environment as new resources. We analytically derive criteria which, if satisfied, guarantee that any number of microbes will coexist. We find that there are special types of interaction networks which remain stable even when resources are scarce. Our theory can be used in conjunction with experimentally determined interaction networks to predict which species assemblages are likely to stably coexist in a specified resource environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dwyer, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.24.469922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stability criteria for the consumption and exchange of essential resources]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.470024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes requires cellular respiration for NAD+ regeneration and pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.470024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular respiration is essential for multiple bacterial pathogens and a validated antibiotic target. In addition to driving oxidative phosphorylation, bacterial respiration has a variety of ancillary functions that obscure its contribution to pathogenesis. We find here that the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes encodes two respiratory pathways which are partially functionally redundant and indispensable for pathogenesis. Loss of respiration decreased NAD+ regeneration, but this could be specifically reversed by heterologous expression of a water-forming NADH oxidase (NOX). NOX expression fully rescued intracellular growth defects and increased L. monocytogenes loads >1,000-fold in a mouse infection model. Consistent with NAD+ regeneration maintaining L. monocytogenes viability and enabling immune evasion, a respiration-deficient strain exhibited elevated bacteriolysis within the host cytosol and NOX rescued this phenotype. These studies show that NAD+ regeneration, rather than oxidative phosphorylation, represents the primary role of L. monocytogenes respiration and highlight the nuanced relationship between bacterial metabolism, physiology, and pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Lugo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anaya-Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejedor-Sanz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Ruiz, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titov, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajo-Franklin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.25.470024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Listeria monocytogenes requires cellular respiration for NAD+ regeneration and pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epistasis is not a strong constraint on the recurrent evolution of toxin-resistant Na+,K+-ATPases among tetrapods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing body of theoretical and experimental evidence suggests that intramolecular epistasis is a major determinant of rates and patterns of protein evolution and imposes a substantial constraint on the evolution of novel protein functions. Here, we examine the role of intramolecular epistasis in the recurrent evolution of resistance to cardiotonic steroids (CTS) across tetrapods, which occurs via specific amino acid substitutions to the -subunit family of Na,K-ATPases (ATP1A). After identifying a series of recurrent substitutions at two key sites of ATP1A that are predicted to confer CTS resistance in diverse tetrapods, we then performed protein engineering experiments to test the functional consequences of introducing these substitutions onto divergent species backgrounds. In line with previous results, we find that substitutions at these sites can have substantial background-dependent effects on CTS resistance. Globally, however, these substitutions also have pleiotropic effects that are consistent with additive rather than background-dependent effects. Moreover, the magnitude of a substitutions effect on activity does not depend on the overall extent of ATP1A sequence divergence between species. Our results suggest that epistatic constraints on the evolution of CTS-resistant forms of Na,K-ATPase likely depend on a small number of sites, with little dependence on overall levels of protein divergence. We propose that dependence on a limited number sites may account for the observation of convergent CTS resistance substitutions observed among taxa with highly divergent Na,K-ATPases.

Significance StatementIndividual amino acid residues within a protein work in concert to produce a functionally coherent structure that must be maintained even as orthologous proteins in different species diverge over time. Given this dependence, we expect identical mutations to have more similar effects on protein function in more closely related species. We tested this hypothesis by performing protein-engineering experiments on ATP1A, an enzyme mediating target-site insensitivity to cardiotonic steroids (CTS) in diverse animals. These experiments reveal that the phenotypic effects of substitutions can sometimes be background-dependent, but also that the magnitude of these phenotypic effects does not correlate with overall levels of ATP1A sequence divergence. Our results suggest that epistatic constraints are determined by states at a small number of sites, potentially explaining the frequent convergent CTS resistance substitutions among Na,K-ATPases of highly divergent taxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Alvarez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Ordonez, M. d. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andolfatto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epistasis is not a strong constraint on the recurrent evolution of toxin-resistant Na+,K+-ATPases among tetrapods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GraphPrompt: Biomedical Entity Normalization Using Graph-based Prompt Templates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomedical entity normalization unifies the language across biomedical experiments and studies, and further enables us to obtain a holistic view of life sciences. Current approaches mainly study the normalization of more standardized entities such as diseases and drugs, while disregarding the more ambiguous but crucial entities such as pathways, functions and cell types, hindering their real-world applications. To achieve biomedical entity normalization on these under-explored entities, we first introduce an expert-curated dataset OBO-syn encompassing 70 different types of entities and 2 million curated entity-synonym pairs. To utilize the unique graph structure in this dataset, we propose GraphPrompt, a promptbased learning approach that creates prompt templates according to the graphs. Graph-Prompt obtained 41.0% and 29.9% improvement on zero-shot and few-shot settings respectively, indicating the effectiveness of these graph-based prompt templates. We envision that our method GraphPrompt and OBO-syn dataset can be broadly applied to graph-based NLP tasks, and serve as the basis for analyzing diverse and accumulating biomedical data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhalerao, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GraphPrompt: Biomedical Entity Normalization Using Graph-based Prompt Templates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal NF-κB dynamics encodes the position, amplitude and duration of local immune inputs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.30.470463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infected cells communicate through secreted signaling molecules like cytokines, which inform nearby cells about the type, severity and location of pathogens. How differences in cytokine secretion affect inflammatory signaling over space and time, and how responding cells decode information from propagating cytokine signals are not understood. By computationally and experimentally studying NF-{kappa}B dynamics in co-cultures of signal sending cells (macrophages) and receiving cells (fibroblasts), we found that cytokine signals are transmitted by wave-like propagation of NF-{kappa}B activity and create well-defined cellular activation zones in a responding cell population. Remarkably, NF-{kappa}B dynamics in responding cells can simultaneously encode information about cytokine dose, duration, and distance to the cytokine source. Spatially-resolved transcriptional analysis revealed that responding cells transmit local cytokine information to distance specific pro-inflammatory gene expression patterns, creating "gene expression zones" in the population. Despite single-cell variability, the size and duration of the signaling zone is tightly controlled by the macrophage cytokine secretion profile. Our results highlight how macrophages tune their cytokine secretion dynamics to control signal transmission distance, and how NF-{kappa}B interprets these signals to coordinate inflammatory response in space and time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Son, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holst-Hansen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashaf, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trusina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.30.470463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal NF-κB dynamics encodes the position, amplitude and duration of local immune inputs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transplantable human thyroid organoids generated from embryonic stem cells to rescue hypothyroidism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.01.470729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The thyroid gland captures iodide in order to synthesize hormones that act on almost all tissues and are essential for normal growth and metabolism. Low plasma levels of thyroid hormones lead to hypothyroidism, which is one of the most common disorder in humans and is not always satisfactorily treated by lifelong hormone replacement. Therefore, in addition to the lack of in vitro tractable models to study human thyroid development, differentiation and maturation, functional human thyroid organoids could pave the way to explore new therapeutic approaches. Here we report the first transplantable thyroid organoids derived from human embryonic stem cells capable of restoring plasma thyroid hormone to athyreotic mice as a proof of concept for future therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romitti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Faria da Fonseca, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doumont, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillotay, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tourneur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eski, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Simaeys, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasolle, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monestier, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figini Kasprzyk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detours, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Refetoff, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costagliola, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transplantable human thyroid organoids generated from embryonic stem cells to rescue hypothyroidism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.470931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From the formation of embryonic appendages to the color of wings: Conserved and novel roles of aristaless1 in butterfly development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.470931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Highly diverse butterfly wing patterns have emerged as a powerful system for understanding the genetic basis of phenotypic variation. While the genetic basis of this pattern variation is being clarified, the precise developmental pathways linking genotype to phenotype are not well understood. The gene aristaless, which plays a role in appendage patterning and extension, has been duplicated in Lepidoptera. One copy, aristaless1, has been shown to control a white/yellow color switch in the butterfly Heliconius cydno, suggesting a novel function associated with color patterning and pigmentation. Here we investigate the developmental basis of al1 in embryos, larvae and pupae using new antibodies, CRISPR/Cas9, RNAi, qPCR assays of downstream targets and pharmacological manipulation of an upstream activator. We find that Al1 is expressed at the distal tips of developing embryonic appendages consistent with its ancestral role. In developing wings, we observe Al1 accumulation within developing scale cells of white H. cydno during early pupation while yellow scale cells exhibit little Al1 at this timepoint. Reduced Al1 expression is also associated with yellow scale development in al1 knockouts and knockdowns. We also find that Al1 expression appears to downregulate the enzyme Cinnabar and other genes that synthesize and transport the yellow pigment, 3-Hydroxykynurenine (3-OHK). Finally, we provide evidence that Al1 activation is under the control of Wnt signaling. We propose a model in which high levels of Al1 during early pupation, which are mediated by Wnt, are important for melanic pigmentation and specifying white portions of the wing while reduced levels of Al1 during early pupation promote upregulation of proteins needed to move and synthesize 3-OHK, promoting yellow pigmentation. In addition, we discuss how the ancestral role of aristaless in appendage extension may be relevant in understanding the cellular mechanism behind color patterning in the context of the heterochrony hypothesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bayala, E. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanKuren, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massardo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronforst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.02.470931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From the formation of embryonic appendages to the color of wings: Conserved and novel roles of aristaless1 in butterfly development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.471135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trial-by-trial fluctuations in amygdala activity track motivational enhancement of desirable sensory evidence during perceptual decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.03.471135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People are biased towards seeing outcomes that they are motivated to see. For example, sports fans often perceive the same ambiguous foul in favor of the team they support. Here, we test the hypothesis that motivational biases in perceptual decision-making arise from amygdala-dependent biases in sensory processing. Human participants were rewarded for correctly categorizing an ambiguous image into one of two categories while undergoing fMRI. On each trial, we used a financial bonus to motivate participants to see one category over another. The reward maximizing strategy was to perform the categorizations accurately, but participants were biased towards categorizing the images as the category we motivated them to see. Heightened amygdala activity was associated with motivation consistent categorizations, and tracked trial-by-trial enhancement of neural activity in sensory cortices that was specific to the desirable category. Analyses using a drift diffusion model provide converging evidence that trial-by-trial amygdala activity was associated with stronger biases in the accumulation of sensory evidence. Prior work examining biases in perceptual decision-making have focused on the role of frontoparietal regions. Our work highlights an important contribution of the amygdala. When people are motivated to see one outcome over another, the amygdala biases perceptual decisions towards those outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paterson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.03.471135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trial-by-trial fluctuations in amygdala activity track motivational enhancement of desirable sensory evidence during perceptual decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seipin transmembrane segments critically function in triglyceride nucleation and lipid droplet budding from the membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid droplets (LDs) are organelles formed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to store triacylglycerol (TG) and sterol esters. The ER protein seipin is key for LD biogenesis. Seipin forms a cage-like structure, with each seipin monomer containing a conserved hydrophobic helix (HH) and two transmembrane (TM) segments. How the different parts of seipin function in TG nucleation and LD budding is poorly understood. Here, we utilized molecular dynamics simulations of human seipin, along with cell-based experiments, to study seipins functions in protein-lipid interactions, lipid diffusion, and LD maturation. All-atom (AA) simulations indicate that most seipin TM segment residues located in the phospholipid (PL) tail region of the bilayer attract TG. We also find seipin TM segments control lipid diffusion and permeation into the protein complex. Simulating larger, growing LDs with coarse-grained (CG) models, we find that the seipin TM segments form a constricted neck structure to facilitate conversion of a flat oil lens into a budding LD. Using cell experiments and simulations, we also show that conserved, positively charged residues at the end of seipins TM segments affect LD maturation. We propose a model in which seipin TM segments critically function in TG nucleation and LD growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arlt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farese, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walther, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.05.471300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seipin transmembrane segments critically function in triglyceride nucleation and lipid droplet budding from the membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gap genes are involved in inviability in hybrids between Drosophila melanogaster and D. santomea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolved changes within species lead to the inevitable loss of viability in hybrids. Inviability is also a convenient phenotype to genetically map and validate functionally divergent genes and pathways differentiating closely related species. Here we identify the Drosophila melanogaster form of the highly conserved essential gap gene giant (gt) as a key genetic determinant of hybrid inviability in crosses with D. santomea. We show that the coding region of this allele in D. melanogaster/D. santomea hybrids is sufficient to cause embryonic inviability not seen in either pure species. Further genetic analysis indicates that tailless (tll), another gap gene, is also involved in the hybrid defects. giant and tll are both members of the gap gene network of transcription factors that participate in establishing anterior-posterior specification of the dipteran embryo, a highly conserved developmental process. Genes whose outputs in this process are functionally conserved nevertheless evolve over short timescales to cause inviability in hybrids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreitman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matute, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gap genes are involved in inviability in hybrids between Drosophila melanogaster and D. santomea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanism of claudin-15 strand flexibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Claudins are one of the major components of tight junctions that play a key role in formation and maintaining epithelial barrier function. Tight junction strands are dynamic and capable of adapting their structure in response to large-scale tissue rearrangement and cellular movement. Here, we present molecular dynamics simulations of claudin-15 strands of up to 225 nm in length in two parallel lipid membranes and characterize their mechanical properties. The persistence length of claudin-15 strands is comparable with experiments leading to a curvature of 0.12 nm-1 at room temperature. Our results indicate that lateral flexibility of claudin strands is due to an interplay of three sets of interfacial interaction networks between four linear claudin strands in the membranes. In this model, claudins are assembled into interlocking tetrameric ion channels along the strand that slide with respect to each other as the strands curve over sub-micrometer length scales. These results suggest a novel molecular mechanism underlying claudin-15 strand flexibility. It also sheds light on the inter-molecular interactions and their role in maintaining epithelial barrier function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuladi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuinness, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalili-Araghi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanism of claudin-15 strand flexibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for topological regulation of Tn3 resolvase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Site-specific DNA recombinases play a variety of biological roles, often related to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance, and are also useful synthetic biology tools. The simplest sitespecific recombination systems will recombine any two cognate sites regardless of context. Other systems have evolved elaborate mechanisms, often sensing DNA topology, to ensure that only one of multiple possible recombination products is produced. The closely-related resolvases from the Tn3 and {gamma}{delta} transposons have historically served as paradigms for the regulation of recombinase activity by DNA topology. However, despite many proposals, models of the multi-subunit protein-DNA complex (termed the synaptosome) that enforces this regulation have been unsatisfying due to a lack of experimental constraints and incomplete concordance with experimental data. Here we present new structural and biochemical data that lead to a new, detailed model of the Tn3 synaptosome, and discuss how it harnesses DNA topology to regulate the enzymatic activity of the recombinase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montano, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowland, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boocock, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for topological regulation of Tn3 resolvase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trapping of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Ligands Assayed by in vitro Cellular Studies and in vivo PET Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A question relevant to nicotine addiction is how nicotine and other nicotinic receptor membranepermeant ligands, such as the anti-smoking drug varenicline (Chantix), distribute in brain. Ligands, like varenicline, with high pKa and high-affinity for 4{beta}2-type nicotinic receptors (4{beta}2Rs) are trapped in intracellular acidic vesicles containing 4{beta}2Rs in vitro. Nicotine, with lower pKa and 4{beta}2R affinity, is not trapped. Here, we extend our results by imaging nicotinic PET ligands in vivo in mouse brain and identifying the trapping brain organelle in vitro as Golgi satellites (GSats). Two PET 18F-labelled imaging ligands were chosen: [18F]2-FA85380 (2-FA) with varenicline-like pKa and affinity and [18F]Nifene with nicotine-like pKa and affinity. [18F]2-FA PET-imaging kinetics were very slow consistent with 2-FA trapping in 4{beta}2R-containing GSats. In contrast, [18F]Nifene kinetics were rapid, consistent with its binding to 4{beta}2Rs but no trapping. Specific [18F]2-FA and [18F]Nifene signals were eliminated in {beta}2 subunit knockout mice or by acute nicotine injections demonstrating binding to sites on {beta}2-containing receptors. Chloroquine, which dissipates GSat pH gradients, reduced [18F]2-FA distributions while having little effect on [18F]Nifene distributions in vivo consistent with only [18F]2-FA trapping in GSats. These results are further supported by in vitro findings where dissipation of GSat pH gradients blocks 2-FA trapping in GSats without affecting Nifene. By combining in vitro and in vivo imaging, we mapped both the brain-wide and subcellular distributions of weak-base nicotinic receptor ligands. We conclude that ligands, such as varenicline, are trapped in neurons in 4{beta}2R-containing GSats, which results in very slow release long after nicotine is gone after smoking.

SignificanceMechanisms of nicotine addiction remain poorly understood. An earlier study using in vitro methods found that the anti-smoking nicotinic ligand, varenicline (Chantix) was trapped in 4{beta}2R-containing acidic vesicles. Using a fluorescent labeled high-affinity nicotinic ligand, this study provided evidence that these intracellular acidic vesicles were 4{beta}2R-containing Golgi satellites. In vivo PET imaging with F-18 labeled nicotinic ligands provided additional evidence that differences in PET ligand trapping in acidic vesicles were the cause of differences in PET ligand kinetics and subcellular distributions. These findings combining in vitro and in vivo imaging revealed new mechanistic insights into the kinetics of weak base PET imaging ligands and the subcellular mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zammit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Govind, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holderman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuiyan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freifelder, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trapping of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Ligands Assayed by in vitro Cellular Studies and in vivo PET Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ion Transport, Selectivity, and Electronic Polarization in Fluoride Channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluoride channels (Fluc) export toxic F- from the cytoplasm. Crystallography and mutagenesis have identified several conserved residues crucial for fluoride transport, but the permeation mechanism at the molecular level has remained elusive. Herein we have applied constant-pH molecular dynamics and free energy sampling methods to investigate fluoride permeation through a Fluc protein from Escherichia coli. We find that fluoride is facile to permeate in its charged form, i.e., F-, by traversing through a non-bonded network. The extraordinary F- selectivity is gained by the hydrogen-bonding capability of the central binding site and the Coulombic filter at the channel entrance. The F- permeation rate calculated using an electronically polarizable force field is significantly more accurate compared to the experimental value than that calculated using a more standard additive force field, suggesting an essential role for electronic polarization in the F- - Fluc interactions.

O_TEXTBOXSIGNIFICANCE

A comprehensive atomistic-level computational study is presented of the mechanism of fluoride permeation through fluoride channels. The mechanism of fluoride permeation of the F- anion is established and the microscopic determinants of F- selectivity revealed. The essential nature of electronic polarization during F- permeation is also demonstrated through the computational modeling.

C_TEXTBOX
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ion Transport, Selectivity, and Electronic Polarization in Fluoride Channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.11.472229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple genes in cis mediate the effects of a single chromatin accessibility variant on aberrant synaptic development and function in human neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.11.472229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite hundreds of risk loci from genome-wide association studies of neuropsychiatric disorders, causal variants/genes remain largely unknown. Here, in NEUROG2-induced human neurons, we identified 31 risk SNPs in 26 schizophrenia (SZ) risk loci that displayed allele-specific open chromatin (ASoC) and were likely to be functional. Editing the strongest ASoC SNP rs2027349 near vacuolar protein sorting 45 homolog (VPS45) altered the expression of VPS45, lncRNA AC244033.2, and a distal gene, C1orf54, in human neurons. Notably, the global gene expression changes in neurons were enriched for SZ risk and correlated with post-mortem brain gene expression signatures of neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurons carrying the risk allele exhibited increased dendritic complexity, synaptic puncta density, and hyperactivity, which were reversed by knocking-down distinct cis-regulated genes (VPS45, AC244033.2, or C1orf54), suggesting a phenotypic contribution from all three genes. Interestingly, transcriptomic analysis of knockdown cells suggested a non-additive effects of these genes. Our study reveals a compound effect of multiple genes at a single SZ locus on synaptic development and function, providing a mechanistic link between a non-coding SZ risk variant and disease-related cellular phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagchi, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piguel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionisio, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penzes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.11.472229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple genes in cis mediate the effects of a single chromatin accessibility variant on aberrant synaptic development and function in human neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The first Miocene fossils from coastal woodlands in the southern East African Rift 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.472914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Miocene is a key time in the evolution of African mammals and their ecosystems witnessing the origin of the African apes and the isolation of eastern coastal forests through an expanding biogeographic arid corridor. Until recently, however, Miocene sites from the southeastern regions of the continent were unknown. Here we report discovery of the first Miocene fossil teeth from the shoulders of the Urema Rift in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique, at the southern East African Rift System. We provide the first 1) radiometric age determinations of the fossiliferous Mazamba Formation, 2) reconstructions of past vegetation in the region based on pedogenic carbonates and fossil wood, and 3) description of fossil teeth from the southern rift. Gorongosa is unique in the East African Rift System in combining marine invertebrates, marine vertebrates, terrestrial mammals, and fossil woods in coastal paleoenvironments. The Gorongosa fossil sites offer the first evidence of persistent woodlands and forests on the coastal margins of southeastern Africa during the Miocene, and an exceptional assemblage of fossil vertebrates including new species. Further work will allow the testing of hypotheses positing the formation of a northeast-southwest arid corridor isolating species on the eastern coastal forests from those elsewhere in Africa.

BriefThe Miocene is a key time in the evolution of African mammals and their ecosystems encompassing hominine origins and the establishment of an arid corridor that isolated eastern Africas coastal forests. Until now, however, Miocene sites from southeastern Africa have been unknown. We report the discovery of the first Miocene fossil sites from Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique, and show that these sites formed in coastal settings. We provide radiometric ages for the fossiliferous sediments, reconstructions of past vegetation based on stable isotopes and fossil wood, and a description of the first fossil teeth from the region. Gorongosa is the only paleontological site in the East African Rift that combines fossil woods, marine invertebrates, marine vertebrates, and terrestrial mammals. Gorongosa offers the first evidence of persistent woodlands and forests on the coastal margins of southeastern Africa during the Miocene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bobe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldeias, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alemseged, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aumaitre, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamford, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourles, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capelli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>d'Oliveira Coelho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habermann, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupczik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebatard, A.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luedecke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macoa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meira Paulo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puschel, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tata Regala, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira da Silva, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stalmans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.472914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The first Miocene fossils from coastal woodlands in the southern East African Rift]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.472354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Haplotype-resolved inversion landscape reveals hotspots of mutational recurrence associated with genomic disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.472354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unlike copy number variants (CNVs), inversions remain an underexplored genetic variation class. By integrating multiple genomic technologies, we discover 729 inversions in 41 human genomes. Approximately 85% of inversions <2 kbp form by twin-priming during L1-retrotransposition; 80% of the larger inversions are balanced and affect twice as many base pairs as CNVs. Balanced inversions show an excess of common variants, and 72% are flanked by segmental duplications (SDs) or mobile elements. Since this suggests recurrence due to non-allelic homologous recombination, we developed complementary approaches to identify recurrent inversion formation. We describe 40 recurrent inversions encompassing 0.6% of the genome, showing inversion rates up to 2.7x10-4 per locus and generation. Recurrent inversions exhibit a sex- chromosomal bias, and significantly co-localize to the critical regions of genomic disorders. We propose that inversion recurrence results in an elevated number of heterozygous carriers and structural SD diversity, which increases mutability in the population and predisposes to disease- causing CNVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Höps, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashraf, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Martin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallast, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maggiolini, F. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henning, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audano, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenfeld, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benito, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Human Genome Structural Variation Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonacci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinrücken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marschall, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korbel, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.472354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Haplotype-resolved inversion landscape reveals hotspots of mutational recurrence associated with genomic disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A discovery-based proteomics approach identifies protein disulfide isomerase (PDIA1) as a biomarker of β cell stress in type 1 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.22.473924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundActivation of stress pathways intrinsic to the {beta} cell are thought to both accelerate {beta} cell death and increase {beta} cell immunogenicity in type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, information on the timing and scope of these responses is lacking.

MethodsTo identify temporal and disease-related changes in islet {beta} cell protein expression, data independent acquisition-mass spectrometry was performed on islets collected longitudinally from NOD mice and NOD-SCID mice rendered diabetic through T cell adoptive transfer.

FindingsIn islets collected from female NOD mice at 10, 12, and 14 weeks of age, we found a time-restricted upregulation of proteins involved in the maintenance of {beta} cell function and stress mitigation, followed by loss of expression of protective proteins that heralded diabetes onset. Pathway analysis identified EIF2 signaling and the unfolded protein response, mTOR signaling, mitochondrial function, and oxidative phosphorylation as commonly modulated pathways in both diabetic NOD mice and NOD-SCID mice rendered acutely diabetic by adoptive transfer, highlighting this core set of pathways in T1D pathogenesis. In immunofluorescence validation studies, {beta} cell expression of protein disulfide isomerase A1 (PDIA1) and 14-3-3b were found to be increased during disease progression in NOD islets, while PDIA1 plasma levels were increased in pre-diabetic NOD mice and in the serum of children with recent-onset T1D compared to age and sex-matched non-diabetic controls.

InterpretationWe identified a common and core set of modulated pathways across distinct mouse models of T1D and identified PDIA1 as a potential human biomarker of {beta} cell stress in T1D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Syed, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raedschelders, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bone, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eyk, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamula, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans-Molina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.22.473924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A discovery-based proteomics approach identifies protein disulfide isomerase (PDIA1) as a biomarker of β cell stress in type 1 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cardiac lncRNA Chantico directly regulates Cxcl1 chemokine transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Withdrawal StatementThe corresponding author has withdrawn this preprint owing to inability to reproduce some of the data, instances of inappropriate data exclusion, and loss of much of the primary experimental records/data. Specifically, Figures 2B,E,H; 3; 4; 5A,B,D; 6; S2A,C; S4A; S5; and S6A,B and attendant text contain analyses for which the primary record and/or raw data no longer exist; the analyses, where still available, suffer from inappropriate data exclusion and thus should not be construed to be an accurate reflection of the experiments. Attempts by others in the lab to repeat several of the experiments in these indicated panels have failed reproduce the presented effects, despite showing much greater precision. Therefore the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainth, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowton, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keplinger, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scepanovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Cervantes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccirilli, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruthenburg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.23.474040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cardiac lncRNA Chantico directly regulates Cxcl1 chemokine transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 diverges from other betacoronaviruses in only partially activating the IRE1α/XBP1 ER stress pathway in human lung-derived cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has killed over 6 million individuals worldwide and continues to spread in countries where vaccines are not yet widely available, or its citizens are hesitant to become vaccinated. Therefore, it is critical to unravel the molecular mechanisms that allow SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses to infect and overtake the host machinery of human cells. Coronavirus replication triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a key host cell pathway widely believed essential for viral replication. We examined the master UPR sensor IRE1 kinase/RNase and its downstream transcription factor effector XBP1s, which is processed through an IRE1-mediated mRNA splicing event, in human lung-derived cells infected with betacoronaviruses. We found human respiratory coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and murine coronavirus (MHV) all induce ER stress and strongly trigger the kinase and RNase activities of IRE1 as well as XBP1 splicing. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 only partially activates IRE1 through autophosphorylation, but its RNase activity fails to splice XBP1. Moreover, while IRE1 was dispensable for replication in human cells for all coronaviruses tested, it was required for maximal expression of genes associated with several key cellular functions, including the interferon signaling pathway, during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 actively inhibits the RNase of autophosphorylated IRE1, perhaps as a strategy to eliminate detection by the host immune system.

IMPORTANCESARS-CoV-2 is the third lethal respiratory coronavirus after MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV to emerge this century, causing millions of deaths world-wide. Other common coronaviruses such as HCoV-OC43 cause less severe respiratory disease. Thus, it is imperative to understand the similarities and differences among these viruses in how each interacts with host cells. We focused here on the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) pathway, part of the host unfolded protein response to virus-induced stress. We found that while MERS-CoV and HCoV-OC43 fully activate the IRE1 kinase and RNase activities, SARS-CoV-2 only partially activates IRE1, promoting its kinase activity but not RNase activity. Based on IRE1-dependent gene expression changes during infection, we propose that SARS-CoV-2 prevents IRE1 RNase activation as a strategy to limit detection by the host immune system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renner, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaescu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gula, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drayman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdespino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wannemo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson-Mailman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moellering, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beers, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.30.474519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 diverges from other betacoronaviruses in only partially activating the IRE1α/XBP1 ER stress pathway in human lung-derived cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.01.474715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development, Structure, and Mechanism of Synthetic Antibodies that Target Claudin and Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin Complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.01.474715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strains of the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium perfringens produce a two-domain enterotoxin (CpE) that afflict millions of humans and domesticated animals annually by causing prevalent gastrointestinal illnesses. CpEs C-terminal domain (cCpE) binds cell surface receptors then its N-terminal domain restructures to form a membrane-penetrating {beta}-barrel pore, which is toxic to epithelial cells of the gut. The claudin family of membrane proteins are the receptors for CpE, and also control the architecture and function of cell/cell contacts called tight junctions that create barriers to intercellular transport of solutes. CpE binding disables claudin and tight junction assembly and induces cytotoxicity via {beta}-pore formation, disrupting gut homeostasis. Here, we aimed to develop probes of claudin/CpE assembly using a phage display library encoding synthetic antigen-binding fragments (sFabs) and discovered two that bound complexes between human claudin-4 and cCpE. We established each sFabs unique modes of molecular recognition, their binding affinities and kinetics, and determined structures for each sFab bound to ~35 kDa claudin-4/cCpE in three-protein comprised complexes using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM). The structures reveal a recognition epitope common to both sFabs but also that each sFab distinctly conforms to bind their antigen, which explain their unique binding equilibria. Mutagenesis of antigen/sFab interfaces observed therein result in further binding changes. Together, these findings validate the structures and uncover the mechanism of targeting claudin-4/cCpE complexes by these sFabs. Based on these structural insights we generate a model for CpEs cytotoxic claudin-bound {beta}-pore that predicted that these two sFabs would not prevent CpE cytotoxicity, which we verify in vivo with a cell-based assay. This work demonstrates the development and targeting mechanisms of sFabs against claudin/cCpE that enable rapid structural elucidation of these small membrane protein complexes using a cryoEM workflow. It further provides a structure-based framework and therapeutic strategies for utilizing these sFabs as molecular templates to target claudin/CpE assemblies, obstruct CpE cytotoxicity, and treat CpE-linked gastrointestinal diseases that cause substantial economic and quality of life losses throughout the world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Orlando, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominik, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogbu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vecchio, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.01.474715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development, Structure, and Mechanism of Synthetic Antibodies that Target Claudin and Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin Complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virtually the same? Evaluating the effectiveness of remote undergraduate research experiences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.03.474815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In-person undergraduate research experiences (UREs) promote students integration into careers in life science research. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic prompted institutions hosting summer URE programs to offer them remotely, raising questions about whether undergraduates who participate in remote research can experience scientific integration. To address this, we investigated indicators of scientific integration for students who participated in remote life science URE programs in summer 2020. We found that these students experienced gains in their scientific self-efficacy and scientific identity similar to results reported for in-person UREs. We also found that these students perceived high benefits and low costs of doing research at the outset of their programs, and their perceptions did not change despite the remote circumstances. Yet, their perceptions differed by program, indicating that programs differentially affected students perceptions of the costs of doing research. Finally, we observed that students with prior research experience made greater gains in self-efficacy and identity, as well as in their perceptions of the alignment of their values with those of the scientific community, in comparison to students with no prior research experience. This finding suggests that additional programming may be needed for undergraduates with no prior experience to benefit from remote research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hess, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Clare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augustus-Wallace, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayoob, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkowitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branchaw, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgio, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceballos, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doze, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggers, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen-Ryan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minkara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murren, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ondrechen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ordonez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla-Crespo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palchoudhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Lugo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reithel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. J</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.03.474815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virtually the same? Evaluating the effectiveness of remote undergraduate research experiences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered collagen-targeting therapeutics reverse lung and kidney fibrosis in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrotic diseases are involved in 45% of deaths in the United States. In particular, fibrosis of the kidney and lung are major public health concerns due to their high prevalence and lack of existing treatment options. Here, we harness the pathophysiological features of fibrotic diseases, namely leaky vasculature and aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition (i.e. collagen), to target an anti-fibrotic biologic and a small molecule drug to disease sites of fibrosis, thus improving their therapeutic potential in mouse models of lung and kidney fibrosis. First, we identify and validate collagen-targeting drug delivery systems that preferentially accumulate in the diseased organs: von Willebrand Factors A3 domain (VWF-A3) and decorin-derived collagen-binding peptide-conjugated micelles (CBP-micelles). We then engineer and recombinantly express novel candidate biologic therapies based on the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10: A3-IL-10 and A3-Serum Albumin-IL-10 (A3-SA-IL-10). Simultaneously, we stably encapsulate the potential anti-fibrotic water-insoluble drug, rapamycin, in CBP-micelles. We show that these novel formulations of therapeutics bind to collagen in vitro and that their efficacy in mouse models of lung and kidney fibrosis is improved, compared to free, untargeted drugs. Our results demonstrate that collagen-targeted anti-fibrotic drugs may be next generation therapies of high clinical potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>WHITE, M. J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raczy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpar, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.474747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered collagen-targeting therapeutics reverse lung and kidney fibrosis in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oligomerization of peripheral membrane proteins provides tunable control of cell surface polarity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetric distributions of peripheral membrane proteins define cell polarity across all kingdoms of life. These asymmetries are shaped by membrane binding, diffusion and transport. Theoretical studies have revealed a general requirement for non-linear positive feedback to spontaneously amplify and/or stabilize asymmetries against dispersion by diffusion and dissociation. But how specific molecular sources of non-linearity shape polarization dynamics remains poorly understood. Here we study how oligomerization of peripheral membrane proteins shapes polarization dynamics in simple feedback circuits. We show that size dependent binding avidity and mobility of membrane bound oligomers endow polarity circuits generically with several key properties. Size-dependent binding avidity confers a form of positive feedback in which the effective rate constant for subunit dissociation decreases with increasing subunit density. This combined with additional weak linear positive feedback is sufficient for spontaneous emergence of stably polarized states. Size-dependent oligomer mobility makes symmetry-breaking and stable polarity more robust with respect to variation in subunit diffusivities and cell sizes, and slows the approach to a final stable spatial distribution, allowing cells to "remember" polarity boundaries imposed by transient external cues. Together, these findings reveal how oligomerization of peripheral membrane proteins can provide powerful and highly tunable sources of non-linear feedback in biochemical circuits that govern cell-surface polarity. Given its prevalence and widespread involvement in cell polarity, we speculate that self-oligomerization may have provided an accessible path to evolving simple polarity circuits.

Author summaryAll cells organize their activities with respect to one or more axes of polarity. Cell polarity is often defined by the asymmetric enrichment of specific polarity proteins at the cell membrane. Absent external cues, stable polarity requires positive feedback in which proteins locally promote their own accumulation at the membrane, and the strength of feedback must depend non-linearly on local protein concentration. Here, we show that this kind of non-linear dependence arises when peripheral membrane proteins form small oligomers that dissociate from the membrane more slowly than single protein monomers. Combining this effect with a little additional linear feedback allows cells to form and stabilize asymmetric distributions of polarity proteins. In addition, we find that size-dependent reduction in oligomer mobility makes the ability to polarize more robust to variation in monomer diffusivity and cell size and makes polarity protein distributions more responsive to external inputs. Since many polarity proteins form small oligomers at the cell membrane, and there are many ways for weak linear feedback to arise in biochemical systems, the combination of oligomerization with a small amount of additional positive feedback may provide a general mechanism for polarizing a wide variety of unrelated cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lang, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.474999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oligomerization of peripheral membrane proteins provides tunable control of cell surface polarity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The diversity and functional capacity of microbes associated with coastal phototrophs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coastal marine phototrophs exhibit some of the highest rates of primary productivity in the world. They have been found to host a diverse set of microbes, many of which may impact the biology of their phototroph hosts through metabolisms that are unique to microbial taxa. Here we characterized the metabolic functions of phototroph-associated microbial communities using metagenomes collected from 2 species of kelp (Laminaria setchellii and Nereocystis luetkeana) and 3 marine angiosperms (Phyllospadix scouleri, P. serrulatus and Zostera marina), including the rhizomes of two surfgrass species (Phyllospadix spp.) and the seagrass Zostera marina, and the sediments surrounding P. scouleri and Z. marina. Using metagenomic sequencing, we describe 72 metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) that potentially benefit from being associated with macrophytes and may contribute to macrophyte fitness through their metabolic gene content. All host-associated metagenomes contained genes for the use of dissolved organic matter from hosts and vitamin (B1, B2, B7, B12) biosynthesis. Additionally, we found a range of nitrogen metabolism genes that transform dissolved inorganic nitrogen into forms that may be more available to the host. The rhizosphere of surfgrass and seagrass contained genes for anaerobic microbial metabolisms, including nifH genes associated with nitrogen fixation, despite residing in a well-mixed and oxygenated environment. The range of oxygen environments engineered by macrophytes likely explains the diversity of both oxidizing and reducing microbial metabolisms, and contributes to the functional capabilities of microbes and their influence on carbon and nitrogen cycling in nearshore ecosystems.

ImportanceKelps, seagrasses and surfgrasses are ecosystem engineers on rocky shorelines where they show remarkably high levels of primary production. Through analysis of their associated microbial communities, we found a variety of microbial metabolisms that may benefit the host, including nitrogen metabolisms and the production of B vitamins. In turn, these microbes have the genetic capability to assimilate the dissolved organic compounds released by their phototroph hosts. We describe a range of oxygen environments associated with surfgrass, including low-oxygen microhabitats in their rhizomes that host genes for nitrogen fixation. The tremendous productivity of coastal phototrophs is likely due in part to the activities of associated microbes and an increased understanding of these associations is needed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miranda, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veseli, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giblin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murat Eren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfister, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.05.475171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The diversity and functional capacity of microbes associated with coastal phototrophs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HDX-MS performed on BtuB in E. coli outer membranes delineates the luminal domain's allostery and unfolding upon B12 and TonB binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To import large metabolites across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, TonB dependent transporters (TBDTs) undergo significant conformational change. After substrate binding in BtuB, the E. coli vitamin B12 TBDT, TonB binds and couples BtuB to the inner membrane proton motive force that powers transport (1). But, the role of TonB in rearranging the plug domain to form a putative pore remains enigmatic. Some studies focus on force-mediated unfolding (2) while others propose force-independent pore formation (3) by TonB binding leading to breakage of a salt bridge termed the "Ionic Lock". Our hydrogen exchange/mass spectrometry measurements in E. coli outer membranes find that the region surrounding the Ionic Lock, far from the B12 site, is fully destabilized upon substrate binding. A comparison of the exchange between the B12 bound and the B12&TonB bound complexes indicates that B12 binding is sufficient to unfold the Ionic Lock region with the subsequent binding of a TonB fragment having much weaker effects. TonB binding accelerates exchange in the third substrate binding loop, but pore formation does not obviously occur in this or any region. This study provides a detailed structural and energetic description of the early stages of B12 passage that provides support both for and against current models of the transport process.

Significance StatementTonB dependent transporters such as BtuB are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. They import scarce nutrients essential for growth, such as B12, the substrate of BtuB. Many transport steps remain enigmatic. Recent studies have emphasized force-mediated unfolding or the breakage of the "Ionic Lock", a moiety far from the B12 binding site. A strong dependence on the membrane environment has been noted. Accordingly, we measured hydrogen exchange on BtuB still embedded in native outer membranes and found that B12 binding is sufficient to break the Ionic Lock. The amino terminus then extends into the periplasm to bind TonB. But we find no evidence of pore formation, which likely requires energy transduction from the inner membrane by TonB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zmyslowski, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxa, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagnon, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.07.475440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HDX-MS performed on BtuB in E. coli outer membranes delineates the luminal domain's allostery and unfolding upon B12 and TonB binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noise source importance in linear stochastic models of biological systems that grow, shrink, wander, or persist 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While noise is an important factor in biology, biological processes often involve multiple noise sources, whose relative importance can be unclear. Here we develop tools that quantify the importance of noise sources in a network based on their contributions to variability in a quantity of interest. We generalize the edge importance measures proposed by Schmidt and Thomas [1] for first-order reaction networks whose steady-state variance is a linear combination of variance produced by each directed edge. We show that the same additive property extends to a general family of stochastic processes subject to a set of linearity assumptions, whether in discrete or continuous state or time. Our analysis applies to both expanding and contracting populations, as well as populations obeying a martingale ("wandering") at long times. We show that the original Schmidt-Thomas edge importance measure is a special case of our more general measure, and is recovered when the model satisfies a conservation constraint ("persists"). In the growing and wandering cases we show that the choice of observables (measurements) used to monitor the process does not influence which noise sources are important at long times. In contrast, in the shrinking or persisting case, which noise sources are important depends on what is measured. We also generalize our measures to admit models with affine moment update equations, which admit additional limiting scenarios, and arise naturally after linearization. We illustrate our results using examples from cell biology and ecology: (i) a model for the dynamics of the inositol trisphospate receptor, (ii) a model for an endangered population of white-tailed eagles, and (iii) a model for wood frog dispersal.

Author summaryBiological processes are frequently subject to an ensemble of independent noise sources. Noise sources produce fluctuations that propagate through the system, driving fluctuations in quantities of interest such as population size or ion channel configuration. We introduce a measure that quantifies how much variability each noise source contributes to any given quantity of interest. Using these methods, we identify which binding events contribute significantly to fluctuations in the state of a molecular signalling channel, which life history events contribute the most variability to an eagle population before and after a successful conservation effort rescued the population from the brink of extinction, and which dispersal events, at what times, matter most to variability in the recolonization of a series of ponds by wood frogs after a drought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffmyer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.475598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noise source importance in linear stochastic models of biological systems that grow, shrink, wander, or persist]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single-cell atlas reveals shared and distinct immune responses and metabolism during SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.475725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 are RNA viruses that have killed millions of people worldwide. Understanding the similarities and differences between these two infections is critical for understanding disease progression and for developing effective vaccines and therapies, particularly for 38 million HIV-1+ individuals who are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 co-infection. Here, we utilized single-cell transcriptomics to perform a systematic comparison of 94,442 PBMCs from 7 COVID-19 and 9 HIV-1+ patients in an integrated immune atlas, in which 27 different cell types were identified using an accurate consensus single-cell annotation method. While immune cells in both cohorts show shared inflammation and disrupted mitochondrial function, COVID-19 patients exhibit stronger humoral immunity, broader IFN-I signaling, elevated Rho GTPase and mTOR pathway activities, and downregulated mitophagy. Our results elucidate transcriptional signatures associated with COVID-19 and HIV-1 that may reveal insights into fundamental disease biology and potential therapeutic targets to treat these viral infections.

HighlightsO_LICOVID-19 and HIV-1+ patients show disease-specific inflammatory immune signatures
C_LIO_LICOVID-19 patients show more productive humoral responses than HIV-1+ patients
C_LIO_LISARS-CoV-2 elicits more enriched IFN-I signaling relative to HIV-I
C_LIO_LIDivergent, impaired metabolic programs distinguish SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 infections
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penaloza-MacMaster, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.475725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single-cell atlas reveals shared and distinct immune responses and metabolism during SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OrganoID: a versatile deep learning platform for organoid image analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organoids have immense potential as ex vivo disease models for drug discovery and personalized drug screening. Dynamic changes in individual organoid morphology, number, and size can indicate important drug responses, however these metrics are difficult and labor-intensive to obtain for high-throughput image datasets. Here, we present OrganoID, a robust image analysis platform that automatically recognizes, labels, and tracks single organoids, pixel-by-pixel, in brightfield and phase-contrast microscopy experiments. The platform was trained on images of pancreatic cancer organoids and validated on separate images of pancreatic, lung, colon, and adenoid cystic carcinoma organoids, which showed excellent agreement with manual measurements of organoid count (96%) and size (95%) without any parameter adjustments. Single-organoid tracking accuracy remained above 89% over a four-day time-lapse microscopy study. Automated single-organoid morphology analysis of a chemotherapy dose-response experiment identified decreased organoid circularity as an important morphological feature reflecting drug response. OrganoID enables straightforward, detailed, and accurate image analysis to accelerate the use of organoids in high-throughput, data-intensive biomedical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthews, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashaf, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilgic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rzhetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.476248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OrganoID: a versatile deep learning platform for organoid image analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NF-κB memory coordinates transcriptional responses to dynamic inflammatory stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many scenarios in cellular communication requires cells to interpret multiple dynamic signals. It is unclear how exposure to immune stimuli alters transcriptional responses to subsequent stimulus under inflammatory conditions. Using high-throughput microfluidic live cell analysis, we systematically profiled the NF-{kappa}B response to different signal sequences in single cells. We found that NF-{kappa}B dynamics stores the history of signals received by cells: depending on the dose and type of prior pathogenic and cytokine signal, the NF-{kappa}B response to subsequent stimuli varied widely, from no response to full activation. Using information theory, we revealed that these stimulus-dependent changes in the NF-{kappa}B response encode and reflect information about the identity and dose of the prior stimulus. Small-molecule inhibition, computational modeling, and gene expression profiling show that this encoding is driven by stimulus-dependent engagement of negative feedback modules. These results provide a model for how signal transduction networks process sequences of inflammatory stimuli to coordinate cellular responses in complex dynamic environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thom, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.476099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NF-κB memory coordinates transcriptional responses to dynamic inflammatory stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell multi-omics of human clonal hematopoiesis reveals that DNMT3A R882 mutations perturb early progenitor states through selective hypomethylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic mutations in cancer genes have been ubiquitously detected in clonal expansions across healthy human tissue, including in clonal hematopoiesis. However, mutated and wildtype cells are morphologically and phenotypically similar, limiting the ability to link genotypes with cellular phenotypes. To overcome this limitation, we leveraged multi-modality single-cell sequencing, capturing the mutation with transcriptomes and methylomes in stem and progenitors from individuals with DNMT3A R882 mutated clonal hematopoiesis. DNMT3A mutations resulted in myeloid over lymphoid bias, and in expansion of immature myeloid progenitors primed toward megakaryocytic-erythroid fate. We observed dysregulated expression of lineage and leukemia stem cell markers. DNMT3A R882 led to preferential hypomethylation of polycomb repressive complex 2 targets and a specific sequence motif. Notably, the hypomethylation motif is enriched in binding motifs of key hematopoietic transcription factors, serving as a potential mechanistic link between DNMT3A R882 mutations and aberrant transcriptional phenotypes. Thus, single-cell multi-omics pave the road to defining the downstream consequences of mutations that drive human clonal mosaicism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nam, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dusaj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izzo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouhieddine, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotelo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benbarche, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waarts, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaiti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tahri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdel-Wahab, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godley, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaligne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghobrial, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.476225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell multi-omics of human clonal hematopoiesis reveals that DNMT3A R882 mutations perturb early progenitor states through selective hypomethylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.476701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fat2 polarizes the WAVE complex in trans to align cell protrusions for collective migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.17.476701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For a group of cells to migrate together, each cell must couple the polarity of its migratory machinery with that of the other cells in the cohort. Although collective cell migrations are common in animal development, little is known about how protrusions are coherently polarized among groups of migrating epithelial cells. We address this problem in the collective migration of the follicular epithelial cells in Drosophila melanogaster. In this epithelium, the cadherin Fat2 localizes to the trailing edge of each cell and promotes the formation of lamellipodia at the leading edge of the cell behind. We show that Fat2 performs this function by acting in trans to restrict WAVE complex activity to one long-lived region along each cells leading edge. Without Fat2, the WAVE complex distribution expands around the cell perimeter and fluctuates over time, resulting in reduced, unpolarized protrusive activity. We further show that Fat2s influence is very local, with sub-micron-scale puncta of Fat2 concentrating the WAVE complex in corresponding puncta just across the leading-trailing cell-cell interface. These findings demonstrate that a trans interaction between Fat2 and the WAVE complex creates stable regions of protrusive activity in each cell and aligns the cells protrusions across the epithelium for directionally persistent collective migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoughe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne-Badovinac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.17.476701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fat2 polarizes the WAVE complex in trans to align cell protrusions for collective migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Population Response Model of Ensemble Coding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ensemble representations have been considered as one of the strategies that the visual system adopts to cope with its limited capacity. Thus, they include various statistical summaries such as mean, variance, and distributional properties and are formed over many stages of visual processing. The current study proposes a population coding model of ensemble perception to provide a theoretical and computational framework for these various facets of ensemble perception. The proposed model consists of a simple feature layer and a pooling layer. We assumed ensemble representations as population responses in the pooling layer and decoded various statistical properties from population responses. Our model successfully predicted averaging performance in orientation, size, color, and motion direction across different tasks. Furthermore, it predicted variance discrimination performance and the priming effects of feature distributions. Finally, it explained the well-known variance and set size effects and has a potential for explaining the adaptation and clustering effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Utochkin, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.19.476871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Population Response Model of Ensemble Coding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GLH/VASA helicases promote germ granule formation to ensure the fidelity of piRNA-mediated transcriptome surveillance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to distinguish non-self from self is the key characteristic for any defense system. piRNAs function as guardians of the genome by silencing non- self nucleic acids and transposable elements in animals. Many piRNA factors are enriched in perinuclear germ granules, but whether their localization is required for piRNA biogenesis or function is not known. Here we show that GLH/VASA helicase mutants exhibit defects in forming perinuclear condensates containing PIWI and other small RNA cofactors. These mutant animals produce largely normal levels of piRNA but are defective in triggering piRNA silencing. Strikingly, while many piRNA targets are activated in GLH mutants, we observed that hundreds of endogenous genes are aberrantly silenced by piRNAs. This defect in self versus non-self recognition was also observed in other mutants where perinuclear P granules are disrupted. Together, our results argue that perinuclear germ granules function critically to promote the fidelity of piRNA- based transcriptome surveillance in C. elegans and preserve self versus non-self distinction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.21.477267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GLH/VASA helicases promote germ granule formation to ensure the fidelity of piRNA-mediated transcriptome surveillance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PERSISTENT RELIEF OF MOTOR SYMPTOMS IN A PARKINSONIAN MOUSE MODEL AFTER INDUCTION OF LTD AT CORTICAL INPUTS TO INDIRECT PATHWAY STRIATAL NEURONS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Parkinsons disease (PD) patients, dopamine replacement therapy requires days to reach maximal effects, and the return of symptoms without treatment is similarly delayed. We previously postulated that these phenomena are mediated by plasticity of coritcostriatal synapses. As dopamine depletion is expected to promote aberrant potentiation of the cortical inputs onto indirect pathway neurons, we reasoned that induction of LTD here could reduce motor deficits in a PD model. Optogenetic cortical stimulation combined with a D2 receptor agonist, quinpirole, induces robust optical LTD (oLTD) in brain slices from 6-OHDA lesioned mice. When lesioned mice were subjected to corticostriatal oLTD treatment over 5 days, motor performance was improved for >3 weeks. Consistent with LTD induction, oLTD-treated mice had reduced VGLUT1 expression in striatum and greater excitability of D2 neurons. These findings suggest that reversing aberrant corticostriatal synaptic plasticity in the indirect pathway may lead to persistent relief of PD motor symptoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abburi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thome, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGehee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.21.477283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PERSISTENT RELIEF OF MOTOR SYMPTOMS IN A PARKINSONIAN MOUSE MODEL AFTER INDUCTION OF LTD AT CORTICAL INPUTS TO INDIRECT PATHWAY STRIATAL NEURONS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A sparse set of spikes corresponding to reliable correlations is highly informative of visual stimulus on single trials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spike trains in cortical neuronal populations vary in number and timing trial-to-trial, rendering a viable single trial coding scheme for sensory information elusive. Correlations between pairs of neocortical neurons can be segmented into either sensory or noise according to their stimulus specificity. Here we show that pairs of spikes, corresponding to reliable sensory correlations in imaged populations in layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex are particularly informative of visual stimuli. This set of spikes is sparse and exhibits comparable levels of trial-to-trial variance relative to the full spike train. Despite this, correspondence of pairs of spikes to a specific set of sensory correlations identifies spikes that carry more information per spike about the visual stimulus than the full set or any other matched set of spikes. Moreover, this sparse subset is more accurately decoded, regardless of the decoding algorithm employed. Our findings suggest that consistent pairwise correlations between neurons, rather than first-order statistical features of spike trains, may be an organizational principle of a single trial sensory coding scheme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.24.477564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A sparse set of spikes corresponding to reliable correlations is highly informative of visual stimulus on single trials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sampling-based Bayesian inference in recurrent circuits of stochastic spiking neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two facts about cortex are widely accepted: neuronal responses show large spiking variability with near Poisson statistics and cortical circuits feature abundant recurrent connections between neurons. How these spiking and circuit properties combine to support sensory representation and information processing is not well understood. We build a theoretical framework showing that these two ubiquitous features of cortex combine to produce optimal sampling-based Bayesian inference. Recurrent connections store an internal model of the external world, and Poissonian variability of spike responses drives flexible sampling from the posterior stimulus distributions obtained by combining feedforward and recurrent neuronal inputs. We illustrate how this framework for sampling-based inference can be used by cortex to represent latent multivariate stimuli organized either hierarchically or in parallel. A neural signature of such network sampling are internally generated differential correlations whose amplitude is determined by the prior stored in the circuit, which provides an experimentally testable prediction for our framework.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.26.477877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sampling-based Bayesian inference in recurrent circuits of stochastic spiking neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.478161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood flow modeling under LVAD physiology. From global circulation to local hemodynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.478161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This document presents the modeling strategy to address the in-silico study of different LVAD patho-physiological scenarios. The proposed approach employs a closed-loop lumped-parameter compartmental representation of the global circulation in the cardiovascular system (CVS). The CVS is coupled to a HeartMate 3 LVAD, and different cardiovascular conditions are proposed by modification of model parameters. Once the simulation for these conditions are performed, the cardiac function is analyzed in detail, and the global circulation model delivers flow rate waveforms which are employed as boundary conditions in a 3D hemodynamic simulation. This local circulation model is built using a patient-specific geometry of the aortic arch, containing 7 inlet/outlet boundaries, namely: LVAD cannula, aortic root, left and right subclavian arteries, left and right common carotid arteries and thoracic aorta. This model is exploited to investigate the impact of global cardiovascular conditions in the local hemodynamic features, particularly the wall shear stress (WSS) in different spatial regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blanco, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulant, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torii, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourantas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Garcia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.28.478161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood flow modeling under LVAD physiology. From global circulation to local hemodynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiphasic hepatitis B virus kinetic patterns in humanized chimeric mice can be explained via stochastic agent-based modeling of intracellular virion production cycles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) kinetics in urokinase-type plasminogen activator/severe combined immunodeficient (uPA-SCID) mice reconstituted with humanized livers from inoculation to steady state is highly dynamic despite the absence of an adaptive immune response. We developed a stochastic agent-based model that includes virion production cycles in individual infected human hepatocytes. The model was calibrated using a genetic algorithm approach with the serum HBV kinetics observed in mice inoculated with 108 HBV genome equivalents and fit the data well when the following viral production parameters were assumed: (1) An eclipse phase lasting 5-50 hours and (2) a post-eclipse phase production rate that is based on increasing production cycles initially starting with a long production cycle of 1 virion per 20 hours that gradually reaches 1 virion per hour after approximately 3-4 days before virion production increases dramatically to reach to a steady state production rate of 4 virions per hour per cell. The model was then validated by showing it could accurately simulate the viral kinetics observed with lower HBV inoculation doses (104-107 genome equivalents) in which similar, but delayed patterns were observed. Together, modeling suggests that it is the cyclic nature of the virus lifecycle combined with an initial slow but increasing rate of HBV production from each cell that plays a role in generating the observed multiphasic HBV kinetic patterns in humanized mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hailegiorgis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishida, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imamura, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinharz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barash, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiraga, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokomichi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tateno, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uprichard, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chayama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.30.478385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiphasic hepatitis B virus kinetic patterns in humanized chimeric mice can be explained via stochastic agent-based modeling of intracellular virion production cycles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut commensal bacteria enhance pathogenesis of a tumorigenic murine retrovirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The influence of the microbiota on viral transmission and replication is well appreciated. However, its impact on retroviral pathogenesis outside of transmission/replication control remained unknown. Using Murine Leukemia Virus (MuLV), we found that some commensal bacteria promoted the development of leukemia induced by this retrovirus. The promotion of leukemia development by commensals was due to suppression of the adaptive immune response through upregulation of several negative regulators of immunity. These negative regulators included Serpinb9b and Rnf128, which are associated with a poor prognosis of some spontaneous human cancers. Upregulation of Serpinb9b was mediated by sensing of bacteria by NOD1/NOD2/RIPK2 pathway. This work describes a novel mechanism by which the microbiota enhances tumorigenesis within gut-distant organs and points at potential new targets for cancer therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spring, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Grady, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurbuxani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischbach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chervonsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golovkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.02.478820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut commensal bacteria enhance pathogenesis of a tumorigenic murine retrovirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) infection of white-tailed deer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are highly susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2, with multiple reports of widespread spillover of virus from humans to free-living deer. While the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron variant of concern (VoC) has been shown to be notably more transmissible amongst humans, its ability to cause infection and spillover to non-human animals remains a challenge of concern. We found that 19 of the 131 (14.5%; 95% CI: 0.10-0.22) white-tailed deer opportunistically sampled on Staten Island, New York, between December 12, 2021, and January 31, 2022, were positive for SARS-CoV-2 specific serum antibodies using a surrogate virus neutralization assay, indicating prior exposure. The results also revealed strong evidence of age-dependence in antibody prevalence. A significantly ({chi}2, p < 0.001) greater proportion of yearling deer possessed neutralizing antibodies as compared with fawns (OR=12.7; 95% CI 4-37.5). Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid was detected in nasal swabs from seven of 68 (10.29%; 95% CI: 0.0-0.20) of the sampled deer, and whole-genome sequencing identified the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VoC (B.1.1.529) is circulating amongst the white-tailed deer on Staten Island. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the deer Omicron sequences clustered closely with other, recently reported Omicron sequences recovered from infected humans in New York City and elsewhere, consistent with human to deer spillover. Interestingly, one individual deer was positive for viral RNA and had a high level of neutralizing antibodies, suggesting either rapid serological conversion during an ongoing infection or a "breakthrough" infection in a previously exposed animal. Together, our findings show that the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron VoC can infect white-tailed deer and highlights an urgent need for comprehensive surveillance of susceptible animal species to identify ecological transmission networks and better assess the potential risks of spillback to humans.

Key FindingsThese studies provide strong evidence of infection of free-living white-tailed deer with the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron variant of concern on Staten Island, New York, and highlight an urgent need for investigations on human-to-animal-to-human spillovers/spillbacks as well as on better defining the expanding host-range of SARS-CoV-2 in non-human animals and the environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vandegrift, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surendran-Nair, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gontu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amirthalingam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nissly, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuber, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeNicola, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulanger, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotschwar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aucoin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bold, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudreault, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richt, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musser, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchipudi, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) infection of white-tailed deer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An automated pipeline for extracting quantitative histological metrics for voxelwise MRI-histology comparisons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The acquisition of MRI and histology in the same post-mortem tissue sample enables direct correlation between MRI and histologically-derived parameters. However, there still lacks a standardised automated pipeline to process histology data, with most studies relying on heavy manual intervention. Here, we introduce an automated pipeline to extract a quantitative histological measure for staining density (stain area fraction) from multiple immunohistochemical (IHC) stains. The pipeline is designed to directly address key IHC artefacts related to tissue staining and slide digitisation. Here, the pipeline was applied to post-mortem human brain data from multiple subjects, relating MRI parameters (FA, MD, R2*, R1) to IHC slides stained for myelin, neurofilaments, microglia and activated microglia. Utilising high-quality MRI-histology coregistrations, we then performed whole-slide voxelwise comparisons (simple correlations, partial correlations and multiple regression analyses) between multimodal MRI- and IHC-derived parameters. The pipeline was found to be reproducible, robust to artefacts and generalisable across multiple IHC stains. Our partial correlation results suggest that some simple MRI-SAF correlations should be interpreted with caution, due to the co-localisation of certain tissue features (e.g. myelin and neurofilaments). Further, we find activated microglia to consistently be the strongest predictor of DTI FA, which may suggest sensitivity of diffusion MRI to neuroinflammation. Taken together, these results show the utility of this approach in carefully curating IHC data and performing multimodal analyses to better understand microstructural relationships with MRI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kor, D. Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jbabdi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huszar, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tendler, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foxley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallebage-Gamarallage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, A. F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.479718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An automated pipeline for extracting quantitative histological metrics for voxelwise MRI-histology comparisons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seeing the future: a better way to model and test for adaptive developmental plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many species, individuals who experience harsh conditions during development often have poor health and fitness outcomes in adulthood relative to peers who do not. There are two classes of evolutionary hypotheses for the origins of these early life contributors to inequality in adulthood: developmental constraints (DC) models, which focus on the deleterious effects of low-quality early-life environments, and predictive adaptive response (PAR) hypotheses, which emphasize the cost of mismatches between early and adult environments. Distinguishing DC and PAR models empirically is difficult for both conceptual and analytical reasons. Here, we resolve this difficulty by providing explicit mathematical definitions for DC, PARs, and related concepts, and propose a novel, quadratic regression-based statistical test derived from these definitions. Simulations show that this approach improves the ability to discriminate between DC and PAR hypotheses relative to a common alternative based on testing for interaction effects between developmental and adult environments. Simulated data indicate that the interaction effects approach often conflates PARs with DC, while the quadratic regression approach yields high sensitivity and specificity for detecting PARs. Our results highlight the value of linking verbal and visual models to a formal mathematical treatment for understanding the developmental origins of inequitable adult outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbaum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberts, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.479998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seeing the future: a better way to model and test for adaptive developmental plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel Bayesian factor analysis method improves detection of genes and biological processes affected by perturbations in single-cell CRISPR screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.13.480282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR screening coupled with single-cell RNA-sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool to characterize the effects of genetic perturbations on the whole transcriptome at a single-cell level. However, due to the sparsity and complex structure of data, analysis of single-cell CRISPR screening data remains challenging. In particular, standard differential expression analysis methods are often under-powered to detect genes affected by CRISPR perturbations. We developed a novel method for such data, called Guided Sparse Factor Analysis (GSFA). GSFA infers latent factors that represent co-regulated genes or gene modules, and by borrowing information from these factors, infers the effects of genetic perturbations on individual genes. We demonstrated through extensive simulation studies that GSFA detects perturbation effects with much higher power than state-of-the-art methods. Using single-cell CRISPR data from human CD8+ T cells and neural progenitor cells, we showed that GSFA identified biologically relevant gene modules and specific genes affected by CRISPR perturbations, many of which were missed by existing methods, providing new insights into the functions of genes involved in T cell activation and neurodevelopment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.13.480282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel Bayesian factor analysis method improves detection of genes and biological processes affected by perturbations in single-cell CRISPR screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional and effective connectivity between dorsolateral prefrontal and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex depends on the timing of transcranial magnetic stimulation relative to the phase of prefrontal alpha EEG 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDThe communication through coherence model posits that brain rhythms are synchronized across different frequency bands and that effective connectivity strength between interacting regions depends on their phase relation. Evidence to support the model comes mostly from electrophysiological recordings in animals while evidence from human data is limited.

METHODSHere, an fMRI-EEG-TMS (fET) instrument capable of acquiring simultaneous fMRI and EEG during noninvasive single pulse TMS applied to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was used to test whether prefrontal EEG alpha phase moderates TMS-evoked top-down influences on subgenual, rostral and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Results in healthy volunteers (n=11) were compared to those from patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) (n=17) collected as part of a ongoing clinical trial investigation.

RESULTSIn both groups, TMS-evoked functional connectivity between DLPFC and subgenual ACC (sgACC) depended on the EEG alpha phase. TMS-evoked DLPFC to sgACC effective connectivity (EC) was moderated by EEG alpha phase in healthy volunteers, but not in the MDD patients. Top-down EC was inhibitory for TMS onsets during the upward slope of the alpha wave relative to TMS timed to the downward slope of the alpha wave. Prefrontal EEG alpha phase dependent effects on TMS-evoked fMRI BOLD activation of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex were detected in the MDD patient group, but not in the healthy volunteer group.

DISCUSSIONResults demonstrate that TMS-evoked top-down influences vary as a function of the prefrontal alpha rhythm, and suggest clinical applications whereby TMS is synchronized to the brains internal rhythms in order to more efficiently engage deep therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pantazatos, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saber, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teves, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenship, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional and effective connectivity between dorsolateral prefrontal and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex depends on the timing of transcranial magnetic stimulation relative to the phase of prefrontal alpha EEG]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ingestible capsule for detecting labile inflammatory biomarkers in situ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transient molecules in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide, are key signals and mediators of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Because these molecules are extremely short-lived in the body, they are difficult to detect. To track these reactive molecules in the GI tract, we have developed a miniaturized device that integrates genetically-engineered probiotic biosensors with a custom-designed photodetector and readout chip. Leveraging the molecular specificity of living sensors, we genetically encoded bacteria to respond to IBD-associated molecules by luminescing. Low-power electronic readout circuits (nanowatt power) integrated into the device convert the light from just 1 L of bacterial culture into a wireless signal. We demonstrate biosensor monitoring in the GI tract of small and large animal models and integration of all components into a sub-1.4 cm3 ingestible form factor capable of supporting wireless communication. The wireless detection of short-lived, disease-associated molecules could support earlier diagnosis of disease than is currently possible, more accurate tracking of disease progression, and more timely communication between patient and their care team supporting remote personalized care.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inda, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wentworth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zirtiloglu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishida, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuosmanen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madani, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadeau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrakasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traverso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yazicigil, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ingestible capsule for detecting labile inflammatory biomarkers in situ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of Voltage Gating in the Voltage-Sensing Phosphatase Ci-VSP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The conformational changes in voltage-sensing domain (VSD) are driven by the transmembrane electric field acting on charges and countercharges. Yet, the overall energetics and detailed mechanism of this process are not fully understood. Here, we determined free energy and displacement charge landscapes, as well as major conformations corresponding to a complete functional gating cycle in the isolated voltage-sensing domain of the phosphatase Ci-VSP (Ci-VSD) comprising four transmembrane helices (segments S1-S4). Molecular dynamics simulations highlight the extent of S4 movements. In addition to the crystallographically determined activated  Up and resting  Down states, the simulations predict two novel Ci-VSD conformations: a deeper resting state ( Down-minus) and an extended activated ( Up-plus) state. These additional conformations were experimentally probed via systematic cysteine mutagenesis with metal-ion bridges and the engineering of proton conducting mutants at hyperpolarizing voltages. These results show that voltage activation involves sequentially populating these four states in a stepwise way, translating one arginine across the membrane electric field per step, transferring ~3 e0 charges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perozo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of Voltage Gating in the Voltage-Sensing Phosphatase Ci-VSP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted Down Regulation Of Core Mitochondrial Genes During SARS-CoV-2 Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) have been reported in COVID-19 patients, but the timing and organs affected vary among reports. Here, we reveal the dynamics of COVID-19 through transcription profiles in nasopharyngeal and autopsy samples from patients and infected rodent models. While mitochondrial bioenergetics is repressed in the viral nasopharyngeal portal of entry, it is up regulated in autopsy lung tissues from deceased patients. In most disease stages and organs, discrete OXPHOS functions are blocked by the virus, and this is countered by the host broadly up regulating unblocked OXPHOS functions. No such rebound is seen in autopsy heart, results in severe repression of genes across all OXPHOS modules. Hence, targeted enhancement of mitochondrial gene expression may mitigate the pathogenesis of COVID-19.

One-Sentence SummaryCovid-19 is associated with targeted inhibition of mitochondrial gene transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guarnieri, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dybas, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazelinia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frere, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrecht, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murdock, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lott, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaksas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saravia-Butler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meydan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozsary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidane, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>tenOever, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heise, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorman, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taft-Benz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickmander, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wurtele, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moraes-vieira, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schisler, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beheshti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.19.481089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted Down Regulation Of Core Mitochondrial Genes During SARS-CoV-2 Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay between external inputs and recurrent dynamics during movement preparation and execution in a network model of motor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primary motor cortex has been shown to coordinate movement preparation and execution through computations in approximately orthogonal subspaces. The underlying network mechanisms, and the roles played by external and recurrent connectivity, are central open questions that need to be answered to understand the neural substrates of motor control. We develop a recurrent neural network model that recapitulates the temporal evolution of neuronal activity recorded from the primary motor cortex of a macaque monkey during an instructed delayed-reach task. In particular, it reproduces the observed dynamic patterns of covariation between neural activity and the direction of motion. We explore the hypothesis that the observed dynamics emerges from a synaptic connectivity structure that depends on the preferred directions of neurons in both preparatory and movement-related epochs, and we constrain the strength of both synaptic connectivity and external input parameters from data. While the model can reproduce neural activity for multiple combinations of the feedforward and recurrent connections, the solution that requires minimum external inputs is one where the observed patterns of covariance are shaped by external inputs during movement preparation, while they are dominated by strong direction-specific recurrent connectivity during movement execution, in agreement with recent experimental findings on the relationship between motor-cortical and motor-thalamic activity, both before and during movement execution. Our model also demonstrates that the way in which single-neuron tuning properties change over time can explain the level of orthogonality of preparatory and movement-related subspaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bachschmid-Romano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.19.481140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay between external inputs and recurrent dynamics during movement preparation and execution in a network model of motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic genetic adaptation of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron murine gut colonization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand how a bacterium ultimately succeeds or fails in adapting to a new environment, it is essential to assess the temporal dynamics of its fitness over the course of colonization. The mammalian gut, into which exogenous microorganisms are regularly introduced, represents a biologically and clinically relevant system to explore microbial adaptational processes. In this study, we introduce a human-derived commensal organism, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, into the guts of germ-free mice to 1) determine whether the genetic requirements for colonization shift over time and, if so, 2) characterize the biological functions required for microbial survival at different points of colonization. The results of a high-throughput functional genetics assay (BarSeq), transcriptomics, and metabolomics converge on several conclusions. First, adaptation to the host gut occurs in distinct stages. We observed drastic changes in gene usage during the first week, shifting from high expression of amino acid biosynthesis to polysaccharide utilization genes. These changes were sustained thereafter, except for the continued upregulation of a single polysaccharide utilization locus responsible for the degradation of raffinose-family oligosaccharides rich in the standard chow diet fed to our mice. Spontaneous mutations in wildtype Bt also evolve around this locus, highlighting the importance of efficient carbohydrate metabolism in long-term persistence within a monoassociated gut. To improve microbiome-based therapies, it will be important to appreciate and meet the distinct needs of the organism during each stage of colonization.

ImportanceMicrobes regularly disperse across and adapt to new environments and ecological niches. A clinically significant microbial niche home to trillions of microbes is the mammalian gut. Temporal processes of microbial adaptation over the course of gut colonization are poorly understood on a genetic, transcriptional, and metabolite level. In this study, we leverage a three-pronged approach to characterize gut colonization as a dynamic process with shifting genetic determinants of microbial fitness. This study sheds light on host colonization by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, an organism that is prevalent and dominant across healthy human microbiomes, and not only identifies key pathways involved in colonization, but determines the timing of when these pathways are most vital to colonization success. By demonstrating that the key determinants of colonization success in the gut change over time, the results of this study highlight the importance of considering ecological dynamics in developing more effective microbiome-based therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLeon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bissell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trigodet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lolans, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temelkova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutschbauer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.481734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic genetic adaptation of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron murine gut colonization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-free analysis in the spectral domain of postmortem mouse brain EPSI reveals inconsistencies with model-based analyses of the free induction decay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.24.481824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeDysmyelinating disorders lead to abnormalities in myelin structure that produce detectable effects in an echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) signal. To estimate the voxel-wise proportion of myelin, data are typically fit to compartmental models in the time domain. This work characterizes limitations in these models by comparing high-resolution water spectra measured in postmortem fixed mouse brains to spectra predicted from time-domain models fit to the same data, specifically by comparing spectra from control and shiverer mice, a model for dysmyelination.

MethodsPerfusion-fixed, resected control (n = 5) and shiverer (n = 4) mouse brains were imaged using 3D EPSI with 100 {micro}m isotropic resolution. The free induction decay (FID) was sampled every 2.74 ms over 192 echoes and Fourier transformed to produce water spectra with 1.9 Hz resolution. FIDs were also fit to two biophysical models and the resulting fits were converted to spectra with a Fourier transform. Spectral asymmetry was computed and compared before and after fitting the data to models.

ResultsSpectra derived from both models did not show the magnitude of asymmetric broadening observed in the raw data. Correlations between data- and model-derived asymmetries and estimated frequency shifts are weak, leading to a reduction in spectral sensitivity to changes in white-matter structure after fitting the data to models.

ConclusionThe results demonstrate spectral inconsistencies between biophysical model predictions and measured data, promoting the further incorporation of spectral analysis methods to develop and benchmark new model-based approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trinkle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foxley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.24.481824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-free analysis in the spectral domain of postmortem mouse brain EPSI reveals inconsistencies with model-based analyses of the free induction decay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.481937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An apical membrane complex controls rhoptry exocytosis and invasion in Toxoplasma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.481937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Apicomplexan parasites possess secretory organelles called rhoptries that undergo regulated exocytosis upon contact with the host. This process is essential for the parasitic lifestyle of these pathogens and relies on an exocytic machinery sharing structural features and molecular components with free-living ciliates. Here, we performed a Tetrahymena-based transcriptomic screen to uncover novel exocytic factors in Ciliata and Apicomplexa. We identified membrane-bound proteins, named CRMPs, forming part of a large complex essential for rhoptry secretion and invasion in Toxoplasma. In contrast to previously described rhoptry exocytic factors, TgCRMPs are not required for the assembly of the rhoptry secretion machinery and only transiently associated with the exocytic site - prior to invasion. CRMPs and their partners contain putative host cell-binding domains, and CRMPa shares similarity to GPCR proteins. We propose that the CRMP complex acts as host-molecular sensor to ensure that rhoptry exocytosis occurs when the parasite contacts the host cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sparvoli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delabre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penarete-Vargas, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar Mageswaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsypin, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckendorn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theveny, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynadier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendonca Cova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry-Sterkers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubremetz, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Striepen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkewitz, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LEBRUN, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.25.481937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An apical membrane complex controls rhoptry exocytosis and invasion in Toxoplasma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.27.481910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cooperative switch within the KaiC hexamer revealed by cryo-EM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.27.481910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The circadian clock of cyanobacteria is based on an approximately 24h rhythm in the phosphorylation level of KaiC, a hexameric ATPase. This oscillation can be reconstituted in vitro by incubating three proteins together with ATP. Like all chemical oscillators, this system must include a nonlinear, or switch-like, feedback loop, whose nature has been unclear. Here, by using single particle cryo-EM at near-atomic resolution we identified two major conformational states of KaiC subunits, denoted as the exposed state and the buried state, which may provide a structural basis of how the KaiC hexamer changes its conformation during the (day-night) phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle. We classify the abundance and pattern of exposed and buried states within hexamers for more than 160,000 KaiC particles. The statistics of the spatial arrangement of the two states in hexamers can be quantitatively fit by a simple statistical physics model with an interaction energy between neighboring subunits and a local field that depends on phosphorylation state. Our study shows that phosphorylation shifts the probability of each conformation and reveals that there is substantial cooperativity between neighboring subunits, which can allow a KaiC hexamer to respond in an ultrasensitive, switch-like manner to changes in the phosphorylation level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rust, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.27.481910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cooperative switch within the KaiC hexamer revealed by cryo-EM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIF-1α induces glycolytic reprogramming in tissue-resident alveolar macrophagesto promote survival during acute lung injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular metabolism is a critical regulator of macrophage effector function. Tissue-resident alveolar macrophages (TR-AMs) inhabit a unique niche marked by high oxygen and low glucose. We have recently shown that in contrast to bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), TR-AMs cannot utilize glycolysis and predominantly rely on mitochondrial function for their effector response. It is not known how changes in local oxygen concentration that occur during conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) might affect TR-AM metabolism and function; however, ARDS is associated with progressive loss of TR-AMs, which correlates with the severity of disease and mortality. Here, we demonstrate that hypoxia robustly stabilizes HIF-1 in TR-AMs to promote a glycolytic phenotype. Hypoxia altered TR-AM metabolite signatures, cytokine production, and decreased their sensitivity to the inhibition of mitochondrial function. By contrast, hypoxia had minimal effects on BMDM metabolism. The effects of hypoxia on TR-AMs were mimicked by FG-4592, a HIF-1 stabilizer. Treatment with FG-4592 decreased TR-AM death and attenuated acute lung injury in mice. These findings reveal the importance of microenvironment in determining macrophage metabolic phenotype, and highlight the therapeutic potential in targeting cellular metabolism to improve outcomes in diseases characterized by acute inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woods, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmig, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meliton, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamaa, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetin-Atalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamanaka, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutlu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIF-1α induces glycolytic reprogramming in tissue-resident alveolar macrophagesto promote survival during acute lung injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human hippocampal responses to network stimulation vary with theta phase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal-dependent memory is thought to be supported by distinct connectivity states, with strong input to the hippocampus benefitting encoding and weak input benefitting retrieval. Previous research in rodents suggests that the hippocampal theta oscillation orchestrates the transition between these states, with opposite phase angles predicting minimal versus maximal input. We investigated whether this phase dependence exists in humans using network-targeted intracranial stimulation. Intracranial local field potentials were recorded from individuals with epilepsy undergoing medically necessary stereotactic electroencephalographic recording. In each subject, biphasic bipolar direct electrical stimulation was delivered to lateral temporal sites with demonstrated connectivity to hippocampus. Lateral temporal stimulation evoked ipsilateral hippocampal potentials with distinct early and late components. Using evoked component amplitude to measure functional connectivity, we assessed whether the phase of hippocampal theta predicted relatively high versus low connectivity. We observed an increase in the continuous phase-amplitude relationship selective to the early and late components of the response evoked by lateral temporal stimulation. The maximal difference in these evoked component amplitudes occurred across 180 degrees of separation in the hippocampal theta rhythm; i.e., the greatest difference in component amplitude was observed when stimulation was delivered at theta peak versus trough. The pattern of theta phase dependence observed for hippocampus was not identified for control locations. These findings demonstrate that hippocampal receptivity to input varies with theta phase, suggesting that theta phase reflects connectivity states of human hippocampal networks. These findings confirm a putative mechanism by which neural oscillations modulate human hippocampal function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lurie, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kragel, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuele, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human hippocampal responses to network stimulation vary with theta phase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-informed microbial population genetics elucidate selective pressures that shape protein evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comprehensive sampling of natural genetic diversity with metagenomics enables highly resolved insights into the interplay between ecology and evolution. However, intra-population genomic variation represents the outcome of both stochastic and selective forces, making it difficult to identify whether variants are maintained by adaptive, neutral, or purifying processes. This is partly due to the reliance on gene sequences to interpret variants, which disregards the physical properties of three-dimensional gene products that define the functional landscape on which selection acts. Here we describe an approach to analyze genetic variation in the context of predicted protein structures, and apply it to study a marine microbial population within the SAR11 subclade 1a.3.V, which dominates low-latitude surface oceans. Our analyses reveal a tight association between the patterns of nonsynonymous polymorphism, selective pressures, and structural properties of proteins such as per-site relative solvent accessibility and distance to ligands, which explain up to 59% of genetic variance in some genes. In glutamine synthetase, a central gene in nitrogen metabolism, we observe decreased occurrence of nonsynonymous variants from ligand binding sites as a function of nitrate concentrations in the environment, revealing genetic targets of distinct evolutionary pressures maintained by nutrient availability. Our data also reveals that rare codons are purified from ligand binding sites when genes are under high selection, demonstrating the utility of structure-aware analyses to study the variants that likely impact translational processes. Overall, our work yields insights into the governing principles of evolution that shape the genetic diversity landscape within a globally abundant population, and makes available a software framework for structure-aware investigations of microbial population genetics.

SignificanceIncreasing availability of metagenomes offers new opportunities to study evolution, but the equal treatment of all variants limits insights into drivers of sequence diversity. By capitalizing on recent advances in protein structure prediction capabilities, our study examines subtle evolutionary dynamics of a microbial population that dominates surface oceans through the lens of structural biology. We demonstrate the utility of structure-informed metrics to understand the distribution of nonsynonymous polymorphism, establish insights into the impact of changing nutrient availability on protein evolution, and show that even synonymous variants are scrutinized strictly to maximize translational efficiency when selection is high. Overall, our work illustrates new opportunities for discovery at the intersection between metagenomics and structural bioinformatics, and offers an interactive and scalable software platform to visualize and analyze genetic variants in the context of predicted protein structures and ligand-binding sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiefl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esen, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroll, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappe, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.482602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-informed microbial population genetics elucidate selective pressures that shape protein evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Confluence and tight junction dependence of volume regulation in epithelial tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.02.482689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial cell volume regulation is a key component to tissue stability and dynamics. In particular, how cells respond to osmotic stresses is of significant physiological interest in kidney epithelial tissue. For individual mammalian cells, it is well established that Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC) channels mediate cell volume homeostasis in response to hyperosmotic stress. However, whether mature epithelium respond similarly is not well known. Here we show that while small colonies of MDCK epithelial cells behave similarly to single cells and exhibit volume homeostasis that is dependent on the NKCC channel function, mature epithelial tissue does not. Instead, the cell volume decreases by 33% when confluent monolayers or acini formed from MDCK are subjected to hyperosmotic stress. We show that the tight junction protein, ZO-1, and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) are essential for osmotic regulation of cell volume in mature epithelium. Since these both are known to be essential for tight junction assembly, this strongly suggest a role for tight junctions in changing volume response in mature epithelium. Thus, tight junctions act either directly or indirectly in osmotic pressure response of epithelial tissue to suppress volume homeostasis common to isolated epithelial cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chmiel, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.02.482689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Confluence and tight junction dependence of volume regulation in epithelial tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.482893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specimen alignment with limited point-based homology: 3D morphometrics of disparate bivalve shells (Mollusca: Bivalvia) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.482893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Comparative morphology fundamentally relies on the orientation and alignment of specimens. In the era of geometric morphometrics, point-based homologies are commonly deployed to register specimens and their landmarks in a shared coordinate system. However, the number of point-based homologies commonly diminishes with increasing phylogenetic breadth. These situations invite alternative, often conflicting, approaches to alignment. The bivalve shell (Mollusca: Bivalvia) exemplifies a homologous structure with few universally homologous points--only one can be identified across the Class, the shell  beak. Here, we develop an axis-based framework, grounded in the homology of shell features, to orient shells for landmark-based, comparative morphology. As the choice of homologous points for alignment can affect shape differences among specimens, so can the choice of orientation axes. Analysis of forty-five possible alignment schemes finds general conformity among the shape differences of  typical equilateral shells, but the shape differences among atypical shells can change considerably, particularly those with distinctive modes of growth. Each alignment implies a hypothesis about the ecological, developmental, or evolutionary basis of morphological differences, but we recognize one alignment in particular as a continuation of the historical approaches to morphometrics of shell form: orientation via the hinge line. Beyond bivalves, this axis-based approach to aligning specimens facilitates the comparison of continuous differences in shape among many other phylogenetically broad and morphologically disparate samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edie, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablonski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.482893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specimen alignment with limited point-based homology: 3D morphometrics of disparate bivalve shells (Mollusca: Bivalvia)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.483020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activated I-BAR IRSp53 clustering controls the formation of VASP-actin-based membrane protrusions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.483020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Filopodia are actin-rich membrane protrusions essential for cell morphogenesis, motility, and cancer invasion. How cells control filopodia initiation on the plasma membrane remains elusive. We performed experiments in cellulo, in vitro and in silico to unravel the mechanism of filopodia initiation driven by the membrane curvature sensor IRSp53. We showed that full-length IRSp53 self-assembles into clusters on membranes depending on PIP2. Using well-controlled in vitro reconstitution systems, we demonstrated that IRSp53 clusters recruit the actin polymerase VASP to assemble actin filaments locally on membranes, leading to the generation of actin-filled membrane protrusions reminiscent of filopodia. By pulling membrane nanotubes from live cells, we observed that IRSp53 can only be enriched and trigger actin assembly in nanotubes at highly dynamic membrane regions. Our work supports a regulation mechanism of IRSp53 in its attributes of curvature sensation and partner recruitment to ensure a precise spatial-temporal control of filopodia initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsai, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremneva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senju, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pernier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhajlov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kogan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Clainche, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassereau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.483020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activated I-BAR IRSp53 clustering controls the formation of VASP-actin-based membrane protrusions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.483056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of the mammalian cone photoreceptor to Off bipolar cell synapse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.483056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Graded synapses in sensory systems reliably transmit small signals in the presence of continuous quantal noise. To understand how signaling is optimized during graded transmission, we counted the number of vesicles released by a mammalian cone terminal and compared it to the simultaneous responses in each Off bipolar cell type. Off bipolar cells contacting the terminal base comprised two groups depending on how they sampled transmitter release. In both groups, responses initially grew non-linearly with the number of released vesicles implicating a role for cooperativity during sparse release. One group sampled release from most of a cones [~]20 ribbons and can exploit averaging to improve signal reliability. The other, less-sensitive group made 1-3 contacts at the terminal center and responded to pooled transmitter, a consequence of membrane depolarization, using an insensitive kainate receptor. Off bipolar cells use different strategies to minimize transmission noise and encode cone output over different ranges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grabner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futagi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bindokas, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVries, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.483056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of the mammalian cone photoreceptor to Off bipolar cell synapse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LanA (Language Atlas): A probabilistic atlas for the language network based on fMRI data from >800 individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.06.483177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two analytic traditions characterize fMRI language research. One relies on averaging activations voxel-wise across individuals. This approach has limitations: because of inter-individual variability in the locations of language areas, a location in a common brain space cannot be meaningfully linked to function. An alternative approach relies on identifying language areas in each individual using a functional  localizer. Because of its greater sensitivity, functional resolution, and interpretability, functional localization is gaining popularity, but it is not always feasible, and cannot be applied retroactively to past studies. We provide a solution for bridging these currently disjoint approaches in the form of a probabilistic functional atlas created from fMRI data for an extensively validated language localizer in 806 individuals. This atlas enables estimating the probability that any given location in a common brain space belongs to the language network, and thus can help interpret group-level peaks and meta-analyses of such peaks, and lesion locations in patient investigations. More meaningful comparisons of findings across studies should increase robustness and replicability in language research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuckute, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affourtit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineroff, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kean, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouravlev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakocevic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchett, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeflin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pongos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shruhl, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieto-Castanon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.06.483177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LanA (Language Atlas): A probabilistic atlas for the language network based on fMRI data from >800 individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete identity of the cis-asRNA StfZ and its influence on FtsZ protein level and cell division in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria regulate FtsZ protein levels through transcriptional and translational mechanisms for proper cell division. A cis-antisense RNA, StfZ, produced from the ftsA-ftsZ intergenic region was proposed to regulate the FtsZ level in Escherichia coli. However, its structural identity remained unknown. In the present study, we determined the complete sequence, identified the promoters, and effects of StfZ on the FtsZ level. We show that StfZ is expressed at 1:6 ratio of StfZ:ftsZ mRNA at all growth phases from three promoters as three isoforms of 366 nt, 474 nt, and 552 nt. Overexpression of StfZ reduces FtsZ level, increases cell size, and blocks cell division. Thus, the cis-encoded StfZ emerges as a novel factor for maintaining the FtsZ level at different growth phases in E. coli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anand, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakkala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukkayyan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajitkumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.08.483438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete identity of the cis-asRNA StfZ and its influence on FtsZ protein level and cell division in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of targetable inflammatory immune signaling is seen in Myelodysplastic Syndromes with SF3B1 mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMutations in the SF3B1 splicing factor are commonly seen in Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), yet the specific oncogenic pathways activated by missplicing have not been fully elucidated. Inflammatory immune pathways have been shown to play roles in pathogenesis of MDS, though the exact mechanisms of their activation in splicing mutant cases are not well understood.

MethodsRNA-seq data from SF3B1 mutant samples was analyzed and functional roles of IRAK4 isoforms were determined. Efficacy of IRAK4 inhibition was evaluated in pre-clinical models of MDS/AML

ResultsRNA-seq splicing analysis of innate immune mediators in SF3B1 mutant MDS samples revealed retention of full-length exon 6 of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4), a critical downstream mediator that links the Myddosome to inflammatory NF-kB activation. Exon 6 retention leads to a longer isoform, encoding a protein (IRAK4-Long) that contains the entire death domain and kinase domain, leading to maximal activation of NF-kB. Cells with wild-type SF3B1 contain smaller IRAK4 isoforms that are targeted for proteosomal degradation. Expression of IRAK4-Long in SF3B1 mutant cells induces TRAF6 activation leading to K63-linked ubiquitination of CDK2, associated with a block in hematopoietic differentiation. Inhibition of IRAK4 with CA-4948, leads to reduction in NF-kB activation, inflammatory cytokine production, enhanced myeloid differentiation in vitro and reduced leukemic growth in xenograft models.

ConclusionsSF3B1 mutation leads to expression of a therapeutically targetable, longer, oncogenic IRAK4 isoform in AML/MDS models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellagatti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agianian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagat, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon-Mitchell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steeples, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbajal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Will, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickrema, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shastri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martell, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steidl, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavathiotis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boultwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starczynowski, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.09.483595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of targetable inflammatory immune signaling is seen in Myelodysplastic Syndromes with SF3B1 mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The lateral intraparietal area preferentially supports stimulus selection in directed tasks compared to undirected free behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our reactions to the sensory world depend on context. For instance, explicit directions to search for a particular object or feature will induce a different treatment of the sensory world than exploration without a fixed goal. To understand how we navigate the sensory world, it is necessary to understand how both directed search and undirected exploration are produced by the brain. The lateral intraparietal area (LIP) in the posterior parietal cortex has an established role in visual stimulus selection. However, most studies of LIPs role in stimulus selection focus primarily on highly trained, directed tasks, in which animals are given explicit cues as to which stimulus they should select. Here, we compare neural activity in LIP across two tasks. In one task, the animal is given an explicit direction to select one of two natural images from an array; in the other, the animal is allowed to choose an image freely based on their innate preferences. We find that LIP reliably encodes the eye movement prior to its execution only in the directed task, while the eye movement encoding in the undirected task emerges significantly later. Further, LIPs encoding of the images behavioral relevance emerges after the decision in both tasks. These results indicate that LIP preferentially supports stimulus selection in highly trained and directed behaviors, as opposed to free behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tetrick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.09.483625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The lateral intraparietal area preferentially supports stimulus selection in directed tasks compared to undirected free behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.483812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AttnPacker: An end-to-end deep learning method for rotamer-free protein side-chain packing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.11.483812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein side-chain packing (PSCP), the task of determining amino acid side-chain conformations, has important applications to protein structure prediction, refinement, and design. Many methods have been proposed to resolve this problem, but their accuracy is still unsatisfactory. To address this, we present AttnPacker, an end-to-end, SE(3)-equivariant deep graph transformer architecture for the direct prediction of side-chain coordinates. Unlike existing methods, AttnPacker directly incorporates backbone geometry to simultaneously compute all amino acid side-chain atom coordinates without delegating to a rotamer library, or performing expensive conformational search or sampling steps. Tested on the CASP13 and CASP14 native and non-native protein backbones, AttnPacker predicts side-chain conformations with RMSD significantly lower than the best side-chain packing methods (SCWRL4, FASPR, Rosetta Packer, and DLPacker), and achieves even greater improvements on surface residues. In addition to RMSD, our method also achieves top performance in side-chain dihedral prediction across both data sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McPartlon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.11.483812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AttnPacker: An end-to-end deep learning method for rotamer-free protein side-chain packing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into the regulation of acetylation-dependent genome condensation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone modifications are deposited by chromatin modifying enzymes and read out by proteins that recognize the modified state. BRD4-NUT is an oncogenic fusion protein of the acetyl lysine reader BRD4 that binds to the acetylase p300 and enables formation of long-range intra- and interchromosomal interactions. We here examine how acetylation reading and writing enable formation of such interactions. We show that NUT contains an acidic transcriptional activation domain that binds to the TAZ2 domain of p300. We use NMR to investigate the structure of the complex and found that the TAZ2 domain has an autoinhibitory role for p300. NUT-TAZ2 interaction or mutations found in cancer that interfere with autoinhibition by TAZ2 allosterically activate p300. p300 activation results in a self-organizing, acetylation-dependent feed-forward reaction that enables long-range interactions by bromodomain multivalent acetyl-lysine binding. We discuss the implications for chromatin organisation, gene regulation and dysregulation in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Destaing, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoghoughi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusu, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feletto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynoird, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackledge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khochbin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panne, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.14.484228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into the regulation of acetylation-dependent genome condensation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.20.482385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TATTOO-seq delineates spatial and cell type-specific regulatory programs during limb patterning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.20.482385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coordinated differentiation of progenitor cells into specialized cell types and their spatial organization into distinct domains is central to embryogenesis. Here, we applied a new unbiased spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomics method to identify the genetic programs that underlie the emergence of specialized cell types during limb development and their integration in space. We uncovered combinations of transcription factors whose expression patterns are predominantly associated with cell type specification or spatial position, enabling the deconvolution of cell fate and position identity. We demonstrate that the embryonic limb undergoes a complex multi-scale re-organization upon perturbation of one of its spatial organizing centers, including the loss of specific cell populations, specific alterations in the molecular identities of other pre-existing cell states and changes in their relative spatial distribution. Altogether, our study shows how multi-dimensional single-cell and spatially resolved molecular atlases could reveal the interconnected genetic networks that regulate the intricacies of organogenesis and its reorganization upon genetic alterations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastide, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chomsky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saudemont, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loe-Mie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novault, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlow, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.20.482385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TATTOO-seq delineates spatial and cell type-specific regulatory programs during limb patterning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arginine-dependent hypusination of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF)5A drives erythroid lineage differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic programs contribute to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) fate but it is not known whether the metabolic regulation of protein synthesis controls HSPC differentiation. We discovered that SLC7A1/CAT1-dependent arginine uptake and its catabolism to spermidine control the erythroid specification of HSPCs via activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A). eIF5A activity is dependent on the metabolism of spermidine to hypusine and inhibiting hypusine synthesis abrogates erythropoiesis and diverts EPO-stimulated HSPCs to a myeloid fate. Proteomic profiling reveals mitochondrial translation to be a critical target of hypusinated eIF5A and induction of mitochondrial function partially rescues erythropoiesis in the absence of hypusine. Within the hypusine network, ribosomal proteins are highly enriched and we identify defective eIF5A hypusination in erythroid pathologies caused by abnormal ribosome biogenesis. Thus, eIF5A-dependent protein synthesis is critical in the branching of erythro-myeloid differentiation and attenuated eIF5A activity characterizes ribosomal protein-linked disorders of ineffective erythropoiesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Menendez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phadke, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGraw, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papoin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daumur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galtier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartron, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dardalhon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitbon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dever, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohandas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, L. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udeshi, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanc, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arginine-dependent hypusination of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF)5A drives erythroid lineage differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The little skate genome and the evolutionary emergence of wing-like fin appendages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skates are cartilaginous fish whose novel body plan features remarkably enlarged wing-like pectoral fins that allow them to thrive in benthic environments. The molecular underpinnings of this unique trait, however, remain elusive. Here we investigate the origin of this phenotypic innovation by developing the little skate Leucoraja erinacea as a genomically enabled model. Analysis of a high-quality chromosome-scale genome sequence for the little skate shows that it preserves many ancestral jawed vertebrate features compared with other sequenced genomes, including numerous ancient microchromosomes. Combining genome comparisons with extensive regulatory datasets in developing fins - gene expression, chromatin occupancy and three-dimensional (3D) conformation - we find skate-specific genomic rearrangements that alter the 3D regulatory landscape of genes involved in the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Functional inhibition of PCP signaling resulted in marked reduction of anterior fin size, confirming this pathway as a major contributor of batoid fin morphology. We also identified a fin-specific enhancer that interacts with 3 HOX genes, consistent with the redeployment of Hox gene expression in anterior pectoral fins, and confirmed the potential of this element to activate transcription in the anterior fin using zebrafish reporter assays. Our findings underscore the central role of genome reorganizations and regulatory variation in the evolution of phenotypes, shedding light on the molecular origin of an enigmatic trait.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marletaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Calle-Mustienes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acemel, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paliou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naranjo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Garcia, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cases, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleight, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirschberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcet-Houben, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrescavage, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skvortsova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duckett, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Rajal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanovic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallardo-Fuentes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sospedra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Rios, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbellay, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabaldon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tena, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupianez, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokhsar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Skarmeta, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The little skate genome and the evolutionary emergence of wing-like fin appendages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-trait assortative mating is widespread and inflates genetic correlation estimates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.485215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The observation of genetic correlations between disparate traits has been interpreted as evidence of widespread pleiotropy, altered theories of human genetic architecture, and spurred considerable research activity across the natural and social sciences. Here, we introduce cross-trait assortative mating (xAM) as an alternative explanation for observed genetic correlations. We observe that xAM is common across a broad array of phenotypes and that phenotypic cross-mate correlation estimates are strongly associated with genetic correlation estimates (R2 = 76%). Then, we present theoretical and simulation-based results demonstrating that, under xAM, genetic correlation estimators yield significant estimates even for traits with entirely distinct genetic bases. We demonstrate that existing xAM plausibly accounts for substantial fractions of genetic correlation estimates in two large samples (N = 827,960). For example, previously reported genetic correlation estimates between many pairs of psychiatric disorders are fully consistent with xAM alone. Finally, we provide evidence for a history of xAM at the genetic level using a novel approach based on cross-trait even/odd chromosome polygenic score correlations. Together, our results demonstrate that previous reports have likely overestimated the true genetic similarity between many phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Border, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athanasiadis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schork, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flint, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankararaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.485215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-trait assortative mating is widespread and inflates genetic correlation estimates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GASEOUS TRANSMITTER MODULATION OF HYPOGLOSSAL MOTONEURON ACTIVITY 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by sporadic collapse of the upper airway leading to periodic disruptions in breathing. Upper airway patency governed by genioglossal nerve activity originates from the hypoglossal motor nucleus. Mice with targeted deletion of the gene Hmox2, encoding the carbon monoxide (CO) producing enzyme, heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2), exhibit severe OSA, yet the contribution of central HO-2 dysregulation to the phenomenon is unknown. Using the rhythmic brainstem slice preparation, which contains the preBotzinger complex (preBotC) and the hypoglossal nucleus, we tested the hypothesis that central HO-2 dysregulation weakens hypoglossal motoneuron output. Disrupting HO-2 activity increased transmission failure as determined by the intermittent inability of the preBotC rhythm to trigger output from the hypoglossal nucleus. Failed transmission was associated with a reduced input-output relationship between the preBotC and the motor nucleus. These network phenomena were related to smaller inspiratory drive currents and reduced intrinsic excitability among hypoglossal neurons. In addition to HO-2, hypoglossal neurons also expressed the CO-regulated H2S producing enzyme cystathionine {square}-lyase (CSE). H2S abundance was higher in hypoglossal neurons of HO-2 null mice than wild-type controls. Disrupting CSE function normalized transmission in HO-2 null mice and an H2S donor mimicked the effects of HO-2 dysregulation. These findings demonstrate a hitherto uncharacterized modulation of hypoglossal activity through the interaction of HO-2 and CSE-derived H2S, and supports the perspective that centrally derived HO-2 activity plays an important role regulating upper airway control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Browe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanduri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhakar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.23.485481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GASEOUS TRANSMITTER MODULATION OF HYPOGLOSSAL MOTONEURON ACTIVITY]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The actin assembly requirements of the formin Fus1 to build the fusion focus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Formins form the largest family of actin filament nucleators and elongators, involved in the assembly of diverse actin structures. Actin filament nucleation and elongation activities reside in the formin homology 1 (FH1) and FH2 domains, common to all formins. However, the rate of these reactions varies between formins by at least 20-fold. Typically, each cell expresses several distinct formins, each contributing to the assembly of one or several actin structures, raising the question of what confers each formin its specificity. Here, using the formin Fus1 in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we systematically probed the importance of formin nucleation and elongation rates for function in vivo. Fus1 assembles the actin fusion focus, an aster-like structure of actin filaments at the contact site between gametes, necessary for the process of cell fusion to form the zygote during sexual reproduction. By constructing chimeric formins with combinations of FH1 and FH2 domains previously characterized in vitro, we establish that changes in formin nucleation and elongation rates have direct consequences on the architecture of the fusion focus, and that Fus1 native high nucleation and low elongation rates are optimal for fusion focus assembly. We further describe a point mutant in the Fus1 FH2 domain that preserves native nucleation and elongation rates in vitro but alters function in vivo, indicating an additional property of the FH2 domain. Thus, rates of actin assembly are tailored for assembly of specific actin structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Billault-Chaumartin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yde, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwaszkiewicz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoete, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The actin assembly requirements of the formin Fus1 to build the fusion focus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide Analyses of Adipose Tissue in Outbred Rats Reveal Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms Relevant for Human Obesity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptomic analysis in metabolically active tissues allows a systems genetics approach to identify causal genes and networks involved in metabolic disease. Outbred heterogeneous stock (HS) rats are used for genetic mapping of complex traits, but to-date, a systems genetics analysis of metabolic tissues has not been done. We investigated whether adiposity-associated genes and gene co-expression networks in outbred heterogeneous stock (HS) rats overlap those found in humans. We analyzed RNAseq data from adipose tissue of 415 male HS rats, correlated these transcripts with body weight (BW) and compared transcriptome signatures to two human cohorts: the African American Genetics of Metabolism and Expression and Metabolic Syndrome in Men. We used weighted gene co-expression network analysis to identify adiposity-associated gene networks and mediation analysis to identify genes under genetic control whose expression drives adiposity. We identified 554 orthologous "consensus genes" whose expression correlates with BW in the rat and with body mass index (BMI) in both human cohorts. Consensus genes fell within eight co-expressed networks and were enriched for genes involved in immune system function, cell growth, extracellular matrix organization and lipid metabolic processes. We identified 19 consensus genes for which genetic variation may influence BW via their expression, including those involved in lipolysis (e.g., Hcar1), inflammation (e.g., Rgs1), adipogenesis (e.g., Tmem120b) or no previously known role in obesity (e.g., St14, Msa4a6). Strong concordance between HS rat and human BW/BMI associated transcripts demonstrates translational utility of the rat model, while identification of novel genes expands our knowledge of the genetics underlying obesity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crouse, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keele, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craddock, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comeau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langefeld, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mott, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdar, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solberg Woods, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome-wide Analyses of Adipose Tissue in Outbred Rats Reveal Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms Relevant for Human Obesity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BET inhibition sensitizes immunologically-cold Rb-deficient prostate cancer to immune checkpoint blockade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeNon-T cell-inflamed immunologically "cold" tumor microenvironments (TME) are associated with poor responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), and can be sculpted by tumor cell genomics. Here we evaluated how Retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor loss of function (LOF), one of the most frequent alterations in human cancer and associated with lineage plasticity, poor prognosis and therapeutic outcomes, alters the TME, and whether therapeutic strategies targeting the molecular consequences of Rb loss enhance ICB efficacy.

Experimental DesignWe performed bioinformatics analysis to elucidate the impact of endogenous Rb LOF on the immune TME in human primary and metastatic tumors. Next, we utilized isogenic murine models of Rb-deficient prostate cancer (PC) for in vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies to examine how Rb loss and bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) domain inhibition (BETi) reprograms the immune landscape, and evaluated in vivo therapeutic efficacy of BETi, singly and in combination with ICB and androgen deprivation therapy.

ResultsRb loss was enriched in non-T cell-inflamed tumors, and Rb-deficient murine tumors demonstrated decreased immune infiltration in vivo. The BETi JQ1 increased immune infiltration into the TME through enhanced tumor cell STING/NF-{kappa}B activation and type I interferon (IFN) signaling within tumor cells, resulting in differential macrophage and T cell-mediated tumor growth inhibition and sensitization of Rb-deficient PC to ICB.

ConclusionsBETi can reprogram the immunologically cold Rb-deficient TME via STING/NF-{kappa}B/IFN signaling to sensitize Rb-deficient PC to ICB. These data provide the mechanistic rationale to test combinations of BETi and ICB in clinical trials of Rb-deficient PC.

STATEMENT OF TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCERb LOF is one of the most common genomic alterations in human cancer, occurring in approximately 1/3 of advanced malignancies, Furthermore, loss of Rb correlates with enhanced aggressiveness and poor therapeutic outcomes. In this study, we demonstrate that loss of Rb is also associated with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and lack of responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). As a strategy to overcome Rb LOF induced immunosuppression, we have demonstrated that BETi treatment drives STING/NF-{kappa}B signaling and type I interferon production within tumor cells, resulting in immune-mediated tumor control in Rb-deficient PC, which is accentuated by the combination with ICB and ADT. These findings provide a roadmap for maximizing the clinical translation of BET inhibitors into the clinic to treat aggressive-variant Rb-deficient PC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudagar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma-Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rameshbabu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patnaik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BET inhibition sensitizes immunologically-cold Rb-deficient prostate cancer to immune checkpoint blockade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.26.485903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The interplay between lncRNAs, RNA-binding proteins and viral genome during SARS-CoV-2 infection reveals strong connections with regulatory events involved in RNA metabolism and immune response. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.26.485903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral infections are complex processes based on an intricate network of molecular interactions. The infectious agent hijacks components of the cellular machinery for its profit, circumventing the natural defense mechanisms triggered by the infected cell. The successful completion of the replicative viral cycle within a cell depends on the function of viral components versus the cellular defenses. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are important cellular modulators, either promoting or preventing the progression of viral infections. Among these ncRNAs, the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) family is especially relevant due to their intrinsic functional properties and ubiquitous biological roles. Specific lncRNAs have been recently characterized as modulators of the cellular response during infection of human host cells by single stranded RNA viruses. However, the role of host lncRNAs in the infection by human RNA coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 remains uncharacterized. In the present work, we have performed a transcriptomic study of a cohort of patients with different SARS-CoV-2 viral load. Our results revealed the existence of a SARS-CoV-2 infection-dependent pattern of transcriptional up-regulation in which specific lncRNAs are an integral component. To determine the role of these lncRNAs, we performed a functional correlation analysis complemented with the study of the validated interactions between lncRNAs and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). This combination of in silico functional association studies and experimental evidence allowed us to identify a lncRNA signature composed of six elements - NRIR, BISPR, MIR155HG, FMR1-IT1, USP30-AS1, and U62317.2 - associated with the regulation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We propose a competition mechanism between the viral RNA genome and the regulatory lncRNAs in the sequestering of specific RBPs that modulates the interferon response and the regulation of RNA surveillance by nonsense-mediated decay (NMD).



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=182 SRC="FIGDIR/small/485903v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (46K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4368c9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1948201org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e31fd9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1400805_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Graphical abstractModel of interactions among lncRNA and cognate RNA-binding proteins in SARS-CoV-2 infection. According to our model, the viral genome can establish direct interactions with three core proteins (DDX3X, UPF1 and IGF2BP2) involved in mRNA metabolism and regulation of the interferon response, which are also components of a SARS-CoV-2 lncRNA-centered regulatory network. The competition between viral RNA and lncRNAs could act as a counteracting factor for the normal function of homeostatic lncRNA-centered regulatory networks, contributing to viral progression and replication. Black arrows depict physical interactions between network components; red arrows represent functional relationships.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Enguita, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leitao, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaksas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galeano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syrkin Wurtele, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saravia-Butler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylin, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porterfield, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schisler, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beheshti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.26.485903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The interplay between lncRNAs, RNA-binding proteins and viral genome during SARS-CoV-2 infection reveals strong connections with regulatory events involved in RNA metabolism and immune response.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.485852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient Water Wires Mediate Selective Proton Conduction in Designed Channel Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.485852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphSelective proton transport through proteins is essential for forming and utilizing proton gradients in cells. Protons are conducted along hydrogen-bonded "wires" of water molecules and polar sidechains, which, somewhat surprisingly, are often interrupted by dry apolar stretches in the conduction pathways inferred from static protein structures. We hypothesize that protons are conducted through such dry spots by forming transient water wires, often highly correlated with the presence of the excess proton itself in the water wire. To test this hypothesis, we used molecular dynamics simulations to design transmembrane channels with stable water pockets interspersed by apolar segments capable of forming flickering water wires. The minimalist designed channels conduct protons at rates similar to viral proton channels, and they are at least 106-fold more selective for H+ over Na+. These studies inform mechanisms of biological proton conduction and principles for engineering proton-conductive materials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kratochvil, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mravic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomaston, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicoludis, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeGrado, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.28.485852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient Water Wires Mediate Selective Proton Conduction in Designed Channel Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) accelerates immature HIV-1 Gag protein assembly towards kinetically-trapped morphologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the late stages of the HIV-1 lifecycle, immature virions are produced by the concerted activity of Gag polyproteins, primarily mediated by the capsid (CA) and spacer peptide 1 (SP1) domains, which assemble into a spherical lattice, package viral genomic RNA, and deform the plasma membrane. Recently, inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) has been identified as an essential assembly cofactor that efficiently produces both immature virions in vivo and immature virus-like particles in vitro. To date, however, several distinct mechanistic roles for IP6 have been proposed on the basis of independent functional, structural, and kinetic studies. In this work, we investigate the molecular influence of IP6 on the structural outcomes and dynamics of CA/SP1 assembly using coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and free energy calculations. Here, we derive a bottom-up, low-resolution, and implicit-solvent CG model of CA/SP1 and IP6, and simulate their assembly under conditions that emulate both in vitro and in vivo systems. Our analysis identifies IP6 as an assembly accelerant that promotes curvature generation and fissure-like defects throughout the lattice. Our findings suggest that IP6 induces kinetically-trapped immature morphologies, which may be physiologically important for later stages of viral morphogenesis and potentially useful for virus-like particle technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeager, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.29.486265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) accelerates immature HIV-1 Gag protein assembly towards kinetically-trapped morphologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fear extinction is regulated by long noncoding RNA activity at the synapse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a multidimensional class of regulatory molecules involved in many aspects of brain function. Emerging evidence indicates that lncRNAs are expressed at the synapse; however, a direct role for their activity in this subcellular compartment in memory formation has yet to be demonstrated. Using lncRNA capture-seq on synaptosomes, we identified a significant number of lncRNAs that accumulate at synapses within the infralimbic prefrontal cortex of adult male C57/Bl6 mice. Among these is a splice variant related to the stress-associated lncRNA, Gas5. RNA immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry and single molecule imaging revealed that this Gas5 isoform, in association with the RNA binding proteins G3bp2 and Caprin1, regulates the activity-dependent trafficking and clustering of RNA granules in dendrites. In addition, we found that cell-type-specific, state-dependent, and synapse-specific knockdown of the Gas5 variant led to impaired fear extinction memory. These findings identify a new mechanism of fear extinction that involves the dynamic interaction between local lncRNA activity and the coordination of RNA condensates in the synaptic compartment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liau, W.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bademosi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gormal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periyakaruppiah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madugalle, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zajackowski, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leighton, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musgrove, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meunier, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Moya, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiebler, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitale, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bredy, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fear extinction is regulated by long noncoding RNA activity at the synapse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topographically distinct adaptive landscapes for skulls, skeletons, and size explain the dietary adaptive radiation of Carnivora (Mammalia) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWModels of adaptive radiation were originally developed to explain the early, rapid appearance of distinct modes of life within diversifying clades. Phylogenetic tests of this hypothesis have yielded limited support for temporally declining rates of phenotypic evolution across diverse clades, but the concept of an adaptive landscape that links form to fitness, while also crucial to these models, has received more limited attention. Using methods that assess the temporal accumulation of morphological variation and estimate the topography of the underlying adaptive landscape, I found evidence of an early partitioning of mandibulo-dental morphological variation in Carnivora (Mammalia) that occurs on an adaptive landscape with multiple peaks, consistent with classic ideas about adaptive radiation. Although strong support for this mode of adaptive radiation is present in traits related to diet, its signal is not present in body mass data or for traits related to locomotor behavior and substrate use. These findings suggest that adaptive radiations may occur along some axes of ecomorphological variation without leaving a signal in others and that their dynamics are more complex than simple univariate tests might suggest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slater, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.01.486739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topographically distinct adaptive landscapes for skulls, skeletons, and size explain the dietary adaptive radiation of Carnivora (Mammalia)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
State Dependent Anionic Pore Currents Conducted by Single Countercharge Mutants in a Voltage-Sensing Phosphatase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutating gating charge residues in the S4 segment of voltage-sensing domains (VSDs) can cause ionic leak currents through the VSDs. These leak currents, known as gating pore or omega currents, play important pathophysiological role in many diseases. Here, we show that mutations in a key countercharge residue, D129, in the Ciona intestinalis voltage-sensing phosphatase (Ci-VSP) facilitate conduction of unique anionic omega currents. Neutralization of D129 causes a dramatic positive shift of activation, facilitates the formation of a continuous water path through the intermediate state VSD, and creates a positive electrostatic potential landscape inside the VSD leading to anion selectivity. Increasing the population or duration of the conducting state by a high external pH or an engineered Cd2+ bridge markedly increases the current magnitude. Our findings uncover a new role of countercharge residues and could inform on the mechanisms of channelopathies linked to countercharge residue mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perozo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.487073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[State Dependent Anionic Pore Currents Conducted by Single Countercharge Mutants in a Voltage-Sensing Phosphatase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequential addition of neuronal stem cell temporal cohorts generates a feed-forward circuit in the Drosophila larval nerve cord 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how circuits self-assemble starting from neuronal stem cells is a fundamental question in developmental biology. Here, we addressed how neurons from different lineages wire with each other to form a specific circuit motif. To do so, we combined developmental genetics--Twin spot MARCM, Multi-color Flip Out, permanent labeling--with circuit analysis--calcium imaging, connectomics, and network science analyses. We find many lineages are organized into temporal cohorts, which are sets of lineage-related neurons born within a tight time window, and that temporal cohort boundaries have sharp transitions in patterns of input connectivity. We identify a feed-forward circuit motif that encodes the onset of vibration stimuli. This feed-forward circuit motif is assembled by preferential connectivity between temporal cohorts from different neuronal stem cell lineages. Further, connectivity does not follow the often-cited early-to-early, late-to-late model. Instead, the feed-forward motif is formed by sequential addition of temporal cohorts, with circuit output neurons born before circuit input neurons. Further, we generate multiple new tools for the fly community. Ultimately, our data suggest that sequential addition of neurons (with outputs neurons being oldest and input neurons being youngest) could be a fundamental strategy for assembling feed-forward circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wreden, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, Z. D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckscher, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequential addition of neuronal stem cell temporal cohorts generates a feed-forward circuit in the Drosophila larval nerve cord]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid Rerouting of Myosin Traffic at the T Cell Immunological Synapse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.06.487340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoskeletal motors travel in patterns set by the architecture of their tracks. Nevertheless, we have a limited understanding of how cells dynamically reorganize their traffic patterns in response to signaling events. To investigate cytoskeletal motor rerouting, we used T cells as a model system. Upon an encounter between a T cell and an antigen presenting cell, the T cell builds a specialized interface with spatially organized immunoreceptors and adhesion molecules called the immunological synapse (IS). The IS also constructs new actin networks within minutes that define the synaptic structure. Here we track the movements of single myosin motors along presynaptic and synaptic actin networks of the T cell. We find that both myosin-5 and myosin-6 reroute after IS construction. For example, most myosin-5 traffic moves inward at the IS, although most of the IS actin filaments have a barbed end out orientation. This anomalous myosin-5 traffic pattern indicates that the IS makes two types of actin networks: a structural network that controls IS shape, and a distinct trafficking network that supports myosin motility. We disrupt these trafficking networks with chemical probes against actin, which inhibits the appearance of cell surface markers of T cell activation. Our results highlight the importance of the sparse actin networks at the center of the IS in T cell function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plewa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysztofiak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokicka, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.06.487340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid Rerouting of Myosin Traffic at the T Cell Immunological Synapse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LILAC: Enhanced actin imaging with an optogenetic Lifeact 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have designed an improved Lifeact variant that binds to actin under the control of light using the LOV2 protein. Light control enables one to subtract the pre-illumination signal of the unbound label, yielding an enhanced view of F-actin dynamics in cells. Furthermore, the tool eliminates actin network perturbations and cell sickness caused by Lifeact overexpression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kroll, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LILAC: Enhanced actin imaging with an optogenetic Lifeact]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Between-area communication through the lens of within-area neuronal dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A core problem in systems and circuits neuroscience is deciphering the origin of shared dynamics in neuronal activity: do they emerge through local network interactions, or are they inherited from external sources? We explore this question with large-scale networks of spatially ordered spiking neuron models where a downstream network receives input from an upstream sender network. We show that linear measures of the communication between the sender and receiver networks can discriminate between emergent or inherited population dynamics. Faithful communication requires a match in the dimensionality of the sender and receiver population activities, along with an alignment of their shared fluctuations. However, a nonlinear mapping between the sender - receiver activity or downstream emergent population-wide fluctuations can impair linear communication. Our work exposes the benefits and limitations of linear measures when analyzing between-area communication in circuits with rich population-wide neuronal dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gozel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.11.487906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Between-area communication through the lens of within-area neuronal dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the interaction between Janzen-Connell effects and habitat partitioning in spatially structured environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Janzen-Connell (JC) effects, habitat partitioning (HP), and dispersal limitation are three processes thought to shape tropical forest diversity and patterns of species aggregation, yet how they jointly influence species coexistence remains poorly understood. I analyze a spatially explicit model that incorporates all three processes, tracking propagules subject to habitat filtering and conspecific density dependence. The model shows that dispersal limitation and habitat filtering interact with JC-effects in qualitatively different ways. Aggregation driven by dispersal limitation weakens the ability of JC-effects to maintain coexistence, whereas when JC-effects and HP operate together in spatially autocorrelated habitats, richness increases with conspecific aggregation. JC-HP interactions strongly depend on habitat spatial structure. If habitats are not spatially autocorrelated, JC-effects and HP minimally interact (or act antagonistically when coupled with dispersal limitation) and do not maintain high species richness. However, when habitats are positively autocorrelated the two mechanisms act synergistically. To explain these patterns, I introduce a novel metric -- the spatial JC-HP covariance -- which quantifies how strongly JC-effects are concentrated in favorable versus unfavorable environments, providing a direct measure of the extent to which JC-effects and HP synergistically promote coexistence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.11.487940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the interaction between Janzen-Connell effects and habitat partitioning in spatially structured environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenomics and body shape morphometrics reveal recent origin and diversification in the goatfishes (Syngnatharia: Mullidae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clades of marine fishes exhibit many patterns of diversification, ranging from relatively constant throughout time to rapid changes in the rates of speciation and extinction. The goatfishes (Syngnatharia: Mullidae) are a family of marine, reef associated fishes with a relatively recent origin, distributed globally in tropical and temperate waters. Despite their abundance and economic importance, the goatfishes remain one of the few coral reef families for which the species level relationships have not been examined using genomic techniques. Here we use phylogenomic analysis of ultra-conserved elements (UCE) and exon data to resolve a well-supported, time-calibrated phylogeny for 72 species of goatfishes, supporting a recent crown age of the goatfishes at 21.9 million years ago. We used this framework to test hypotheses about the associations among body shape morphometrics, taxonomy, and phylogeny, as well as to explore relative diversification rates across the phylogeny. Body shape was strongly associated with generic-level taxonomy of goatfishes, with morphometric analyses showing evidence for high phylogenetic signal across all morphotypes. Rates of diversification in this clade reveal a recent sharp increase in lineage accumulation, with 92% of the goatfish species sampled across all clades and major body plans having originated in just the past 5 million years. We suggest that habitat diversity in the early Pliocene oceans and the generalist ecology of goatfishes are key factors in the unusual evolutionary tempo of the family Mullidae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nash, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lungstrom, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westneat, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.488079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenomics and body shape morphometrics reveal recent origin and diversification in the goatfishes (Syngnatharia: Mullidae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.487781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spinosaurids as 'subaqueous foragers' undermined by selective sampling and problematic statistical inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.487781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fabbri et al.1 claim that the huge sail-backed dinosaur Spinosaurus aegyptiacus and the spinosaurid Baryonyx were "subaqueous foragers," diving underwater in pursuit of prey, based on their measure of bone "compactness." Using thin-sections and computed tomographic (CT) scans of thigh bone (femur) and trunk rib from various living and extinct vertebrates, they claim to be able to distinguish taxa with "aquatic habits" from others. Their conclusions are undermined by selective bone sampling, inaccuracies concerning spinosaurid bone structure, faulty statistical inferences, and novel redefinition of the term "aquatic."
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myhrvold, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sereno, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgart, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formoso, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fish, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.13.487781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spinosaurids as 'subaqueous foragers' undermined by selective sampling and problematic statistical inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new chemotype of chemically tractable nonsteroidal estrogens based on a thienopyrimidine core. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite continued interest in development of nonsteroidal estrogens and antiestrogens, there are only a few chemotypes of estrogen receptor ligands. Using targeted screening in a ligand sensing assay we identified a phenolic thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine with affinity for estrogen receptor . An efficient three-step synthesis of the heterocyclic core and structure-guided optimization of the substituents resulted in a series of potent nonsteroidal estrogens. The chemical tractability of the thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine chemotype will support the design of new estrogen receptor ligands as therapeutic hormones and antihormones.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=48 SRC="FIGDIR/small/488344v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4a0c18org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16001f5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@20a58forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1558bdf_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sammeta, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrice, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byemerwa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joiner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanning, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonnell, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.15.488344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new chemotype of chemically tractable nonsteroidal estrogens based on a thienopyrimidine core.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Deep SE(3)-Equivariant Model for Learning Inverse Protein Folding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this work, we establish a framework to tackle the inverse protein design problem; the task of predicting a proteins primary sequence given its backbone conformation. To this end, we develop a generative SE(3)-equivariant model which significantly improves upon existing autoregressive methods. Conditioned on backbone structure, and trained with our novel partial masking scheme and side-chain conformation loss, we achieve state-of-the-art native sequence recovery on structurally independent CASP13, CASP14, CATH4.2, and TS50 test sets. On top of accurately recovering native sequences, we demonstrate that our model captures functional aspects of the underlying protein by accurately predicting the effects of point mutations through testing on Deep Mutational Scanning datasets. We further verify the efficacy of our approach by comparing with recently proposed inverse protein folding methods and by rigorous ablation studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McPartlon, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.15.488492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Deep SE(3)-Equivariant Model for Learning Inverse Protein Folding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A highly diverse set of novel immunoglobulin-like transcript (NILT) genes in zebrafish indicates a wide range of functions with complex relationships to mammalian receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple novel immunoglobulin-like transcripts (NILTs) have been identified from salmon, trout and carp. NILTs typically encode activating or inhibitory transmembrane receptors with extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) domains. Although predicted to provide immune recognition in ray-finned fish, we currently lack a definitive framework of NILT diversity, thereby limiting our predictions for their evolutionary origin and function. In order to better understand the diversity of NILTs and their possible roles in immune function, we identified five NILT loci in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) genome, defined 86 NILT Ig domains within a 3 Mbp region of zebrafish (Danio rerio) chromosome 1, and described 41 NILT Ig domains as part of an alternative haplotype for this same genomic region. We then identified transcripts encoded by 43 different NILT genes which reflect an unprecedented diversity of Ig domain sequences and combinations for a family of non-recombining receptors within a single species. Zebrafish NILTs include a sole putative activating receptor but extensive inhibitory and secreted forms as well as membrane-bound forms with no known signaling motifs. These results reveal a higher level of genetic complexity, interindividual variation and sequence diversity for NILTs than previously described, suggesting that this gene family likely plays multiple roles in host immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wcisel, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dornburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConnell, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jong, J. L. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litman, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoder, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.489081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A highly diverse set of novel immunoglobulin-like transcript (NILT) genes in zebrafish indicates a wide range of functions with complex relationships to mammalian receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.488920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring cell-type-specific causal gene regulatory networks during human neurogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.488920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenetic variation influences both chromatin accessibility, assessed in chromatin accessibility quantitative trait loci (caQTL) studies, and gene expression, assessed in expression QTL (eQTL) studies. Genetic variants can impact either nearby genes (local eQTLs) or distal genes (trans eQTLs). Colocalization between caQTL and eQTL, or local- and distant-eQTLs suggests that they share causal variants. However, pairwise colocalization between these molecular QTLs does not guarantee a causal relationship. Mediation analysis can be applied to assess the evidence supporting causality versus independence between molecular QTLs. Given that the function of QTLs can be cell-type-specific, we performed mediation analyses to find epigenetic and distal regulatory causal pathways for genes within two major cell types of the developing human cortex, progenitors and neurons.

ResultsWe found that expression of 168 and 38 genes were mediated by chromatin accessibility in progenitors and neurons, respectively. We also found that the expression of 781 and 200 downstream genes were mediated by upstream genes in progenitors and neurons. Moreover, we discovered that a genetic locus associated with inter-individual differences in brain structure showed evidence for mediation of SLC26A7 through chromatin accessibility, identifying molecular mechanisms of a common variant association to a brain trait.

ConclusionsIn this study, we identified cell-type-specific causal gene regulatory networks whereby the impacts of variants on gene expression were mediated by chromatin accessibility or distal gene expression. Identification of these causal paths will enable identifying and prioritizing actionable regulatory targets perturbing these key processes during neurodevelopment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aygün, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crouse, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keele, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.25.488920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring cell-type-specific causal gene regulatory networks during human neurogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing Oscillators for Specific Tasks Predicts Preferred Biochemical Implementations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oscillatory processes are used throughout cell biology to control time-varying physiology including the cell cycle, circadian rhythms, and developmental patterning. It has long been understood that free-running oscillations require feedback loops where the activity of one component depends on the concentration of another. Oscillator motifs have been classified by the positive or negative net logic of these loops. However, each feedback loop can be implemented by regulation of either the production step or the removal step. These possibilities are not equivalent because of the underlying structure of biochemical kinetics. By computationally searching over these possibilities, we find that certain molecular implementations are much more likely to produce stable oscillations. These preferred molecular implementations are found in many natural systems, but not typically in artificial oscillators, suggesting a design principle for future synthetic biology. Finally, we develop an approach to oscillator function across different reaction networks by evaluating the biosynthetic cost needed to achieve a given phase coherence. This analysis predicts that phase drift is most efficiently suppressed by delayed negative feedback loop architectures that operate without positive feedback.

PACS numbers47.15.-x
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agrahar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rust, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.25.489380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing Oscillators for Specific Tasks Predicts Preferred Biochemical Implementations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and peripheral visual system changes underlie evolving butterfly mate preference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many studies have linked genetic variation to behavior, but less is known about how that variation alters the neural circuits that drive behavior. We investigated the genetic and neurobiological basis of courtship preference variation in Heliconius butterflies, which use vision to identify appropriate mates based on wing color patterns. We found that Heliconius cydno preference variation was strongly associated with genetic variation and differential expression of senseless-2, a gene predominantly expressed in the eye. Further measurements of photoreceptor sensitivities revealed differences in inter-photoreceptor inhibition of ultraviolet-sensitive cells corresponding to courtship preference variation. Our results reveal a genetic basis for preference/cue co-evolution, suggest a link between sens-2 and visual system variation, and support the idea that changing peripheral neural computations can significantly alter essential behaviors.

SummaryGenetic and expression variation of senseless-2 and inter-photoreceptor inhibition predict visual mate preference in a clade of diverse butterflies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>VanKuren, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buerkle, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerman, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massardo, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronforst, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.25.489404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and peripheral visual system changes underlie evolving butterfly mate preference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-limited diversification of the eye in Heliconius butterflies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Butterflies have evolved an immense diversity in eye organization to support a range of vision-based behaviors including courtship, oviposition, and foraging. This diversity has been surveyed extensively across the butterfly phylogeny, and here we take a complementary approach to characterize the eye within a group of closely related Heliconius butterflies. Using a combination of immunostaining for different opsins and eyeshine for determining the distribution of light-filtering screening pigments, we identified several sexually dimorphic features of eye organization where male eyes varied and female eyes did not. Ultraviolet (UV) sensitive photoreceptors varied in which of two UV opsins were expressed, including co-expression of both within single photoreceptors, and these differences were consistent with a role in courtship and conspecific identification. Additional differences across species and sex included the distribution of three ommatidial types defined by the expression pattern of UV and blue opsins, the distribution of a red screening pigment, and which ommatidial types expressed the red screening pigment. We hypothesize that female eyes are optimized for a dimorphic behavior such as oviposition, while male eyes adapt to other selective pressures such as the local light environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buerkle, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanKuren, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerman, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronforst, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.25.489414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-limited diversification of the eye in Heliconius butterflies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The arthropod associates of 155 North American cynipid oak galls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The identities of most arthropod associates of cynipid-induced oak galls in the western Palearctic are generally known. However, a comprehensive accounting of associates has been performed for only a small number of the galls induced by the estimated 700 species of cynipid gall wasp in the Nearctic. This gap in knowledge stymies many potential studies of diversity, coevolution, and community ecology, for which oak gall systems are otherwise ideal models. We report rearing records of insects and other arthropods from more than 527,306 individual galls representing 201 different oak gall types collected from 32 oak tree species in North America. Of the 201 gall types collected, 155 produced one or more animals. A total of 151,075 animals were found in association with these 155 gall types, and of these 61,044 (40.4%) were gall wasps while 90,031 (59.6%) were other arthropods. We identified all animals to superfamily, family, or, where possible, to genus. We provide raw numbers and summaries of collections, alongside notes on natural history, ecology, and previously published associations for each taxon. For eight common gall-associated genera (Synergus, Ceroptres, Euceroptres, Ormyrus, Torymus, Eurytoma, Sycophila, and Euderus), we also connect rearing records to gall wasp phylogeny, geography, and ecology - including host tree and gall location (host organ), and their co-occurrence with other insect genera. Though the diversity of gall wasps and the large size of these communities is such that many Nearctic oak gall-associated insects still remain undescribed, this large collection and identification effort should facilitate the testing of new and varied ecological and evolutionary hypotheses in Nearctic oak galls.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busbee, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meadley-Dunphy, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milks, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prior, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shzu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinersmith, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.26.489445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The arthropod associates of 155 North American cynipid oak galls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Truncated suPAR simultaneously causes kidney disease and autoimmune diabetes mellitus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a risk factor for kidney diseases. Here we report the presence of C-terminal suPAR fragment, D2D3, in patients with diabetic nephropathy. D2D3-positive human sera inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin release in human islets and were associated with patients requiring insulin therapy. D2D3 transgenic mice presented kidney disease and diabetes marked by decreased levels of insulin and C-peptide, impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, decreased pancreatic {beta}-cell mass, and high fasting glucose. D2D3 fragment dysregulated glucose-induced cytoskeletal dynamics, impaired maturation and trafficking of insulin granules, and inhibited bioenergetics of {beta}-cells in culture. An anti-uPAR antibody restored {beta}-cell function in D2D3 transgenic mice. We show that the D2D3 fragment injures the kidney and pancreas, offering a unique dual therapeutic approach for kidney diseases and insulin-dependent diabetes.

SummaryProteolytic suPAR fragment, D2D3, simultaneously injures two organs, the kidney and pancreas, thus causing a dual organ disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayek, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corapi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altintas, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sushrut, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sever, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.26.489589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Truncated suPAR simultaneously causes kidney disease and autoimmune diabetes mellitus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induction of Sis1 promotes fitness but not feedback in the heat shock response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.27.489698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previously, we combined modeling and experiments to demonstrate that the heat shock response (HSR) functions as a negative feedback loop in which undefined chaperone clients activate the HSR by sequestering Hsp70, and subsequent induction of Hsp70 deactivates the response (Zheng et al., 2016; Krakowiak et al., 2018). Here, we formally define newly synthesized proteins (NSPs) as a major class of HSR activators and determine the role of Sis1, a co-chaperone of Hsp70, in HSR regulation. We develop and experimentally validate a new mathematical model that incorporates NSPs and Sis1. Unexpectedly, genetic decoupling and pulse-labeling experiments reveal that Sis1 induction promotes fitness during prolonged stress rather than providing negative feedback to the HSR. These results support an overall model in which NSPs signal the HSR by sequestering Sis1 and Hsp70, while induction of Hsp70 - but not Sis1 - attenuates the response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garde, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.27.489698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induction of Sis1 promotes fitness but not feedback in the heat shock response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.29.490095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread employment of conserved C. elegans homeobox genes in neuronal identity specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.29.490095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homeobox genes are prominent regulators of neuronal identity, but the extent to which their function has been probed in animal nervous systems remains limited. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, each individual neuron class is defined by the expression of unique combinations of homeobox genes, prompting the question of whether each neuron class indeed requires a homeobox gene for its proper identity specification. We present here progress in addressing this question by extending previous mutant analysis of homeobox gene family members and describing multiple examples of homeobox gene function in different parts of the C. elegans nervous system. To probe homeobox function, we make use of a number of reporter gene tools, including a novel multicolor reporter transgene, NeuroPAL, which permits simultaneous monitoring of the execution of multiple differentiation programs throughout the entire nervous system. Using these tools, we add to the previous characterization of homeobox gene function by identifying neuronal differentiation defects for 12 homeobox genes in 20 distinct neuron classes that are mostly unrelated by location, function and lineage history. 10 of these 20 neuron classes had no homeobox gene function ascribed to them before, while in the other 10 neuron classes, we extend the combinatorial code of transcription factors required for specifying terminal differentiation programs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in a particular lineage, homeotic identity transformations occur upon loss of a homeobox gene and we show that these transformations are the result of changes in homeobox codes. Combining the present with past analysis, 111 of the 118 neuron classes of C. elegans are now known to require a homeobox gene for proper execution of terminal differentiation programs. Such broad deployment indicates that homeobox function in neuronal identity specification may be an ancestral feature of animal nervous systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tekieli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toker, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyva-Diaz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacevic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradford, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadan, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.29.490095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread employment of conserved C. elegans homeobox genes in neuronal identity specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.29.490104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Features Underlying the Memorability of Objects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.29.490104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What makes certain images more memorable than others? While much of memory research has focused on participant effects, recent studies employing a stimulus-centric perspective have sparked debate on the determinants of memory, including the roles of semantic and visual features and whether the most prototypical or atypical items are best remembered. Prior studies have typically relied on constrained stimulus sets, limiting a generalized view of the features underlying what we remember. Here, we collected 1+ million memory ratings for a naturalistic dataset of 26,107 object images designed to comprehensively sample concrete objects. We establish a model of object features that is predictive of image memorability and examined whether memorability could be accounted for by the typicality of the objects. We find that semantic features exert a stronger influence than perceptual features on what we remember and that the relationship between memorability and typicality is more complex than a simple positive or negative association alone.

TEASERSemantic versus perceptual features more heavily influence what we remember, and memorability cannot be reduced to typicality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bainbridge, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebart, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.29.490104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Features Underlying the Memorability of Objects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial metabolite butyrate-prodrug polymeric micelles promote gut health and treat food allergies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.490224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbiome modulates host immunity and aids in maintenance of tolerance in the gut, where microbial and food-derived antigens are abundant. Modern lifestyle practices, including diet and antibiotic use, have depleted beneficial taxa, specifically butyrate-producing Clostridia. This depletion is associated with the rising incidence of food allergy, inflammatory bowel diseases, and other noncommunicable chronic diseases. Although butyrate is known to play important roles in regulating gut immunity and maintaining epithelial barrier function, its clinical translation is challenging due to its offensive odor and quick absorption in the upper gut. Here, we have developed two polymeric micelle systems, one with a neutral charge (NtL-ButM) and one with a negative charge (Neg-ButM) that release butyrate from their polymeric core in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract when administered intragastrically to mice. We show that these butyrate-containing micelles, used in combination, restore a barrier-protective response in mice treated with either dextran sodium sulfate or antibiotics. Moreover, butyrate micelle treatment protects peanut-allergic dysbiotic mice from an anaphylactic reaction to peanut challenge and rescues their antibiotic-induced dysbiosis by increasing the abundance of Clostridium Cluster XIVa. Butyrate micelle treatment also reduces the severity of colitis in a murine model. By restoring microbial and mucosal homeostasis, these butyrate-prodrug polymeric micelles may function as a new, antigen-agnostic approach for the treatment of allergic and inflammatory disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashir, M. E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesser, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culleen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabados, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dylla, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshaikh, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, H.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagler, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.01.490224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial metabolite butyrate-prodrug polymeric micelles promote gut health and treat food allergies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical Mechanistic Role of Inositol Hexakisphosphate (IP6) in HIV-1 Viral Capsid Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maturation of HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) into a cone-shaped lattice encasing the condensed RNA genome is critical for viral infectivity. During HIV-1 maturation, CA can self-assemble into a wide range of capsid morphologies made of ~175-250 hexamers and 12 pentamers. Most recently, the cellular polyanion inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) has been demonstrated to facilitate conical capsid formation by coordinating a ring of arginine residues within the central cavity of capsid hexamers and pentamers. However, the precise kinetic interplay of events during IP6 and CA co-assembly is unclear. In this work, we use Coarse-grained Molecular Dynamics (CGMD) simulations to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of capsid formation, including the crucial role played by IP6. We show that IP6, in relatively small quantities at first, promotes curvature generation by trapping pentameric defects in the growing lattice and shifts assembly behavior towards kinetically favored outcomes. Our analysis also suggests that IP6 can stabilize metastable capsid intermediates and can induce structural pleomorphism in mature capsids.

TeaserComputer simulations reveal that IP6 promotes fullerene-like capsid formation by stabilizing high curvature regions of the capsid.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical Mechanistic Role of Inositol Hexakisphosphate (IP6) in HIV-1 Viral Capsid Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mechanism underlying redundant functions of the YTHDF proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding proteins (YTHDFs) mediate the functional effects of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) on RNA. Recently, a report proposed that all YTHDFs work redundantly to facilitate RNA decay, raising questions about the exact functions of individual YTHDFs, especially YTHDF1 and YTHDF2. We show that YTHDF1 and YTHDF2 differ in their low-complexity domains (LCDs) and exhibit different behaviors in condensate formation and subsequent physiological functions. Biologically, we also find that the global stabilization of RNA after depletion of all YTHDFs is driven by increased P-body formation and is not strictly m6A dependent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepich-Poore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mechanism underlying redundant functions of the YTHDF proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maintenance of neurotransmitter identity by Hox proteins through a homeostatic mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hox transcription factors play fundamental roles during early patterning, but they are also expressed continuously - from embryo through adulthood - in the nervous system. The functional significance of their sustained expression remains unclear. In C. elegans motor neurons (MNs), we find that LIN-39 (Scr/Dfd/Hox4-5) is continuously required during post-embryonic life to maintain neurotransmitter identity, a core element of neuronal function. LIN-39 acts directly to co-regulate genes that define cholinergic identity (e.g., unc-17/VAChT, cho-1/ChT). We further show that LIN-39, MAB-5 (Antp/Hox6-8) and the transcription factor UNC-3 (Collier/Ebf) operate in a positive feedforward loop to ensure continuous and robust expression of cholinergic identity genes. Finally, we identify a two-component, design principle (Hox transcriptional autoregulation counterbalanced by negative UNC-3 feedback) for homeostatic control of Hox gene expression in adult MNs. These findings uncover a noncanonical role for Hox proteins during post-embryonic life, critically broadening their functional repertoire from early patterning to the control of neurotransmitter identity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Destain, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maintenance of neurotransmitter identity by Hox proteins through a homeostatic mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian prediction of multivariate ecology from phenotypic data yields novel insights into the diets of extant and extinct taxa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphology often reflects ecology, enabling the prediction of ecological roles for taxa that lack direct observations such as fossils. In comparative analyses, ecological traits, like diet, are often treated as categorical, which may aid prediction and simplify analyses but ignores the multivariate nature of ecological niches. Futhermore, methods for quantifying and predicting multivariate ecology remain rare. Here, we ranked the relative importance of 13 food items for a sample of 88 extant carnivoran mammals, and then used Bayesian multilevel modeling to assess whether those rankings could be predicted from dental morphology and body size. Traditional diet categories fail to capture the true multivariate nature of carnivoran diets, but Bayesian regression models derived from living taxa have good predictive accuracy for importance ranks. Using our models to predict the importance of individual food items, the multivariate dietary niche, and the nearest extant analogs for a set of data-deficient extant and extinct carnivoran species confirms long-standing ideas for some taxa, but yields new insights about the fundamental dietary niches of others. Our approach provides a promising alternative to traditional dietary classifications. Importantly, this approach need not be limited to diet, but serves as a general framework for predicting multivariate ecology from phenotypic traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wisniewski, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nations, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slater, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian prediction of multivariate ecology from phenotypic data yields novel insights into the diets of extant and extinct taxa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid learning with highly localized synaptic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.09.491102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brains of all animals are plastic, allowing us to form new memories, adapt to new environments, and to learn new tasks. What is less clear is how much plasticity is required to perform these cognitive functions: does learning require widespread plasticity across the brain, or can learning occur with more rigid networks, in which plasticity is highly localized? Here, we use biologically-inspired recurrent neural network (RNN) models to show that rapid multitask learning can be accomplished in reservoir-style networks, in which synaptic plasticity is sparse and highly localized. Crucially, only RNNs initialized with highly specific combinations of network properties, such as topology, normalization and reciprocal connection strength, are capable of such learning. Finally, we show that this rapid learning with localized plasticity can be accomplished with purely local error signals, without backpropagation, using a reinforcement learning setup. This work suggests that rapid learning in artificial (and potentially biological) agents can be accomplished with mostly-rigid networks, in which synaptic plasticity is highly constrained.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masse, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.09.491102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid learning with highly localized synaptic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transposable elements are associated with the variable response to influenza infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections are frequent every year and result in a range of disease severity. Given that transposable elements (TEs) contribute to the activation of innate immunity, we wanted to explore their potential role in this variability. Transcriptome profiling in monocyte-derived macrophages from 39 individuals following IAV infection revealed significant inter-individual variation in viral load post-infection. Using ATAC-seq we identified a set of TE families with either enhanced or reduced accessibility upon infection. Of the enhanced families, 15 showed high variability between individuals and had distinct epigenetic profiles. Motif analysis showed an association with known immune regulators in stably enriched TE families and with other factors in variable families, including KRAB-ZNFs. We also observed a strong association between basal TE transcripts and viral load post infection. Finally, we built a predictive model suggesting that TEs, and host factors regulating TEs, contribute to the variable response to infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacis, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aracena, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindeaux, R. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yotova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pramatarova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastinen, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.491101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transposable elements are associated with the variable response to influenza infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic variation impacts ancestry-associated differences in the transcriptional response to influenza infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans display remarkable inter-individual variation in immune response when exposed to identical immune challenges. Yet, our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic factors contributing to such variation remains limited. Here we carried out in-depth genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional profiling on primary macrophages derived from a panel of European and African-ancestry individuals before and after infection with influenza A virus (IAV). We show that baseline epigenetic profiles are strongly predictive of the transcriptional response to IAV across individuals, and that ancestry-associated differences in gene expression are tightly coupled with variation in enhancer activity. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping revealed highly coordinated genetic effects on gene regulation with many cis-acting genetic variants impacting concomitantly gene expression and multiple epigenetic marks. These data reveal that ancestry-associated differences in the epigenetic landscape are genetically controlled, even more so than variation in gene expression. Lastly, we show that among QTL variants that colocalized with immune-disease loci, only 7% were gene expression QTL, the remaining corresponding to genetic variants that impact one or more epigenetic marks, which stresses the importance of considering molecular phenotypes beyond gene expression in disease-focused studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aracena, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yotova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindeaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pramatarova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lougheed, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregoire, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brownlee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bujold, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.491413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic variation impacts ancestry-associated differences in the transcriptional response to influenza infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deaza-modification of MR1 ligands modulates recognition by MR1-restricted T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MR1-restricted T (MR1T) cells recognize microbial small molecule metabolites presented on the MHC Class I-like molecule MR1 and have been implicated in early effector responses to microbial infection. As a result, there is considerable interest in identifying chemical properties of metabolite ligands that permit recognition by MR1T cells, for consideration in therapeutic or vaccine applications. Here, we made chemical modifications to known MR1 ligands to evaluate the effect on MR1T cell activation. Specifically, we modified 6,7-dimethyl-8-D-ribityllumazine (DMRL) to generate 6,7-dimethyl-8-D-ribityldeazalumazine (DZ), and then further derivatized DZ to determine the requirements for retaining MR1 surface stabilization and agonistic properties. Interestingly, the IFN-{gamma} response toward DZ varied widely across a panel of T cell receptor (TCR)-diverse MR1T cell clones; while one clone was agnostic toward the modification, most displayed either an enhancement or depletion of IFN-{gamma} production when compared with its response to DMRL. To gain insight into a putative mechanism behind this phenomenon, we used in silico molecular docking techniques for DMRL and its derivatives and performed molecular dynamics simulations of the complexes. In assessing the dynamics of each ligand in the MR1 pocket, we found that DMRL and DZ exhibit differential dynamics of both the ribityl moiety and the aromatic backbone, which may contribute to ligand recognition. Together, our results support an emerging hypothesis for flexibility in MR1:ligand-MR1T TCR interactions and enable further exploration of the relationship between MR1:ligand structures and MR1T cell recognition for downstream applications targeting MR1T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladd, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peev, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarbrick, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cansler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Null, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boughter, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMurtrey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobos, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewinsohn, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewinsohn, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harriff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.11.491531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deaza-modification of MR1 ligands modulates recognition by MR1-restricted T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.490223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reversal of lactate and PD-1-mediated macrophage immunosuppression controls growth of PTEN/p53-deficient prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.490223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PTEN loss-of-function occurs in approximately 50% of mCRPC patients, and is associated with a poor prognosis, therapeutic outcomes and resistance to immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Recent clinical studies demonstrated that dual PI3K/AKT pathway inhibition and androgen axis blockade led to a modest improvement in progression-free survival of PTEN-deficient mCRPC patients, but the mechanistic basis for this limited efficacy is unknown. To elucidate potential resistance mechanism(s), we performed co-clinical trials in a prostate-specific PTEN/p53-deficient genetically-engineered mouse model, and discovered that the recruitment of PD-1-expressing tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) thwarts the phagocytosis-mediated anti-tumor efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)/PI3K inhibitor (PI3Ki) combination. Strikingly, we observed a TAM-dependent [~]3-fold enhancement in the overall response rate with the addition of PD-1 antibody (aPD-1) to ADT/PI3Ki combination therapy. Mechanistically, decreased lactate production from PI3Ki-treated tumor cells suppressed histone lactylation (H3K18lac) within TAM, resulting in their phagocytic activation, which was augmented by concurrent ADT/aPD-1 treatment. Consistent with our murine observations, single cell RNA-sequencing analysis of human metastatic PC samples revealed a direct correlation between high glycolytic activity and phagocytosis suppression. Critically, feedback activation of Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling observed in non-responder mice following ADT/PI3Ki/aPD-1 combination treatment, restored lactate-mediated H3K18lac and suppressed phagocytosis within macrophages. Altogether, these data suggest that reversal of lactate and PD-1-mediated TAM immunosuppression by PI3Ki and aPD-1, respectively, controls tumor growth in combination with ADT, and warrants further clinical investigation in PTEN/p53-deficient mCRPC patients.

One Sentence SummaryInhibition of tumor-cell intrinsic lactate production suppresses PTEN/p53-deficient prostate cancer growth via macrophage activation/phagocytosis
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaudagar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hieromnimon, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khurana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labadie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heirz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Eryani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rameshbabu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loyd, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bynoe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drovetsky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markiewicz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuerer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarbrick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sykes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patnaik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.490223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reversal of lactate and PD-1-mediated macrophage immunosuppression controls growth of PTEN/p53-deficient prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling ecological communities when composition is manipulated experimentally 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIIn an experimental setting, the composition of ecological communities can be manipulated directly. Starting from a pool of n species, one can co-culture species in different combinations, spanning mono-cultures, pairs of species, and all the way up to the full pool. Here we advance methods aimed at inferring species interactions from data sets reporting the density attained by species in a variety of sub-communities formed from the same pool.
C_LIO_LIFirst, we introduce a fast and robust algorithm to estimate parameters for simple statistical models describing these data, which can be combined with likelihood maximization approaches. Second, we derive from consumer-resource dynamics statistical models with few parameters, which can be applied to study systems where only a small fraction of the potential sub-communities have been observed. Third, we show how a Weighted Least Squares (WLS) framework can be used to account for the fact that species abundances often display a strong relationship between means and variances.
C_LIO_LITo illustrate our approach, we analyze data sets spanning plants, bacteria, phytoplankton, as well as simulations, recovering a good fit to the data and demonstrating the ability to predict experiments out-of-sample.
C_LIO_LIWe greatly extend the applicability of recently proposed methods, opening the door for the analysis of larger pools of species.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skwara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemos-Costa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allesina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling ecological communities when composition is manipulated experimentally]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.15.491973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable population structure in Europe since the Iron Age, despite high mobility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.15.491973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ancient DNA research in the past decade has revealed that European population structure changed dramatically in the prehistoric period (14,000-3,000 years before present, YBP), reflecting the widespread introduction of Neolithic farmer and Bronze Age Steppe ancestries. However, little is known about how population structure changed from the historical period onward (3,000 YBP - present). To address this, we collected whole genomes from 204 individuals from Europe and the Mediterranean, many of which are the first historical period genomes from their region (e.g. Armenia and France). We found that most regions show remarkable inter-individual heterogeneity. At least 7% of historical individuals carry ancestry uncommon in the region where they were sampled, some indicating cross-Mediterranean contacts. Despite this high level of mobility, overall population structure across western Eurasia is relatively stable through the historical period up to the present, mirroring geography. We show that, under standard population genetics models with local panmixia, the observed level of dispersal would lead to a collapse of population structure. Persistent population structure thus suggests a lower effective migration rate than indicated by the observed dispersal. We hypothesize that this phenomenon can be explained by extensive transient dispersal arising from drastically improved transportation networks and the Roman Empires mobilization of people for trade, labor, and military. This work highlights the utility of ancient DNA in elucidating finer scale human population dynamics in recent history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antonio, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberreiter, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moots, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheronet, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagorc, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praxmarer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozdogan, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demetz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alihodzic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amrani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avetisyan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baillif-Ducros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertrand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondioli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borowka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burmaz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzanic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candilio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cvetko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Angelis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drnic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elschek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fantar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasperetti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golubovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hukelova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankauskas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuckovic, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeremic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khachatryan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khudaverdyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchengast,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.15.491973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable population structure in Europe since the Iron Age, despite high mobility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Foxe1 orchestrates thyroid and lung cell lineage divergence in mouse stem cell-derived organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patterning of endoderm into lung and thyroid lineages depends upon a correct early expression of a homeobox domain-containing transcription factor, Nkx2-1. However, the gene networks distinguishing the differentiation of those lineages remain largely unknown. In the present work, by using mouse embryonic stem cell lines, single-cell RNA sequencing, and transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility profiling, we show that knockout of Foxe1 drastically impairs Nkx2-1+ cells differentiation and maturation into thyroid follicular-like cells. Concomitantly, a subset of Foxe1 null/Nkx2-1+ cells have a remarkable ability in vitro to undergo a lung epithelial differentiation program and form lung-like organoids harboring cells transcriptionally similar with mouse fetal airway and alveolar cell types. These results demonstrate, for the first time, lung lineage derivation at the expense of thyroid lineage, by a simple removal of a transcription factor, and provide insights into the intricated mechanisms of fate decisions of endodermal cell types.

Highlights- Forward programming of mESCs with transient Nkx2-1 and Pax8 overexpression, followed by c-AMP treatment, leads to differentiation of functional thyroid follicles in vitro;
- In absence of Foxe1, thyroid follicle-like structures, derived from mESCs, are scarce and non-functional;
- Concomitantly, a subset of Nkx2-1-expressing cells generated from Foxe1KO mESCs spontaneously form lung organoids containing multiple differentiated lung cell types;
- ATACseq analyses show higher chromatin remodeling in Nkx2-1-expressing cells in control compared to Foxe1KO cells, especially for genes involved in thyroid maturation and maintenance of the 3D structure of the follicle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romitti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eski, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillotay, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteyne, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Morga, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Refetoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costagliola, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Foxe1 orchestrates thyroid and lung cell lineage divergence in mouse stem cell-derived organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Choice of 3D morphometric method leads to diverging interpretations of form--function relationships in the carnivoran calcaneus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThree dimensional morphometric methods are a powerful tool for comparative analysis of shape. However, morphological shape is often represented using landmarks selected by the user to describe features of perceived importance, and this may lead to over confident prediction of form-function relationships in subsequent analyses. We used Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) of 13 homologous 3D landmarks and spherical harmonics (SPHARM) analysis, a homology-free method that describes the entire shape of a closed surface, to quantify the shape of the calcaneus, a landmark poor structure that is important in hind-limb mechanics, for 111 carnivoran species spanning 12 of 13 terrestrial families. Both approaches document qualitatively similar patterns of shape variation, including a dominant continuum from short/stout to long/narrow calcanea. However, while phylogenetic generalized linear models indicate that locomotor mode best explains shape from the GPA, the same analyses find that shape described by SPHARM is best predicted by foot posture and body mass without a role for locomotor mode, though effect sizes for all are small. User choices regarding morphometric methods can dramatically impact macroevolutionary interpretations of shape change in a single structure, an outcome that is likely exacerbated when readily landmarkable features are few.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wimberly, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natale, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slater, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Choice of 3D morphometric method leads to diverging interpretations of form--function relationships in the carnivoran calcaneus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Structure Of Motor Cortical Neuron Co-Activity Carries Behaviorally Relevant Information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skillful, voluntary movements are underpinned by computations performed by networks of interconnected neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1). Computations are reflected by patterns of co-activity between neurons. Using spike time correlations, co-activity can be represented as functional networks (FNs). Here, we show that the structure of FNs constructed from instructed-delay reach trials in non-human primates are behaviorally specific: low dimensional embedding and graph alignment scores show that FNs constructed from closer target reach distances are also closer in network space. We next constructed temporal FNs using short intervals across a trial. We find that temporal FNs traverse a low-dimensional subspace in a reach-specific trajectory. Alignment scores show that FNs become separable and correspondingly, decodable shortly after the instruction cue. Finally, we observe that reciprocal connections in FNs transiently decrease following the instruction cue, suggesting the network momentarily switches from a recurrent system to one that is more feedforward.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sundiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Structure Of Motor Cortical Neuron Co-Activity Carries Behaviorally Relevant Information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is not a promising therapeutic target for PNS regeneration enhancement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PNS injury initiates transcriptional changes in Schwann cells, satellite glial cells and PNS neurons that facilitate regeneration. The signaling pathways that control these transcriptional changes are not fully understood. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is active during early stages of PNS development, where it controls radial axonal sorting and the onset of PNS myelination. Upon PNS injury, the Wnt signaling pathway is re-activated, suggesting that Wnt signaling plays an important role in PNS regeneration. To explore the potential of the Wnt pathway as a therapeutic target for enhancement of PNS recovery, we used a combination of genetic and pharmacological approaches to either activate or inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway during PNS recovery. We found that manipulating the Wnt signaling pathway does not alter PNS regeneration. Our data suggests that the Wnt signaling pathway is not a strong therapeutic target for the enhancement of PNS regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is not a promising therapeutic target for PNS regeneration enhancement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpreting the fossil record and the origination of birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fossil record is essential for understanding when lineages originate and their pace of diversification. However, numerous taphonomic biases in the fossil record can hinder interpretation, creating discord between palaeontological and phylogenetic estimates of clade origination dates. Here, I use the recently published Bayesian Brownian Bridge method to infer the age of birds using occurrence data from the Paleobiology Database. I also estimate the age of the speciose sub-clade Telluraves to compare age estimates with previous tip-dating analyses of the same group. Analyses of all birds show place the root age approximately 100 Ma, approximately 26 Myr before the oldest fossil occurrences. Increasing the time bin size from 2.5 to 5 Myr produced significantly older and less precise estimates. Divergence estimates for Telluraves were strikingly consistent with tip-dating analyses, placing origination of the group in the latest Cretaceous. Although these dates are consistent with a hypothesis of Mesozoic origination and Cenozoic diversification, significant diversification was estimated before the end-Cretaceous mass extinction suggesting analyses using pooled species counts may produce spurious results. Overall, these analyses provide further evidence to a growing consensus that several major avian lineages survived the end-Cretaceous mass extinction before diversifying into the most speciose extant tetrapod radiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crouch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpreting the fossil record and the origination of birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique Effects of Sedatives, Dissociatives, Psychedelics, Stimulants, and Cannabinoids on Episodic Memory: A Review and Reanalysis of Acute Drug Effects on Recollection, Familiarity, and Metamemory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite distinct classes of psychoactive drugs producing putatively unique states of consciousness, there is surprising overlap in terms of their effects on episodic memory and cognition more generally. Episodic memory is supported by multiple subprocesses that have been mostly overlooked in psychopharmacology and could differentiate drug classes. Here, we reanalyzed episodic memory confidence data from 10 previously published datasets (28 drug conditions total) using signal detection models to estimate 2 conscious states involved in episodic memory and 1 consciously-controlled metacognitive process of memory: the retrieval of specific details from ones past (recollection), noetic recognition in the absence of retrieved details (familiarity), and accurate introspection of memory decisions (metamemory). We observed that sedatives, dissociatives, psychedelics, stimulants, and cannabinoids had unique patterns of effects on these mnemonic processes dependent on which phase of memory (encoding, consolidation, or retrieval) was targeted. All drugs at encoding except stimulants impaired recollection, and sedatives, dissociatives, and cannabinoids at encoding impaired familiarity. The effects of sedatives on metamemory were mixed, whereas dissociatives and cannabinoids at encoding tended to enhance metamemory. Surprisingly, psychedelics at encoding tended to enhance familiarity and did not impact metamemory. Stimulants at encoding and retrieval enhanced metamemory, but at consolidation, they impaired metamemory. Together, these findings may have relevance to mechanisms underlying unique subjective phenomena under different drug classes, such as blackouts from sedatives or deja vu from psychedelics. This study provides a framework for interrogating drug effects within a domain of cognition beyond the global impairments on task performance typically reported in psychopharmacology.

Public significance statementThis systematic review and reanalysis of several datasets indicate that sedatives (alcohol, zolpidem, triazolam), dissociatives (ketamine, dextromethorphan), psychedelics (psilocybin, MDMA), stimulants (dextroamphetamine, dextromethamphetamine), and cannabinoids (THC) can each have idiosyncratic effects on episodic memory, differentially impairing certain mnemonic processes while sparing or even facilitating others. Such findings inform how different drugs can produce unique subjective phenomena and provide a framework for future work to differentiate the effects of psychoactive drugs within a domain of cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffiths, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique Effects of Sedatives, Dissociatives, Psychedelics, Stimulants, and Cannabinoids on Episodic Memory: A Review and Reanalysis of Acute Drug Effects on Recollection, Familiarity, and Metamemory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.491361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut Microbes and the Liver Circadian Clock Partition Glucose and Lipid Metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.491361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms govern glucose homeostasis, and their dysregulation leads to complex metabolic diseases. Gut microbes also exhibit diurnal rhythms that influence host circadian networks and metabolic processes, yet underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show hierarchical, bi-directional communication between the liver circadian clock, gut microbes, and glucose homeostasis in mice. The liver clock, but not the forebrain clock, requires gut microbes to drive glucose clearance and gluconeogenesis. Liver clock dysfunctionality expands proportions and abundances of oscillating microbial features by two-fold relative to controls. The liver clock is the primary driver of differential and rhythmic hepatic expression of glucose and fatty acid metabolic pathways. Absent the liver clock, gut microbes provide secondary cues that dampen these rhythms, resulting in reduced utilization of lipids as fuel relative to carbohydrates. Together, the liver clock transduces signals from gut microbes necessary to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism and meet energy demands over 24 hours.

HighlightsThe liver circadian clock is autonomous from the central clock in metabolic regulation
Liver clock and gut microbes interact to direct hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism
Reciprocating host-microbe interactions drive rhythmic hepatic transcription
Perturbed liver Bmal1 results in chaotic downstream oscillators and metabolism
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frazier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzoor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLeon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyoshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyoshi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St George, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izumo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.491361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut Microbes and the Liver Circadian Clock Partition Glucose and Lipid Metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The LEGO theory of the developing functional connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.24.493295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional connectome supports information transmission through the brain at various spatial scales, from exchange between broad cortical regions to finer-scale, vertex-wise connections that underlie specific information processing mechanisms. In adults, while both the coarse- and fine-scale functional connectomes predict cognition, the fine-scale can predict up to twice the variance as the coarse-scale functional connectome. Yet, past brain-wide association studies, particularly using large developmental samples, focus on the coarse connectome to understand the neural underpinnings of individual differences in cognition. Using a large cohort of children (age 9 - 10 years; n = 1,115 individuals, both sexes, 50% female, including 170 monozygotic and 219 dizygotic twin pairs and 337 unrelated individuals), we examine the reliability, heritability, and behavioral relevance of resting-state functional connectivity computed at different spatial scales. We use connectivity hyperalignment to improve access to reliable fine-scale (vertex-wise) connectivity information and compare the fine-scale connectome with the traditional parcel-wise (coarse scale) functional connectomes. Though individual differences in the fine-scale connectome are more reliable than those in the coarse-scale, they are less heritable. Further, the alignment and scale of connectomes influence their ability to predict behavior, whereby some cognitive traits are equally well predicted by both connectome scales, but other, less heritable cognitive traits are better predicted by the fine-scale connectome. Together, our findings suggest there are dissociable individual differences in information processing represented at different scales of the functional connectome which, in turn, have distinct implications for heritability and cognition.

Significance statementYears of human magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) research demonstrate that individual variability in resting-state functional connectivity relates to genetics and cognition. However, the various spatial scales where individual differences in connectivity could occur have yet to be considered in childhood brain- behavior association studies. Here, we use novel machine learning approaches to examine the reliability, heritability, and behavioral relevance of different spatial scales of the resting-state functional connectome during childhood. We show that broad features of the connectome are strongly related to heritability, whereas fine details are more reliable and strongly associated with neurocognitive performance. These data indicate that reliable, heritable, and behaviorally-relevant individual differences exist at dissociable scales of the functional connectome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busch, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapuano, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haxby, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feilong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.493295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The LEGO theory of the developing functional connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spinosaurus is not an aquatic dinosaur 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A predominantly fish-eating diet was envisioned for the sail-backed theropod dinosaur, Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, when its elongate jaws with subconical teeth were unearthed a century ago in Egypt. Recent discovery of the high-spined tail of that skeleton, however, led to a bolder conjecture, that S. aegyptiacus was the first fully aquatic dinosaur. The  aquatic hypothesis posits that S. aegyptiacus was a slow quadruped on land but a capable pursuit predator in coastal waters, powered by an expanded tail. We test these functional claims with skeletal and flesh models of S. aegyptiacus. We assembled a CT-based skeletal reconstruction based on the fossils, to which we added internal air and muscle to create a posable flesh model. That model shows that on land S. aegyptiacus was bipedal and in deep water was an unstable, slow surface swimmer (<1m/s) too buoyant to dive. Living reptiles with similar spine-supported sails over trunk and tail in living reptiles are used for display rather than aquatic propulsion, and nearly all extant secondary swimmers have reduced limbs and fleshy tail flukes. New fossils also show that Spinosaurus ranged far inland. Two stages are clarified in the evolution of Spinosaurus, which is best understood as a semiaquatic bipedal ambush piscivore that frequented the margins of coastal and inland waterways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sereno, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myhrvold, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fish, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgart, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keillor, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formoso, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conroy, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spinosaurus is not an aquatic dinosaur]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aurora A and cortical flows promote polarization and cytokinesis by inducing asymmetric ECT-2 accumulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the early C. elegans embryo, cell polarization and cytokinesis are interrelated yet distinct processes. Here, we sought to understand a poorly understood aspect of cleavage furrow positioning. Early C. elegans embryos deficient in the cytokinetic regulator centralspindlin form furrows, due to an inhibitory activity that depends on aster positioning relative to the polar cortices. Here, we show polar relaxation is associated with depletion of cortical ECT-2, a RhoGEF, specifically at the posterior cortex. Asymmetric ECT-2 accumulation requires intact centrosomes, Aurora A (AIR-1), and myosin-dependent cortical flows. Within a localization competent ECT-2 fragment, we identified three putative phospho-acceptor sites in the PH domain of ECT-2 that render ECT-2 responsive to inhibition by AIR-1. During both polarization and cytokinesis, our results suggest that centrosomal AIR-1 breaks symmetry via ECT-2 phosphorylation; this local inhibition of ECT-2 is amplified by myosin-driven flows that generate regional ECT-2 asymmetry. Together, these mechanisms cooperate to induce polarized assembly of cortical myosin, contributing to both embryo polarization and cytokinesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Longhini-Aldis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glotzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aurora A and cortical flows promote polarization and cytokinesis by inducing asymmetric ECT-2 accumulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Masked inverse folding with sequence transfer for protein representation learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWSelf-supervised pretraining on protein sequences has led to state-of-the art performance on protein function and fitness prediction. However, sequence-only methods ignore the rich information contained in experimental and predicted protein structures. Meanwhile, inverse folding methods reconstruct a proteins amino-acid sequence given its structure, but do not take advantage of sequences that do not have known structures. In this study, we train a masked inverse folding protein masked language model parameterized as a structured graph neural network. During pretraining, this model learns to reconstruct corrupted sequences conditioned on the backbone structure. We then show that using the outputs from a pretrained sequence-only protein masked language model as input to the inverse folding model further improves pretraining perplexity. We evaluate both of these models on downstream protein engineering tasks and analyze the effect of using information from experimental or predicted structures on performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanichelli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Masked inverse folding with sequence transfer for protein representation learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.493759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suction feeding of West African lungfish (Protopterus annectens): An XROMM analysis of jaw mechanics, cranial kinesis, and hyoid mobility. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.493759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Suction feeding in fishes is characterized by rapid cranial movements, but extant lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) exhibit a reduced number and mobility of cranial bones relative to actinopterygian fishes. Despite fusion of cranial elements, lungfishes are proficient at suction feeding, though the impacts of novel cranial morphology and reduced cranial kinesis on feeding remain poorly understood. We used X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM) to study the kinematics of seven mobile skeletal elements (neurocranium, upper jaw, lower jaw, tongue, ceratohyal, clavicle, and cranial rib) and two muscles (costoclavicular portion of the hypaxialis and rectus cervicis) during the feeding strikes of West African lungfish (Protopterus annectens). We found that feeding by P. annectens on non-evasive prey is relatively slow, with a mean time to peak gape of 273 ms. Lower jaw depression and clavicular rotation were hingelike, with one degree of freedom, but the ceratohyals rotated in a complex motion involving depression and long-axis rotation. We quantified the relative contributions to oral cavity volume change (RCVC) and found that oral cavity expansion is created primarily by ceratohyal and clavicle motion. P. annectens suction feeds relatively slowly but successfully through muscle shortening of hypaxial and rectus cervicis muscles contributing to hyoid mobility.

Summary StatementThree-dimensional hyoid movements and clavicle retraction generate suction during the relatively slow, but successful, feeding strikes of the West African lungfish (Protopterus annectens).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gartner, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitlow, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurence-Chasen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczmarek, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granatosky, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westneat, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.30.493759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suction feeding of West African lungfish (Protopterus annectens): An XROMM analysis of jaw mechanics, cranial kinesis, and hyoid mobility.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.494086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heavy-tailed neuronal connectivity arises from Hebbian self-organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.494086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In networks of neurons, the connections are heavy-tailed, with a small number of neurons connected much more strongly than the vast majority of pairs.1-6 Yet it remains unclear whether, and how, such heavy-tailed connectivity emerges from simple underlying mechanisms. Here we propose a minimal model of synaptic self-organization: connections are pruned at random, and the synaptic strength rearranges under a mixture of Hebbian and random dynamics. Under these generic rules, networks evolve to produce scale-free distributions of connectivity strength, with a power-law exponent [Formula] that depends only on the probability p of Hebbian (rather than random) growth. By extending our model to include correlations in neuronal activity, we find that clustering--another ubiquitous feature of neuronal networks6-9--also emerges naturally. We confirm these predictions in the connectomes of several animals, suggesting that heavy-tailed and clustered connectivity may arise from general principles of self-organization, rather than the biophysical particulars of individual neural systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lynn, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.30.494086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heavy-tailed neuronal connectivity arises from Hebbian self-organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ensemble remodeling supports memory-updating 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.02.494530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory-updating is critical in dynamic environments because updating memories with new information promotes versatility. However, little is known about how memories are updated with new information. To study how neuronal ensembles might support memory-updating, we used a hippocampus-dependent spatial reversal task to measure hippocampal ensemble dynamics when mice switched navigational goals. Using Miniscope calcium imaging, we identified neuronal ensembles (co-active neurons) in dorsal CA1 that were spatially tuned and stable across training sessions. When reward locations were moved during a reversal session, a subset of these ensembles decreased their activation strength, correlating with memory-updating. These "remodeling" ensembles were a result of weakly-connected neurons becoming less co-active with their peers. Middle-aged mice were impaired in reversal learning, and the prevalence of their remodeling ensembles correlated with their memory-updating performance. Therefore, we have identified a mechanism where the hippocampus breaks down ensembles to support memory-updating.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mau, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Rodriguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennington, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francisco, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.02.494530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ensemble remodeling supports memory-updating]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic Transcriptome Risk Scores Can Translate Genetic Results Between Species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated specific alleles and genes as risk factors for numerous complex traits. However, translating GWAS results into biologically and therapeutically meaningful discoveries remains extremely challenging. Most GWAS results identify noncoding regions of the genome, suggesting that differences in gene regulation are the major driver of trait variability. To better integrate GWAS results with gene regulatory polymorphisms, we previously developed PrediXcan (also known as "transcriptome-wide association studies" or TWAS), which maps SNPs to predicted gene expression using GWAS data. In this study, we developed RatXcan, a framework that extends this methodology to outbred heterogeneous stock (HS) rats. RatXcan accounts for the close familial relationships among HS rats by modeling the relatedness with a random effect that encodes the genetic relatedness. RatXcan also corrects for polygenic-driven inflation because of the equivalence between a relatedness random effect and the infinitesimal polygenic model. To develop RatXcan, we trained transcript predictors for 8,934 genes using reference genotype and expression data from five rat brain regions. We found that the cis genetic architecture of gene expression in both rats and humans was sparse and similar across brain tissues. We tested the association between predicted expression in rats and two example traits (body length and BMI) using phenotype and genotype data from 5,401 densely genotyped HS rats and identified a significant enrichment between the genes associated with rat and human body length and BMI. Thus, RatXcan represents a valuable tool for identifying the relationship between gene expression and phenotypes across species and paves the way to explore shared biological mechanisms of complex traits.

Author SummaryUnderstanding how genetic variation affects phenotypic variation is critical to leveraging the wealth of genetic studies to make biologically and therapeutically useful discoveries. Since most of the genetic loci associated with complex diseases are regulatory in nature--meaning that they do not alter protein coding but rather subtly affect gene expression--transcriptome-wide association studies have been developed. However, these apply only to human data where large samples of unrelated individuals are available. For animal models, relatedness is much higher, causing higher false-positive rates. We propose a computationally efficient method to address this problem and find shared biology between humans and rats. Taken together, our development paves the way to further explore shared biological mechanisms of complex traits across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santhanam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gileta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamparelli, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Pierre, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flagel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishiwari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saba, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polesskaya, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic Transcriptome Risk Scores Can Translate Genetic Results Between Species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.04.492470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exceptional fossil preservation and evolution of the ray-finned fish brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.04.492470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain anatomy provides key evidence for ray-finned fish relationships1, but two key limitations obscure our understanding of neuroanatomical evolution in this major vertebrate group. First, the deepest branching living lineages are separated from the groups common ancestor by hundreds of millions of years, with indications that aspects of their brain morphology-like other aspects of their anatomy2,3-are specialised relative to primitive conditions. Second, there are no direct constraints on brain morphology in the earliest ray-finned fishes beyond the coarse picture provided by cranial endocasts: natural or virtual infillings of void spaces within the skull4-8. Here we report brain and cranial nerve soft-tissue preservation in {dagger}Coccocephalichthys wildi, a [~]319-million-year-old (Myr) ray-finned fish. This oldest example of a well-preserved vertebrate brain provides a unique window into neural anatomy deep within ray-finned fish phylogeny. {dagger}Coccocephalichthys indicates a more complicated pattern of brain evolution than suggested by living species alone, highlighting cladistian apomorphies9 and providing temporal constraints on the origin of traits uniting all extant ray-finned fishes9-11. Our findings, along with a growing set of studies in other animal groups12-16, point to the significance of ancient soft tissue preservation in understanding the deep evolutionary assembly of major anatomical systems outside of the narrow subset of skeletal tissues17-20.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodvin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.04.492470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exceptional fossil preservation and evolution of the ray-finned fish brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.495230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of synapse-specific RNA N6-methyladenosine readers associated with the consolidation of fear extinction memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.495230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RNA modification N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is critically involved in the regulation of gene activity underlying experience-dependent plasticity, and is necessary for the functional interplay between RNA and RNA binding proteins (RBPs) in the nucleus. However, the complete repertoire of m6A-modified RNA interacting RBPs in the synaptic compartment, and whether they are involved in fear extinction, have yet to be revealed. Using RNA immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry, we discovered 12 novel, synapsespecific, learning-induced m6A readers in the medial prefrontal cortex of male C57/B6 mice. m6A RNA-sequencing also revealed a unique population of learning-related m6A-modified RNAs at the synapse, which includes a variant of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (Malat1). m6A-modified Malat1 binds to a subset of novel m6A readers, including cytoplasmic FMR1 interacting protein 2 (CYFIP2) and dihydropyrimidase-related protein 2 (DPYSL2) and a cell-type-specific, state-dependent, and synapse-specific reduction in m6A-modified Malat1 disrupts the interaction between Malat1 and DPYSL2 and impairs fear extinction. The consolidation of fear-extinction memory therefore relies on an interaction between m6A-modified Malat1 and select RBPs in the synaptic compartment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madugalle, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liau, W.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periyakaruppiah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zajaczkowski, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leighton, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musgrove, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulopova, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitale, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bredy, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.07.495230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of synapse-specific RNA N6-methyladenosine readers associated with the consolidation of fear extinction memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrophysiological Markers of Memory Consolidation in the Human Brain when Memories are Reactivated during Sleep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human accomplishments depend on learning, and effective learning depends on consolidation. Consolidation is the process whereby new memories are gradually stored in an enduring way in the brain so that they can be available when needed. For factual or event knowledge, consolidation is thought to progress during sleep as well as during waking states, and to be mediated by interactions between hippocampal and neocortical networks. However, consolidation is difficult to observe directly, but rather is inferred through behavioral observations. Here, we investigated overnight memory change by measuring electrical activity in and near the hippocampus. Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were made in five patients from electrodes implanted to determine whether a surgical treatment could relieve their seizure disorders. One night, while each patient slept in a hospital monitoring room, we recorded electrophysiological responses to 10-20 specific sounds that were presented very quietly, to avoid arousal. Half of the sounds had been associated with objects and their precise spatial locations that patients learned before sleep. After sleep, we found systematic improvements in spatial recall, replicating prior results. We assume that when the sounds were presented during sleep, they reactivated and strengthened corresponding spatial memories. Notably, the sounds also elicited oscillatory intracranial EEG activity, including increases in theta, sigma, and gamma EEG bands. Gamma responses, in particular, were consistently associated with the degree of improvement in spatial memory exhibited after sleep. We thus conclude that this electrophysiological activity in the hippocampus and adjacent medial temporal cortex reflects sleep-based enhancement of memory storage.

Significance StatementSleep contributes to memory consolidation, we presume, because memories are replayed during sleep. Understanding this aspect of consolidation can help with optimizing normal learning in many contexts, and with treating memory disorders and other diseases. Here, we systematically manipulated sleep-based processing using targeted memory reactivation; brief sounds coupled with pre-sleep learning were quietly presented again during sleep, producing (a) recall improvements for specific spatial memories associated with those sounds, and (b) physiological responses in the sleep EEG. Neural activity in the hippocampus and adjacent medial temporal cortex was thus found in association with memory consolidation during sleep. These findings advance understanding of consolidation by linking beneficial memory changes during sleep to both memory reactivation and specific patterns of brain activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Creery, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brang, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arndt, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassard, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towle, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnke, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paller, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrophysiological Markers of Memory Consolidation in the Human Brain when Memories are Reactivated during Sleep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide analysis suggests piRNAs preferentially recognize the coding region of mRNAs in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) protect genome integrity by silencing transposon mRNAs and some endogenous mRNAs in various animals. However, C. elegans piRNAs fail to trigger gene silencing at many sequence-based predicted targeting sites.

ResultsTo gain insights into the mechanisms that control piRNA silencing capability, we compared the transcriptome-wide predicted piRNA targeting sites to the in vivo piRNA binding sites. Surprisingly, while predicted piRNA targeting sites are enriched in 3 UTRs, we found that C. elegans piRNAs preferentially bind to coding regions (CDS) of target mRNAs, leading to preferential production of secondary silencing small RNAs in the CDS. Furthermore, our analyses suggest that Argonaute protein CSR-1 protects mRNAs from piRNA silencing through two distinct mechanisms - by inhibiting piRNA binding across the entire CSR-1 targeted transcript, and by inhibiting secondary silencing small RNA production locally at CSR-1 bound sites. However, CSR-1 is not responsible for the piRNA binding preference for the CDS.

ConclusionsOur work identifies the CDS as the critical region that is uniquely competent for piRNA silencing in C. elegans. We speculate that the preference for CDS recognition by piRNAs may represent a mechanism to counteract the evolution of foreign protein-coding RNAs that evade piRNA surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiue, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome-wide analysis suggests piRNAs preferentially recognize the coding region of mRNAs in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune gene variation associated with chromosome-scale differences among individual zebrafish genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune genes have evolved to maintain exceptional diversity, offering robust defense against pathogens. We performed genomic sequencing and assembly to examine immune gene variation among three zebrafish individuals. We identified remarkably high levels of sequence divergence as well as presence/absence variation among these zebrafish genomes, particularly when compared with the level of variation in human genomes. Gene pathway analysis identified zebrafish immune genes as significantly enriched among genes with evidence of positive selection. A large subset of genes was absent from analysis of coding sequences due to apparent lack of reads, prompting us to examine genes overlapping zero coverage regions (ZCRs), defined as 2kb stretches without mapped reads. Zebrafish immune genes were also identified as highly enriched within ZCRs, including over 60% of zebrafish major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes and NOD-like receptor (NLR) genes, mediators of direct and indirect pathogen recognition. This variation was most highly concentrated throughout one arm of zebrafish chromosome 4 carrying a large cluster of NLR genes, associated with large-scale structural variation covering more than half of a vertebrate chromosome. While previous studies have shown marked variation in NLR genes between vertebrate species, our study highlights extensive variation between individuals of the same species. Our genomic assemblies also provide sequences for alternative haplotypes and distinct complements of immune genes among individual zebrafish, including the MHC Class II locus. Taken together, these findings provide evidence of immune gene variation on a scale previously unknown in other vertebrate species and raise questions about potential impact on immune function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McConnell, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jong, J. L. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune gene variation associated with chromosome-scale differences among individual zebrafish genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Innate Conformational Dynamics Drive Binding Specificity in Anti-Apoptotic Proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The structurally conserved B-cell Lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins function to promote or inhibit apoptosis through an exceedingly complex web of specific, intrafamilial protein-protein interactions. The critical role of these proteins in lymphomas and other cancers has motivated a widespread interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive specificity in Bcl-2 family interactions. However, the substantial structural similarity amongst Bcl-2 homologues has made it difficult to rationalize the highly specific (and often divergent) binding behavior exhibited by these proteins using conventional structural arguments. In this work, we use millisecond hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to explore shifts in conformational dynamics associated with binding partner engagement in Bcl-2 family proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1. Using this approach, we reveal that, specifically for Mcl-1, binding specificity arises largely from protein-specific dynamic modes that are accessed in the unbound state. This work has implications for exploring the evolution of internally regulated biological systems composed of structurally similar proteins, and for the development of drugs targeting Bcl-2 family proteins for promotion of apoptosis in cancer.

General Interest StatementThis work reveals how a group of proteins, which are highly similar in structure, can form a complex web of highly specific protein-protein interactions that drive programmed cell death (apoptosis) in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolf, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lento, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Innate Conformational Dynamics Drive Binding Specificity in Anti-Apoptotic Proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.11.495745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low diversity and microdiversity of comammox bacteria in wastewater systems suggests wastewater-specific adaptation within the Ca. Nitrospira nitrosa cluster. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.11.495745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies have found Ca. Nitrospira nitrosa-like bacteria to be the principal or sole comammox bacteria in nitrogen removal systems for wastewater treatment. In contrast, multiple populations of strict ammonia and nitrite oxidizers co-exist in similar systems. This apparent lack of diversity is surprising and could impact the feasibility of leveraging comammox bacteria for nitrogen removal. We used full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing and genome-resolved metagenomics to compare population-level (i.e., species) diversity of comammox bacteria with that of strict nitrifiers in full-scale wastewater treatment systems and assess whether these observations were consistent or diverged at the strain-level. Full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that while Nitrosomonas-like bacteria exhibited higher population-level diversity, the effective microdiversity of most Nitrospira-like bacteria were comparatively higher except for one Nitrospira Lineage II population. Comammox bacterial metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) were associated with Ca. Nitrospira nitrosa. The average amino acid identity between comammox bacterial MAGs (93% {+/-} 3) across systems was significantly higher than that of the Nitrosomonas-like ammonia oxidizers (73%{+/-}8) and the Nitrospira-like nitrite oxidizer MAGs (75%{+/-}13), suggesting that the same comammox population was detected in all systems. Comammox bacteria and some ammonia oxidizers MAGs were significantly less microdiverse than most ammonia and nitrite oxidizers. Interestingly, strain-resolved analysis also indicates that different nitrogen removal systems harbor different comammox bacterial strains within the Ca. Nitrospira nitrosa cluster. These results suggest that comammox bacteria associated with Ca. Nitrospira nitrosa have low species- and strain-level diversity in nitrogen removal systems and may thus harbor specific adaptations to the wastewater ecosystem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cotto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilardi, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khunjar, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Clippeleir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilmore, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lücker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.11.495745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low diversity and microdiversity of comammox bacteria in wastewater systems suggests wastewater-specific adaptation within the Ca. Nitrospira nitrosa cluster.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery and Genomic Characterization of a Novel Henipavirus, Angavokely virus, from fruit bats in Madagascar 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genus Henipavirus (family Paramyxoviridae) is currently comprised of seven viruses, four of which have demonstrated prior evidence of zoonotic capacity. These include the biosafety level 4 agents Hendra (HeV) and Nipah (NiV) viruses, which circulate naturally in pteropodid fruit bats. Here, we describe and characterize Angavokely virus (AngV), a divergent henipavirus identified in urine samples from wild, Madagascar fruit bats. We report the near-complete 16,740 nt genome of AngV, which encodes the six major henipavirus structural proteins (nucleocapsid, phosphoprotein, matrix, fusion, glycoprotein, and L polymerase). Within the phosphoprotein (P) gene, we identify an alternative start codon encoding the AngV C protein and a putative mRNA editing site where the insertion of one or two guanine residues encodes, respectively, additional V and W proteins. In other paramyxovirus systems, C, V, and W are accessory proteins involved in antagonism of host immune responses during infection. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that AngV is ancestral to all four previously described bat henipaviruses--HeV, NiV, Cedar virus (CedV), and Ghanaian bat virus (GhV)--but evolved more recently than rodent- and shrew-derived henipaviruses, Mojiang (MojV), Gamak (GAKV), and Daeryong (DARV) viruses. Predictive structure-based alignments suggest that AngV is unlikely to bind ephrin receptors, which mediate cell entry for all other known bat henipaviruses. Identification of the AngV receptor is needed to clarify the viruss potential host range. The presence of V and W proteins in the AngV genome suggest that the virus could be pathogenic following zoonotic spillover.

ImportanceHenipaviruses include highly pathogenic emerging zoonotic viruses, derived from bat, rodent, and shrew reservoirs. Bat-borne Hendra (HeV) and Nipah (NiV) are the most well-known henipaviruses, for which no effective antivirals or vaccines for humans have been described. Here we report the discovery and characterization of a novel henipavirus, Angavokely virus (AngV), isolated from wild fruit bats in Madagascar. Genomic characterization of AngV reveals all major features associated with pathogenicity in other henipaviruses, suggesting that AngV could be pathogenic following spillover to human hosts. Our work suggests that AngV is an ancestral bat henipavirus which likely uses viral entry pathways distinct from those previously described for HeV and NiV. In Madagascar, bats are consumed as a source of human food, presenting opportunities for cross-species transmission. Characterization of novel henipaviruses and documentation of their pathogenic and zoonotic potential are essential to predicting and preventing the emergence of future zoonoses that cause pandemics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kistler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaivoson, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahyong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrianiaina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raharinosy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randriambolamanantsoa, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravelomanantsoa, N. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tato, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacoste, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heraud, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, C. E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.12.495793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery and Genomic Characterization of a Novel Henipavirus, Angavokely virus, from fruit bats in Madagascar]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of SARS-CoV-2 M protein in lipid nanodiscs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 encodes four structural proteins incorporated into virions, spike (S), envelope (E), nucleocapsid (N), and membrane (M). M plays an essential role in viral assembly by organizing other structural proteins through physical interactions and directing them to sites of viral budding. As the most abundant protein in the viral envelope and a target of patient antibodies, M is a compelling target for vaccines and therapeutics. Still, the structure of M and molecular basis for its role in virion formation are unknown. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of SARS-CoV-2 M in lipid nanodiscs to 3.5 [A] resolution. M forms a 50 kDa homodimer that is structurally related to the SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a viroporin, suggesting a shared ancestral origin. Structural comparisons reveal how intersubunit gaps create a small, enclosed pocket in M and large open cavity in ORF3a, consistent with a structural role and ion channel activity, respectively. M displays a strikingly electropositive cytosolic surface that may be important for interactions with N, S, and viral RNA. Molecular dynamics simulations show a high degree of structural rigidity and support a role for M homodimers in scaffolding viral assembly. Together, these results provide insight into roles for M in coronavirus assembly and structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dolan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotecha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.12.495841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of SARS-CoV-2 M protein in lipid nanodiscs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.495480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seasonal plasticity in morphology and metabolism differs between migratory North American and resident Costa Rican monarch butterflies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.495480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental heterogeneity in temperate latitudes is expected to maintain seasonally plastic life-history strategies that include the tuning of morphologies and metabolism that support overwintering. For species that have expanded their ranges into tropical latitudes, it is unclear the extent to which the capacity for plasticity will be maintained or will erode with disuse. The migratory generations of the North American (NA) monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus lead distinctly different lives from their summer generation NA parents and their tropical descendants living in Costa Rica (CR). NA migratory monarchs postpone reproduction, travel thousands of kilometers south to overwinter in Mexico, and subsist on little food for months. Whether recently dispersed populations of monarchs such as those in Costa Rica, which are no longer subject to selection imposed by migration, retain ancestral seasonal plasticity is unclear. To investigate differences in seasonal plasticity, we reared NA and CR monarchs in summer and autumn in Illinois, USA, and measured seasonal reaction norms for aspects of morphology and metabolism related to flight. NA monarchs were seasonally plastic in forewing and thorax size, increasing wing area and thorax to body mass ratio in autumn. While CR monarchs increased thorax mass in autumn, they did not increase the area of the forewing. NA monarchs maintained similar resting and maximal flight metabolic rates across seasons. However, CR monarchs had elevated metabolic rates in autumn. Our findings suggest that the recent expansion of monarchs into habitats that support year-round breeding may be accompanied by (1) the loss of some aspects of morphological plasticity as well as (2) the underlying physiological mechanisms that maintain metabolic homeostasis in the face of temperature heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tenger-Trolander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montooth, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronforst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.17.495480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seasonal plasticity in morphology and metabolism differs between migratory North American and resident Costa Rican monarch butterflies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.496739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dispersal-behavioral plasticity within an insect-host system undergoing human-induced rapid environmental change (HIREC) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.496739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As environments change, often drastically, due to human activities, dispersal-behavioral plasticity can become a key mediator of metapopulation connectivity and the interactions between an individual and its altered environment. Our goal was to investigate the traits and ecological processes that affect plastic dispersal responses within an insect-host system undergoing human-induced rapid evolutionary change (HIREC). Since the 1960s, populations of the red-shouldered soapberry bug from Florida, USA, originally feeding on the seeds of Cardiospermum corindum on the islands, quickly adapted to feeding on an invasive, ornamental tree, Koelreuteria elegans, on the mainland, which led to host-specific wing polyphenism. Here, we measured the morphology of >3,500 soapberry bugs field collected from 2013 to 2020 and the flight performance of 378 total soapberry bugs tested in a flight mill during Fall 2019 and Winter 2020. Flight tests showed females and mainland natives exhibited variable flight responses mediated by mass, while males were consistent, wing-dependent flyers. However, historical specimens showed annual rises in flightless morphs for males and dwindling wing-to-body sizes for island natives since 2013. Despite uncertain future fitness consequences, plasticity could help predict mobility character and agent dispersal behavior and ultimately help identify whether recent trends signal adjustment or maladaptation to HIREC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cenzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.19.496739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dispersal-behavioral plasticity within an insect-host system undergoing human-induced rapid environmental change (HIREC)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pancreatic tumors activate arginine biosynthesis to adapt to myeloid-driven amino acid stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nutrient stress in the tumor microenvironment requires cancer cells to adopt adaptive metabolic programs to maintain survival and proliferation. Therefore, knowledge of microenvironmental nutrient levels and how cancer cells cope with such nutrition is critical to understand the metabolism underpinning cancer cell biology. Previously, we performed quantitative metabolomics of the interstitial fluid (the local perfusate) of murine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumors to comprehensively characterize nutrient availability in the microenvironment of these tumors (Sullivan et al., 2019a). Here, we develop Tumor Interstitial Fluid Medium (TIFM), a cell culture medium that contains nutrient levels representative of the PDAC microenvironment, enabling study of PDAC metabolism under physiological nutrition. We show that PDAC cells cultured in TIFM, compared to standard laboratory models, adopt a cellular state more similar to PDAC cells in tumors. Further, using the TIFM model we identified arginine biosynthesis as a metabolic adaptation PDAC cells engage to cope with microenvironmental arginine starvation driven by myeloid cells in PDAC tumors. Altogether, these data show that nutrient availability in tumors is an important determinant of cancer cell metabolism and behavior, and cell culture models that incorporate physiological nutrient availability have improved fidelity and enable the discovery of novel cancer metabolic phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saab, J. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzierozynski, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheehan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macleod, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pancreatic tumors activate arginine biosynthesis to adapt to myeloid-driven amino acid stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A gut commensal protist protects against virus-mediated loss of oral tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.497012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of oral tolerance (LOT) to gluten, characterized by a T helper 1 (Th1) gluten-specific immune response, is a hallmark of celiac disease (CeD) and can be triggered by enteric viral infections. We hypothesized that certain gut microbes have the capacity to protect against virus-mediated LOT. By using our previously defined reovirus-mediated LOT CeD model, we discovered that the gut colonizing protist Tritrichomonas (T.) arnold promotes oral tolerance and protects against reovirus-mediated LOT by suppressing the reovirus-induced proinflammatory program of dietary-antigen-presenting CD103+ dendritic cells. Importantly, T. arnold did not affect antiviral host immunity, suggesting that T. arnold-mediated protection against T1L-induced LOT is not attributable to differences in antiviral host responses. Additionally, using gnotobiotic mice, we found that Tritrichomonas arnold colonization is sufficient to protect against reovirus-mediated LOT in the absence of the microbiota. Mechanistically, we show that Tritrichomonas arnold colonization restrains reovirus-induced inflammatory responses in dendritic cells and thus limit their ability to promote Th1 immune responses ex vivo. Finally, our studies using human stool samples support a role for Tritrichomonas sp. colonization in protecting against development of CeD. This study will motivate the design of effective therapies to prevent LOT to gluten in at-risk individuals and to reinstate tolerance to gluten in CeD patients.

One Sentence SummaryTritrichomonas arnold protects against virus-mediated loss of oral tolerance to gluten and is underrepresented in celiac disease patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brigleb, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangani, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Der Kraak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedden, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiske, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galipeau, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullet, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendell, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bercik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meisel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermody, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdu, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinterleitner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.497012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A gut commensal protist protects against virus-mediated loss of oral tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatially anchored transcriptomic atlas of the human kidney papilla identifies significant immune injury and matrix remodeling in patients with stone disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.22.497218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kidney stone disease causes significant morbidity and increases health care utilization. The pathogenesis of stone disease is not completely understood, due in part to the poor characterization of the cellular and molecular makeup of the kidney papilla and its alteration with disease. We deciphered the cellular and molecular niche of the human renal papilla in patients with calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone disease compared to healthy subjects using single nuclear RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics and high-resolution large-scale multiplexed 3D and Co-Detection by indexing (CODEX) imaging. In addition to identifying cell types important in papillary physiology, we defined subtypes of immune, stromal and principal cells enriched in the papilla, and characterized an undifferentiated epithelial cell cluster that was more prevalent in stone patients. Despite the focal nature of mineral deposition in nephrolithiasis, we uncovered a global injury signature involving multiple cell types within the papilla, characterized by immune activation, oxidative stress and extracellular matrix remodeling. The microenvironment of mineral deposition had features of an immune synapse with antigen presenting inflammatory macrophages interacting with T cells, and an immune repertoire ranging from inflammation to fibrosis. The expression of MMP7 and MMP9 was associated with stone disease and mineral deposition, respectively. MMP7 and MMP9 were significantly increased in the urine of patients with CaOx stone disease compared to non-stone formers, and their levels correlated with disease activity in stone formers. Our results define the spatial molecular landscape and specific pathways contributing to stone-mediated injury in the human papilla, and identify potential urinary biomarkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canela, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingeman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabo, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barwinska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winfree, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFavers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coe, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worcester, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eadon, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Achkar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kidney Precision Medicine Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.22.497218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatially anchored transcriptomic atlas of the human kidney papilla identifies significant immune injury and matrix remodeling in patients with stone disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.497379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chitin utilization by marine picocyanobacteria and the evolution of a planktonic lifestyle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.23.497379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine picocyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus), the most abundant photosynthetic cells in the oceans, are generally thought to have a primarily single-celled and free-living lifestyle. However, we find that genes for breaking down chitin - an abundant source of organic carbon that primarily exists as particles - are widespread in this group. We further show that cells with a chitin degradation pathway display chitin degradation activity, attach to chitin particles and show enhanced growth under low light conditions when exposed to chitosan, a partially deacetylated form of chitin. Marine chitin is largely derived from arthropods, whose roots lie in the early Phanerozoic, 520-535 million years ago, close to when marine picocyanobacteria began colonizing the ocean. We postulate that attachment to chitin particles allowed benthic cyanobacteria to emulate their mat-based lifestyle in the water column, initiating their expansion into the open ocean, seeding the rise of modern marine ecosystems. Transitioning to a constitutive planktonic life without chitin associations along a major early branch within the Prochlorococcus tree led to cellular and genomic streamlining. Our work highlights how coevolution across trophic levels creates metabolic opportunities and drives biospheric expansions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Capovilla, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braakman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fournier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartzman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yelton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longnecker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soule, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarr, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mongera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldbauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kujawinski, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, O. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chisholm, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.23.497379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chitin utilization by marine picocyanobacteria and the evolution of a planktonic lifestyle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The slow evolving genome of the xenacoelomorph worm Xenoturbella bocki 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary origins of Bilateria remain enigmatic. One of the more enduring proposals highlights similarities between a cnidarian-like planula larva and simple acoel-like flatworms. This idea is based in part on the view of the Xenacoelomorpha as an outgroup to all other bilaterians which are themselves designated the Nephrozoa (protostomes and deuterostomes). Genome data can help to elucidate phylogenetic relationships and provide important comparative data. Here we assemble and analyse the genome of the simple, marine xenacoelomorph Xenoturbella bocki, a key species for our understanding of early bilaterian and deuterostome evolution. Our highly contiguous genome assembly of X. bocki has a size of [~]111 Mbp in 18 chromosome like scaffolds, with repeat content and intron, exon and intergenic space comparable to other bilaterian invertebrates. We find X. bocki to have a similar number of genes to other bilaterians and to have retained ancestral metazoan synteny. Key bilaterian signalling pathways are also largely complete and most bilaterian miRNAs are present. We conclude that X. bocki has a complex genome typical of bilaterians, in contrast to the apparent simplicity of its body plan. Overall, our data do not provide evidence supporting the idea that Xenacoelomorpha are a primitively simple outgroup to other bilaterians and gene presence/absence data support a relationship with Ambulacraria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natsidis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leite, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapraz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marletaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromm, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudry, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoye, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakrzewski, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoff, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marbouty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlow, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copley, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkies, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telford, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.497508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The slow evolving genome of the xenacoelomorph worm Xenoturbella bocki]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Habitat heterogeneity, environmental feedbacks, and species coexistence across timescales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.26.497662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A large body of ecological theory explains the coexistence of multiple species in variable environments. While spatial variation is often treated as an intrinsic feature of a landscape, it may be shaped and even generated by the resident community. All species modify their local environment to some extent, driving changes that can feed back to affect the composition and coexistence of the community, potentially over timescales very different from population dynamics. We introduce a simple, nested modeling framework that describes species coexistence in heterogeneous environments, as well as the evolution of this heterogeneity over time due to feedbacks from the biotic community. We derive analytical conditions for the coexistence of any number of species in environments with intrinsic heterogeneity or feedbacks, and identify essential differences between these scenarios. Our model is naturally simplified in the limit of very fast or very slow environmental feedbacks, allowing us to treat these two scenarios - which bookend the full range of dynamics - in detail. Among other results, we demonstrate how dispersal and environmental specialization interact to shape realized patterns of habitat association. We also show that environmental feedbacks can tune landscape conditions to promote stable coexistence, although feedbacks can give rise to complex dynamics such as limit cycles, priority effects, and episodic dynamics, as well. Our flexible modeling framework helps explain how and when each of these behaviors arise, and offers a generic mathematical platform for exploring the interplay between species and landscape diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allesina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.26.497662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Habitat heterogeneity, environmental feedbacks, and species coexistence across timescales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutral vs. non-neutral genetic footprints of Plasmodium falciparum multiclonal infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At a time when effective tools for monitoring malaria control and eradication efforts are crucial, the increasing availability of molecular data motivates their application to epidemiology. The multiplicity of infection (MOI), defined as the number of genetically distinct parasite strains co-infecting a host, is one key epidemiological parameter for evaluating malaria interventions. Estimating MOI remains a challenge for high-transmission settings where individuals typically carry multiple co-occurring infections. Several quantitative approaches have been developed to estimate MOI, including two cost-effective ones relying on molecular data: i) THE REAL McCOIL method is based on putatively neutral single nucleotide polymorphism loci, and ii) the varcoding method is a fingerprinting approach that relies on the diversity and limited repertoire overlap of the var multigene family encoding the major Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage antigen PfEMP1 and is therefore under selection. In this study, we assess the robustness of the MOI estimates generated with these two approaches by simulating P. falciparum malaria dynamics under three transmission conditions using an extension of a previously developed stochastic agent-based model. We demonstrate that these approaches are complementary and best considered across distinct transmission intensities. While varcoding can underestimate MOI, it allows robust estimation, especially under high-transmission where repertoire overlap is extremely limited from frequency-dependent selection. In contrast, THE REAL McCOIL often considerably overestimates MOI, but still provides reasonable estimates for low- and moderate-transmission. As many countries pursue malaria elimination targets, defining the most suitable approach to estimate MOI based on sample size and local transmission intensity is highly recommended for monitoring the impact of intervention programs.

Author SummaryDespite control and elimination efforts, malaria continues to be a serious public health threat especially in high-transmission regions. Molecular tools for evaluating these efforts include those seeking to estimate multiplicity (or complexity) of infection (MOI), the number of genetically distinct parasite strains co-infecting a host, a key epidemiological parameter. MOI estimation remains challenging in high-transmission regions where hosts typically carry multiple co-infections by Plasmodium falciparum. THE REAL McCOIL and the varcoding are two cost-effective methods relying on distinct parts of the parasite genome, those respectively under neutrality and selection. The more recent varcoding approach relies on the var multigene family encoding for the major blood-stage antigen and contributing to a complex immune evasion strategy of the parasite. We compare the performance of the two methods by simulating disease dynamics under different transmission intensities with a stochastic agent-based model tracking infection by different parasite genomes and immune memory in individual hosts, then sampling resulting infections to estimate MOI. Although THE REAL McCOIL provides reasonable estimates for low- and moderate-transmission, varcoding allows more robust estimates especially under high-transmission. Defining the most suitable approach to estimate MOI based on local transmission intensity is highly recommended for hyper-diverse pathogens such as malaria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Labbe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiedje, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyropoulos, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghansah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutral vs. non-neutral genetic footprints of Plasmodium falciparum multiclonal infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Algae drive convergent bacterial community assembly when nutrients are scarce 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The assembly of microbial communities is a complex dynamical process that determines community structure and function. Assembly can be influenced by species-species interactions, invasions, the availability of nutrients, and microbial physiology. The interdependence of these factors presents a challenge for understanding community assembly. For example, species-species interactions can be modulated by the availability of nutrients. Here we sought to understand how nutrient supply modulated interactions to affect the assembly process. We exploited algae in association with complex bacterial consortia from soils as models for ubiquitous phototroph-heterotroph communities that play an important role in global primary production. Studying bacterial communities assembled with and without the alga in environments with varying frequency of nutrient supply allowed us to differentiate the impacts of the algae from nutrient availability on the assembly process. A statistical decomposition of community taxonomic structure revealed that it is possible to separate the effects of biotic (presence of algae) and abiotic (nutrient supply rates) factors on community assembly. We found that when the supply of external nutrients is infrequent, the algae strongly impact bacterial community assembly, driving initially diverse bacterial consortia to converge to a common structure. Analysis of sequencing data revealed that this convergence is largely mediated by algal inhibition of specific bacterial taxa. Conversely, when nutrients are supplied with high frequency, bacterial community assembly is not impacted by the presence of the alga. This study shows that complex phototroph-heterotroph communities can be powerful model systems for understanding the assembly process in a context relevant to the global ecosystem functioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prabhakara, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Algae drive convergent bacterial community assembly when nutrients are scarce]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Avian and Human Influenza Viruses Exhibit Distinct Glycoconjugate Receptor Specificities in Human Lung Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.29.498208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IAV utilize sialic acid (Sia) containing cell surface glycoconjugates for host cell infection, and IAV strains from different host species show preferences for structurally distinct Sia at the termini of glycoconjugates. Various types of cell surface glycoconjugates (N-glycans, O-glycans, glycolipids) display significant diversity in both structure and carbohydrate composition. To define the types of glycoconjugates that facilitate IAV infection, we utilized the CRISPR/Cas9 technique to truncate different types of glycoconjugates, either individually or in combination, by targeting glycosyltransferases essential to glycan biosynthesis in a human lung epithelial cell line. Our studies show that both human and avian IAV strains do not display strict preferences for a specific type of glycoconjugate. Interestingly, truncation of all three types of glycoconjugates significantly decreased the replication of human IAV strains, yet did not impact the replication of avian IAV strains. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that avian IAV strains utilize a broader repertoire of glycoconjugates for host cell infection as compared to human IAV strains.

Author SummaryIt is well known that influenza A viruses (IAV) initiate host cell infection by binding to sialic acid, a sugar molecule present at the ends of various sugar chains called glycoconjugates. These glycoconjugates can vary in chain length, structure, and composition. However, it remains unknown if IAV strains preferentially bind to sialic acid on specific glycoconjugates for host cell infection. Here, we utilized CRISPR gene editing to abolish sialic acid on different glycoconjugate types in human lung cells, and evaluated human versus avian IAV infections. Our studies show that both human and avian IAV strains can infect human lung cells by utilizing any of the three major sialic acid-containing glycoconjugate types, specifically N-glycans, O-glycans, and glycolipids. Interestingly, simultaneous elimination of sialic acid on all three glycoconjugate types in human lung cells dramatically decreased human IAV infection, yet had little effect on avian IAV infection. Our studies indicate that avian IAV strains can utilize a wide variety of glycoconjugates for infection, whereas human IAV strains display restrictions in glycoconjugate type usage. These novel studies show distinct differences in host glycoconjugate preferences between human and avian IAV strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manivasagam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturtz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandasamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourronc, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingelhutz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neelamegham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manicassamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.29.498208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Avian and Human Influenza Viruses Exhibit Distinct Glycoconjugate Receptor Specificities in Human Lung Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intestinal Epithelial Heat Shock Protein 25/27 integrates host and microbial drivers of mucosal restitution following inflammatory injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucosal healing following inflammatory injury is poorly understood and often neglected, despite being the best indicator of long-term outcomes in inflammatory bowel diseases. We report here that the enigmatic small molecular weight heat shock protein, Hsp25 (the human form is Hsp27), plays a vital role in converging microbial and host factors to promote pSTAT3-mediated mucosal healing. In wild type mice, the proximal-to-distal gradient of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) Hsp25 expression is dependent on microbial cues. Patients with left-sided ulcerative colitis, however, show reduced levels of Hsp27 expression in both uninvolved and involved areas compared to normal colons of non-IBD patients. In mice with global or IEC-specific Hsp25 gene-targeted deletion, impaired mucosal healing with development of hallmarks of chronic disease are observed following DSS-induced or TNBS-induced colitis, whereas mucosal restitution is accelerated in IEC-specific overexpressing Hsp25 transgenic mice. In colonic IECs derived from these murine lines, Hsp25 binds and stabilizes a phospho-STAT3/YAP nuclear complex stimulated by IL-22 to sustain its wound healing gene programming. Thus, our findings provide insight into the mechanism of action of IEC Hsp25/27 in integrating host and microbial drivers of mucosal restitution, which can be leveraged to develop novel approaches for achieving and maintaining remission in complex immune disorders like IBD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cham, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messer, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temelkova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.30.498349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intestinal Epithelial Heat Shock Protein 25/27 integrates host and microbial drivers of mucosal restitution following inflammatory injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiome response in an urban river system is dominated by seasonality over wastewater treatment upgrades 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microorganisms such as coliform-forming bacteria are commonly used to assess freshwater quality for drinking and recreational use. However, such organisms do not exist in isolation; they exist within the context of dynamic, interactive microbial communities which vary through space and time. Elucidating spatiotemporal microbial dynamics is imperative for discriminating robust community changes from ephemeral ecological trends, and for improving our overall understanding of the relationship between microbial communities and ecosystem health. We conducted a seven-year (2013-2019) microbial time-series investigation in the Chicago Area Waterways (CAWS): an urban river system which, in 2016, experienced substantial upgrades to disinfection processes at two wastewater reclamation plants (WRPs) that discharge into the CAWS and improved stormwater capture, to improve river water quality and reduce flooding. Using culture-independent and culture-dependent approaches, we compared CAWS microbial ecology before and after the intervention. Examinations of time-resolved beta distances between WRP-adjacent sites showed that community similarity measures were often consistent with the spatial orientation of site locations to one another and to the WRP outfalls. Fecal coliform results suggested that upgrades reduced coliform-associated bacteria in the effluent and the downstream river community. However, examinations of whole community changes through time suggest that the upgrades did little to affect overall riverine community dynamics, which instead were overwhelmingly driven by yearly patterns consistent with seasonality. Such results emphasize the dynamic nature of microbiomes in open environmental systems such as the CAWS, but also suggest that the seasonal oscillations remain consistent even when perturbed.

ImportanceThis study presents a systematic effort to combine 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing with traditional culture-based methods to evaluate the influence of treatment innovations and systems upgrades on the microbiome of the Chicago Area Waterway System, representing the longest and most comprehensive characterization of the microbiome of an urban waterway yet attempted. We found that the systems upgrades were successful in improving specific water quality measures immediately downstream of wastewater outflows. Additionally, we found that the implementation of the water quality improvement measures to the river system did not disrupt the overall dynamics of the downstream microbial community, which remained heavily influenced by seasonal trends.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kodera, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dsouza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grippo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negri, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allard, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.30.498375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiome response in an urban river system is dominated by seasonality over wastewater treatment upgrades]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Helping can be driven by non-affective cues in rat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Helping another in distress can be motivated by either affective or cognitive empathy, with the latter commonly believed to be restricted to humans and possibly other apes. Here, we found evidence for rodent helping that occurs in the absence of affective cues. We employed a paradigm in which a free rat can open the door to a restrainer containing a trapped rat. When the trapped rat was treated with the anxiolytic midazolam, the helping behavior exhibited by the free rat was diminished but did not extinguish. Correspondingly, midazolam-treated trapped rats still released themselves when given the opportunity, albeit at longer latencies than controls, evidence that midazolam only partially reduced the distress experienced by trapped rats. To test whether helping could occur for a rat who exhibited no affect, trapped rats were immobilized by general anesthesia or heavy sedation. Surprisingly, rats opened the door to restrainers containing these immobilized rats and pulled the incapacitated rats out of the restrainer, pushing them away from the arena center. The same solicitous behavior was observed when an anesthetized rat was simply placed in the center of the arena, without being confined within a restrainer. We speculate that the cognitive dissonance of immobile rats, at odds with predictive expectations of rat behavior built up over a lifetime, motivated solicitous behavior including helping. To block affective behavioral displays without associated dissonant cues of immobility, metyrapone, a drug that selectively blocks corticosterone synthesis, was administered to trapped rats. Under such circumstances, little helping behavior occurred. In sum, rats may be motivated either by affect or by cognitive dissonance, the latter comprising a rudimentary form of cognitive empathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vieira Sugano, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molasky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.01.498150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Helping can be driven by non-affective cues in rat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
State-specific morphological deformations of the lipid bilayer explain mechanosensitive gating of MscS ion channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.01.498513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The force-from-lipids hypothesis of cellular mechanosensation posits that membrane channels open and close in response to changes in the physical state of the lipid bilayer, induced for example by lateral tension. Here, we investigate the molecular basis for this transduction mechanism by studying the mechanosensitive ion channel MscS from Escherichia coli and its eukaryotic homolog, MSL1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. First, we use single-particle cryo-EM to determine the structure of a novel open conformation of wild-type MscS, stabilized in a thinned lipid nanodisc. Compared with the closed state, the structure shows a reconfiguration of helices TM1, TM2 and TM3a, and widening of the central pore. Based on these structures, we examined how the morphology of the lipid bilayer is altered upon gating, using molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations reveal that closed-state MscS causes drastic protrusions in the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer, both in the absence and presence of lateral tension, and for different lipid compositions. These deformations arise to provide adequate solvation to hydrophobic features of the protein surface in this conformation, and clearly reflect a high energy conformation for the membrane, particularly under tension. Strikingly, these protrusions are largely eradicated upon channel opening. An analogous computational study of open and closed MSL1 recapitulates these findings. The gating equilibrium of MscS channels thus appears to be dictated by two opposing conformational preferences, namely those of the lipid membrane and of the protein structure. We propose a membrane deformation model of mechanosensation, which posits that tension shifts the gating equilibrium towards the conductive state not because it alters the mode in which channel and lipids interact but because it increases the energetic cost of the morphological perturbations in the membrane induced by to the closed state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bavi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perozo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraldo-Gomez, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.01.498513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[State-specific morphological deformations of the lipid bilayer explain mechanosensitive gating of MscS ion channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue confinement regulates cell growth and size in epithelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell proliferation is a central process in tissue development, homeostasis and disease. Yet how proliferation is regulated in the tissue context remains poorly understood. Here, we introduce a quantitative framework to elucidate how tissue growth dynamics regulate cell proliferation. We show that tissue growth causes confinement that suppresses cell growth; however, this confinement does not directly affect the cell cycle. This leads to uncoupling between rates of cell growth and division in epithelia and, thereby, reduces cell size. Division becomes arrested at a minimal cell size, which is consistent across diverse epithelia in vivo. Here, the nucleus approaches a volume limit set by the compacted genome. The loss of Cyclin D1-dependent cell size regulation results in an abnormally high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic volume ratio and DNA damage. Overall, we demonstrate how epithelial proliferation is regulated by the interplay between tissue confinement and cell size regulation.

Highlights- In epithelia, regulation of cell growth and cycle are uncoupled
- Cell growth is regulated by tissue-scale dynamics, which determine confinement
- Cell volume in epithelial tissue is described by G1 sizer model with a tunable growth rate
- Volume of cells in epithelial tissues is near a minimum set by genome size
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devany, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falk, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.04.498508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue confinement regulates cell growth and size in epithelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of neuronal terminal differentiation through cell context-dependent CFI-1/ARID3 functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ARID3 transcription factors are expressed in the nervous system, but their functions and mechanisms of action are largely unknown. Here, we generated in vivo a genome-wide binding map for CFI-1, the sole C. elegans ARID3 ortholog. We identified 6,396 protein-coding genes as putative direct targets of CFI-1, most of which (77%) are expressed in post-mitotic neurons and encode terminal differentiation markers (e.g., neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels, neuropeptides). To gain mechanistic insights, we focused on two neuron types. In sensory neurons (IL2 class), CFI-1 exerts a dual role: it acts directly to activate, and indirectly to repress, distinct terminal differentiation genes. In motor neurons, however, CFI-1 acts directly as a repressor, continuously antagonizing three transcriptional activators (UNC-3/Ebf, LIN-39/Hox4-5, MAB-5/Hox6-8). By focusing on a glutamate receptor gene (glr-4/GRIK1), we found CFI-1 exerts its repressive activity through proximal binding to the glr-4 locus. Further, the core DNA binding domain of CFI-1 is partially required for glr-4 repression in motor neurons. Altogether, this study uncovers cell context-dependent mechanisms through which a single ARID3 protein controls the terminal differentiation of distinct neuron types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osuma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.04.498728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of neuronal terminal differentiation through cell context-dependent CFI-1/ARID3 functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CryoEM Structures of the Human HIV-1 Restriction Factor SERINC3 and Function as a Lipid Transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The host proteins SERINC3 and SERINC5 are HIV-1 restriction factors that reduce infectivity when incorporated into the viral envelope. The HIV-1 accessory protein Nef abrogates incorporation of SERINCs via binding to intracellular loop 4 (ICL4). CryoEM maps of full-length human SERINC3 and an ICL4 deletion construct reveal that hSERINC3 is comprised of two - helical bundles connected by a [~]40-residue, tilted, "crossmember" helix. The design resembles non-ATP-dependent lipid transporters. Consistently, purified hSERINCs reconstituted into proteoliposomes flip phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. SERINC3 and SERINC5 reduce infectivity and expose PS on the surface of HIV-1 and also MLV, which is counteracted by Nef and GlycoGag, respectively. Antiviral activities by SERINCs and the scramblase TMEM16F correlate with the exposure of PS and with altered conformation of the envelope glycoprotein. We conclude that SERINCs are lipid transporters, and we demonstrate that lipid flipping is directly correlated with loss of infectivity.

One Sentence SummaryThe HIV-1 restriction factor SERINC3 has a molecular design similar to non-ATP dependent lipid transporters, a function supported by the observation of flipping activity in proteoliposomes and exposure of phosphatidylserine on HIV-1 and MLV particles, which is correlated with loss of infectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leonhardt, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdy, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntire, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatham, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosol, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchil, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mothes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeager, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.498924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CryoEM Structures of the Human HIV-1 Restriction Factor SERINC3 and Function as a Lipid Transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating genetic and oral histories of Southwest Indian populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past decade, genomic data has contributed to several insights on global human population histories. These studies have been met both with interest and critically, particularly by populations with oral histories that are records of their past and often reference their origins. While several studies have reported concordance between oral and genetic histories, there is potential for tension that may stem from genetic histories being prioritized or used to confirm community-based knowledge and ethnography, especially if they differ. To investigate the interplay between oral and genetic histories, we focused on the southwestern region of India and analyzed whole-genome sequence data from 158 individuals identifying as Bunt, Kodava, Nair, and Kapla. We supplemented limited anthropological records on these populations with oral history accounts from community members and historical literature, focusing on references to non-local origins such as the ancient Scythians in the case of Bunt, Kodava, and Nair, members of Alexander the Greats army for the Kodava, and an African-related source for Kapla. We found these populations to be genetically most similar to other Indian populations, with the Kapla more similar to South Indian tribal populations that maximize a genetic ancestry related to Andaman Islanders. We did not find evidence of additional genetic sources in the study populations than those known to have contributed to many other present-day South Asian populations. Our results demonstrate that oral and genetic histories may not always provide consistent accounts of population origins and motivate further community-engaged, multi-disciplinary investigations of non-local origin stories in these communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandyopadhyay, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Fuente Castro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witonsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasupuleti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freilich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moots, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanisavic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustak, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodira, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naren, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikdar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.498959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating genetic and oral histories of Southwest Indian populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal Prediction of Breast Cancer Recurrence Assays and Risk of Recurrence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression-based recurrence assays are strongly recommended to guide the use of chemotherapy in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer, but such testing is expensive, can contribute to delays in care, and may not be available in low-resource settings. Here, we describe the training and independent validation of a deep learning model that predicts recurrence assay result and risk of recurrence using both digital histology and clinical risk factors. We demonstrate that this approach outperforms an established clinical nomogram (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.833 versus 0.765 in an external validation cohort, p = 0.003), and can identify a subset of patients with excellent prognoses who may not need further genomic testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Howard, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolezal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochanny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khramtsova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickery, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srisuwananukorn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perou, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olopade, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.07.499039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal Prediction of Breast Cancer Recurrence Assays and Risk of Recurrence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.09.499429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imputing the parental origin of the sibling's haplotype from parental phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.09.499429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To recruit cases for late-onset disease study is challenging since these diseases occur in elder people. Moreover, typically we have a very limited number of late-onset disease cases in Biobank data. But, on the other hand, the parental disease status may be available by questionnaire. Because of this, methods have been developed to utilize parental disease status instead Liu et al. (2017); Hujoel et al. (2020). In these approaches, the late-onset phenotype of the participant is imputed from parental statuses. And, downstream, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) is performed using the participants genotype and imputed phenotype. In this paper, we take another view on utilizing parental phenotypes. We treat this problem as missing parental genotype rather than missing participants phenotype. First, we propose an imputation scheme to infer the parental origin of the participants genotype from a collection of extra parental phenotypes (non-focal phenotypes) and the participants genotype. Second, we propose a computationally efficient approach to incorporate the imputed parental origin information into the downstream GWAS. We explore the feasibility of the proposed two-step approach on simulated and real data. And we derive the power increase of GWAS as a function of imputation quality. These results indicate that the imputation scheme needs about 100 non-focal phenotypes to achieve enough accuracy to facilitate the GWAS downstream.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.09.499429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imputing the parental origin of the sibling's haplotype from parental phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.09.499440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
End-to-End deep structure generative model for protein design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.09.499440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWDesigning protein with desirable structure and functional properties is the pinnacle of computational protein design with unlimited potentials in the scientific community from therapeutic development to combating the global climate crisis. However, designing protein macromolecules at scale remains challenging due to hard-to-realize structures and low sequence design success rate. Recently, many generative models are proposed for protein design but they come with many limitations. Here, we present a VAE-based universal protein structure generative model that can model proteins in a large fold space and generate high-quality realistic 3-dimensional protein structures. We illustrate how our model can enable robust and efficient protein design pipelines with generated conformational decoys that bridge the gap in designing structure conforming sequences. Specifically, sequences generated from our design pipeline outperform native fixed backbone design in 856 out of the 1,016 tested targets(84.3%) through AF2 validation. We also demonstrate our models design capability and structural pre-training potential by structurally inpainting the complementarity-determining regions(CDRs) in a set of monoclonal antibodies and achieving superior performance compared to existing methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPartlon, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.09.499440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[End-to-End deep structure generative model for protein design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Obtaining polygenic transcriptome risk scores (PTRS) directly from GWAS summary statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.10.499509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic Transcriptome Risk Scores (PTRS) are variations of Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) that use genetically predicted transcriptome as features for prediction instead of directly using genetic variants. We have shown that when PTRS is combined with PRS, they can yield improved prediction performance and portability across populations (Liang et al., 2022). Given the difficulty of training PTRS using large scale individual-level data (due to both computational burden and the lack of data access), we developed a user friendly software that infers PTRS using GWAS summary results and reference LD. We tested three summary statistics-based PTRS approaches: i) Clumping and thresholding (clump-PTRS), keeping trait associated genes while removing highly correlated ones; ii) Summary statistics-based elastic net PTRS (S-EN-PTRS), an extension of lassosum (Mak et al., 2017) to predicted transcriptome; iii) Naive-PTRS, the sum of predicted expressions of significantly associated genes weighted by PrediXcan-estimated effect sizes (Gamazon et al., 2015). Despite reports that individual-level trained elastic net PTRS outperformed clump-PTRS in (Liang et al., 2022), for most of the 11 traits used in the comparison, clump-PTRS outperformed S-EN-PTRS, which outperformed naive-PTRS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.10.499509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Obtaining polygenic transcriptome risk scores (PTRS) directly from GWAS summary statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homeostatic responses to hypoxia by the carotid body and adrenal medulla are based on mutual antagonism between HIF-1α and HIF-2α 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiration and blood pressure (BP) are regulated to maintain optimal delivery of O2 to every cell in the body. Arterial hypoxemia is sensed by the carotid body (CB), which initiates sympathetic reflex arcs to the diaphragm to increase ventilation, and to the adrenal medulla (AM) to increase catecholamine secretion and thereby increase BP. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully delineated. Here, we report that the relative activities of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and HIF-2 determine the set point for the CB and AM, with respect to their maintenance of BP and respiration. In Hif2a+/- mice, which are heterozygous for a knockout allele at the locus encoding HIF-2, expression of HIF-1 and NADPH oxidase 2 was increased in the CB and AM, resulting in an oxidized intracellular redox state with augmented sensitivity to hypoxia, increased BP, and respiratory abnormalities, which were all normalized by treatment with a HIF-1 inhibitor or a superoxide anion scavenger. By contrast, in Hif1a+/- mice, which are heterozygous for a knockout allele at the locus encoding HIF-1, the expression of HIF-2 and superoxide dismutase 2 was increased in the CB and AM, resulting in a reduced intracellular redox state with impaired CB and ventilatory responses to chronic hypoxia, which were normalized by treatment with a HIF-2 inhibitor. None of the abnormalities that were observed in Hif1a+/- or Hif2a+/- mice were observed in Hif1a+/-; Hif2a+/- double- heterozygous mice. Our results demonstrate that redox balance in the CB and AM, which is determined by mutual antagonism between HIF- isoforms, establishes the set point for responses of the CB and AM to hypoxia, and is required for the maintenance of normal BP and respiration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makarenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanduri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenza, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhakar, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homeostatic responses to hypoxia by the carotid body and adrenal medulla are based on mutual antagonism between HIF-1α and HIF-2α]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delivery of loaded MR1 Monomer Results in Efficient Ligand Exchange to Host MR1 and Subsequent MR1T cell activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MR1-restricted T cells have been implicated in microbial infections, sterile inflammation, wound healing and cancer. Similar to other antigen presentation molecules, evidence supports multiple, complementary MR1 antigen presentation pathways. To investigate ligand exchange pathways for MR1, we used MR1 monomers and tetramers loaded with 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU) to deliver the antigen. Using MR1-deficient cells reconstituted with wild-type MR1 or MR1 molecules that cannot bind 5-OP-RU, we show that presentation of monomer-delivered 5-OP-RU is dependent on cellular MR1 and requires the transfer of ligand from the soluble molecule onto MR1 expressed by the antigen presenting cell. This mode of antigen delivery strengthens the evidence for post-ER ligand exchange pathways for MR1, which could represent an important avenue by which MR1 acquires antigens derived from endocytosed pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulicke, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarbrick, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladd, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cansler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Null, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewinsohn, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewinsohn, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harriff, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delivery of loaded MR1 Monomer Results in Efficient Ligand Exchange to Host MR1 and Subsequent MR1T cell activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ION CHANNEL THERMODYNAMICS STUDIED WITH TEMPERATURE JUMPS MEASURED AT THE MEMBRANE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perturbing the temperature of a system modifies its energy landscape thus providing a ubiquitous tool to understand biological processes. Here, we developed a framework to generate sudden temperature jumps (Tjumps) and sustained temperature steps (Tsteps) to study the temperature dependence of membrane proteins under voltage-clamp, while measuring the membrane temperature. Utilizing the melanin under the Xenopus laevis oocytes membrane as a photothermal transducer, we achieved short Tjumps up to 10 {o}C in less than 1.5 ms and constant Tsteps for durations up to 150 ms. We followed the temperature at the membrane with submillisecond time resolution by measuring the time-course of membrane capacitance, which is linearly related to temperature. We applied Tjumps in Kir 1.1b, which reveals a highly temperature-sensitive blockage relief and characterized the effects of Tsteps on the temperature-sensitive channels TRPM8 and TRPV1. These newly developed approaches provide a general tool to study membrane proteins thermodynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bassetto, C. A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezanilla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ION CHANNEL THERMODYNAMICS STUDIED WITH TEMPERATURE JUMPS MEASURED AT THE MEMBRANE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nationwide genomic biobank in Mexico unravels demographic history and complex trait architecture from 6,057 individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Latin America continues to be severely underrepresented in genomics research, and fine-scale genetic histories as well as complex trait architectures remain hidden due to the lack of Big Data. To fill this gap, the Mexican Biobank project genotyped 1.8 million markers in 6,057 individuals from 32 states and 898 sampling localities across Mexico with linked complex trait and disease information creating a valuable nationwide genotype-phenotype database. Through a suite of state-of-the-art methods for ancestry deconvolution and inference of identity-by-descent (IBD) segments, we inferred detailed ancestral histories for the last 200 generations in different Mesoamerican regions, unraveling native and colonial/post-colonial demographic dynamics. We observed large variations in runs of homozygosity (ROH) among genomic regions with different ancestral origins reflecting their demographic histories, which also affect the distribution of rare deleterious variants across Mexico. We analyzed a range of biomedical complex traits and identified significant genetic and environmental factors explaining their variation, such as ROH found to be significant predictors for trait variation in BMI and triglycerides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sohail, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinto-Cortes, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palma-Martinez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragsdale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Munoz, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barberena-Jonas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado-Sanchez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz-Hervert, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreyra-Reyes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira-Guerrero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mongua-Rodriguez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Kaufmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Macias, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Salinas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auckland, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acuna-Alonzo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioannidis, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Valverde, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A. V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tusie-Luna, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mentzer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Garcia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno-Estrada, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nationwide genomic biobank in Mexico unravels demographic history and complex trait architecture from 6,057 individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and physiological insights into the diazotrophic activity of a non-cyanobacterial marine diazotroph 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.13.499682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nitrogen (N2) fixation, or diazotrophy, supports a large part of primary production in oceans. Culture-independent approaches highlighted the presence in abundance of marine non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCD) but their ecophysiology remains elusive, mostly because of the low number of isolated NCD and because of the lack of available genetic tools for these isolates. Here, a dual genetic and functional approach allowed unveiling the ecophysiology of a marine NCD affiliated to the species Vibrio diazotrophicus. Physiological characterization of the first marine NCD mutant obtained so far was performed using a soft-gellan assay, demonstrating that a {Delta}nifH mutant in not able to grow in nitrogen-deprived media. Furthermore, we demonstrated that V. diazotrophicus produces a thick biofilm under diazotrophic conditions, suggesting biofilm production as an adaptive response of this NCD to cope with the inhibition of nitrogen-fixation by molecular oxygen. Finally, the genomic signature of V. diazotrophicus is essentially absent from metagenomic data of Tara Ocean expeditions, despite having been isolated from various marine environments. We think that the genetically tractable V. diazotrophicus strain used in this study may serve as an ideal model to study the ecophysiology of these overlooked procaryotic group.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joublin-Delavat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touahri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jesus, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trigodet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delavat, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.13.499682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and physiological insights into the diazotrophic activity of a non-cyanobacterial marine diazotroph]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive update to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv reference genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
H37Rv is the most widely used M. tuberculosis strain. Its genome is globally used as the M. tuberculosis reference sequence. We developed Bact-Builder, a pipeline that leverages consensus building to generate complete and highly accurate gap-closed bacterial genomes and applied it to three independently sequenced cultures of a parental H37Rv laboratory stock. Two of the 4,417,942 base-pair long H37Rv assemblies were 100% identical, with the third differing by a single nucleotide. Compared to the existing H37Rv reference, the new sequence contained approximately 6.4 kb additional base pairs encoding ten new regions. These regions included insertions in PE/PPE genes and new paralogs of esxN and esxJ, which were differentially expressed compared to the reference genes. Additional sequencing and assembly with Bact-Builder confirmed that all 10 regions were also present in widely accepted strains of H37Rv: NR123 and TMC102. Bact-builder shows promise as an improved method to perform extremely accurate and reproducible de novo assemblies of bacterial genomes. Furthermore, our findings provide important updates to the primary tuberculosis reference genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chitale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemenze, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odom-Mabey, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.15.500236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive update to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv reference genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trait-specific patterns of community ecospace occupancy in an insular mammal radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.15.500274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Communities that occupy similar environments but vary in the richness of closely related species can illuminate how functional variation and species richness interact to fill ecological space in the absence of abiotic filtering, though this has yet to be explored on an oceanic island where the processes of community assembly may differ from continental settings. In discrete montane communities on the island of Sulawesi, local murine rodent (rats and mice) richness ranges from 7 to 23 species. We measured 17 morphological, ecological, and isotopic traits, both individually and grouped into 5 multivariate traits in 40 species, to test for the expansion or packing of functional space among nine murine communities. We employed a novel probabilistic approach for integrating intraspecific and community-level trait variance into functional richness. Trait-specific and phylogenetic diversity patterns indicate dynamic community assembly due to variable niche expansion and packing on multiple niche axes. Locomotion and covarying traits such as tail length emerged as a fundamental axis of ecological variation, expanding functional space and enabling the niche packing of other traits such as diet and body size. Though trait divergence often explains functional diversity in island communities, we found that phylogenetic diversity facilitates functional space expansion in some conserved traits such as cranial shape, while more labile traits are overdispersed both within and between island clades, suggesting a role of niche complementarity. Our results evoke interspecific interactions, differences in trait lability, and the independent evolutionary trajectories of each of Sulawesis 6 murine clades as central to generating the exceptional functional diversity and species richness in this exceptional, insular radiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nations, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohli, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handika, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achmadi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polito, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esselstyn, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.15.500274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trait-specific patterns of community ecospace occupancy in an insular mammal radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.16.500318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frem1 activity regulated by Sonic Hedgehog signaling in the cranial neural crest mesenchyme guides midfacial morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.16.500318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Frem/Fras family of extracellular matrix proteins has been linked to human face shape variation and malformation, but little is known about their regulation and biological roles in facial development. During midfacial morphogenesis in mice, we observed Frem1 expression in the embryonic growth centers that form the median upper lip, nose, and palate. Expansive spatial gradients of Frem1 expression in the cranial neural crest cell (cNCC) mesenchyme of these tissues suggested transcriptional regulation by a secreted morphogen. Accordingly, Frem1 expression paralleled that of the conserved Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) target gene Gli1 in the cNCC mesenchyme. Suggesting direct transcriptional regulation by Shh signaling, we found that Frem1 expression is induced by SHH ligand stimulation or downstream pathway activation in cNCCs and observed GLI transcription factor binding at the Frem1 transcriptional start site during midfacial morphogenesis. Shh pathway antagonism reduced Frem1 expression during pathogenesis of midfacial hypoplasia, and FREM1 was sufficient to induce cNCC proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings provide novel insight into the mechanism by which the Shh pathway drives midfacial morphogenesis and reveal a functional role for Frem1 in cNCC biology that establishes the developmental basis for FREM1-associated face shape variation and malformation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beames, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steward, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theisen, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Everson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheets, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipinski, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.16.500318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frem1 activity regulated by Sonic Hedgehog signaling in the cranial neural crest mesenchyme guides midfacial morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perfusable Apparatus For Thick-tissue Creation And Growth (patch) Of Cardiac Tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.18.500065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiac tissue engineering has been developed as a potential alternative treatment for heart failure. However, current 3D tissues are limited in size and thickness due to the lack of an effective vascularization method. We have developed a novel bioreactor system to create viable vascularized cardiac tissue from multicellular spheroids using a digital light processing (DLP) 3D bioprinting system. Spheroids were created from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and cardiac fibroblasts (FB) using special dimple plates for mass production. One centimeter cubic tissues were created from spheroids using a DLP 3D printed mold with vascular channels. The tissue was maintained in a perfusion chamber under regulated flow and pressure following differentiation to cardiac tissue and endothelialization. Mass production of large spheroids (35,000 / tissue, diameter of 395.99 um +/- 101.15 um) was achieved from 170 million iPSCs and 50 million FBs for the creation of 1cm3 cardiac tissue in a 3D printed mold with vascular channels. The cardiac tissues (n=5) were perfused for 20 days under stable pressure of 17.5 +/- 3.05 PSI and flow of 5000 uL/min +/- 1116.42 uL/min. On days 10 and 20, Alamar blue assays showed viability for all five tissues (Alamar blue intensity: Day 10 1.57 +/- 0.15. Day 20 2.21 +/- 0.19). Thick and viable cardiac tissues were created and maintained using a 3D printed vascularized mold and perfusion system for maturation and growth in vitro for 30 days. This technology will open new doors for viable in vitro cardiac tissue creation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitaktong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nurminsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koljaka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodgers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsushita, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibino, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perfusable Apparatus For Thick-tissue Creation And Growth (patch) Of Cardiac Tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probabilistic integration of transcriptome-wide association studies and colocalization analysis prioritizes molecular pathways of complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) and colocalization analysis are complementary integrative genetic association approaches routinely used to identify functional units underlying complex traits in post-genome-wide association study (post-GWAS) analyses. Recent studies suggest that both approaches are individually imperfect, but joint usage can yield robust and powerful inference results. This paper introduces a new statistical framework, INTACT, to perform probabilistic integration of TWAS and colocalization evidence for implicating putative causal genes. This procedure is flexible and can work with a wide range of existing TWAS and colocalization approaches. It has the unique ability to quantify the uncertainty of implicated genes, enabling rigorous control of false-positive discoveries. Taking advantage of this highly-desirable feature, we describe an efficient algorithm, INTACT-GSE, for gene set enrichment analysis based on the integrated TWAS and colocalization analysis results. We examine the proposed computational methods and illustrate their improved performance over the existing approaches through simulation studies. Finally, we apply the proposed methods to the GTEx data and a variety of GWAS summary statistics derived from complex and molecular traits previously analyzed by Hukku et al. and Sinnott-Armstrong et al. We find empirical evidence that the proposed methods improve and complement existing putative gene implication methods and are advantageous in evaluating and identifying key gene sets and biological pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pique-Regi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helms, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probabilistic integration of transcriptome-wide association studies and colocalization analysis prioritizes molecular pathways of complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards Self-Describing and FAIR Bulk Formats for Biomedical Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce a self-describing serialized format for bulk biomedical data called the Portable Format for Biomedical (PFB) data. The Portable Format for Biomedical data is based upon Avro and encapsulates a data model, a data dictionary, the data itself, and pointers to third party controlled vocabularies. In general, each data element in the data dictionary is associated with a third party controlled vocabulary to make it easier for applications to harmonize two or more PFB files. We describe experimental studies showing the performance improvements when importing and exporting bulk biomedical data in the PFB format versus using JSON and SQL formats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lukowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prokhorenkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards Self-Describing and FAIR Bulk Formats for Biomedical Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Embryoid bodies facilitate comparative analysis of gene expression in humans and chimpanzees across dozens of cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative gene expression studies in apes are fundamentally limited by the challenges associated with sampling across different tissues. Here, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing of embryoid bodies (EBs) to collect transcriptomic data from over 70 cell types in three humans and three chimpanzees. We found hundreds of genes whose regulation is conserved across cell types, as well as genes whose regulation likely evolves under directional selection in one or a handful of cell types. Using EBs from a human-chimpanzee fused cell line, we also inferred the proportion of inter-species regulatory differences due to changes in cis and trans elements between the species. Thus, we present the most comprehensive dataset of comparative gene expression from humans and chimpanzees to date, including a catalog of regulatory mechanisms associated with inter-species differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barr, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Embryoid bodies facilitate comparative analysis of gene expression in humans and chimpanzees across dozens of cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy with enhanced axial resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present two distinct, complementary methods for improving axial resolution in three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D SIM) with minimal or no modification to the optical system. First, we show that placing a mirror directly opposite the sample enables 4-beam interference with higher spatial frequency content than 3D SIM illumination, offering near-isotropic imaging with [~]120 nm lateral and 160 nm axial resolution. Second, we develop an improved deep learning method that can be directly applied to 3D SIM data, obviating the need for additional hardware. This procedure results in [~]120 nm isotropic resolution and can be combined with denoising to facilitate volumetric imaging spanning dozens of time points. We demonstrate the potential of these advances by imaging a variety of cellular samples, delineating the nanoscale distribution of vimentin and microtubule filaments, observing the relative positions of caveolar coat proteins and lysosomal markers, and visualizing rich cytoskeletal dynamics within T-cells in the early stages of immune synapse formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, I. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthaeus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Updegrove, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannini, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwasrao, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramamurthi, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taraska, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy with enhanced axial resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500843v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell envelope remodeling requires high concentrations of biotin during Mycobacterium abscessus model lung infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500843v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium abscessus is an emerging pathogen resistant to most frontline antibiotics. M. abscessus causes lung infection, predominantly in patients with lung disease or structural abnormalities. To interrogate mechanisms required for M. abscessus survival in the lung, we developed a lung infection model using air-liquid interface culture and performed a screen to identify differentially required genes. In the lung model, synthesis of the cofactor biotin is required due to increased intracellular biotin demand, and pharmacological inhibition of biotin synthesis halts M. abscessus proliferation. Increased quantities of biotin are required to sustain fatty acid remodeling that serves to increase cell envelope fluidity, which in turn promotes M. abscessus survival in the alkaline lung environment. Together, these results indicate that biotin-dependent fatty acid remodeling plays a critical role in pathogenic adaptation to the lung niche and suggests that biotin synthesis and fatty acid metabolism are therapeutic targets for treatment of M. abscessus infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGowen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akusobi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayfield, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldrich, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500843</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell envelope remodeling requires high concentrations of biotin during Mycobacterium abscessus model lung infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isoform- and ligand-specific modulation of the adhesion GPCR ADGRL3/Latrophilin3 by a synthetic binder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are cell-surface proteins with large extracellular regions that bind to multiple ligands to regulate key biological functions including neurodevelopment and organogenesis. Modulating a single function of a specific aGPCR isoform while affecting no other function and no other receptor is not trivial. Here, we engineered an antibody, termed LK30, that binds to the extracellular region of the aGPCR ADGRL3, and specifically acts as an agonist for ADGRL3 but not for its isoform, ADGRL1. The LK30/ADGRL3 complex structure revealed that the LK30 binding site on ADGRL3 overlaps with the binding site for an ADGRL3 ligand - teneurin. In cellular-adhesion assays, LK30 specifically broke the trans-cellular interaction of ADGRL3 with teneurin, but not with another ADGRL3 ligand - FLRT3. Our work provides proof of concept for the modulation of isoform- and ligand-specific aGPCR functions using unique tools, and thus establishes a foundation for the development of fine-tuned aGPCR-targeted therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kordon, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamska, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandekar, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arac, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isoform- and ligand-specific modulation of the adhesion GPCR ADGRL3/Latrophilin3 by a synthetic binder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.501027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TLR4 regulates proinflammatory intestinal immune responses mediated by an atopic gut microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.501027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing prevalence of food allergies has been causally associated with the depletion of allergy protective intestinal bacteria. However, few studies have investigated the role of the gut microbiota in promoting allergic responses. In a cohort of infants affected by cows milk allergy (CMA), we have identified a patient with a proinflammatory and atopic microbiota. In comparison to a healthy microbiota, this CMA-associated gut microbiota has increased abundance of Bacteroidetes, a Gram-negative phylum of bacteria that has been associated with increased incidence of allergy. Using this microbiota, we investigated the host-microbe interactions that mediate these intestinal inflammatory responses. To examine these interactions, we used mice with global and conditional abrogation in TLR4 signaling, since Gram- negative bacteria signal through this receptor via membrane-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We show that this donors microbiota induces expression of serum amyloid A1 (Saa1) and other Th17-, B cell-, and Th2-associated genes in the ileal epithelium. Accordingly, this microbiota also induces Th17 cells, as well as regulatory T cell populations and fecal IgA. Importantly, we used both antibiotic treated SPF and rederived germ-free mice with a conditional mutation of TLR4 in the CD11c+ compartment to demonstrate that the induction of proinflammatory genes, fecal IgA, and Th17 cells is dependent on TLR4 signaling. Furthermore, metagenomic sequencing revealed that the CMA-associated gut microbiota also has increased abundance of LPS biosynthesis genes. Lastly, upon sensitization with {beta}-lactoglobulin, this CMA microbiota induces a TLR4-dependent mixed type 2/type 3 response in innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) during the early phases of allergic sensitization. Taken together, our results show that a Bacteroidetes-enriched microbiota with increased abundance of LPS genes promotes proinflammatory gene expression and a mixed type 2/type 3 response in a subset of infants with cows milk allergy.

Paper HighlightsO_LIA cows milk allergy (CMA)-associated gut microbiota has an enrichment of Bacteroidetes, which is associated with atopy
C_LIO_LIThe CMA-associated gut microbiota promotes intestinal inflammation, which includes inflammatory gene expression, induction of Th17 cells, and production of IgA
C_LIO_LIProinflammatory responses induced by the CMA-associated gut microbiota are dependent on TLR4 signaling in various cellular compartments
C_LIO_LIUpon sensitization, the CMA-associated gut microbiota induces an innate mixed type 2/type 3 inflammatory response
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maccio-Maretto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesser, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemter, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canani, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nocerino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paparo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patry, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagler, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.21.501027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TLR4 regulates proinflammatory intestinal immune responses mediated by an atopic gut microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The chromatin landscape of the euryarchaeon Haloferax volcanii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.501187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Archaea, together with Bacteria, represent the two main divisions of life on Earth, with many of the defining characteristics of the more complex eukaryotes tracing their origin to evolutionary innovations first made in their archaeal ancestors. One of the most notable such features is nucleosomal chromatin, although archaeal histones and chromatin differ significantly from those of eukaryotes. Despite increased interest in archaeal histones in recent years, the properties of archaeal chromatin have been little studied using genomic tools. Here, we adapt the ATAC-seq assay to archaea and use it to map the accessible landscape of the genome of the euryarchaeote Haloferax volcanii. We integrate the resulting datasets with genome-wide maps of active transcription and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and find that while H. volcanii promoters exist in a preferentially accessible state, unlike most eukaryotes, modulation of transcriptional activity is not associated with changes in promoter accessibility. Applying orthogonal single-molecule footprinting methods, we quantify the absolute levels of physical protection of H. volcanii, and find that Haloferax chromatin is similarly or only slightly more accessible, in aggregate, than that of eukaryotes. We also evaluate the degree of coordination of transcription within archaeal operons and make the unexpected observation that some CRISPR arrays are associated with highly prevalent ssDNA structures. These results provide a foundation for the future functional studies of archaeal chromatin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marinov, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagdatli, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenleaf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.22.501187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The chromatin landscape of the euryarchaeon Haloferax volcanii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.23.501258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ranking species based on sensitivity to perturbations under non-equilibrium community dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.23.501258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Managing ecological communities requires fast detection of species that are sensitive to perturbations. Yet, the focus on recovery to equilibrium has prevented us from assessing species responses to perturbations when abundances fluctuate over time. Here, we introduce two data-driven approaches (expected sensitivity and eigenvector rankings) based on the time-varying Jacobian matrix to rank species over time according to their sensitivity to perturbations on abundances. Using several population dynamics models, we demonstrate that we can infer these rankings from time-series data to predict the order of species sensitivities. We find that the most sensitive species are not always the ones with the most rapidly changing or lowest abundance, which are typical criteria used to monitor populations. Finally, using two empirical time series, we show that sensitive species tend to be harder to forecast. Our results suggest that incorporating information on species interactions can improve how we manage communities out of equilibrium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Medeiros, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allesina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dakos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugihara, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saavedra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.23.501258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ranking species based on sensitivity to perturbations under non-equilibrium community dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATM and MSH2 control blunt DNA end joining in immunoglobulin class switch recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Class switch recombination (CSR) produces secondary immunoglobulin isotypes and requires AID-dependent DNA deamination of intronic switch (S) regions within the immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) gene locus. Non-canonical repair of deaminated DNA by mismatch repair (MMR) or base excision repair (BER) creates DNA breaks that permit recombination between distal S regions. ATM-dependent phosphorylation of AID at serine-38 (pS38-AID) promotes its interaction with APE1, a BER protein, suggesting that ATM regulates CSR through BER. However, pS38-AID may also function in MMR during CSR, although the mechanism remains unknown. To examine whether ATM modulates BER- and/or MMR-dependent CSR, Atm-/- mice were bred to mice deficient for the MMR gene Msh2. Surprisingly, the predicted Mendelian frequencies of Atm-/-Msh2-/- adult mice were not obtained. To generate ATM and MSH2-deficient B cells, Atm was conditionally deleted on an Msh2-/- background using a floxed ATM allele [Atmf] and B cell-specific Cre recombinase expression (CD23-cre) to produce a deleted ATM allele (AtmD). As compared to AtmD/Dand Msh2-/- mice and B cells, AtmD/DMsh2-/- mice and B cells display a reduced CSR phenotype. Interestingly, S-S{gamma}1 junctions from AtmD/DMsh2-/-B cells that were induced to switch to IgG1 in vitro showed a significant loss of blunt end joins and an increase in insertions as compared to wildtype, AtmD/D, or Msh2-/- B cells. This data indicates that the absence of both ATM and MSH2 blocks non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), leading to inefficient CSR. We propose a model whereby ATM and MSH2 function cooperatively to regulate end-joining during CSR through pS38-AID.

SummaryLoss of the DNA repair genes Atm and Msh2 produces a novel synthetic lethality in mice. B cell specific deletion of Atm on an Msh2-/- background reduces Ig CSR and inhibits NHEJ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sible, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attaway, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorica, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuong, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.28.501875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATM and MSH2 control blunt DNA end joining in immunoglobulin class switch recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.29.501921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multidimensional topography of memory revealed from thousands of daily documented memories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.29.501921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our memories form a rich, colorful tapestry of emotions, events, people, and places, woven across the decades of our lives. However, research has typically been limited in its ability to assess the multidimensional nature of episodic memory, given the short time scales and artificial stimulus sets often required in experiments. In an era when people are constantly recording their lives through social media, we can now examine key questions about the behavioral and neural underpinnings of diverse and extensive real-world memories. Here, we tested the neural representations of episodic memory in a naturalistic setting, specifically focusing on the age, location, subjective memory strength, and emotional content of memories. We recruited 23 users of a video diary app ("1 Second Everyday"), who had recorded a total of 9,266 daily memory videos spanning up to 7 years prior to our study. During a 3T fMRI scan, participants viewed a set of 300 of their own memory videos intermixed with 300 videos from another individual. We identified key areas specifically engaged for ones own memories versus anothers. Delving into the multidimensional nature of these memories, we find that their features are tightly interrelated, highlighting the need to consider these features in conjunction when conducting memory research. Importantly, when looking at the distinct contributions of these features, we find a topography of memory content extending across the medial parietal lobe with separate representations of a memorys age, its strength, and the familiarity of the people and places involved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bainbridge, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.29.501921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multidimensional topography of memory revealed from thousands of daily documented memories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.31.502239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for assembly and lipid-mediated gating of LRRC8A:C volume-regulated anion channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.31.502239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8 (LRRC8) family members form volume regulated anion channels activated by hypoosmotic cell swelling. LRRC8 channels are ubiquitously expressed in vertebrate cells as heteromeric assemblies of LRRC8A (Swell1) and LRRC8B-E subunits. Channels of different subunit composition have distinct properties that explain the functional diversity of LRRC8 currents implicated in a broad range of physiology. However, the basis for heteromeric LRRC8 channel assembly and function is unknown. Here, we leverage a fiducial-tagging strategy to determine single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structures of heterohexameric LRRC8A:C channels in detergent micelles and lipid nanodiscs in three conformations. LRRC8A:C channels show pronounced changes in channel architecture compared to homomeric channels due to heterotypic cytoplasmic LRR interactions that displace LRRs and the LRRC8C subunit away from the conduction axis and poise the channel for activation. The structures and associated functional studies further reveal that lipids embedded in the channel pore block ion conduction in the closed state. Together, our results provide insight into determinants for heteromeric LRRC8 channel assembly, activity, and gating by lipids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kern, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isacoff, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.31.502239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for assembly and lipid-mediated gating of LRRC8A:C volume-regulated anion channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecophysiology and genomics of the brackish water adapted SAR11 subclade IIIa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Order Pelagibacterales (SAR11) is the most abundant group of heterotrophic bacterioplankton in global oceans and comprises multiple subclades with unique spatiotemporal distributions. Subclade IIIa is the primary SAR11 group in brackish waters and shares a common ancestor with the dominant freshwater IIIb (LD12) subclade. Despite its dominance in brackish environments, subclade IIIa lacks systematic genomic or ecological studies. Here, we combine closed genomes from new IIIa isolates, new IIIa MAGS from San Francisco Bay (SFB), and 466 high-quality publicly available SAR11 genomes for the most comprehensive pangenomic study of subclade IIIa to date. Subclade IIIa represents a taxonomic family containing three genera (denoted as subgroups IIIa.1, IIIa.2, and IIIa.3) that had distinct ecological distributions related to salinity. The expansion of taxon selection within subclade IIIa also established previously noted metabolic differentiation in subclade IIIa compared to other SAR11 subclades such as glycine/serine prototrophy, mosaic glyoxylate shunt presence, and polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis potential. Our analysis further shows metabolic flexibility among subgroups within IIIa. Additionally, we find that subclade IIIa.3 bridges the marine and freshwater clades based on its potential for compatible solute transport, iron utilization, and bicarbonate management potential. Pure culture experimentation validated differential salinity ranges in IIIa.1 and IIIa.3 and provided the first IIIa cell size and volume data. This study is an important step forward for understanding the genomic, ecological, and physiological differentiation of subclade IIIa and the overall evolutionary history of SAR11.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lanclos, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojima, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henson, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faircloth, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thrash, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecophysiology and genomics of the brackish water adapted SAR11 subclade IIIa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502826v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A molecular atlas of the human postmenopausal fallopian tube and ovary from single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502826v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As part of the Human Cell Atlas initiative, we generated transcriptomic (scRNA-seq; 86,708 cells) and regulatory (scATAC-seq; 59,118 cells) profiles of the normal postmenopausal ovary and fallopian tube (FT) at single-cell resolution. In the FT, 22 cell clusters integrated into 11 cell types, including ciliated and secretory epithelial cells, while the ovary had 17 distinct cell clusters defining 6 major cell types. The dominant cell type in both the postmenopausal ovary and FT was stromal cells, which expressed several genes associated with aging. The fimbrial end of the FT had a significant number and variety of immune cells and active communication with the ovary; the ovary contained mostly stromal cells but few immune cells. The epithelial cells of the normal FT expressed multiple ovarian cancer risk-associated genes (CCDC170, RND3, TACC2, STK33, and ADGB). By integrating paired single-cell transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility data we found that the regulatory landscape of the fimbriae was markedly different from the isthmus and ampulla. Intriguingly, several cell types in the FT had comparable gene expression but different transcriptional regulations. Our single-cell transcriptional and regulatory maps allowed us to disentangle the complex cellular makeup of the postmenopausal FT and ovary and will contribute to a better understanding of gynecologic diseases in menopause.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lengyel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckart, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javellana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackroyd, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olalekan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilecz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lastra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502826</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A molecular atlas of the human postmenopausal fallopian tube and ovary from single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for lipid and copper regulation of the ABC transporter MsbA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.04.502837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A critical step in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biogenesis involves flipping lipooligosaccharide, an LPS precursor, from the cytoplasmic to the periplasmic leaflet of the inner membrane, an operation carried out by the ATP-binding cassette transporter MsbA. Although MsbA has been extensively studied, the selectivity of MsbA-lipid interactions remains poorly understood. Here we use native mass spectrometry (MS) to characterize MsbA-lipid interactions and guide structural studies. We show the transporter co-purifies with copper(II) and metal binding modulates protein-lipid interactions. A 2.15 [A] resolution structure of an N-terminal region of MsbA in complex with copper(II) is presented, revealing a structure reminiscent of the GHK peptide, a high-affinity copper(II) chelator. Our results demonstrate conformation-dependent lipid binding affinities, particularly for the LPS-precursor, 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo)2-lipid A (KLA). We report a 3.6 [A]-resolution structure of MsbA trapped in an open, outward-facing conformation with adenosine 5-diphosphate and vanadate, revealing an unprecedented KLA binding site, wherein the lipid forms extensive interactions with the transporter. Additional studies provide evidence that the exterior KLA binding site is conserved and a positive allosteric modulator of ATPase activity, serving as a feedforward activation mechanism to couple transporter activity with LPS biosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrecke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hocberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laganowsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.04.502837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for lipid and copper regulation of the ABC transporter MsbA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.05.502975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of an image-derived input function for kinetic modeling of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-binding PET ligands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.05.502975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development of positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers that bind with high-affinity to 4{beta}2-type nicotinic receptors (4{beta}2Rs) allows for in vivo investigations of the mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction and smoking cessation. One challenge associated with preclinical PET imaging involves the lack of true tissue reference regions free of specific tracer binding in the rodent brain, impeding accurate quantification of the tracer binding potential. Here, we investigate the use of an image-derived arterial input function for kinetic analysis of radiotracer binding in male and female mice. Two radiotracers were explored in this study: 2-[18F]FA85380 (2-FA), which displays similar pKa and binding affinity to the smoking cessation drug varenicline (Chantix), and [18F]Nifene, which displays similar pKa and binding affinity to nicotine. For both radiotracers, time-activity curves of the left ventricle of the heart displayed similar standardized uptake values (SUVs) across wild type mice, mice lacking the {beta}2 subunit for tracer binding, and acute nicotine-treated mice, whereas typical reference tissue SUVs displayed high variation between groups. Binding potential values estimated from a two-tissue compartment model (2TCM) fit of the data with the image-derived input function were significantly higher than estimates from reference tissue-based estimations. Rate constants of radiotracer dissociation were very slow for 2-FA and very fast for Nifene, similar to the in vitro dissociation rates reported for varenicline and nicotine, respectively. We conclude that use of an image-derived input function for kinetic modeling of nicotinic PET ligands improves quantification compared to reference tissue-based methods, and that the chemical properties of 2-FA and Nifene are suitable to study receptor response to nicotine addiction and smoking cessation therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zammit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holderman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanios, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuiyan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freifelder, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.05.502975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of an image-derived input function for kinetic modeling of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-binding PET ligands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.05.503008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A light sheet fluorescence microscopy protocol for Caenorhabditis elegans larvae and adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.05.503008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) has become a method of choice for live imaging because of its fast acquisition and reduced photobleaching and phototoxicity. Despite the strengths and growing availability of LSFM systems, no generalized LSFM mounting protocol has been adapted for live imaging of post-embryonic stages of C. elegans. A major challenge has been to develop methods to limit animal movement using a mounting media that matches the refractive index of the optical system. Here, we describe a simple mounting and immobilization protocol using a refractive-index matched UV-curable hydrogel within fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) tubes for efficient and reliable imaging of larval and adult C. elegans stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwood, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matus, D. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.05.503008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A light sheet fluorescence microscopy protocol for Caenorhabditis elegans larvae and adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.503063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translation of dipeptide repeat proteins in C9ORF72-ALS/FTD through unique and redundant AUG initiation codons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.06.503063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the first intron of C9ORF72 is the most common monogenic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). A hallmark of ALS/FTD pathology is the presence of dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins, produced from both sense GGGGCC (poly-GA, poly-GP, poly-GR) and antisense CCCCGG (poly-PR, poly-PG, poly-PA) transcripts. Although initiation codons and regulatory factors have been identified for sense DPR translation, they remain mostly unknown for antisense DPRs. Here, we show that an AUG initiation codon is necessary for poly-PR synthesis, suggesting canonical AUG dependent translation. Remarkably, although an AUG located 194 base pairs (bp) upstream of the repeat is the main start codon for poly-PG synthesis, two other AUG codons (-212 bp, -113 bp) can also initiate translation, demonstrating a striking redundancy in start codon usage. eIF2D is required for CUG start codon-dependent poly-GA translation from the sense transcript in human motor neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of C9ORF72 ALS/FTD patients, but AUG-dependent poly-PG or poly-PR synthesis does not require eIF2D, indicating that distinct translation initiation factors control DPR synthesis from sense and antisense transcripts. Our findings provide key molecular insights into DPR synthesis from the C9ORF72 locus, which may be broadly applicable to many other nucleotide-repeat expansion disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sonobe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.06.503063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translation of dipeptide repeat proteins in C9ORF72-ALS/FTD through unique and redundant AUG initiation codons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.502833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation at Ser65 modulates ubiquitin conformational dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.502833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of ubiquitin at Ser65 increases the population of a rare C-terminally retracted (CR) conformation. Transition between the CR and the Major ubiquitin conformations is critical for promoting mitochondrial degradation. The mechanisms by which the Major and CR conformations of Ser65-phosphorylated (pSer65) ubiquitin interconvert, however, have not yet been revealed. Here, we perform all-atom molecular dynamics simulations using the string method with swarms of trajectories to calculate the lowest free-energy path between these two conformers. Our analysis reveals the existence of a Bent intermediate in which the C-terminal residues of the {beta}5 strand shift to resemble the CR conformation, while pSer65 retains contacts resembling the Major conformation. This stable intermediate was reproduced in well-tempered metadynamics calculations, with the exception of a Gln2Ala mutant that disrupts contacts with pSer65. Lastly, dynamical network modelling reveals that the transition from the Major to CR conformations involves a decoupling of residues near pSer65 from the adjacent {beta}1 strand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yovanno, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wied, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.09.502833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation at Ser65 modulates ubiquitin conformational dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.10.503490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KAS-pipe2: a flexible toolkit for exploring KAS-seq and spKAS-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.10.503490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kethoxal-assisted ssDNA sequencing (KAS-seq) is gaining popularity as a robust and effective approach to study the dynamics of transcriptionally engaged RNA polymerases through profiling of genome-wide single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Its latest variant, spKAS-seq, a strand-specific version of KAS-seq, has been developed to map genome-wide R-loop structures by detecting imbalances of ssDNA on two strands. However, user-friendly, open-source analysis pipelines for KAS-seq data are still lacking. Here we present KAS-pipe2 as a flexible and integrated toolkit to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of KAS-seq data. KAS-pipe2 can perform standard analyses such as quality control, read alignment, and differential RNA polymerase activity analysis. In addition, KAS-pipe2 introduces many novel features, including, but not limited to: calculation of transcriptional indexes, identification of single-stranded transcribing enhancers, and high-resolution mapping of R-loops. We use benchmark datasets to demonstrate that KAS-pipe2 provides a powerful framework to study transient transcriptional regulatory programs. KAS-pipe2 is available at https://github.com/Ruitulyu/KAS-pipe2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.10.503490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KAS-pipe2: a flexible toolkit for exploring KAS-seq and spKAS-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.10.503543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microstimulation of human somatosensory cortex evokes task-dependent, spatially patterned responses in motor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.10.503543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWMotor (M1) and somatosensory (S1) cortex play a critical role in motor control but the nature of the signaling between these structures is not known. To fill this gap, we recorded - in three human participants whose hands were paralyzed as a result of a spinal cord injury - the responses evoked in the hand and arm representations of primary motor cortex (M1) while we delivered ICMS to the somatosensory cortex (S1). We found that ICMS of S1 activated some M1 neurons at short, fixed latencies, locked to each pulse in a manner consistent with monosynaptic activation. However, most of the changes in M1 firing rates were much more variable in time, suggesting a more indirect effect of the stimulation. The spatial pattern of M1 activation varied systematically depending on the stimulating electrode: S1 electrodes that elicited percepts at a given hand location tended to activate M1 neurons with movement fields at the same location. However, the indirect effects of S1 ICMS on M1 were strongly context dependent, such that the magnitude and even sign relative to baseline varied across tasks. We tested the implications of these effects for brain-control of a virtual hand, in which ICMS was used to convey tactile feedback about object interactions. While ICMS-evoked activation of M1 disrupted decoder performance, this disruption could be minimized with biomimetic stimulation, which emphasizes contact transients at the onset and offset of grasp, reduces sustained stimulation, and has been shown to convey useful contact-related information.

SO_SCPLOWIGNIFICANCEC_SCPLOWMotor (M1) and somatosensory (S1) cortex play a critical role in motor control but the nature of the signaling between these structures is not known. To fill this gap, we recorded from M1 while delivering intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) to S1 of three human participants, whose hands were paralyzed by spinal cord injury. We found that ICMS activates M1 and that the motor fields of activated M1 neurons match the sensory fields of the stimulated S1 electrodes. These findings have important implications for using ICMS to convey tactile feedback for brain-controlled bionic hands. Indeed, the ICMS-evoked M1 activity worsens control of the hand. Fortunately, this effect is minimized by using biomimetic tactile feedback, which emphasizes contact transients and reduces sustained ICMS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shelchkova, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenspon, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okorokova, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobinov, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verbaarschot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponheim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tortolani, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnke, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boninger, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaunt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.10.503543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microstimulation of human somatosensory cortex evokes task-dependent, spatially patterned responses in motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tensor Image Registration Library: Automated Deformable Registration of Stand-Alone Histology Images to Whole-Brain Post-Mortem MRI Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAccurate registration between microscopy and MRI data is necessary for validating imaging biomarkers against neuropathology, and to disentangle complex signal dependencies in microstructural MRI. Existing registration methods often rely on serial histological sampling or significant manual input, providing limited scope to work with a large number of stand-alone histology sections. Here we present a customisable pipeline to automate the registration of stand-alone histology sections to whole-brain MRI data.

MethodsOur pipeline registers stained histology sections to whole-brain post-mortem MRI in 4 stages, with the help of two photographic intermediaries: a block face image (to undistort histology sections) and coronal brain slice photographs (to insert them into MRI space). Each registration stage is implemented as a configurable stand-alone Python script using our novel platform, Tensor Image Registration Library (TIRL), which provides flexibility for wider adaptation. We report our experience of registering 87 PLP-stained histology sections from 14 subjects and perform various experiments to assess the accuracy and robustness of each stage of the pipeline.

ResultsAll 87 histology sections were successfully registered to MRI. Histology-to-block registration (Stage 1) achieved 0.2-0.4 mm accuracy, better than commonly used existing methods. Block-to-slice matching (Stage 2) showed great robustness in automatically identifying and inserting small tissue blocks into whole brain slices with 0.2 mm accuracy. Simulations demonstrated sub-voxel level accuracy (0.13 mm) of the slice-to-volume registration (Stage 3) algorithm, which was observed in over 200 actual brain slice registrations, compensating 3D slice deformations up to 6.5 mm. Stage 4 combined the previous stages and generated refined pixelwise aligned multi-modal histology-MRI stacks.

ConclusionsOur open-source pipeline provides robust automation tools for registering stand-alone histology sections to MRI data with sub-voxel level precision, and the underlying framework makes it readily adaptable to a diverse range of microscopy-MRI studies.

HighlightsO_LINew software framework for prototyping bespoke image registration pipelines
C_LIO_LIAutomated pipeline to register stand-alone histology sections to whole-brain MRI
C_LIO_LINovel deformable slice-to-volume registration algorithm
C_LIO_LINo strict necessity for serial histological sectioning for MRI-histology registration
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huszar, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallebage-Gamarallage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangerter-Christensen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgibbon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foxley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiemstra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jbabdi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kor, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tendler, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.11.503605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tensor Image Registration Library: Automated Deformable Registration of Stand-Alone Histology Images to Whole-Brain Post-Mortem MRI Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STAT3 signaling in B cells controls germinal center zone organization and recycling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.12.503811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germinal centers (GCs), sites of antibody affinity maturation, are organized into dark (DZ) and light (LZ) zones. Here, we uncovered a B cell intrinsic role for STAT3 in GC DZ and LZ organization. Altered zonal organization of STAT3-deficient GCs dampened GC output of long-lived plasma cells (LL-PCs) but increased memory B cells (MBCs). Tfh-GC B cell interaction drive STAT3 tyrosine 705 and serine 727 phosphorylation in LZ B cells, facilitating their recycling into the DZ. An inducible system confirmed STAT3 is not involved in initiating or maintaining the GC but sustains GC zonal organization by regulating GC B cell recycling. RNAseq and ChIPseq analysis identified genes regulated by STAT3 that are critical for LZ cell recycling and transiting through the DZ proliferation and differentiation phases of the DZ. Thus, STAT3 signaling in B cells controls GC zone organization and recycling, and GC egress of LL-PCs, but negatively regulates MBC output.

SummaryFike et al. describe a previously unrecognized mechanism by which B cell intrinsic STAT3 signaling controls the germinal center (GC) dark and light zone organization, GC B cell recycling, and GC output of long-lived plasma cells but negatively regulates memory B cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fike, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chodisetti, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bricker, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domeier, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maienschein-Cline, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luckenbill, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luning Prak, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, Z. S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.12.503811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STAT3 signaling in B cells controls germinal center zone organization and recycling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.503945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphological Differences in Isolated Brook Trout Populations in the Desolation Wilderness of the Sierra Nevada 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.503945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) is an invasive species in the Desolation Wilderness of California. But it is unknown to what extent this species is evolving to adapt to isolated high altitude lakes. We quantified morphological differences between three brook trout populations in Desolation Wilderness that are in isolation and of common origin. We took standardized photos of fish, created geometric nets of each specimen using points located at known morphological features, and performed a Procrustes superimposition and principal component analysis to examine and cluster morphological variation between individuals. Together, our results show morphological differences between three Salvelinus fontinalis populations in independent environments. Our results suggest that invasive species introduced from one source can show physical variation generations after introduction, and thus deserve attention for adapting to and perhaps becoming an increasingly complex part of their ecosystem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luby-Prikot, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.15.503945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphological Differences in Isolated Brook Trout Populations in the Desolation Wilderness of the Sierra Nevada]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.503980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotype integration improves power and preserves specificity in biobank-based genetic studies of MDD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.503980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biobanks often contain several phenotypes relevant to a given disorder, and researchers face complex tradeoffs between shallow phenotypes (high sample size, low specificity and sensitivity) and deep phenotypes (low sample size, high specificity and sensitivity). Here, we study an extreme case: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in UK Biobank. Previous studies found that shallow and deep MDD phenotypes have qualitatively distinct genetic architectures, but it remains unclear which are optimal for scientific study or clinical prediction. We propose a new framework to get the best of both worlds by integrating together information across hundreds of MDD-relevant phenotypes. First, we use phenotype imputation to increase sample size for the deepest available MDD phenotype, which dramatically improves GWAS power (increases #loci ~10 fold) and PRS accuracy (increases R2 ~2 fold). Further, we show the genetic architecture of the imputed phenotype remains specific to MDD using genetic correlation, PRS prediction in external clinical cohorts, and a novel PRS-based pleiotropy metric. We also develop a complementary approach to improve specificity of GWAS on shallow MDD phenotypes by adjusting for phenome-wide PCs. Finally, we study phenotype integration at the level of GWAS summary statistics, which can increase GWAS and PRS power but introduces non-MDD-specific signals. Our work provides a simple and scalable recipe to improve genetic studies in large biobanks by combining the sample size of shallow phenotypes with the sensitivity and specificity of deep phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krebs, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appadurai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Border, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacanu, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flint, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schork, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankararaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.15.503980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotype integration improves power and preserves specificity in biobank-based genetic studies of MDD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.503991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning-based Phenotype Imputation on Population-scale Biobank Data Increases Genetic Discoveries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.15.503991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biobanks that collect deep phenotypic and genomic data across large numbers of individuals have emerged as a key resource for human genetic research. However, phenotypes acquired as part of Biobanks are often missing across many individuals, limiting the utility of these datasets. The ability to accurately impute or "fill-in" missing phenotypes is critical to harness the power of population-scale Biobank datasets. We propose AutoComplete, a deep learning-based imputation method which can accurately impute missing phenotypes in population-scale Biobank datasets. When applied to collections of phenotypes measured across {approx} 300K individuals from the UK Biobank, AutoComplete improved imputation accuracy over existing 2 methods (average improvement in r2 of 18% for all phenotypes and 42% for binary phenotypes). We explored the utility of phenotype imputation for improving the power of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) by applying our method to a group of five clinically relevant traits with an average missigness rate of 83% (67% to 94%) leading to an an increase in effective sample size of {approx}2-fold on average (0.5 to 3.3-fold across the phenotypes). GWAS on the resulting imputed phenotypes led to an increase in the total number of loci significantly associated to the traits from four to 129. Our results demonstrate the utility of deep-learning based imputation to increase power for genetic discoveries in existing biobank data sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>An, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazokitoroudi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacanu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schork, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajukanta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flint, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankararaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.15.503991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning-based Phenotype Imputation on Population-scale Biobank Data Increases Genetic Discoveries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A PATHWAY FOR T3 SIGNALING IN THE BRAIN TO IMPROVE THE VARIABLE EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPY WITH L-T4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.17.504300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effectiveness of therapy for hypothyroidism with levothyroxine (L-T4) depends on patients ability to activate T4 to T3 --altered in carriers of a common deiodinase polymorphism (Thr92Ala-DIO2). Some patients that exhibit impaired mood and cognition improve with liothyronine (L-T3), but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here we show that the T3-indicator mouse carrying the Thr92Ala-DIO2 polymorphism exhibits a hippocampal-specific reduction in T3 activation and signaling that limits the effectiveness of L-T4 therapy. To understand the L-T3 effect, we used a compartmentalized microfluid device and identified a novel neuronal pathway of T3 transport and action that involves axonal T3 uptake into clathrin-dependent, endosomal/non-degradative lysosomes (NDLs). NDLs-containing T3 are retrogradely transported via microtubules, delivering relatively large amounts of T3 to the cell nucleus, doubling the expression of the T3-responsive reporter gene. The NDLs also contain the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (Mct8) and the type 3 deiodinase (Dio3), which transports and inactivates T3, respectively. Notwithstanding, T3 gets away from degradation because D3 active center is in the cytosol. These findings provide (i) a basis for the variable effectiveness of L-T4 therapy, (ii) a pathway for L-T3 to reach neurons, and (iii) resolve the paradox of T3 signaling in the brain amid high D3 activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salas-Lucia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fekete, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinko, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruska, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocco, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gereben, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.17.504300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A PATHWAY FOR T3 SIGNALING IN THE BRAIN TO IMPROVE THE VARIABLE EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPY WITH L-T4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural similarity between overlapping events at learning differentially affects reinstatement across the cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Episodic memory often involves high overlap between the actors, locations, and objects of everyday events. Under some circumstances, it may be beneficial to distinguish, or differentiate, neural representations of similar events to avoid interference at recall. Alternatively, forming overlapping representations of similar events, or integration, may aid recall by linking shared information between memories. It is currently unclear how the brain supports these seemingly conflicting functions of differentiation and integration. We used multivoxel pattern similarity analysis (MVPA) of fMRI data and neural-network analysis of visual similarity to examine how highly overlapping naturalistic events are encoded in patterns of cortical activity, and how the degree of differentiation versus integration at encoding affects later retrieval. Participants performed an episodic memory task in which they learned and recalled naturalistic video stimuli with high feature overlap. Visually similar videos were encoded in overlapping patterns of neural activity in temporal, parietal, and occipital regions, suggesting integration. We further found that encoding processes differentially predicted later reinstatement across the cortex. In visual processing regions in occipital cortex, greater differentiation at encoding predicted later reinstatement. Higher-level sensory processing regions in temporal and parietal lobes showed the opposite pattern, whereby highly integrated stimuli showed greater reinstatement. Moreover, integration in high-level sensory processing regions during encoding predicted greater accuracy and vividness at recall. These findings provide novel evidence that encoding-related differentiation and integration processes across the cortex have divergent effects on later recall of highly similar naturalistic events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hebscher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bainbridge, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.18.504184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural similarity between overlapping events at learning differentially affects reinstatement across the cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell atlas of Xenoturbella bocki highlights the limited cell-type complexity of a non-vertebrate deuterostome lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence for a sister relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria (Xenambulacraria) has revived the longstanding debate surrounding the complexity of the Urdeuterostomian and Urbilaterian ancestors and has led to a reassessment of early bilaterian features. Employing whole organism single-cell RNA-seq in the marine xenacoelomorph worm Xenoturbella bocki, we show that Xenambulacrarian nerve nets share regulatory features and a peptidergic identity with those found in cnidarians and protostomes. We also suggest that Xenacoelomorpha muscles are likely to have evolved their "smooth" phenotype convergently. Furthermore, we identify pigmented cells as a potential synapomorphy of the Xenambulacraria. Taken together, these data are consistent with a simplification from an ancestral urbilaterian/urdeuterostomian body plan and a non-centralized nerve net, minimally differentiated contractile cells and evidence of deuterostome cell-type synapomorphies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robertson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sebe-Pedros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saudemont, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loe Mie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakrzewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau-Bove, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mailhe, M.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telford, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlow, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.18.504214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell atlas of Xenoturbella bocki highlights the limited cell-type complexity of a non-vertebrate deuterostome lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental rules of primate dental evolution align microevolution with macroevolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroevolutionary biologists have classically rejected the notion that higher level patterns of divergence arise through microevolutionary processes acting within populations. For morphology, this consensus partly derives from the inability of quantitative genetics models to correctly predict the behavior of evolutionary processes at the scale of millions of years. Developmental studies (evo-devo) have been proposed to reconcile micro and macroevolution. However, there has been little progress in establishing a formal framework to apply evo-devo models of phenotypic diversification. Here, we reframe this issue by asking if using evo-devo models to quantify biological variation can improve the explanatory power of comparative models, thus helping us bridge the gap between micro- and macroevolution. We test this prediction by evaluating the evolution of primate lower molars in a comprehensive dataset densely sampled across living and extinct taxa. Our results suggest that biologically-informed morphospaces alongside quantitative genetics models allow a seamless transition between the micro and macro scales, while biologically uninformed spaces do not. We show that the adaptive landscape for primate teeth is corridor-like, with changes in morphology within the corridor being nearly neutral. Overall, our framework provides a basis for integrating evo-devo into the modern synthesis, allowing an operational way to evaluate the ultimate causes of macroevolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Machado, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mongle, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slater, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisniewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soffin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutra, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uyeda, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.19.504140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental rules of primate dental evolution align microevolution with macroevolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Texture Coding In Higher Order Somatosensory Cortices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.19.504511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWOur sense of touch confers to us the ability to perceive textural features over a broad range of spatial scales and material properties, giving rise to a complex sensory experience. To understand the neural basis of texture perception requires that the responses of somatosensory neurons be probed with stimuli that tile the space of spatial scales and material properties experienced during everyday interactions with objects. We have previously shown that neurons in early stages of somatosensory processing - the nerves and somatosensory cortex (S1) - are highly sensitive to texture and carry a representation of texture that is highly informative about the surface but also predicts the evoked sensory experience. In contrast, the texture signals in higher order areas - secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) and the parietal ventral area (PV) - have never been investigated with a rich and naturalistic textural set. To fill this gap, we recorded single-unit activity in S2/PV of macaques while they performed a texture discrimination task. We then characterized the neural responses to texture and compared these to their counterparts in somatosensory cortex (S1). We found that the representation of texture in S2/PV differs markedly from its counterpart in S1. In particular, S2/PV neurons carry a much sparser representation of texture identity and also information about task variables, including the animals eventual perceptual decision. S2/PV thus seems to carry a labile representation of texture that reflects task demands rather than faithfully encoding the stimulus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Long, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenspon, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Driesche, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieber, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.19.504511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Texture Coding In Higher Order Somatosensory Cortices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.20.504530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Universal gut microbial relationships in the gut microbiome of wild baboons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.20.504530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ecological relationships between bacteria mediate the services that gut microbiomes provide to their hosts. Knowing the overall direction and strength of these relationships within hosts, and their generalizability across hosts, is essential to learn how microbial ecology scales up to affect microbiome assembly, dynamics, and host health. Here we gain insight into these patterns by inferring thousands of correlations in bacterial abundance between pairs of gut microbiome taxa from extensive time series data (5,534 microbiome profiles from 56 wild baboon hosts over a 13-year period). We model these time series using a statistically robust, multinomial logistic-normal modeling framework and test the degree to which bacterial abundance correlations are consistent across hosts (i.e., "universal") or individualized to each host. We also compare these patterns to two publicly available human data sets. We find that baboon gut microbial relationships are largely universal: correlation patterns within each baboon host reflect a mixture of idiosyncratic and shared patterns, but the shared pattern dominates by almost 2-fold. Surprisingly, the strongest and most consistently correlated bacterial pairs across hosts were overwhelmingly positively correlated and typically belonged to the same family--a 3-fold enrichment compared to pairs drawn from the data set as a whole. The bias towards universal, positive bacterial correlations was also apparent in monthly samples from human infants, and bacterial families that had universal relationships in baboons also tended to be universal in human infants. Together, our results advance our understanding of the relationships that shape gut microbial ecosystems, with implications for microbiome personalization, community assembly and stability, and the feasibility of microbiome interventions to improve host health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roche, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Björk, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grieneisen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gesquiere, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberts, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blekhman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archie, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.20.504530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Universal gut microbial relationships in the gut microbiome of wild baboons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a cardiac glycoside exhibiting favorable brain bioavailability and potency for reducing levels of the cellular prion protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several strands of investigation have established that a reduction in the levels of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a promising avenue for the treatment of prion diseases. We recently described an indirect approach for reducing PrPC levels that targets Na,K-ATPases (NKAs) with cardiac glycosides (CGs), causing cells to respond with the degradation of these pumps and nearby molecules, including PrPC. Because the therapeutic window of widely used CGs is narrow and their brain bioavailability is low, we set out to identify a CG with improved pharmacological properties for this indication. Starting with the CG known as oleandrin, we combined in silico modeling of CG binding poses within human NKA folds, CG structure-activity relationship (SAR) data, and predicted blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrance scores to identify CG derivatives with improved characteristics. Focusing on C4-dehydro-oleandrin as a chemically accessible shortlisted CG derivative, we show that it reaches four times higher levels in the brain than in the heart one day after subcutaneous administration, exhibits promising pharmacological properties, and suppresses steady-state PrPC levels by 84% in immortalized human cells that have been differentiated to acquire neural or astrocytic characteristics. Finally, we validate that the mechanism of action of this approach for reducing cell surface PrPC levels requires C4-dehydro-oleandrin to engage with its cognate binding pocket within the NKA  subunit. The improved brain bioavailability of C4-dehydro-oleandrin, combined with its relatively low toxicity, make this compound an attractive lead for brain CG indications and recommends its further exploration for the treatment of prion diseases.

AUTHOR SUMMARYPrion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases for which there is no effective treatment. An abundance of data indicates that reducing the levels of a specific protein, termed the cellular prion protein (PrPC), would not only be safe but would delay disease onset and extend prion disease survival. This project builds on our recent discovery that PrPC binds to NKAs, specific cellular transport proteins that use energy to electrify cellular membranes by pumping charged potassium and sodium metals in and out of cells. We showed that targeting NKAs with their natural inhibitors, cardiac glycosides (CGs), causes brain cells to internalize and degrade NKAs, and that PrPC, on account of residing next to NKAs, gets co-degraded. Natural CGs act primarily on the heart. Here, we used computational modeling to identify a CG, termed KDC203, that is predicted to have favorable characteristics for brain applications. We show that KDC203 reduces PrPC levels by 84% in immortalized human brain-like cells grown in the dish. Moreover, we show that KDC203 exhibits relatively low toxicity, predominantly targets the brain when subcutaneously injected into mice, and has other promising pharmacological characteristics that recommend it for further evaluation for the treatment of prion diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sackmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulin, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagorny, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt-Ulms, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a cardiac glycoside exhibiting favorable brain bioavailability and potency for reducing levels of the cellular prion protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Insights into the Role of Water in Early-stage Human Amylin Aggregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP or human amylin) is known to aggregate into amyloid fibrils and is implicated in the development of type II diabetes. Prefibrillar species in particular have been linked to cell loss, prompting detailed investigation of early-stage hIAPP aggregation. Insights into the mechanisms underlying early-stage aggregation and the key intermediate structures formed during aggregation are valuable in understanding disease onset at the molecular level and guiding design of effective therapeutic strategies. Here, we use atomistic molecular dynamics simulations with the finite temperature string method to identify and compare multiple pathways for hIAPP trimer formation in water. We focus on the comparison between trimerization from three disordered hIAPP chains (which we call "3-chain assembly") and trimerization from an hIAPP dimer approached by a single disordered chain (called "2+1 assembly"). We show that trimerization is a process uphill in free energy, regardless of the trimerization mechanism, and that a high free energy barrier of 40 kBT must be crossed in 2+1 assembly compared to a moderate barrier of 12 kBT for 3-chain assembly. We find this discrepancy to originate from differences in molecular-level water interactions involved in the two trimerization scenarios. Furthermore, we find that the more thermodynamically favorable 3-chain assembly begins from a previously identified dimer intermediate exhibiting transient {beta}-sheet character, which is then incorporated into a similar trimer intermediate, suggesting stepwise aggregation dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pablo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Insights into the Role of Water in Early-stage Human Amylin Aggregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into the formation of repulsive Netrin guidance complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Netrins can dictate attractive and repulsive responses during axon growth and cell migration, where presence of the receptor UNC-5 on target cells results in Netrin-mediated repulsion. Molecular details of Netrin-UNC-5 interactions and how they signal remain elusive. Here, we show that nematode UNC-5 is a heparin-binding protein, and the UNC-5-heparin affinity can be modulated using directed evolution or via rational design using our novel structure of UNC-5 with a heparin fragment. Furthermore, UNC-5 and nematode UNC-6/Netrin form a large, stable and rigid oligomeric complex in the presence of heparin, which can incorporate the attractive UNC-40/DCC receptor, demonstrating binary and ternary ectodomain complexes at preparative scale. C. elegans with a heparin-binding deficient UNC-5 fail to establish proper gonad morphology due to abrogated distal tip cell migration, which relies on repulsive UNC-5 signaling in response to UNC-6. Our findings establish Netrin responses to be mediated through glycosaminoglycan-regulated large macromolecular complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Priest, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.03.506478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into the formation of repulsive Netrin guidance complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.04.506554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Twenty-seven ZAD-ZNF genes of Drosophila melanogaster are orthologous to the embryo polarity determining mosquito gene cucoid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.04.506554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The C2H2 zinc finger gene cucoid establishes anterior-posterior (AP) polarity in the early embryo of culicine mosquitoes. This gene is unrelated to genes that establish embryo polarity in other fly species (Diptera), such as the homeobox gene bicoid, which serves this function in the traditional model organism Drosophila melanogaster. The cucoid gene is a conserved single copy gene across lower dipterans but nothing is known about its function in other species, and its evolution in higher dipterans, including Drosophila, is unresolved. We found that cucoid is a member of the ZAD-containing C2H2 zinc finger (ZAD-ZNF) gene family and is orthologous to 27 of the 91 members of this family in D. melanogaster, including M1BP, ranshi, ouib, nom, zaf1, odj, Nnk, trem, Zif, and eighteen uncharacterized genes. Available knowledge of the functions of cucoid orthologs in Drosophila melanogaster suggest that the progenitor of this lineage specific expansion may played a role in regulating chromatin. We also describe many aspects of the gene duplication history of cucoid in the brachyceran lineage of D. melanogaster, thereby providing a framework for predicting potential redundancies among these genes in D. melanogaster.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt-Ott, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.04.506554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Twenty-seven ZAD-ZNF genes of Drosophila melanogaster are orthologous to the embryo polarity determining mosquito gene cucoid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitochondrial Cu+ transporter PiC2 (SLC25A3) is a target of MTF1 and contributes to the development of skeletal muscle in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The loading of copper (Cu) into cytochrome c oxidase (COX) in mitochondria is essential for energy production in cells. Extensive studies have been performed with mitochondrial cuproenzymes, such as Sco1, Sco2 and Cox17, which contributes to the metallation of the oxidase. However, limited information is available on the upstream mechanism of Cu transport and delivery to mitochondria, especially through Cu-impermeable membranes, in mammalian cells. The mitochondrial phosphate transporter SLC25A3, also known as PiC2, is also able to bind Cu+ and acts as an active copper transporter in eukaryotic cells through these membranes, and ultimately aid in the metallation of COX. We used a well-established differentiation model of primary myoblasts derived from mouse satellite cells, where Cu availability is necessary for growth and maturation, and showed PiC2 is a target of MTF1, its expression is induced during myogenesis and favored by Cu supplementation. PiC2 deletion using CRISPR/Cas9 showed that the transporter is required for proliferation and differentiation of primary myoblasts, as both processes are delayed upon PiC2 knock-out. The effects of PiC2 deletion were ameliorated by the addition of Cu to the growth medium, implying the deleterious effects of PiC2 knockout in myoblasts may be in part due to a failure to deliver sufficient Cu to the mitochondria, which can be compensated by other mitochondrial cuproproteins. Co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation of PiC2 and COX also strongly suggest that PiC2 may act to directly load Cu into COX, which was verified by in vitro Cu+-transfer experiments. The data indicate an important role for PiC2 in both the delivery of Cu to the mitochondria, COX and, subsequently, the differentiation of primary myoblasts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinteros, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelugba, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgada, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelblanco, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanzirotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hainer, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vila, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navea, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PADILLA-BENAVIDES, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.05.506690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitochondrial Cu+ transporter PiC2 (SLC25A3) is a target of MTF1 and contributes to the development of skeletal muscle in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global remapping in granule cells and mossy cells of the mouse dentate gyrus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal place cells exhibit spatially modulated firing, or place fields, which can remap to encode changes in the environment or other variables. Unique among hippocampal subregions, the dentate gyrus (DG) has two excitatory populations of place cells, granule cells and mossy cells, which are among the least and most active spatially modulated cells in the hippocampus, respectively. Previous studies of remapping in the DG have drawn different conclusions about whether granule cells exhibit global remapping and contribute to the encoding of context specificity. By recording granule cells and mossy cells as mice foraged in different environments, we found that by most measures, both granule cells and mossy cells remapped robustly but through different mechanisms that are consistent with firing properties of each cell type. Our results resolve the ambiguity surrounding remapping in the DG and suggest that most spatially modulated granule cells contribute to orthogonal representations of distinct spatial contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GoodSmith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temme, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moriya, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, G.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knierim, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.06.506812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global remapping in granule cells and mossy cells of the mouse dentate gyrus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Turbulent adaptive landscape shaped size evolution in modern ocean giants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive landscapes are central to evolutionary theory, forming a conceptual bridge between micro- and macro-evolution1-4. Evolution by natural selection across an adaptive landscape should drive lineages towards fitness peaks, shaping the distribution of phenotypic variation within and among clades over evolutionary timescales5. Constant shifts in selection pressures mean the peaks themselves also evolve through time4, thus a key challenge is to identify these  ghosts of selection past. Here, we characterise the global and local adaptive landscape for total length in cetaceans (whales and dolphins) across their ~ 53 million year evolutionary history, using 345 living and fossil taxa. We analyse shifts in long-term mean size6 and directional changes in average trait values7 using cutting-edge phylogenetic comparative methods. We demonstrate that the global macroevolutionary adaptive landscape of cetacean body size is relatively flat, with very few peak shifts after cetaceans colonised the oceans. Local peaks represent trends along branches linked to specific adaptations such as deep diving. These results contrast with previous studies using only extant taxa8, highlighting the vital role of fossil data for understanding macroevolutionary dynamics. Our results indicate that adaptive peaks are constantly changing and are associated with subzones of local adaptations, resembling turbulent waters with waves and ripples, creating moving targets for species adaptation. In addition, we identify limits in our ability to detect some evolutionary patterns and processes, and suggest multiple approaches are required to characterise complex hierarchical patterns of adaptation in deep-time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slater, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.506945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Turbulent adaptive landscape shaped size evolution in modern ocean giants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.507058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small RNAs activate Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 by modulating mRNA stability through the hilD mRNA 3' UTR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.507058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is an enteric pathogen associated with food-borne disease. Salmonella invades the intestinal epithelium using a type three secretion system encoded in Salmonella pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1). SPI-1 genes are tightly regulated by a complex feed-forward loop to ensure proper spatial and temporal expression. Most regulatory input is integrated at HilD, through control of hilD mRNA translation or HilD protein activity. The hilD mRNA possesses a 310-nucleotide 3' untranslated region (UTR) that influences HilD and SPI-1 expression, and this regulation is dependent on Hfq and RNase E, cofactors known to mediate small RNA (sRNA) activities. Thus, we hypothesized that the hilD mRNA 3' UTR is a target for sRNAs. Here we show that the sRNAs, SdsR and Spot 42 regulate SPI-1 by targeting different regions of the hilD mRNA 3' UTR. Regulatory activities of these sRNAs depend on Hfq and RNase E, in agreement with previous roles found for both at the hilD 3' UTR. We show that SdsR and RNase E are responsible for the accumulation of variable fragments of the hilD mRNA 3' UTR. Collectively, this work suggests that these sRNAs targeting the hilD mRNA 3' UTR regulate hilD mRNA levels by interfering with RNase E-dependent mRNA degradation. Our work provides novel insights into mechanisms of sRNA regulation at bacterial mRNA 3' UTRs and adds to our knowledge of post-transcriptional regulation of the SPI-1 complex feed-forward loop.

ImportanceSalmonella are prominent food-borne pathogens, infecting millions of people a year. To express virulence genes at the correct time and place in the host, Salmonella uses a complex regulatory network that senses environmental conditions. Known for their role in allowing quick responses to stress and virulence conditions, we investigate the role of small RNAs in facilitating precise expression of these genes. We provide evidence that the 3' untranslated region of the hilD mRNA, encoding a key virulence regulator, is a target for small RNAs and the ribonuclease RNase E. The small RNAs play a role in stabilizing hilD mRNA to allow proper expression of Salmonella virulence genes in the host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdulla, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azam, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golubeva, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cakar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slauch, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderpool, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.507058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small RNAs activate Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 by modulating mRNA stability through the hilD mRNA 3' UTR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.505715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental role of macrophages modelled in human pluripotent stem cell derived intestinal tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.505715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages populate the embryo early in gestation but their role in the developmental process remains largely unknown. In particular, specification and function of macrophages in intestinal development remain unexplored. To study this event in human developmental context, we derived and combined human intestinal organoid and macrophages from pluripotent stem cells. Macrophages migrated into the organoid, proliferated, and occupied the emerging micro-anatomical niches of epithelial crypts and ganglia. They also acquired a similar transcriptomic profile to fetal intestinal macrophages and displayed tissue macrophage behaviors, such as recruitment to tissue injury. Using this model, we show that macrophages reduce glycolysis in mesenchymal cells and limit tissue growth without affecting tissue architecture, in contrast to the pro-growth effect of enteric neurons. In short, we engineered an intestinal tissue model populated with macrophages, and we suggest that resident macrophages contribute to regulation of metabolism and growth of the developing intestine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andelfinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindeaux, R. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Affia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agnihotri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leclerc, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Vliet, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guimond, J.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyal, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.505715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental role of macrophages modelled in human pluripotent stem cell derived intestinal tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity-dependent post-translational regulation of palmitoylating and de-palmitoylating enzymes in the hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activity-induced changes in protein palmitoylation can regulate the plasticity of synaptic connections, critically impacting learning and memory. Palmitoylation is a reversible post-translational modification regulated by both palmitoyl-acyl transferases that mediate palmitoylation and palmitoyl thioesterases that depalmitoylate proteins. However, it is not clear how fluctuations in synaptic activity can mediate the dynamic palmitoylation of neuronal proteins. Using primary hippocampal cultures, we demonstrate that synaptic activity does not impact the transcription of palmitoylating / depalmitoylating enzymes, changes in thioesterase activity, nor post-translational modification of the depalmitoylating enzymes, ABHD17 and APT2. In contrast, synaptic activity does mediate post-translational modification of the palmitoylating enzymes ZDHHC2, ZDHHC5, and ZDHHC9 (but not ZDHHC8) to influence protein-protein interaction, enzyme stability and enzyme function. Post-translational modifications of ZDHHC enzymes were also observed in the hippocampus following fear conditioning. Together, our findings demonstrate that signaling events activated by synaptic activity largely impact activity of the ZDHHC family of palmitoyl-acyl transferases with less influence on the activity of palmitoyl thioesterases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abazari, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wild, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamji, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity-dependent post-translational regulation of palmitoylating and de-palmitoylating enzymes in the hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensions of mean-field approximations for environmentally-transmitted pathogen networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many pathogens spread via environmental transmission, without requiring host- to-host direct contact. While models for environmental transmission exist, many are simply constructed intuitively with structures analogous to standard models for direct transmission. As model insights are generally sensitive to the underlying model assumptions, it is important that we are able understand the details and consequences of these assumptions. We construct a simple network model for an environmentally-transmitted pathogen and rigorously derive systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) based on different assumptions. We explore two key assumptions, namely homogeneity and independence, and demonstrate that relaxing these assumptions can lead to more accurate ODE approximations. We compare these ODE models to a stochastic implementation of the network model over a variety of parameters and network structures, demonstrating that with fewer restrictive assumptions we are able to achieve higher accuracy in our approximations and highlighting more precisely the errors produced by each assumption. We show that less restrictive assumptions lead to more complicated systems of ODEs and the potential for unstable solutions. Due to the rigour of our derivation, we are able to identify the reason behind these errors and propose potential resolutions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davies, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenhart, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanzas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensions of mean-field approximations for environmentally-transmitted pathogen networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversification of the Ruminant Skull Along an Evolutionary Line of Least Resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphological integration is relevant to evolutionary biology and paleontology because the structure of variation within populations determines the ways in which a population can respond to selective pressures. However, understanding the macroevolutionary consequences of morphological integration is elusive because the adaptive landscape is dynamic and population-level constraints themselves evolve. By analyzing a previously published dataset of 2859 ruminant crania with 3D geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods, we find that variation within and between ruminant species is biased by a highly conserved mammalian-wide allometric pattern, CREA, where larger species have proportionally longer faces. More tightly integrated species and species more biased towards CREA have diverged farther from their ancestors, and Ruminantia as a clade diversified farther than expected in the direction anticipated by CREA. Our analyses indicate that CREA acts as an evolutionary  line of least resistance and facilitates morphological diversification due to its alignment with the browser-grazer continuum. These results demonstrate that biological processes constraining variation at the microevolutionary level can produce highly directional phenotypic evolution over macroevolutionary timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhoda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angielczyk, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversification of the Ruminant Skull Along an Evolutionary Line of Least Resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OpenPBTA: An Open Pediatric Brain Tumor Atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryPediatric brain and spinal cancer are the leading disease-related cause of death in children, thus we urgently need curative therapeutic strategies for these tumors. To accelerate such discoveries, the Childrens Brain Tumor Network and Pacific Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Consortium created a systematic process for tumor biobanking, model generation, and sequencing with immediate access to harmonized data. We leverage these data to create OpenPBTA, an open collaborative project which establishes over 40 scalable analysis modules to genomically characterize 1,074 pediatric brain tumors. Transcriptomic classification reveals that TP53 loss is a significant marker for poor overall survival in ependymomas and H3 K28-altered diffuse midline gliomas and further identifies universal TP53 dysregulation in mismatch repair-deficient hypermutant high-grade gliomas. OpenPBTA is a foundational analysis platform actively being applied to other pediatric cancers and inform molecular tumor board decision-making, making it an invaluable resource to the pediatric oncology community.

In BriefThe OpenPBTA is a global, collaborative open-science initiative which brought together researchers and clinicians to genomically characterize 1,074 pediatric brain tumors and 22 patient-derived cell lines. Shapiro, et. al create over 40 open-source, scalable modules to perform cancer genomics analyses and provide a richly-annotated somatic dataset across 58 brain tumor histologies. The OpenPBTA framework can be used as a model for large-scale data integration to inform basic research, therapeutic target identification, and clinical translation.

HighlightsOpenPBTA collaborative analyses establish resource for 1,074 pediatric brain tumors NGS-based WHO-aligned integrated diagnoses generated for 641 of 1,074 tumors RNA-Seq analysis infers medulloblastoma subtypes, TP53 status, and telomerase activity OpenPBTA will accelerate therapeutic translation of genomic insights
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaonkar, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savonen, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spielman, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathi, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egolf, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrow, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koganti, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noureen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koptyra, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraya, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kline, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storm, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazarian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Kuren, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waanders, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koschmann, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diskin, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lulla, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scolaro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rood, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margol, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaksman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, R. S</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OpenPBTA: An Open Pediatric Brain Tumor Atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organization of Upstream ESCRT Machinery at the HIV-1 Budding Site 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the late stages of the HIV-1 life cycle, membrane localization and self-assembly of the Gag polyproteins induce membrane deformation and budding. However, release of the immature virion requires direct interaction between Gag lattice and upstream ESCRT machinery at the budding site, followed by assembly of the downstream ESCRT-III factors, culminating in membrane scission. In this work, using "bottom-up" coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations we investigated the interactions between Gag and different upstream ESCRT components to delineate the molecular organization of proteins at the membrane neck of the HIV-1 budding site. We developed CG models of upstream ESCRT proteins and HIV-1 structural protein Gag based on experimental structural data and extensive all-atom MD simulations. We find that ESCRT-I proteins bound to the immature Gag lattice can recruit multiple copies of ESCRT-II coating the membrane neck. ESCRT-I can effectively oligomerize to higher-order complexes both in absence of ESCRT-II and when multiple copies of ESCRT-II are localized at the bud neck. The ESCRT-I/II supercomplexes observed in our simulations exhibit predominantly extended conformations. Importantly, the ESCRT-I/II supercomplex modulates the membrane mechanical properties at the budding site by decreasing the overall Gaussian curvature of membrane neck. Our findings serve to elucidate a network of interactions between the upstream ESCRT machinery, immature Gag lattice, and membrane bud neck that regulate the protein assemblies and enable bud neck constriction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hudait, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organization of Upstream ESCRT Machinery at the HIV-1 Budding Site]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The coarse mental map of the breast is anchored on the nipple 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWTouch plays a key role in our perception of our body and shapes our interactions with the world, from the objects we manipulate to the people we touch. While the tactile sensibility of the hand has been extensively characterized, much less is known about touch on other parts of the body. Despite the important role of the breast in lactation as well as in affective and sexual touch, relatively little is known about its sensory properties. To fill this gap, we investigated the spatial acuity of the breast and compared it to that of the hand and back, body regions that span the range of tactile spatial acuity. First, we found that the tactile acuity of the breast was even lower than that of the back, heretofore the paragon of poor acuity. Second, acuity was lower for larger breasts, consistent with the hypothesis that innervation capacity does not scale with body size. Third, touches to different regions of the nipple were largely indistinguishable, suggesting that the nipple is a sensory unit. Fourth, localization errors were systematically biased toward the nipple.

SO_SCPLOWIGNIFICANCEC_SCPLOWOur basic understanding of the tactile capabilities of the breast remains poorly understood in comparison to the hand or face despite the fact that the breast plays a major role in the lives of those with breasts. This paper establishes common methods for studying breast tactile sensation and presents the breast and nipple as two fundamentally discrete tactile units from the torso.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Long, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger-Wolf, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fawaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenspon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindau, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The coarse mental map of the breast is anchored on the nipple]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.507455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-supervised deep learning for pan-cancer mutation prediction from histopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.507455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The histopathological phenotype of tumors reflects the underlying genetic makeup. Deep learning can predict genetic alterations from tissue morphology, but it is unclear how well these predictions generalize to external datasets. Here, we present a deep learning pipeline based on self-supervised feature extraction which achieves a robust predictability of genetic alterations in two large multicentric datasets of seven tumor types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saldanha, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeffler, C. M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niehues, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Treeck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seraphin, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cifci, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veldhuizen, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kather, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.15.507455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-supervised deep learning for pan-cancer mutation prediction from histopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific roles of inhibitory interneurons in the rehabilitation of auditory cortex after peripheral damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peripheral sensory organ damage leads to compensatory cortical plasticity that supports a remarkable recovery of perceptual capabilities. A major knowledge gap is the lack of precise mechanisms that explain how this plasticity is implemented and distributed over a diverse collection of excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons. Here, we explored these mechanisms in mouse A1. After peripheral damage, we found recovered sound-evoked activity of excitatory principal neurons (PNs) and parvalbumin (PVs) interneurons (INs), reduced activity in somatostatin-INs (SOMs), and recovered activity in vasoactive intestinal peptide-INs (VIPs). Given the sequentially organized cortical network where VIPs inhibit INs, SOMs inhibit PVs and PNs, and PVs inhibit PNs, our results suggest that PVs contribute to PN stability, SOMs allow for increased PN and PV activity, and VIPs enable the PN and PV recovery by inhibiting SOMs. These results highlight a strategic, cooperative, and cell-type-specific plasticity program that restores cortical sound processing after peripheral damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouvaros, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljungqvist Brinson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bizup, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzounopoulos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.15.508128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-specific roles of inhibitory interneurons in the rehabilitation of auditory cortex after peripheral damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The structure, catalytic mechanism, and inhibitor identification of phosphatidylinositol remodeling MBOAT7 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells remodel glycerophospholipid acyl chains via the Lands cycle to adjust membrane properties. Membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) 7 acylates lyso-phosphatidylinositol (lyso-PI) with arachidonyl-CoA. MBOAT7 mutations cause brain developmental disorders, and reduced expression is linked to fatty liver disease. Further, increased MBOAT7 expression is linked to hepatocellular and renal cancers. The mechanistic basis of MBOAT7 catalysis and substrate selectivity are unknown. Here, we report the structure and a model for the catalytic mechanism of human MBOAT7. Arachidonyl-CoA and lyso-PI access the catalytic center through a twisted tunnel from the cytosol and lumenal sides, respectively. N-Terminal residues on the ER lumenal side determine phospholipid headgroup selectivity: swapping them between MBOATs 1, 5, and 7 converts enzyme specificity for different lyso-phospholipids. Finally, the MBOAT7 structure and virtual screening enabled identification of small-molecule inhibitors that may serve as lead compounds for pharmacologic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgs, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baublis, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walther, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farese, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.15.508141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The structure, catalytic mechanism, and inhibitor identification of phosphatidylinositol remodeling MBOAT7]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monitoring lineages of growing and dividing bacteria reveals an inducible memory of mar operon expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Gram negative bacteria, the multiple antibiotic resistance or mar operon, is known to control the expression of multi-drug efflux genes that protect bacteria from a wide range of drugs. Since different drugs induce this response, identifying the parameters that govern the dynamics of its induction is crucial to better characterize the process of tolerance and resistance. Most experiments have assumed that the properties of the mar transcriptional network can be inferred from population measurements. However, measurements from an asynchronous population of cells can mask underlying phenotypic variations of single cells. We monitored the activity of the mar promoter in single Escherichia coli cells in linear micro-colonies and established that the response to a steady level of inducer was heterogeneous within individual colonies. Specifically, sub-lineages defined by contiguous daughter-cells exhibited similar promoter activity, whereas activity was greatly variable between different sub-lineages. Specific sub-trees of uniform promoter activity persisted over several generations. Statistical analyses of the lineages suggest that the presence of these sub-trees is the signature of an inducible memory of the promoter state that is transmitted from mother to daughter cells. This single-cell study reveals that the degree of epigenetic inheritance changes as a function of inducer concentration, suggesting that phenotypic inheritance may be an inducible phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guet, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruneaux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>oikonomou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cluzel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monitoring lineages of growing and dividing bacteria reveals an inducible memory of mar operon expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chance and contingency in B cell evolution limit the similarity of antibody responses to infection across individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies result from the competition of B cell lineages evolving under selection for improved antigen recognition, a process known as affinity maturation. High-affinity antibodies to pathogens such as HIV, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 are frequently reported to arise from B cells whose receptors, the precursors to antibodies, are encoded by particular immunoglobulin alleles. This raises the possibility that the presence of particular germline alleles in the B cell repertoire is a major determinant of the quality of the antibody response. Alternatively, initial differences in germline alleles propensities to form high-affinity receptors might be overcome by chance events during affinity maturation. We first investigate these scenarios in simulations: when germline-encoded fitness differences are large relative to the rate and effect size variation of somatic mutations, the same germline alleles persistently dominate the response of different individuals. In contrast, if germline-encoded advantages can be easily overcome by subsequent mutations, allele usage becomes increasingly divergent over time, a pattern we then observe in mice experimentally infected with influenza virus. We investigated whether affinity maturation might nonetheless strongly select for particular amino acid motifs across diverse genetic backgrounds, but we found no evidence of convergence to similar CDR3 sequences or amino acid substitutions. These results suggest that although germline-encoded specificities can lead to similar immune responses between individuals, diverse evolutionary routes to high affinity limit the genetic predictability of responses to infection and vaccination.

Author SummaryAntibodies arise as B cell receptors encoded by the stochastic recombination of immunoglobulin genes. While those genes evolve over millions of years, the receptors themselves evolve within weeks as B cells compete under selection for improved antigen recognition. This competition shapes the response to infection and vaccination; how much the outcome depends on the initial choice of immunoglobulin genes versus subsequent receptor evolution is an open question that informs the predictability of the immune response and the long-term evolution of immunoglobulins. In simulations, we show that immunoglobulin genes with hardcoded specificity for the antigen can lead to either transient or persistent similarity in the response of different individuals. When the initial advantage is large relative to the effects of mutation, B cells using the same genes consistently dominate the response across individuals. Weaker initial advantages lead to similar responses early on but are later overcome by B cell evolution playing out differently in each individual due to chance events. We observe such increasingly divergent responses in mice infected with influenza virus. While long-term selection might hardcode specificities for particular pathogens on immunoglobulin genes, our results suggest diverse paths to potent antibodies can nonetheless limit the predictability of the response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vieira, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palm, A.-K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamper, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tepora, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chance and contingency in B cell evolution limit the similarity of antibody responses to infection across individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homeostatic cytokines reciprocally modulate the emergence of prenatal effector PLZF+CD4+ T cells in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of human adaptive immunity progresses faster than previously appreciated, with the emergence of memory CD4+ T cells alongside regulatory T (Treg) cells by the second trimester of pregnancy. We previously identified a prenatal-specific subset of PLZF+ CD4+ T cells with heightened effector potential that accounted for most memory T cells in the developing intestine and accumulated in the cord blood of infants exposed to prenatal inflammatory pathologies. However, the signals that drive their tissue distribution and effector maturation are unknown. In this report, we define the transcriptional and functional heterogeneity of prenatal PLZF+ CD4+ T cells and identify compartmentalization of Th-like effector function across the small intestine (SI) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). We find that IL-7, which is more abundant in the SI relative to the MLN, drives the preferential expansion of naive PLZF+ CD4+ T cells via JAK/STAT and MEK/ERK signaling. Exposure to IL-7 induces a subset of PLZF+ CD4+ T cells to acquire a memory-phenotype and rapid effector function, identifying the human analogue of memory-phenotype CD4+ T cells. Further, IL-7 modulates the differentiation of Th1- and Th17-like PLZF+ CD4+ T cells, and thus likely contributes to the anatomic compartmentalization of prenatal CD4+ T cell effector function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Locher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makredes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fragiadakis, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halkias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homeostatic cytokines reciprocally modulate the emergence of prenatal effector PLZF+CD4+ T cells in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multiplex platform to identify mechanisms and modulators of proteotoxicity in neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodegenerative disorders are a family of diseases that remain poorly treated despite their growing global health burden. A shared feature of many neurodegenerative disorders is the accumulation of toxic misfolded proteins. To gain insight into the mechanisms and modulators of protein misfolding, we developed a multiplex reverse genetics platform. Using this novel platform 29 cell-based models expressing proteins that undergo misfolding in neurodegeneration were probed against more than a thousand genetic modifiers. The resulting data provide insight into the nature of modifiers that act on multiple misfolded proteins as compared to those that show activity on only one. To illustrate the utility of this platform, we extensively characterized a potent hit from our screens, the human chaperone DNAJB6. We show that DNAJB6 is a general modifier of the toxicity and solubility of multiple amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD)-linked RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), including FUS, TDP-43, and hnRNPA1. Biophysical examination of DNAJB6 demonstrated that it co-phase separates with, and alters the behavior of FUS containing condensates by locking them into a loose gel-like state which prevents their fibrilization. Domain mapping and a deep mutational scan of DNAJB6 support the critical importance for DNAJB6 phase separation in its effects on multiple RNA-binding proteins. Crucially, these studies also suggest that this property can be further tuned to generate novel variants with enhanced activity that might illuminate potential avenues for clinical translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qamar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon-Abell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shneider, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruggeri, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schierle, G. S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St George-Hyslop, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multiplex platform to identify mechanisms and modulators of proteotoxicity in neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling temporal and rate codes in primate somatosensory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWMillisecond-scale temporal spiking patterns encode sensory information in the periphery, but their role in cortex remains controversial. The sense of touch provides a window into temporal coding because tactile neurons often exhibit precise, repeatable, and informative temporal spiking patterns. In somatosensory cortex (S1), for example, responses to skin vibrations exhibit phase-locking that faithfully carries information about vibratory frequency. However, the respective roles of spike timing and rate in frequency coding are confounded because vibratory frequency shapes both the timing and rates of S1 responses. To disentangle the contributions of these two neural features, we measured S1 responses as animals performed a frequency discrimination task, in which differences in frequency were accompanied by behaviorally irrelevant variations in amplitude. We then assessed the degree to which the strength and timing of S1 responses could account for the animals performance on the task. First, we showed that animals can discriminate frequency, but their performance is biased by amplitude. Second, rate-based representations of frequency are susceptible to changes in amplitude, but in ways that are inconsistent with the animals behavior, calling into question a rate-based code for frequency. In contrast, timing-based representations are impervious to changes in amplitude, also inconsistent with the animals behavior. We account for the animals behavior with a model wherein frequency coding relies on a temporal code, but frequency judgments are biased by perceived magnitude. Our results constitute further evidence for the role of millisecond-scale spike timing in cortex.

SO_SCPLOWIGNIFICANCEC_SCPLOWO_SCPCAP C_SCPCAPO_SCPLOWSTATEMENTC_SCPLOWWhile neurons in the cerebral cortex are known to produce temporally patterned responses with single-digit millisecond precision, the role of this patterning remains controversial. The alternative hypothesis is that the critical feature of neuronal responses is the rate at which spikes are emitted, and the distribution of the spikes in time only matters at much slower time scales (tens or hundreds of milliseconds). To disentangle these two putative neural codes, we trained animals to discriminate the frequency of skin vibrations while recording from somatosensory cortex. We show that only a timing-based representation of frequency can account for the performance of the animals, though overall population firing rate biases their frequency judgments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Callier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitchell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling temporal and rate codes in primate somatosensory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aortic Shape Space Topology 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clinical imaging modalities are a mainstay of modern disease management, but the full utilization of imaging-based data remains elusive. Aortic disease is defined by anatomic scalars quantifying aortic size, even though aortic disease progression initiates complex shape changes. We present an imaging-based geometric descriptor, inspired by fundamental ideas from topology and soft-matter physics that captures dynamic shape evolution. The aorta is reduced to a two-dimensional mathematical surface in space whose geometry is fully characterized by the local principal curvatures. Disease causes deviation from the smooth bent cylindrical shape of normal aortas, leading to a family of highly heterogeneous surfaces of varying shapes and sizes. To deconvolute changes in shape from size, the shape is characterized using integrated Gaussian curvature or total curvature. The fluctuation in total curvature ({delta}K) across aortic surfaces captures heterogeneous morphologic evolution by characterizing local shape changes. We discover that aortic morphology evolves with a power-law defined behavior with rapidly increasing{delta} K forming the hallmark of aortic disease. Divergent{delta} K is seen for highly diseased aortas indicative of impending topologic catastrophe or aortic rupture. We also show that aortic size (surface area or enclosed aortic volume) scales as a generalized cylinder for all shapes. Classification accuracy for predicting aortic disease state (normal, diseased with successful surgery, and diseased with failed surgical outcomes) is 92.8 {+/-}1.7%. The analysis of{delta} K can be applied on any three-dimensional geometric structure and thus may be extended to other clinical problems of characterizing disease through captured anatomic changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khabaz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kindlmann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pocivavsek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.19.508582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aortic Shape Space Topology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The logic of recurrent circuits in the primary visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recurrent cortical activity sculpts visual perception by refining, amplifying, or suppressing incoming visual signals. Despite the importance of recurrent circuits for cortical processing, the basic rules that govern how nearby cortical neurons influence each other remains enigmatic. We used two-photon holographic optogenetics to activate ensembles of neurons in Layer 2/3 of the primary visual cortex (V1) in the absence of external stimuli to isolate the impact of local recurrence from external inputs. We find that the spatial arrangement and the stimulus feature preference of both the stimulated and the target ensemble jointly determine the net effect of recurrent activity, defining the cortical activity patterns that drive competition versus facilitation in L2/3 circuits. Computational modeling suggests that a combination of highly local recurrent excitatory connectivity and selective convergence onto inhibitory neurons give rise to these principles of recurrent activity. Our data and modeling reveal that recurrent activity can have varied impact, but a logic emerges through an understanding of the precise spatial distribution and feature preference of the multicellular pattern of activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oldenburg, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendricks, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamardani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bounds, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.20.508739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The logic of recurrent circuits in the primary visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved signaling pathways antagonize and synergize with co-opted doublesex to control development of novel mimetic butterfly wing patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.20.508752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Novel phenotypes are increasingly recognized to have evolved by co-option of conserved genes into new developmental contexts, yet the impact of co-option on existing developmental programs remains obscure. Here we provide insight into this process by characterizing the consequences of doublesex co-option on wing color pattern development in Papilio swallowtail butterflies. doublesex is the master regulator of insect sex differentiation but has been co-opted to control the switch between discrete mimetic and non-mimetic, male-like color patterns in Papilio polytes and its close relatives. Here we show that development of the mimetic color pattern in P. polytes is caused by a pulse of dsx expression early in female wing development that results in a corresponding pulse of differential expression that both alters color pattern development and quickly becomes decoupled from dsx expression itself. Differentially expressed genes were enriched in canonical Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathway genes, but case studies of key genes using RNAi and antibody stains suggested opposing, novel roles for the two pathways in mimetic color pattern development. The pulse of Dsx expression caused Engrailed, the key transcription factor effector of Hh signaling, to gain anterior expression in early pupal wing development. However, Dsx and En became decoupled by mid-pupal development when En pre-figured melanic and red patterns and Dsx pre-figured white patterns. In contrast, Wnt signaling antagonizes Dsx in restricted regions of the wing to refine the mimetic color pattern. Our results therefore provide strong experimental evidence that dsx co-option significantly altered spatiotemporal activities of conserved wing patterning pathways to promote and refine the development of a novel adaptive color pattern. Altogether, our findings provide strong evidence for how co-opted genes can both cause and elicit changes to established gene regulatory networks during the evolution and development of novel phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>VanKuren, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doellman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Droguett, D. H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massardo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronforst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.20.508752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved signaling pathways antagonize and synergize with co-opted doublesex to control development of novel mimetic butterfly wing patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.506345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Carcinoma associated mesenchymal stem cells promote ovarian cancer metastasis by increasing tumor heterogeneity through direct mitochondrial transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.506345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ovarian cancer is characterized by early, diffuse metastatic spread with most women presenting with extensive abdominal metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Prior work demonstrated carcinoma-associated mesenchymal stem cells (CA-MSCs) enhance ovarian cancer metastasis through a process of direct cellular interaction and formation of heterocellular CA-MSC and tumor cell complexes. In this study, we demonstrated that CA-MSCs enhance metastasis by increasing tumor cell heterogeneity through mitochondrial donation. We showed that CA-MSCs directly interacted with ovarian cancer cells via tunneling nanotubules (TNTs), and CA-MSCs used these TNTs to transfer live mitochondria to adjacent ovarian cancer cells. This mitochondrial donation preferentially occurred with ovarian cancer cells that had the lowest mitochondrial mass, as quantified using live, actively respiring mitochondrial labeling. These  mito poor cancer cells demonstrated decreased proliferation, increased sensitivity to chemotherapy, and decreased oxidative phosphorylation compared to  mito rich cancer cells. CA-MSCs rescued the phenotypes of mito poor cancer cells, restoring their proliferative capacity, increasing chemotherapy resistance, and increasing oxidative phosphorylation. We validated these findings in a fully autologous system using CA-MSCs and cancer cells derived from the same patient to prevent confounding effects of cellular response to foreign organelle/DNA. Using a knockdown of the mitochondrial motor protein, MIRO1, in CA-MSCs, we demonstrated that mitochondrial transfer is necessary for the CA-MSC-mediated rescue of  mito poor cancer cells. Mitochondria of CA-MSC origin persisted in tumor cells over multiple passages. Importantly, CA-MSC mitochondrial donation occurred in vivo, significantly enhanced tumor cell heterogeneity and decreased survival in an orthotopic ovarian cancer mouse model. Collectively, this work identified CA-MSC mitochondrial transfer as a critical mediator of ovarian cancer cell survival, heterogeneity, and metastasis, and blocking CA-MSC mitochondrial transfer represents a unique therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pressimone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frisbie, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baruwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorecki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javed, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Croix, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atiua, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hempel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.506345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Carcinoma associated mesenchymal stem cells promote ovarian cancer metastasis by increasing tumor heterogeneity through direct mitochondrial transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequential Activation and Local Unfolding Control Poly(A)-Binding Protein Condensation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells form biomolecular condensates to sense and adapt to their environment1,2. Poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1), a canonical stress granule marker3,4, condenses upon heat shock or starvation, promoting adaptation5. The molecular basis of condensation has remained elusive due to a dearth of techniques to probe structure directly in condensates. Here we apply hydrogen-deuterium exchange/mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to investigate the molecular mechanism of Pab1s condensation. We find that Pab1s four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) undergo different levels of partial unfolding upon condensation, and the changes are similar for thermal and pH stresses. Although structural heterogeneity is observed, the ability of MS to describe individual subpopulations allows us to identify which regions become partially unfolded and contribute to the condensates interaction network. Our data yield a clear molecular picture of Pab1s stress-triggered condensation, which we term sequential activation, wherein each RRM becomes activated at a temperature where it partially unfolds and associates with other likewise activated RRMs to form the condensate. This model thus implies that sequential activation is dictated by the underlying free energy surface, an effect we refer to as thermodynamic specificity. Our study represents a methodological advance for elucidating the interactions that drive biomolecular condensation that we anticipate will be widely applicable. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate how condensation can use thermodynamic specificity to perform an acute response to multiple, stresses, a potentially general mechanism for stress-responsive proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shangguan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachleben, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riback, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequential Activation and Local Unfolding Control Poly(A)-Binding Protein Condensation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.508369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intestinal helminth infection impairs oral and parenteral vaccine efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.508369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impact of endemic parasitic infection on vaccine efficacy is an important consideration for vaccine development and deployment. We have examined whether intestinal infection with the natural murine helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri alters antigen-specific antibody and cellular immune responses to oral and parenteral vaccination in mice. We found that oral vaccination of mice with a clinically relevant, live, attenuated, recombinant Salmonella vaccine that expresses chicken egg ovalbumin (Salmonella-OVA) disrupts ovalbumin-specific regulatory T cell networks in the gut associated lymphoid tissue and promotes T-effector responses to OVA. Chronic intestinal helminth infection significantly reduced Th1-skewed antibody responses to oral vaccination with Salmonella-OVA. Activated, adoptively-transferred, OVA-specific CD4+ T cells accumulated in draining mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of vaccinated mice, irrespective of their helminth-infection status. However, helminth infection increased the frequencies of adoptively-transferred OVA-specific CD4+ T cells producing IL-4 and IL-10 in the MLN. Chronic intestinal helminth infection also significantly reduced Th2-skewed antibody responses to parenteral vaccination with OVA adsorbed to alum. These findings suggest helminth-induced impairment of vaccine antibody responses may be driven by the development of IL-10-secreting CD4+ T regulatory cells. They also underscore the potential need to treat parasitic infection before mass vaccination campaigns in helminth-endemic areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hardy, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapita, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belkaid, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagler, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iweala, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.508369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intestinal helminth infection impairs oral and parenteral vaccine efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overlapping Neural Representations for Dynamic Visual Imagery and Stationary Storage in Spatial Working Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Representations in working memory need to be flexibly transformed to adapt to our dynamic environment and variable task demands. Recent work has demonstrated that activity in the alpha frequency band enables precise decoding of visual information during both perception and sustained storage in working memory. Extant work, however, has focused exclusively on the representation of static visual images. Here we used EEG recordings to examine whether alpha-band activity supports the dynamic transformation of representations in spatial working memory using an imagery task that required the active shifting of a stored position to a new position. In line with recent findings, a common format of alpha-band activity precisely tracked both the initial position stored in working memory as well as the transformed position, with the latter emerging approximately 800-1200 ms following an auditory cue to "rotate" to a new position. Moreover, the time course of this transformation of alpha activity predicted between-subject differences in manual reaction time to indicate the new position (Experiment 1), as well as within-subject variations in saccade latency in a speeded version of the task (Experiment 2). Finally, cross-training analyses revealed robust generalization of alpha-band reconstruction of working memory contents before and after mental transformation. These findings demonstrate that alpha activity tracks dynamic transformations of representations in spatial working memory, and that the format of this activity is preserved across the initial and transformed memory representations. These findings highlight a new approach for measuring voluntary shifts in online memory representations and show common representational formats during dynamic mental imagery and the maintenance of static representations in working memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Günseli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutterer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todorova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.24.509255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overlapping Neural Representations for Dynamic Visual Imagery and Stationary Storage in Spatial Working Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.508928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating the ability of astrocytes to drive neural network synchrony 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.508928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent experimental works have implicated astrocytes as a significant cell type underlying several neuronal processes in the mammalian brain, from encoding sensory information to neurological disorders. Despite this progress, it is still unclear how astrocytes are communicating with and driving their neuronal neighbors. While previous computational modeling works have helped propose mechanisms responsible for driving these interactions, they have primarily focused on interactions at the synaptic level, with microscale models of calcium dynamics and neurotransmitter diffusion. Since it is computationally infeasible to include the intricate microscale details in a network-scale model, little computational work has been done to understand how astrocytes may be influencing spiking patterns and synchronization of large networks. We overcome this issue by first developing an "effective" astrocyte that can be easily implemented to already established network frameworks. We do this by showing that the astrocyte proximity to a synapse makes synaptic transmission faster, weaker, and less reliable. Thus, our "effective" astrocytes can be incorporated by considering heterogeneous synaptic time constants, which are parametrized only by the degree of astrocytic proximity at that synapse. We then apply our framework to large networks of exponential integrate-and-fire neurons with various spatial structures. Depending on key parameters, such as the number of synapses ensheathed and the strength of this ensheathment, we show that astrocytes can push the network to a synchronous state and exhibit spatially correlated patterns.

Author summaryIn many areas of the brain, glial cells called astrocytes wrap their processes around synapses - the points of contact between neurons. The number of wrapped synapses and the tightness of wrapping varies between brain areas and changes during some diseases, such as epilepsy. We investigate the effect that this synaptic ensheathment has on communication between neurons and the resulting collective dynamics of the neuronal network. We present a general, computationally-efficient way to include astrocytes in neuronal networks using an "effective astrocyte" representation derived from detailed microscopic scale models. The resulting hybrid networks allow us to emulate and observe the effect of ensheathment conditions corresponding to different brain areas and disease states. In particular, we find that it makes the networks more likely to switch into a highly correlated regime, contrary to predictions from the traditional neurons-only view. These results open a new perspective on neural network dynamics, where our understanding of conditions for generating correlated brain activity (e.g., rhythms associated with various brain functions, epileptic seizures) needs to be reevaluated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Handy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borisyuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.508928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating the ability of astrocytes to drive neural network synchrony]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.508945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced Complex Stability and Optimal JAK Geometry are Pivotal for a Potent Type III Interferon Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.508945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type I and III Interferons (IFN) constitute the host systems first line of defense against viral infections. Although the two families use distinct extracellular receptor complexes, an identical pair of Janus kinases (JAK) activates a similar set of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STATs) through a conserved pathway. Consequently, type I and III IFNs are presumed to activate a largely overlapping set of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and elicit similar biological responses. Therapeutically, type III IFNs are attractive alternatives to type I IFNs due to their innate tissue specificity and lower systemic toxicity. However, a major limitation of type III IFNs is the significantly lower potency of their physiological activities compared to type I IFNs. To evaluate the role of receptor geometry in IFN signaling, we engineered cell lines that express wild-type and mutant IFN{lambda} receptors (IFN{lambda}R1) with rotated intracellular registers with respect to the associated JAK1. Evaluation of downstream signaling and biological activity of type III IFNs in cells with varied JAK-JAK geometries uncovered variant receptors that result in potentiation of type III IFN signaling and all downstream activities. With the combined use of a high-affinity ligand to stabilize the extracellular receptor complex, we found that the optimization of the intracellular JAK-JAK geometry enhances the type III IFN antiviral and anti-proliferative activities by 2- and 3-logs, respectively. In addition to providing a molecular basis for the observed differences in potency between type I and III IFNs, this work provides deeper insights into broader cytokine signaling mechanisms and novel blueprints for modulating cytokine functions to develop next generation antiviral and anticancer therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.508945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced Complex Stability and Optimal JAK Geometry are Pivotal for a Potent Type III Interferon Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adjusting for genetic confounders in transcriptome-wide association studies leads to reliable detection of causal genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTLs), provide valuable information on the effects of genetic variants. Many methods have been developed to leverage eQTLs to nominate candidate genes of complex traits, including colocalization analysis, transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS), and Mendelian Randomization (MR)-based methods. All these methods, however, suffer from a key problem: when using the eQTLs of a gene to assess its role in a trait, nearby variants and nearby genetic components of expression of other genes can be correlated with the eQTLs of the test gene, while affecting the trait directly. These "genetic confounders" often lead to false discoveries. We introduced a novel statistical framework to address this challenge. Our method, causal-TWAS (cTWAS), borrowed ideas from statistical fine-mapping, and allowed us to adjust all genetic confounders. In our simulations, we found that existing methods based on TWAS, colocalization or MR all suffered from high false positive rates, often greater than 50%. In contrast, cTWAS showed calibrated false positive rates while maintaining power. Application of cTWAS on several common traits highlighted the weakness of existing methods and discovered novel candidate genes. In conclusion, cTWAS is a novel statistical framework to integrate eQTL and GWAS data, enabling reliable gene discoveries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crouse, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adjusting for genetic confounders in transcriptome-wide association studies leads to reliable detection of causal genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The TaxUMAP atlas: efficient display of large clinical microbiome data reveals ecological competition involved in protection against bacteremia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbiome is associated with health and disease, but causal effects are hard to quantify-- especially in humans where controlled experiments are nearly impossible. Akin to natural experiments, closely monitored patients offer an alternative to characterize microbiome effects. We present TaxUMAP, a taxonomically-informed visualization method to effectively display diverse microbiome states. TaxUMAP charts a microbiome atlas from 1,870 cancer patients as they progress through therapy-induced perturbations, and quantifies the microbiome contribution to patients risk for life-threatening bacteremia. We find that the lowest diversity states (gut dominations) that follow antibiotic treatments are stable, and that diverse communities harbor more diverse antimicrobial resistance genes than dominations. We reveal that certain Klebsiella species are associated with reduced risk for bacteremia, an effect driven by bacterial competition that we validate experimentally in vitro and in vivo. TaxUMAP effectively maps longitudinal microbiome data that can facilitate research into causal microbiome effects on human health.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LITaxUMAP charts an atlas of patients microbiome states and their clinical context to reveal new causal effects.
C_LIO_LIAntibiotics deplete the biodiversity and reduce the number of different antimicrobial resistance genes in the gut microbiome.
C_LIO_LICertain Klebsiella species are associated with lower risk of bacteremia by other gut-borne pathogens.
C_LIO_LIThese Klebsiella outcompete other gram-negative pathogens in vivo.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schluter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djukovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussey, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amoretti, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peled, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taur, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perales, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siranosian, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Brink, M. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The TaxUMAP atlas: efficient display of large clinical microbiome data reveals ecological competition involved in protection against bacteremia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial control of biofilm development by quorum-sensing and nutrient-sensing regulators. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections, inhabits and forms sessile antibiotic-resistant communities called biofilms in a wide range of biotic and abiotic environments. In this study, we examined how two global sensory signaling pathways - the RhlR quorum-sensing system and the CbrA/CbrB nutritional adaptation system - intersect to control biofilm development. Previous work has shown that individually these two systems repress biofilm formation. Here, we used biofilm analyses, RNA-seq, and reporter assays to explore the combined effect of information flow through RhlR and CbrA on biofilm development. We find that the {Delta}rhlR{Delta}cbrA double mutant exhibits a biofilm morphology and an associated transcriptional response distinct from wildtype and the parent {Delta}rhlR and {Delta}cbrA mutants indicating codominance of each signaling pathway. The {Delta}rhlR{Delta}cbrA mutant rapidly gains suppressor mutations that map to the carbon catabolite repression protein Crc. The combined absence of RhlR and CbrA leads to drastic reduction in the abundance of the Crc antagonist small RNA CrcZ. Thus, CrcZ acts as the molecular convergence point for quorum- and nutrient-sensing cues. Furthermore, in the absence of antagonism by CrcZ, Crc promotes the expression of biofilm matrix components - Pel exopolysaccharide, and CupB and CupC fimbriae. Therefore, this study uncovers a regulatory link between nutritional adaption and quorum sensing with potential implications for anti-biofilm targeting strategies.

AUTHOR SUMMARYBacterial pathogens often form multicellular communities encased in an extra cytoplasmic matrix called biofilms as a virulence strategy. Biofilm development is controlled by various environmental stimuli that are decoded and converted into appropriate cellular responses. How information from two or more stimuli is integrated is poorly understood. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation as a model, we studied the intersection of two global sensory signaling pathways - quorum sensing and nutritional adaptation. We find parallel regulation by each pathway that converges on the abundance of a small RNA. Thus, we describe a regulatory link between P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing and nutritional adaptation pathways that allows integration of information from each system into the control of biofilm development. These results expand our understanding of the genetic regulatory strategies that allow P. aeruginosa to successfully colonize host during chronic infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkelman, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkelman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial control of biofilm development by quorum-sensing and nutrient-sensing regulators.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subpopulation Codes Permit Information Modulation Across Cortical States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical state is modulated by myriad cognitive and physiological mechanisms. Yet it is still unclear how changes in cortical state relate to changes in neuronal processing. Previous studies have reported state dependent changes in response gain or population-wide shared variability, motivated by the fact that both are important determinants of the performance of any population code. However, if the state-conditioned cortical regime is well-captured by a linear input-output response (as is often the case), then the linear Fisher information (FI) about a stimulus available to a decoder is invariant to state changes. In this study we show that by contrast, when one restricts a decoder to a subset of a cortical population, information within the subpopulation can increase through a modulation of cortical state. A clear example of such a subpopulation code is one in which decoders only receive projections from excitatory cells in a recurrent excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) network. We demonstrate the counterintuitive fact that when decoding only from E cells, it is exclusively the I cell response gain and connectivity which govern how information changes. Additionally, we propose a parametrically simplified approach to studying the effect of state change on subpopulation codes. Our results reveal the importance of inhibitory circuitry in modulating information flow in recurrent cortical networks, and establish a framework in which to develop deeper mechanistic insight into the impact of cortical state changes on information processing in these circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Getz, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.28.509815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subpopulation Codes Permit Information Modulation Across Cortical States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent expression of aristaless1 and aristaless2 is associated with embryonic appendage and pupal wing development in butterflies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aristaless is a major regulator of developmental processes. It is well known for its role during appendage specification and extension across animals. Butterflies and moths have two copies of aristaless, aristaless1 (al1) and aristaless2 (al2), as a result of a gene duplication event. Previous work in Heliconius has shown that both copies appear to have novel functions related to wing color patterning. Here we expand our knowledge on the expression profiles associated with both ancestral and novel functions of Al1 across embryogenesis and wing pigmentation. Furthermore, we characterize Al2 expression, providing a comparative framework for understanding the role of gene duplicates in novel and ancestral roles. Our work shows that both Al1 and Al2 expression are associated with developing sensory appendages (leg, mouth, spines, and eyes) in embryos. Interestingly, Al1 appears to show higher expression earlier in embryogenesis while the highest levels of Al2 expression are shifted to later stages of embryonic development. Furthermore, Al1 localization appears extranuclear while Al2 co-localizes tightly with nuclei earlier, and then also expands outside the nucleus later in development. We observed similar cellular expression patterns for Al1 and Al2 in pupal wings when examining their roles in pigmentation. We also describe, for the first time, how Al1 localization appear to correlates with zones of Anterior/Posterior elongation of the body during embryonic growth, showcasing a possible new function related to Aristaless previously described role in appendage extension. Overall, these data suggest similar developmental roles associated with the extension/formation of specific appendages for both duplicates. However, we describe that such functions might be regulated by spatially and temporally complex patterns of expression for al1 and al2. This work expands our knowledge of Aristaless function and expression following gene duplication and the implications of the duplication on butterfly development. Finally, and more fundamentally, our study helps clarify principles behind sub-functionalization and gene expression evolution associated with developmental functions following gene duplication events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bayala, E. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisneros, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massardo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanKuren, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronforst, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.28.509918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent expression of aristaless1 and aristaless2 is associated with embryonic appendage and pupal wing development in butterflies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-analysis refinement of plasma extracellular vesicle composition identifies proplatelet basic protein as a signaling messenger in type 1 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.28.509996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles in cell-to-cell communication and are potential biomarkers as they carry markers of their derived tissues and disease signatures. However, obtaining pure EV preparations from biofluids is challenging due to contaminants with similar physicochemical properties. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of plasma EV proteomics data deposited in public repositories to refine the protein composition of EVs and investigate potential roles in type 1 diabetes development. With the concept that each purification method yields different proportions of distinct contaminants, we grouped proteins into clusters based on their abundance profiles. This allowed us to separate clusters with classical EV markers, such as CD9, CD40, C63 and CD81, from clusters of well-known contaminants, such as serum albumin, apolipoproteins and components of the complement and coagulation pathways. Two clusters containing a total of 1720 proteins combined were enriched with EV markers and depleted in common contaminants; therefore, they were considered to contain bona fide EV components. As possible origins of plasma EVs, these clusters had markers of tissues such as spleen, liver, brain, lungs, pancreas, and blood/immune cells. These clusters were also enriched in cell surface markers CD antigens, and proteins from cell-to-cell communication and signaling pathways, such as chemokine signaling and antigen presentation. We also show that the EV component and type 1 diabetes biomarker, platelet basic protein (PPBP/CXCL7) regulates apoptosis in both beta and macrophage cell lines. Overall, our meta-analysis refined the composition of plasma EVs, reinforcing a primary function as messengers for cell-to-cell communication and signaling. Furthermore, this analysis identifies optimal avenues to target EVs for development of disease biomarkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vallejo, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanadham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayasu, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.28.509996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-analysis refinement of plasma extracellular vesicle composition identifies proplatelet basic protein as a signaling messenger in type 1 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and Automated Protein-DNA/RNA Macromolecular Complex Modeling from Cryo-EM Maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) allows a macromolecular structure such as protein-DNA/RNA complexes to be reconstructed in a three-dimensional coulomb potential map. The structural information of these macromolecular complexes forms the foundation for understanding the molecular mechanism including many human diseases. However, the model building of large macromolecular complexes is often difficult and time-consuming. We recently developed DeepTracer-2.0, an artificial intelligence-based pipeline that can build amino acid and nucleic acid backbones from a single cryo-EM map, and even predict the best-fit residues according to the density of side chains. The experiments showed improved accuracy and efficiency when benchmarking the performance on independent experimental maps of protein-DNA/RNA complexes and demonstrated the promising future of macromolecular modeling from cryo-EM maps. Our method and pipeline could benefit researchers worldwide who work in molecular biomedicine and drug discovery, and substantially increase the throughput of the cryo-EM model building. The pipeline has been integrated into the web portal https://deeptracer.uw.edu/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.29.510189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and Automated Protein-DNA/RNA Macromolecular Complex Modeling from Cryo-EM Maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Locus coeruleus norepinephrine selectively controls visual attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Norepinephrine (NE) neuromodulation plays a role in diverse non-specific physiological and cognitive functions including wakefulness, arousal, and cognitive performance. NE modulation of neuronal responses in the cerebral cortex has been proposed to mediate improved task-specific behavior by enhancing sensory processing. However, the sensory-specific NE contribution on performance remains unknown. We directly tested the role of NE-mediated neuromodulation of sensory signals on perceptual performance in non-human primates doing visual spatial attention tasks. We found that NE neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) respond selectively to an attended stimulus. Optogenetically enhancing the sensory-specific responses of LC-NE neurons improved the monkeys sensory discrimination in a spatially selectively way, without affecting motor processing. These findings identify a specific contribution of NE neuromodulation of sensory representations to selective attention and performance.

One-Sentence SummaryOptogenetic activation of monkey locus coeruleus causes a strong and spatially selective improvement in visual sensitivity.

Graphical abstractElevation of phasic norepinephrine signal by optogenetic stimulation of locus coeruleus in non-human primates selectively improves attentional performance that attributes to enhanced sensory sensitivity.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=96 SRC="FIGDIR/small/510394v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maunsell, J. H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Locus coeruleus norepinephrine selectively controls visual attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510547v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of silicon chip microstructures for in-line microbial cell lysis in soft microfluidics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510547v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The paper presents fabrication methodologies that integrate silicon components into soft microfluidic devices to perform microbial cell lysis for biological applications. The integration methodology consists of a silicon chip that is fabricated with microstructure arrays and embedded in a microfluidic device, which is driven by piezoelectric actuation to perform cell lysis by physically breaking microbial cell walls via micromechanical impaction. We present different silicon microarray geometries, their fabrication techniques, integration of said microarrays into microfluidic devices, device operation and testing on synthetic microbeads and microbial cells to evaluate their efficacy. The generalized strategy developed for silicon chip integration into soft polymeric devices can serve as an important process step for a new class of hybrid silicon-polymeric devices for future cellular processing applications. The proposed integration methodology can be scalable and integrated as an in-line cell lysis tool with existing microfluidics assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nittala, P. V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohreiter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linhard, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dohn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divan, R. N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510547</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of silicon chip microstructures for in-line microbial cell lysis in soft microfluidics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Entropic control of the free energy landscape of an archetypal biomolecular machine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular machines are complex macromolecular assemblies that utilize thermal and chemical energy to perform essential, multistep, cellular processes. Despite possessing different architectures and functions, an essential feature of the mechanisms-of-action of all such machines is that they require dynamic rearrangements of structural components. Surprisingly, biomolecular machines generally possess only a limited set of such motions, suggesting that these dynamics must be repurposed to drive different mechanistic steps. Although ligands that interact with these machines are known to drive such repurposing, the physical and structural mechanisms through which ligands achieve this remain unknown. Using temperature-dependent, single-molecule measurements analyzed with a time-resolution-enhancing algorithm, here we dissect the free energy landscape of an archetypal biomolecular machine, the bacterial ribosome, to reveal how its dynamics are repurposed to drive distinct steps during ribosome-catalyzed protein synthesis. Specifically, we show that the free energy landscape of the ribosome encompasses a network of allosterically coupled structural elements that coordinates the motions of these elements. Moreover, we reveal that ribosomal ligands which participate in disparate steps of the protein synthesis pathway repurpose this network by differentially modulating the structural flexibility of the ribosomal complex (i.e., the entropic component of the free energy landscape). We propose that such ligand-dependent entropic control of free energy landscapes has evolved as a general strategy through which ligands may regulate the functions of all biomolecular machines. Such entropic control is therefore an important driver in the evolution of naturally occurring biomolecular machines and a critical consideration for the design of synthetic molecular machines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinz-Thompson, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Entropic control of the free energy landscape of an archetypal biomolecular machine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.510603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The X-factor in ART: does the use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies influence DNA methylation on the X chromosome? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.510603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAssisted reproductive technologies (ART) may perturb DNA methylation (DNAm) in early embryonic development. Although a handful of epigenome-wide association studies of ART have been published, none have investigated CpGs on the X chromosome. To bridge this knowledge gap, we leveraged one of the largest collections of mother-father-newborn trios of ART and non-ART (natural) conceptions to date to investigate DNAm differences on the X chromosome.

Materials and MethodsThe discovery cohort consisted of 982 ART and 963 non-ART trios from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). The replication cohort consisted of 149 ART and 58 non-ART neonates from the Australian "Clinical review of the Health of adults conceived following Assisted Reproductive Technologies" (CHART) study. The Illumina EPIC array was used to measure DNA methylation (DNAm) in both datasets. In the MoBa cohort, we performed a set of X-chromosome-wide association studies ("XWASs" hereafter) to search for sex-specific DNAm differences between ART and non-ART newborns. We tested several models to investigate the influence of various confounders, including parental DNAm. We also searched for differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and regions of co-methylation flanking the most significant CpGs. For replication purposes, we ran an analogous model to our main model on the CHART dataset.

Results and conclusionsIn the MoBa cohort, we found more differentially methylated CpGs and DMRs in girls than boys. Most of the associations persisted even after controlling for parental DNAm and other confounders. Many of the significant CpGs and DMRs were in gene-promoter regions, and several of the genes linked to these CpGs are expressed in tissues relevant for both ART and sex (testis, placenta, and fallopian tube). We found no support for parental infertility as an explanation for the observed associations in the newborns. The most significant CpG in the boys-only analysis was in UBE2DNL, which is expressed in testes but with unknown function. The most significant CpGs in the girls-only analysis were in EIF2S3 and AMOT. These three loci also displayed differential DNAm in the CHART cohort. Overall, genes that co-localized with the significant CpGs and DMRs are implicated in several key biological processes (e.g., neurodevelopment) and disorders (e.g., intellectual disability and autism. These connections are particularly compelling in light of previous findings indicating that neurodevelopmental outcomes differ in ART-conceived children compared to naturally-conceived.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romanowska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nustad, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denault, W. R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohlin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnus, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haftorn, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjerdevik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novakovic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saffery, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjessing, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnus, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberg, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jugessur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.510603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The X-factor in ART: does the use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies influence DNA methylation on the X chromosome?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single amino acid change drives left- right asymmetry in Bilateria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetries are essential for proper organization and function of organ systems. Genetic studies in deuterostomes have shown signaling through the Nodal/Smad2 pathway plays a key, conserved role in the establishment of body asymmetries. While Nodal signaling is required for the establishment of left-right asymmetry (LRA) across bilaterian species, little is known about the regulation of Nodal signaling in spiralians. Here, we identified orthologs of the egf-cfc gene, a master regulator of the Nodal pathway in vertebrates, in several invertebrate species, the first evidence of its presence in non-deuterostomes. Our functional experiments indicate that despite being present, egf-cfc does not play a role in the establishment LRA in gastropods. However, experiments in zebrafish suggest that a single amino acid mutation in the egf-cfc gene in the deuterostome common ancestor was the necessary step in inducing a gain-of-function in LRA regulation. This study shows that that the egf-cfc gene likely appeared in the bilaterian stem lineage, before being adopted as a master mechanism to regulate the Nodal pathway and the establishment of LRA in deuterostomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Truchado-Garcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavodeassi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grande, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single amino acid change drives left- right asymmetry in Bilateria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.08.511420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical potential measurements constrain models of cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.08.511420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bilayer membranes composed of cholesterol and phospholipids exhibit diverse forms of non-ideal mixing. In particular, many previous studies document macroscopic liquid-liquid phase separation as well as nanometer-scale heterogeneity in membranes of phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids and cholesterol. Here, we present experimental measurements of cholesterol chemical potential (c) in binary membranes containing dioleoyl PC (DOPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl PC (POPC), or dipalmitoyl PC (DPPC), and in ternary membranes of DOPC and DPPC, adapting a calibrated experimental protocol developed to measure c in cells (Ayuyan and Cohen, Biophys. J. 114:904-918). c is the thermodynamic quantity that dictates the availability of cholesterol to bind other factors, and notably must be equal between coexisting phases of a phase-separated mixture. It is simply related to concentration under conditions of ideal mixing but is found to be far from ideal for the majority of lipid mixtures investigated. Here we perform experimental measurements of c, constraining thermodynamic models of membrane interactions. Our measurements are consistent with models involving cholesterol-phospholipid complexes, but only if complexes are more weakly bound than has been assumed in previous reports. Experimental measurements are also well described by regular solution theory and lattice models with pairwise interactions between components. We find that c can vary by ~1.5 kBT at constant cholesterol mole-fraction implying a more than five-fold change in its availability for binding receptors and other reactions. These findings reinforce that c depends on membrane composition overall, suggesting avenues for cells to alter the availability of cholesterol without varying cholesterol concentration.

SIGNIFICANCEThe chemical potential of cholesterol (c) reflects its availability to interact with other molecules. In a complex mixtures this chemical potential can vary dramatically even at fixed cholesterol concentration. In this report, we present measurements of c in bilayer membranes composed of mixtures of cholesterol with one or two phospholipids. We find that c in these mixtures depends strongly on the phospholipids that are present, with activity varying by a factor of more than five at fixed cholesterol concentration. This suggests that the availability of cholesterol in biological membranes could be tuned without altering cholesterol concentration directly, by adjusting the concentration of other lipid or protein components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaw, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisser, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffner, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaffney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veatch, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.08.511420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical potential measurements constrain models of cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GenSLMs: Genome-scale language models reveal SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary dynamics. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We seek to transform how new and emergent variants of pandemiccausing viruses, specifically SARS-CoV-2, are identified and classified. By adapting large language models (LLMs) for genomic data, we build genome-scale language models (GenSLMs) which can learn the evolutionary landscape of SARS-CoV-2 genomes. By pretraining on over 110 million prokaryotic gene sequences and finetuning a SARS-CoV-2-specific model on 1.5 million genomes, we show that GenSLMs can accurately and rapidly identify variants of concern. Thus, to our knowledge, GenSLMs represents one of the first whole genome scale foundation models which can generalize to other prediction tasks. We demonstrate scaling of GenSLMs on GPU-based supercomputers and AI-hardware accelerators utilizing 1.63 Zettaflops in training runs with a sustained performance of 121 PFLOPS in mixed precision and peak of 850 PFLOPS. We present initial scientific insights from examining GenSLMs in tracking evolutionary dynamics of SARS-CoV-2, paving the path to realizing this on large biological data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zvyagin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hippe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orozco Bohorquez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clyde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Rivera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauloski, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayot, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foreman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahdat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papka, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brettin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anandkumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwanath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GenSLMs: Genome-scale language models reveal SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary dynamics.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endosomal Trafficking of Two Pore K+ Efflux Channel TWIK2 to Plasmalemma Mediates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Inflammatory Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Potassium efflux via the two pore K+ channel TWIK2 is a requisite step for the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, however it is unclear how the efflux is activated in response to cues. Here we report that during homeostasis, TWIK2 resides in endosomal compartments. TWIK2 is transported by endosomal fusion to the plasmalemma in response to increased extracellular ATP resulting in extrusion of K+ ATP-induced endosomal TWIK2 plasmalemma translocation is regulated by Rab11a. Deleting Rab11a or ATP ligated purinergic receptor P2X7 prevented endosomal fusion with the plasmalemma and K+ efflux and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. Adoptive transfer of Rab11a-deleted macrophages into mouse lungs prevented NLRP3 inflammasome activation and inflammatory lung injury. Rab11a-mediated endosomal trafficking in macrophages thus regulates TWIK2 abundance and activity on the cell surface and downstream activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Endosomal trafficking of TWIK2 to the plasmalemma is therefore a potential therapy target in acute or chronic inflammatory states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Di, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.12.511914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endosomal Trafficking of Two Pore K+ Efflux Channel TWIK2 to Plasmalemma Mediates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Inflammatory Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.511998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Export of discarded splicing intermediates requires mRNA export factors and the nuclear basket 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.511998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To promote fidelity in nuclear pre-mRNA splicing, the spliceosome rejects and discards suboptimal splicing substrates after they have engaged the spliceosome. Although nuclear quality control mechanisms have been proposed to retain immature mRNPs, evidence indicates that discarded splicing substrates, including lariat intermediates, do export to the cytoplasm, as indicated by their translation and degradation by cytoplasmic nucleases. However, the mechanism for exporting these species has remained unknown. By single molecule (sm) RNA FISH in budding yeast, we have directly observed the nuclear export of lariat intermediates. Further, by crosslinking, export reporter assays, and smRNA FISH, we have demonstrated that the export of lariat intermediates requires the general mRNA export receptor Mex67p and three of its mRNA export adapter proteins, Nab2p, Yra1p, and Nlp3, establishing that mRNAs and lariat intermediates share the same export machinery. Unexpectedly, the export of lariat intermediates, but not mRNA, requires an interaction between Nab2p and Mlp1p, a nuclear basket component implicated in retaining immature mRNPs, including unspliced pre-mRNA, in the nucleus of budding yeast. Finally, the export of lariat intermediates, like mRNA, relies on the E3 ubiquitin ligase Tom1p and its target sites in Yra1p. Overall, our data indicate that the nuclear basket can promote, rather than antagonize, the export of an immature mRNP. Further, our data imply that the export of discarded lariat intermediates requires both Mlp1p-dependent docking onto the nuclear basket and subsequent Tom1p-mediated undocking, a mechanism our data suggests functions in the export of mRNA also but in a manner obscured by redundant pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staley, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.511998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Export of discarded splicing intermediates requires mRNA export factors and the nuclear basket]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of Microbial Methane Oxidation by     2-Chloro-6-Methylpyridine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several pyridine derivatives including the pesticide nitrapyrin [2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine] are strong inhibitors of methane monooxygenase, a key enzyme of aerobic methane (CH4) oxidation. In this study we examined the effects of 2-chloro-6-methylpyridine (2C6MP) concentration on aerobic CH4 oxidation and the development of populations of putative methanotrophs in sediment from Old Woman Creek, a freshwater estuary in Huron Co., Ohio. Experimental systems were prepared in serum bottles containing minimal medium with a headspace containing 20% O2 and 10% CH4. The microcosms were spiked with 2C6MP to achieve concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1, or 10 mM and inoculated with sediment. When headspace CH4 concentrations decreased from 10% to < 2%, subsamples were taken for DNA extraction and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. There was minimal effect of 2C6MP on CH4 oxidation at concentrations of 0.1, and 1 mM, but complete inhibition for > 20 months was observed at 10 mM. ANOSIM of weighted UniFrac distances between groups of triplicate samples supported a primary distinction of the inoculum relative to the enrichments (R=0.999) and a secondary distinction between bottles containing 2C6MP versus those without (R=0.464 [0.1 mM]; R=0.894 [1 mM]). The inoculum was dominated by members of the Proteobacteria (49.9{+/-}1.5%), and to a lesser extent by Bacteroidetes (8.8{+/-}0.2%), Acidobacteria (8.9{+/-}0.4%), and Verrucomicrobia (4.4{+/-}0.3%). In enrichments with or without 2C6MP, Proteobacteria expanded to comprise 65-70% of the total. In the absence of inhibitor, members of the Methylococcaceae and Methylophilaceae increased in relative abundance from < 0.1% of the inoculum to 8.5{+/-}1.0% and 13.4{+/-}2.3%, of the total community respectively. At both 0.1 and 1 mM concentrations of the inhibitor, the Methylococcaceae were much less abundant, representing 3.3{+/-}0.5% and 2.8{+/-}3.3% respectively. No inhibition of the Methylophilaceae was seen at the lower concentration of 2C6MP, but at the higher concentration this taxon was only 7.8{+/-}1.1% of the total. In contrast, members of the Crenotrichaceae, another group of methane oxidizers, increased in relative abundance with greater amounts of inhibitor, representing 8.6{+/-}3.6% of the total at 0.1 mM and 12.0{+/-}4.5% at 1 mM, compared to only 4.1{+/-}0.4% when no inhibitor was present. These results clearly show changes in the populations of putative aerobic methanotrophs relative to the amount of 2C6MP present.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Loughlin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonopoulos, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arend, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koval, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of Microbial Methane Oxidation by     2-Chloro-6-Methylpyridine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unified model for the dynamics of ATP-independent ultrafast contraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In nature, several ciliated protists possess the remarkable ability to execute ultrafast motions using protein assemblies called myonemes, which contract in response to Ca2+ ions. Existing theories, such as actomyosin contractility and macroscopic biomechanical latches, do not adequately describe these systems, necessitating new models to understand their mechanisms. In this study, we image and quantitatively analyze the contractile kinematics observed in two ciliated protists (Vorticella sp and Spirostomum sp), and, based on the mechanochemistry of these organisms, we propose a minimal mathematical model that reproduces our observations as well as those published previously. Analyzing the model reveals three distinct dynamic regimes, differentiated by the rate of chemical driving and the importance of inertia. We characterize their unique scaling behaviors and kinematic signatures. Besides providing insights into Ca2+-powered myoneme contraction in protists, our work may also inform the rational design of ultrafast bioengineered systems such as active synthetic cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Floyd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molines, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honts, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elting, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaikuntanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.512304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unified model for the dynamics of ATP-independent ultrafast contraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A context-dependent switch from sensing to feeling in the primate amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.15.512319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The skin transmits affective signals that integrate into our social vocabulary. As the socio-affective aspects of touch are likely processed in the amygdala, we compared neural responses to social grooming and gentle airflow recorded from the amygdala and the primary somatosensory cortex of non-human primates. Neurons in the somatosensory cortex responded to both types of tactile stimuli. In the amygdala, however, neurons did not respond to individual grooming sweeps even though grooming elicited autonomic states indicative of positive affect. Instead, many showed changes in baseline firing rates that persisted throughout the grooming bout. Such baseline fluctuations were attributed to social context because the presence of the groomer alone could account for the observed changes in baseline activity. It appears, therefore, that during grooming, the amygdala stops responding to external inputs on a short time scale but remains responsive to social context (or the associated affective states) on longer time scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillier, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuglevand, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gothard, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.15.512319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A context-dependent switch from sensing to feeling in the primate amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear speckle-localized RNAs exhibit preferential positioning and orientation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA molecules often play critical roles in assisting the formation of membraneless organelles in eukaryotic cells. Yet, little is known about the organization of RNAs within membraneless organelles. Here, using super-resolution imaging and nuclear speckles as a model system, we demonstrate that different sequence domains of RNA transcripts exhibit differential spatial distributions within speckles. Specifically, we image transcripts containing a region enriched in SR protein binding motifs and another region enriched in hnRNP binding motifs. We show that these transcripts localize to the outer shell of speckles, with the SR motif-rich region localized closer to the speckle center relative to the hnRNP motif-rich region. Further, we identify that this intra-speckle RNA organization is driven by the strength of RNA-protein interactions inside and outside speckles. Our results hint at novel functional roles of nuclear speckles and likely other membraneless organelles in organizing RNA substrates for biochemical reactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear speckle-localized RNAs exhibit preferential positioning and orientation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adipocytes reprogram glucose metabolism in cancer cells promoting metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the tumor microenvironment, adipocytes function as an alternate fuel source for cancer cells. However, whether adipocytes influence macromolecular biosynthesis in cancer cells is unknown. Here, we systematically characterized the bi-directional interaction between primary human adipocytes and ovarian cancer (OvCa) cells using multi-platform metabolomics, imaging mass spectrometry, [13C]-glucose isotope tracing, and gene expression analysis. We report that omental tumor explants and OvCa cells co-cultured with adipocytes divert part of the glucose from glycolysis and TCA cycle towards glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) synthesis. Normoxic HIF1 protein, stabilized by adipokines, regulate this altered flow of glucose-derived carbons in cancer cells, resulting in increased synthesis of glycerophospholipids (GPL) and triacylglycerols. Blocking adipocyte-induced HIF1 expression increases lipid peroxidation levels in cancer cells and sensitizes them to ferroptosis-mediated cell death. Subsequently, the knockdown of HIF1 or G3P acyltransferase 3 (a regulatory enzyme of GPL synthesis) reduced metastasis in xenograft models of OvCa. In summary, we show that in an adipose-rich tumor microenvironment, cancer cells generate G3P as a precursor for critical membrane and signaling components, thereby promoting metastasis. Targeting biosynthetic processes specific to adipose-rich tumor microenvironments might be an effective strategy against metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezwada, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandbergen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesco Greco, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasdemir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahrmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grapov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Frano, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonnell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nezi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiehn, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBerardinis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengyel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adipocytes reprogram glucose metabolism in cancer cells promoting metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevention of thrombocytopenia and thrombosis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) using deglycosylated KKO: A novel therapeutic? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.19.512755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is characterized by mild thrombocytopenia associated with a highly prothrombotic state due to the development of pathogenic antibodies that recognize human (h) platelet factor 4 (PF4) complexed with various polyanions. While non-heparin anticoagulants and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) are the mainstay of care, bleeding may develop, and risk of new thromboembolic events remain. We had described a mouse IgG{kappa}2b antibody KKO that mimics the sentinel features of pathogenic HIT antibodies, including binding to the same neoepitope on hPF4:polyanion complexes. KKO, like HIT IgGs, activates platelets through Fc{gamma}RIIA and induces complement activation. We now asked whether Fc-modified KKO can be used as a novel therapeutic to prevent or treat HIT. Using the endoglycosidase EndoS, we created deglycosylated KKO (DGKKO). DGKKO bound to PF4-polyanion complexes, and blocked Fc{gamma}RIIA-dependent activation of PF4 treated platelets by KKO, 5B9 (another HIT-like monoclonal antibody), and isolated IgGs from HIT patients. DGKKO also decreased complement activation and deposition of C3c on platelets. Injection of DGKKO into "HIT mice" lacking mouse PF4, but transgenic for hPF4 and Fc{gamma}RIIA, prevented and reversed thrombocytopenia when injected before or after KKO, 5B9 or HIT IgG, respectively, in a microfluidic system. DGKKO reversed antibody-induced thrombus growth in HIT mice. In contrast, DGKKO was ineffective in preventing thrombosis by IgG from a patient with the HIT-related disorder, vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Thus, DGKKO may represent a new class of therapeutics for targeted treatment of patients with HIT.

Key PointsO_LIDeglycosylated (DG) KKO can reverse thrombocytopenia in a HIT murine model.
C_LIO_LIDGKKO can prevent/reverse thrombosis in vitro and in a HIT murine model.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandelwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wool, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arepally, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cines, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poncz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.19.512755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevention of thrombocytopenia and thrombosis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) using deglycosylated KKO: A novel therapeutic?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal birthdate reveals topography in a vestibular brainstem circuit for gaze stabilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across the nervous system, neurons with similar attributes are topographically organized. This topography reflects developmental pressures. Oddly, vestibular (balance) nuclei are thought to be disorganized. By measuring activity in birthdated neurons, we revealed a functional map within the central vestibular projection nucleus that stabilizes gaze in the larval zebrafish. We first discovered that both somatic position and stimulus selectivity follow projection neuron birthdate. Next, with electron microscopy and loss-of-function assays, we found that patterns of peripheral innervation to projection neurons were similarly organized by birthdate. Lastly, birthdate revealed spatial patterns of axonal arborization and synapse formation to projection neuron outputs. Collectively, we find that development reveals previously hidden organization to the input, processing, and output layers of a highly-conserved vertebrate sensorimotor circuit. The spatial and temporal attributes we uncover constrain the developmental mechanisms that may specify the fate, function, and organization of vestibulo-ocular reflex neurons. More broadly, our data suggest that, like invertebrates, temporal mechanisms may assemble vertebrate sensorimotor architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldblatt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greaney, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamling, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voleti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Campos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, E. M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagnall, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoppik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.513243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal birthdate reveals topography in a vestibular brainstem circuit for gaze stabilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TGF-β promotes the postselection thymic development and peripheral function of interferon-γ-producing iNKT cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.23.513409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interferon-{gamma} producing invariant natural killer T (iNKT1) cells are lipid reactive innate-like lymphocytes that are resident in the thymus and peripheral tissues where they protect against pathogenic infection. The thymic functions of iNKT1 cells are not fully elucidated but subsets of thymic iNKT cells modulate CD8 T cell, dendritic cell, B cell and thymic epithelial cell numbers or function. Here we show that a subset of thymic iNKT1 cells require transforming growth factor (TGF)-{beta} induced signals for their development and for expression of residency associated adhesion receptors. Liver and spleen iNKT1 cells do not share this TGF-{beta} gene signature but nonetheless TGF-{beta} is required for optimal liver iNKT1 cell function. Our findings provide insight into the heterogeneity of mechanisms guiding iNKT1 cell development in different tissues and suggest a close association between a subset of iNKT1 cells and TGF-{beta} producing cells in the thymus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgan, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigvardsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartom, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kee, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.23.513409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TGF-β promotes the postselection thymic development and peripheral function of interferon-γ-producing iNKT cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A general approach to discover conformational epitope-directed binders for selective inhibition of protein proteolytic activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.24.513434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Directing antibodies to a particular epitope among many possible on a target protein is a significant challenge. Here we present a simple and general method for epitope-directed selection (EDS) using a differential phage selection strategy. This involves engineering the protein of interest (POI) with the epitope of interest (EOI) mutated using a systematic bioinformatics algorithm to guide the local design of an EOI decoy variant. Using several alternating rounds of negative selection with the EOI decoy variant followed by positive selection on the wild-type (WT) POI, we were able to identify highly specific and potent antibodies to five different EOI antigens that bind and functionally block known sites of proteolysis. Among these we developed highly specific antibodies that target the proteolytic site on the CUB domain containing protein 1 (CDCP1) to prevent its proteolysis allowing us to study the cellular maturation of this event that triggers malignancy. We generated antibodies that recognize the junction between the pro and catalytic domains for four different matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), such as MMP1, MMP3, and MMP9, that selectively block activation of each of these enzymes and impairs cell migration. We targeted a proteolytic epitope on the cell surface receptor, EPH Receptor A2, that is known to transform it from a tumor suppressor to an oncoprotein. We believe the EDS method greatly facilitates the generation antibodies to specific EOIs on a wide range of proteins and enzymes for broad therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

SignificanceWe have developed a highly efficient platform to facilitate the directed selection in vitro of antibodies to a wide range of functional epitopes on proteins. This method uses a bioinformatic program to guide mutations in the local site of interest to create a decoy antigen that can effectively remove antibodies not binding the site of interest by negative selection, followed by positive selection with the WT antigen to identify antibodies to the epitope of interest. We demonstrate the generality and versatility of this method by successfully producing functional antibodies to block specific proteolytically sensitive epitopes on five different proteins including enzymes important in cancer. The epitope-directed selection (EDS) approach greatly facilitates the identification of binders to specific sites of interest on proteins to probe function and as potential immunotherapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.24.513434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A general approach to discover conformational epitope-directed binders for selective inhibition of protein proteolytic activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of dendritic cell-T cell interactions driving immune responses to food 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestinal immune system must concomitantly tolerate food and commensals and protect against pathogens. Dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate these immune responses by presenting luminal antigens and inducing functional differentiation of CD4+ T cells into regulatory (pTreg) or pro-inflammatory (Th) subsets. However, the exact nature of the DCs inducing tolerance or inflammation to dietary antigens has been difficult to define. Using an intestine-adapted Labeling Immune Partnerships by SorTagging Intercellular Contacts (LIPSTIC) combined with single-cell transcriptomics, we characterized DCs presenting dietary antigens in the context of tolerance or infection. At steady-state, migratory cDC1 and cDC2 DCs, but not resident DCs, were found to present dietary antigen to cognate CD4+ T cells. Whereas cDC2s promoted T cell activation, only cDC1s induced their differentiation into pTregs. Infection with the helminth Strongyloides venezuelensis abrogated cDC1 presentation of dietary antigens, preventing pTreg and oral tolerance induction. In contrast, Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection only partially affected cDC1s, allowing oral tolerance to be maintained. An expanded population of cDC2s that induced type-2 immunity during both helminth infections did not present dietary antigens, demonstrating that compartmentalized presentation of luminal antigens can prevent food-specific Th2 responses during inflammatory conditions. Our data uncover novel cellular mechanisms by which tolerance to food is induced and can be disrupted during infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canesso, M. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakandakari-Higa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockhart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esterhazy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victora, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mucida, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.26.513772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of dendritic cell-T cell interactions driving immune responses to food]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-enhancer hub at the Ets1 locus controls T cell differentiation and allergic inflammation through 3D genome topology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-enhancer hubs are spatial clusters of enhancers which have been recently characterized across numerous developmental programs. Yet, the functional relevance of these three-dimensional (3D) structures is poorly understood. Here we show that the multiplicity of enhancers interacting with the transcription factor Ets1 is essential to control the precise expression level of this gene in response to cellular cues, and the failure to do so can lead to allergic diseases. Focusing on T cells as a model, we identified a highly connected multi-enhancer hub at the Ets1 locus, comprising a noncoding regulatory element that is a hotspot for sequence variation associated with allergic diseases. We deleted this hotspot and found that the multi-enhancer connectivity is dispensable for T cell development but required for CD4+ T helper (Th1) differentiation in response to changes in the cytokine milieu. Mice lacking this hotspot are thus protected from Th1-mediated colitis but demonstrate an overt allergic response to house dust mites, a T cell-mediated response which is dampened by Th1 cells. Mechanistically, the multi-enhancer hub controls the expression level of Ets1 that is dispensable for the active enhancer landscape but required for the Th1-specific genome topology through recruitment of CTCF. Together, we establish a paradigm for the functional and mechanistic relevance of multi-enhancer hubs controlling cellular competence to respond specifically to an inductive cue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michieletto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasolino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joannas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henao-Mejia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahedi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.514213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-enhancer hub at the Ets1 locus controls T cell differentiation and allergic inflammation through 3D genome topology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-vivo characterization of glutamine metabolism identifies therapeutic targets in clear cell renal cell carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeting metabolic vulnerabilities has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Here, we analyzed metabolism in patient-derived xenografts (tumorgrafts) from diverse forms of RCC. Tumorgrafts from VHL-mutant clear cell RCC (ccRCC) retained metabolic features of human ccRCC and engage in oxidative and reductive glutamine metabolism. We used several approaches to suppress glutamine metabolism and test the effect on tumor growth. Genetic silencing of isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 or -2 impaired reductive labeling of TCA cycle intermediates and suppressed tumor growth. Glutaminase inhibition resulted in modest growth suppression and variable effects on glutamine metabolism in vivo. Infusions with [amide-15N]glutamine revealed persistent amidotransferase activity during glutaminase inhibition, and blocking these activities with the amidotransferase inhibitor JHU-083 also reduced tumor growth. We conclude that ccRCC tumorgrafts catabolize glutamine via multiple pathways, perhaps explaining why it has been challenging to achieve therapeutic responses in patients by inhibiting glutaminase.

TeaserGlutamine fuels the TCA cycle and amidotransferase pathways in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeBerardinis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burroughs, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarangelo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragavan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahumada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tcheuyap, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saatchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosales, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faubert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharias, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slusher, B. S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brugarolas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-vivo characterization of glutamine metabolism identifies therapeutic targets in clear cell renal cell carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
e-cone and d-cone singularities drive submucosal collagen fiber remodeling in intestinal anastomotic surgery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following resection of a diseased segment of intestine, a reconnection (anastomotic) geometry is chosen to reduce postoperative stress and optimize outcomes. As proper healing of an intestinal anastomosis is strongly affected by its mechanobiology, much attention has been devoted to the conical structures formed along the suture lines, where stress-focusing is expected. However, geometric considerations reveal that in addition to the obvious loci of stress-focusing, additional remote locations of stress-focusing may form. We identify conical structures that inevitably form within regions of otherwise uninterrupted tissue. In this work we use geometric analysis, finite element modeling (FEM), and in-vivo experiments to investigate these emergent stress-focusing structures, their mechanical stresses, and the resulting submucosal collagen fiber re-orientation, as these naturally arise in the side-to-side small bowel anastomosis (SBA), the most common configuration performed in patients. FEM predicts the appearance of remote high-stress regions. Allowing for tissue remodeling, our simulations also predict an increased dispersion of submucosal collagen fibers in these regions. In-vivo experiments performed on ten-week-old male C57BL/6 mice assigned the creation of side-to-side SBA or sham-laparotomy corroborate this result. Anastomoses were analyzed at sacrifice on post-operative day (POD) 14 and 88 with histologic-sectioning, staining, high magnification imaging, and submucosal collagen fiber orientation ({kappa}) mapping. The mean and variance of{kappa} , a measure of collagen fiber dispersion, at POD-14 far from the anastomosis show similar values to those obtained for sham-operated mice, while the FEM-predicted loci of stress-focusing display statistically significant higher values. The values at POD-88 at all loci show no statistically-significant difference, and agree with those of the sham-operated mice at POD-14.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fleischer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khabaz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsamis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efrati, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witten, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alverdy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pocivavsek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[e-cone and d-cone singularities drive submucosal collagen fiber remodeling in intestinal anastomotic surgery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Site of vulnerability on SARS-CoV-2 spike induces broadly protective antibody to antigenically distinct omicron SARS-CoV-2 subvariants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.514592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants has emphasized the need to identify antibodies with broad neutralizing capabilities to inform future monoclonal therapies and vaccination strategies. Herein, we identify S728-1157, a broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) targeting the receptor-binding site (RBS) and derived from an individual previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 prior to the spread of variants of concern (VOCs). S728-1157 demonstrates broad cross-neutralization of all dominant variants including D614G, Beta, Delta, Kappa, Mu, and Omicron (BA.1/BA.2/BA.2.75/BA.4/BA.5/BL.1). Furthermore, it protected hamsters against in vivo challenges with wildtype, Delta, and BA.1 viruses. Structural analysis reveals that this antibody targets a class 1 epitope via multiple hydrophobic and polar interactions with its CDR-H3, in addition to common class 1 motifs in CDR-H1/CDR-H2. Importantly, this epitope is more readily accessible in the open and prefusion state, or in the hexaproline (6P)-stabilized spike constructs, as compared to diproline (2P) constructs. Overall, S728-1157 demonstrates broad therapeutic potential, and may inform target-driven vaccine design against future SARS-CoV-2 variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Changrob, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halfmann, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, J. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozorowski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuroda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maemura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbanks, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, N.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sather, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.514592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Site of vulnerability on SARS-CoV-2 spike induces broadly protective antibody to antigenically distinct omicron SARS-CoV-2 subvariants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
P bodies coat germ granules to promote transgenerational gene silencing in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of biomolecular condensates has emerged as a critical mechanism for compartmentation in living cells. Despite interactions between distinct condensates having been reported, the biological relevance of these interactions remains elusive. In germ cells, small RNA silencing factors are enriched in germ granule condensates, where distinct factors are organized into sub-compartments with specific functions linked to genome surveillance or transgenerational gene silencing. Here we showed that perinuclear germ granules are coated by P body condensates, which are known for housing translationally-inactive mRNAs and mRNA degradation factors. Disruption of P body factors, including CGH-1/DDX6 and CAR-1/LSM14, lead to dispersal of small RNA factors from perinuclear germ granules and disorganization of sub-compartments within germ granules. We further found that CAR-1 promotes the interaction between CGH-1 and germ granule factors, and these interactions are critical for the ability of CGH-1 to promote piRNA-mediated gene silencing. Importantly, we observed that cgh-1 mutants are competent in triggering gene silencing but exhibit defects in maintaining gene silencing in subsequent generations. Small RNA sequencing further showed that cgh-1 mutants exhibit defects in amplifying secondary small RNAs, known carriers of gene silencing memories. Together, our results uncover the function of P body factors in small RNA-mediated transgenerational gene silencing and highlight how the formation and function of one condensate can be regulated by an adjacent, interacting condensate in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[P bodies coat germ granules to promote transgenerational gene silencing in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning low-dimensional generalizable naturalfeatures from retina using a U-net 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much of sensory neuroscience focuses on presenting stimuli that are chosen by the experimenter because they are parametric and easy to sample and are thought to be behaviorally relevant to the organism. However, it is not generally known what these relevant features are in complex, natural scenes. This work focuses on using the retinal encoding of natural movies to determine the presumably behaviorally-relevant features that the brain represents. It is prohibitive to parameterize a natural movie and its respective retinal encoding fully. We use time within a natural movie as a proxy for the whole suite of features evolving across the scene. We then use a task-agnostic deep architecture, an encoder-decoder, to model the retinal encoding process and characterize its representation of "time in the natural scene" in a compressed latent space. In our end-to-end training, an encoder learns a compressed latent representation from a large population of salamander retinal ganglion cells responding to natural movies, while a decoder samples from this compressed latent space to generate the appropriate future movie frame. By comparing latent representations of retinal activity from three movies, we find that the retina has a generalizable encoding for time in the natural scene: the precise, low-dimensional representation of time learned from one movie can be used to represent time in a different movie, with up to 17 ms resolution. We then show that static textures and velocity features of a natural movie are synergistic. The retina simultaneously encodes both to establishes a generalizable, low-dimensional representation of time in the natural scene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoshal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Laittre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marre, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.02.514893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning low-dimensional generalizable naturalfeatures from retina using a U-net]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.514925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tropomyosin Cdc8 acetylation enhances binding to expressed S. pombe actin but does not promote differential association with fission yeast formins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.03.514925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It was proposed from cellular studies that S. pombe tropomyosin Cdc8 (Tpm) segregates into two populations due to the presence or absence of an amino-terminal acetylation that specifies which formin-mediated F-actin networks it binds, but with no supporting biochemistry. To address this mechanism in vitro, we developed methods for S. pombe actin expression in Sf9 cells. We then employed 3-color TIRF microscopy using all recombinant S. pombe proteins to probe in vitro multicomponent mechanisms involving actin, acetylated and unacetylated Tpm, formins, and myosins. Acetyl-Tpm exhibits tight binding to actin in contrast to weaker binding by unacetylated Tpm. In disagreement with the differential recruitment model, Tpm showed no preferential binding to filaments assembled by the FH1-FH2-domains of two S. pombe formins, nor did Tpm binding have any bias towards the growing formin-bound actin filament barbed end. Although our in vitro findings do not support a direct formin-tropomyosin interaction, it is possible that formins bias differential tropomyosin isoform recruitment through undiscovered mechanisms. Importantly, despite a 12% sequence divergence between skeletal and S. pombe actin, S. pombe myosins Myo2 and Myo51 exhibited similar motile behavior with these two actins, validating key prior findings with these myosins that used skeletal actin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homa, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trybus, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.03.514925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tropomyosin Cdc8 acetylation enhances binding to expressed S. pombe actin but does not promote differential association with fission yeast formins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic silencing by SMYD3 represses tumor intrinsic interferon response in HPV-negative squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancers often display immune escape, but the mechanisms and potential for reversibility are incompletely understood. Epigenetic dysregulation has been implicated in the immune escape of various cancer types. We have identified the epigenetic modifier SET and MYND-domain containing protein 3 (SMYD3) as a mediator of immune escape in human papilloma virus (HPV)- negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), an aggressive disease with poor prognosis and low response to immunotherapy with pembrolizumab, a programmed-death-1 (PD-1) targeting antibody. SMYD3 loss increased the sensitivity of HNSCC cancer cells to IFN-{beta}, resulting in upregulation of type I IFN response and antigen presentation machinery genes. We found that SMYD3 regulates the transcription of Ubiquitin-Like PHD And RING Finger Domain- Containing Protein 1 (UHRF1), a key epigenetic reader of trimethylated lysine 9 on histone H3 (H3K9me3), which binds to H3K9me3-enriched promoters of key immune-related genes and silences their expression. SMYD3 further maintains the repression of immune-related genes through the deposition of H4K20me3 within the gene body regions of these genes. In an anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint resistant syngeneic mouse model of HPV-negative HNSCC, Smyd3 depletion induced influx of CD8+ T-cells, upregulated PD-L1 and MHC class I molecules, and increased sensitivity to anti-PD-1 therapy. SMYD3 overexpression was associated with decreased CD8 T-cell infiltration in tumor samples from patients with HPV-negative HNSCC, and was associated with poor response to pembrolizumab. Overall, these data highlight a previously unreported function of SMYD3 as a master epigenetic regulator of anti-tumor immune response in HPV-negative HNSCC and provide a rationale for translational approaches combining SMYD3 depletion strategies with checkpoint blockade to overcome anti-PD-1 resistance in this devastating disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nigam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkitt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sievers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tettey, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinaldi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingen, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sater, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edmondson, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevilla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeuchi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uppaluri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunwoo, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Waes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Licht, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hager, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saloura, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.04.515098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic silencing by SMYD3 represses tumor intrinsic interferon response in HPV-negative squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct energy-coupling factor transporter subunits enable flavin acquisition and extracytosolic trafficking for extracellular electron transfer in Listeria monocytogenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.04.515267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A variety of electron transfer mechanisms link bacterial cytosolic electron pools with functionally diverse redox activities in the cell envelope and extracellular space. In Listeria monocytogenes, the ApbE-like enzyme FmnB catalyzes extracytosolic protein flavinylation, covalently linking a flavin cofactor to proteins that transfer electrons to extracellular acceptors. L. monocytogenes uses an energy-coupling factor (ECF) transporter complex that contains distinct substrate-binding, transmembrane, ATPase A, and ATPase A subunits (RibU, EcfT, EcfA, and EcfA) to import environmental flavins, but the basis of extracytosolic flavin trafficking for FmnB flavinylation remains poorly defined. In this study, we show that the proteins EetB and FmnA are related to ECF transporter substrate-binding and transmembrane subunits, respectively, and are essential for exporting flavins from the cytosol for flavinylation. Comparisons of the flavin import versus export capabilities of L. monocytogenes strains lacking different ECF transporter subunits demonstrates a strict directionality of substrate-binding subunit transport but partial functional redundancy of transmembrane and ATPase subunits. Based on these results, we propose that ECF transporter complexes with different subunit compositions execute directional flavin import/export through a broadly conserved mechanism. Finally, we present genomic context analyses which show that related ECF exporter genes are distributed across the Firmicutes phylum and frequently co-localize with genes encoding flavinylated extracytosolic proteins. These findings clarify the basis of ECF transporter export and extracytosolic flavin cofactor trafficking in Firmicutes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Lugo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldfield, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.04.515267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct energy-coupling factor transporter subunits enable flavin acquisition and extracytosolic trafficking for extracellular electron transfer in Listeria monocytogenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.05.515307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale neural dynamics in a shared low-dimensional state space reflect cognitive and attentional dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.05.515307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognition and attention arise from the adaptive coordination of neural systems in response to external and internal demands. The low-dimensional latent subspace that underlies large-scale neural dynamics and the relationships of these dynamics to cognitive and attentional states, however, are unknown. We conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging as human participants performed attention tasks, watched comedy sitcom episodes and an educational documentary, and rested. Whole-brain dynamics traversed a common set of latent states that spanned canonical gradients of functional brain organization, with global synchrony among functional networks modulating state transitions. Neural state dynamics were synchronized across people during engaging movie watching and aligned to narrative event structures. Neural state dynamics reflected attention fluctuations such that different states indicated engaged attention in task and naturalistic contexts whereas a common state indicated attention lapses in both contexts. Together, these results demonstrate that traversals along large-scale gradients of human brain organization reflect cognitive and attentional dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.05.515307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale neural dynamics in a shared low-dimensional state space reflect cognitive and attentional dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.05.515310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mathematical theory for the mechanics of three-dimensional cellular aggregates reveals the mechanical atlas for Ascidian embryogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.05.515310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intricate three-dimensional (3D) structures of multicellular organisms emerge through genetically encoded spatio-temporal patterns of mechanical stress. Cell atlases of gene expression during embryogenesis are now available for many organisms, but connecting these to the mechanical drivers of embryonic shape requires physical models of multicellular tissues that identify the relevant mechanical and geometric constraints, and an ability to measure mechanical stresses at single-cell resolution over time. Here we report significant steps towards both these goals. We describe a new mathematical theory for the mechanics of 3D multicellular aggregates involving the quasi-static balance of cellular pressures, surface tensions, and line tensions. Our theory yields a quantitatively accurate low-dimensional description for the time-varying geometric dynamics of 3D multicellular aggregates and, through the solution of a mechanical inverse problem, an image-based strategy for constructing spatio-temporal maps of the mechanical stresses driving morphogenesis in 3D. Using synthetic image data, we confirm the accuracy and robustness of our geometric and mechanical approaches. We then apply these approaches to segmented light sheet data, representing cellular membranes with isotropic resolution, to construct a 3D mechanical atlas for ascidian gastrulation. The atlas captures a surprisingly accurate low-dimensional description of ascidian gastrulation, revealing the adiabatic nature of the underlying mechanical dynamics. Mapping the inferred forces onto the invariant embryonic lineage reveals a rich correspondence between dynamically evolving cell states, patterns of cell division, and local regulation of cellular pressure and contractile stress. Thus, our mechanical atlas reveals a new view of ascidian gastrulation in which lineage-specific control over a complex heterogenous pattern of cellular pressure and contractile stress, integrated globally, governs the emergent dynamics of ascidian gastrulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaire, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.05.515310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mathematical theory for the mechanics of three-dimensional cellular aggregates reveals the mechanical atlas for Ascidian embryogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volumetric microscopy of CD9 and CD63 reveals distinct subpopulations and novel structures of extracellular vesicle in situ in triple negative breast cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.08.515679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now known to play multifaceted roles in biological processes such as immune responses and cancer. The two primary classes of EVs are defined in terms of their origins: exosomes are derived from the endosomal pathway while microvesicles (ectosomes) bud from the cell membrane. However, it remains unclear whether the contents, sizes, and localizations of subpopulations of EVs can be used to associate them with the two primary classes. Here, we use confocal microscopy and high-resolution volumetric imaging to study intracellular localization of the EV markers CD9 and CD63 prior to EV export from cells. We find significantly different spatial expression of CD9 and CD63. CD9 is primarily localized in microvesicles, while CD63 is detected exclusively in exosomes. We also observe structures in which CD63 forms a shell that encapsulates CD9 and interpret them to be multi-vesicular bodies. The morphology and location within the endoplasmic reticulum of these shell-like structures are consistent with a role in differential sorting and export of exosomes and microvesicles. Our in situ imaging allows unambiguous identification and tracking of EVs from their points of origin to cell export, and suggest that CD9 and CD63 can be used as biomarkers to differentiate subpopulations of EVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherer, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.08.515679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volumetric microscopy of CD9 and CD63 reveals distinct subpopulations and novel structures of extracellular vesicle in situ in triple negative breast cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive preservation of orphan ribosomal proteins in chaperone-stirred condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.09.515856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosome biogenesis is among the most resource-intensive cellular processes, with ribosomal proteins accounting for up to half of all newly synthesized proteins in eukaryotic cells. During stress, cells shut down ribosome biogenesis in part by halting rRNA synthesis, potentially leading to massive accumulation of aggregation-prone "orphan" ribosomal proteins (oRPs). Here we show that during heat shock in yeast and human cells, oRPs accumulate as reversible condensates at the nucleolar periphery recognized by the Hsp70 co-chaperone Sis1/DnaJB6. oRP condensates are liquid-like in cell-free lysate but solidify upon depletion of Sis1 or inhibition of Hsp70. When cells recover from heat shock, oRP condensates disperse in a Sis1-dependent manner, and their ribosomal protein constituents are incorporated into functional ribosomes in the cytosol, enabling cells to efficiently resume growth.

One sentence summaryDuring stress, molecular chaperones preserve "orphan" ribosomal proteins (RPs) - RPs that are not bound to rRNA - in liquid-like condensates, maintaining the RPs in a usable form and enabling cells to efficiently resume growth upon recovery from stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garde, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, O. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bard, J. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyport Kik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luengo-Woods, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Squires, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.09.515856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive preservation of orphan ribosomal proteins in chaperone-stirred condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516189v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-eQTL mapping in gene sets identifies network effects of genetic variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516189v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nearly all trait-associated variants identified in GWAS are non-coding. The cis regulatory effects of these variants have been extensively characterized, but how they impact gene regulation in trans has been the subject of much fewer studies. Mapping trans genetic effects is very challenging because their effect sizes tend to be small and a large multiple testing burden reduces the power to detect them. In addition, read mapping biases can lead to many false positives. To reduce mapping biases and substantially improve power to map trans-eQTLs, we developed a pipeline called trans-PCO, which combines careful read and gene filters with a principal component (PC)-based multivariate association test. Our simulations demonstrate that trans-PCO substantially outperforms existing trans-eQTL mapping methods, including univariate and primary PC-based methods. We applied trans-PCO to two gene expression datasets from whole blood, DGN (N = 913) and eQTLGen (N = 31,684), to identify trans-eQTLs associated with gene co-expression networks and hallmark gene sets representing well-defined biological processes. In total, we identified 14,985 high-quality trans-eSNPs-module pairs associated with 197 co-expression gene modules and biological processes. To better understand the effects of trait-associated variants on gene regulatory networks, we performed colocalization analyses between GWAS loci of 46 complex traits and trans-eQTLs identified in DGN. We highlight several examples where our map of trans effects helps us understand how trait-associated variants impact gene regulatory networks and biological pathways. For example, we found that a locus associated with platelet traits near ARHGEF3 trans-regulates a set of co-expressed genes significantly enriched in the platelet activation pathway. Additionally, six red blood cell trait-associated loci trans-regulate a gene set representing heme metabolism, a crucial process in erythropoiesis. In conclusion, trans-PCO is a powerful and reliable tool that detects trans regulators of cellular pathways and networks, which opens up new opportunities to learn the impact of trait-associated loci on gene regulatory networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babushkin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.516189</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-eQTL mapping in gene sets identifies network effects of genetic variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In silico network-based screening reveals candidates for endothelial dysfunction therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is a hallmark of cardiovascular (CV) disorders and influences their progression; however, there are currently no direct therapeutic targets, primarily due to the lack of knowledge regarding EDs molecular basis. We used a computational approach to identify candidate targets for ED treatment. We constructed an ED disease gene network by combining the integration of epigenomics (ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq-H3K27ac) and transcriptomics data (RNA-seq) from human aorta endothelial cells (HAEC) exposed to surrogates of primary CV risk factors using network propagation. We then used in silico perturbation to prioritise genes that could influence the ED network most when removed. This process resulted in identifying 17 key candidates for which chemical inhibitors are available. These are genes associated with ED and atherosclerosis, and drugs that target those genes have not yet been tested for the treatment of CV disorders. The EGLN3 target and its inhibitor displayed significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in ECs assessed using a high-content screening platform. These findings illustrate the potential of in silico knockouts to discover disease-specific candidate targets for drug development or repositioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinheiro-de-Sousa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giudice, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca-Alaniz, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modestia, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattioli, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petsalaki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.516953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In silico network-based screening reveals candidates for endothelial dysfunction therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HAPPY: A deep learning pipeline for mapping cell-to-tissue graphs across placenta histology whole slide images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.21.517353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate placenta pathology assessment is essential for managing maternal and newborn health, but the placentas heterogeneity and temporal variability pose challenges for histology analysis. To address this issue, we developed the  Histology Analysis Pipeline.PY (HAPPY), a deep learning hierarchical method for quantifying the variability of cells and micro-anatomical tissue structures across placenta histology whole slide images. HAPPY differs from patch-based features or segmentation approaches by following an interpretable biological hierarchy, representing cells and cellular communities within tissues at a single-cell resolution across whole slide images. We present a set of quantitative metrics from healthy term placentas as a baseline for future assessments of placenta health and we show how these metrics deviate in placentas with clinically significant placental infarction. HAPPYs cell and tissue predictions closely replicate those from independent clinical experts and placental biology literature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vanea, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzigurski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rukins, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siigur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salumae, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochner-Celnikier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laisk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindgren, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nellaker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HAPPY: A deep learning pipeline for mapping cell-to-tissue graphs across placenta histology whole slide images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A flexible empirical Bayes approach to multivariate multiple regression, and its improved accuracy in predicting multi-tissue gene expression from genotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting phenotypes from genotypes is a fundamental task in quantitative genetics. With technological advances, it is now possible to measure multiple phenotypes in large samples. Multiple phenotypes can share their genetic component; therefore, modeling these phenotypes jointly may improve prediction accuracy by leveraging effects that are shared across phenotypes. However, effects can be shared across phenotypes in a variety of ways, so computationally efficient statistical methods are needed that can accurately and flexibly capture patterns of effect sharing. Here, we describe new Bayesian multivariate, multiple regression methods that, by using flexible priors, are able to model and adapt to different patterns of effect sharing and specificity across phenotypes. Simulation results show that these new methods are fast and improve prediction accuracy compared with existing methods in a wide range of settings where effects are shared. Further, in settings where effects are not shared, our methods still perform competitively with state-of-the-art methods. In real data analyses of expression data in the Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, our methods improve prediction performance on average for all tissues, with the greatest gains in tissues where effects are strongly shared, and in the tissues with smaller sample sizes. While we use gene expression prediction to illustrate our methods, the methods are generally applicable to any multi-phenotype applications, including prediction of polygenic scores and breeding values. Thus, our methods have the potential to provide improvements across fields and organisms.

Author summaryPredicting phenotypes from genotypes is a fundamental problem in quantitative genetics. Thanks to recent advances, it is increasingly feasible to collect data on many phenotypes and genome-wide genotypes in large samples. Here, we tackle the problem of predicting multiple phenotypes from genotypes using a new method based on a multivariate, multiple linear regression model. Although the use of a multivariate, multiple linear regression model is not new, in this paper we introduce a flexible and computationally efficient empirical Bayes approach based on this model. This approach uses a prior that captures how the effects of genotypes on phenotypes are shared across the different phenotypes, and then the prior is adapted to the data in order to capture the most prominent sharing patterns present in the data. We assess the benefits of this flexible Bayesian approach in simulated genetic data sets, and we illustrate its application in predicting gene expression measured in multiple human tissues. We show that our methods can outperform competing methods in terms of prediction accuracy, and the computations involved in fitting the model and making the predictions scale well to large data sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgante, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbonetto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A flexible empirical Bayes approach to multivariate multiple regression, and its improved accuracy in predicting multi-tissue gene expression from genotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.518008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Centromere-associated retroelement evolution in Drosophila melanogaster reveals an underlying conflict 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.518008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centromeres are chromosomal regions essential for coordinating chromosome segregation during cell division. While centromeres are defined by the presence of a centromere-specific histone H3 variant rather than a particular DNA sequence, they are typically embedded in repeat-dense chromosomal genome regions. In many species, centromeres are associated with transposable elements, but it is unclear if these elements are selfish or if they play a role in centromere specification or function. Here we use Drosophila melanogaster as a model to understand the evolution of centromere-associated transposable elements. G2/Jockey-3 is a non-LTR retroelement in the Jockey clade and the only sequence shared by all centromeres. We study the evolution of G2/Jockey-3 using short and long read population genomic data to infer insertion polymorphisms across the genome. We combine estimates of the age, frequency, and location of insertions to infer the evolutionary processes shaping G2/Jockey-3 and its association with the centromeres. We find that G2/Jockey-3 is an active retroelement targeted by the piRNA pathway that is enriched in centromeres at least in part due to an insertion bias. We do not detect signatures of positive selection on any G2/Jockey-3 insertions that would suggest than individual copies are favored by natural selection. Instead, we infer that most insertions are neutral or weakly deleterious both inside and outside of the centromeres. Therefore, G2/Jockey-3 evolution is consistent with it being a selfish genetic element that targets centromeres. We propose that targeting centromeres helps active retroelements escape host defenses, as the unique centromeric chromatin may prevent targeting by the host silencing machinery. At the same time, centromeric TEs insertions may be tolerated or even beneficial if they also contribute to the transcriptional and chromatin environment. Thus, we suspect centromere-associated retroelements like G2/Jockey-3 reflect a balance between conflict and cooperation at the centromeres.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hemmer, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negm, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courret, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro-Dominguez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speece, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altidor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproul, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larracuente, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.25.518008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Centromere-associated retroelement evolution in Drosophila melanogaster reveals an underlying conflict]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic Analysis Defines the Interactome of Telomerase in the Protozoan Parasite, Trypanosoma brucei 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.27.518122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme responsible for maintaining the telomeric end of the chromosome. The telomerase enzyme requires two main components to function: the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and the telomerase RNA (TR), which provides the template for telomeric DNA synthesis. TR is a long noncoding RNA, which forms the basis of a large structural scaffold upon which many accessory proteins can bind and form the complete telomerase holoenzyme. These accessory protein interactions are required for telomerase activity and regulation inside cells. The interacting partners of TERT have been well studied in yeast, human, and Tetrahymena models, but not in lower eukaryotes, including clinically relevant human parasites. Here, using the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei) as a model, we have identified the interactome of T. brucei TERT (TbTERT) using a mass spectrometry-based approach. We identified previously known and unknown interacting factors of TbTERT, highlighting unique features of T. brucei telomerase biology. These unique interactions with TbTERT, suggest mechanistic differences in telomere maintenance between T. brucei and other eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitika,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgeher, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.27.518122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic Analysis Defines the Interactome of Telomerase in the Protozoan Parasite, Trypanosoma brucei]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection-driven trait loss in independently evolved cavefish populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.28.518185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting the outcome of evolution is a central goal of modern biology, yet, determining the relative contributions of deterministic events (i.e., selection) and stochastic events (i.e., drift and mutation) to the evolutionary process remains a major challenge. Systems where the same traits have evolved repeatedly provide natural replication that can be leveraged to study the predictability of molecular evolution and the genetic basis of adaptation. Although mutational screens in the laboratory have demonstrated that a diversity of genetic mutations can produce phenocopies of one another, in natural systems, similar genetic changes frequently underly the evolution of phenotypes across independent lineages. This suggests a substantial role for constraint and determinism in evolution and supports the notion that there may be characteristics which make certain mutations more likely to contribute to phenotypic evolution. Here we use large-scale whole genome resequencing in the Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, to demonstrate that selection has played a primary role in repeated evolution of both trait loss and trait enhancement across independent cave lineages. We identify candidate genes underlying repeated adaptation to caves and infer the mode of repeated evolution, revealing that selection on standing genetic variation and de novo mutations both contribute substantially to repeated adaptation. Finally, we show that genes with evidence of repeated evolution have significantly longer coding regions compared to the rest of the genome, and this effect is most pronounced in genes evolving convergently via independent mutations. Importantly, our findings provide the first empirical support for the hypothesis that genes with larger mutational targets are more likely to be the substrate of repeated evolution and indicate that features of the novel cave environment may impact the rate at which mutations occur.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moran, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ornelas-Garcia, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiese, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalko, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGaugh, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.28.518185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection-driven trait loss in independently evolved cavefish populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Factorizing polygenic epistasis improves prediction and uncovers biological pathways in complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epistasis is central in many domains of biology, but it has not yet proven useful for complex traits. This is partly because complex trait epistasis involves polygenic interactions that are poorly captured in current models. To address this gap, we develop a new model called Epistasis Factor Analysis (EFA). EFA assumes that polygenic epistasis can be factorized into interactions between a few Epistasis Factors (EFs), which represent latent polygenic components of the observed complex trait. The statistical goals of EFA are to improve polygenic prediction and to increase power to detect epistasis, while the biological goal is to unravel genetic effects into more-homogeneous units. We mathematically characterize EFA and use simulations to show that EFA outperforms current epistasis models when its assumptions approximately hold. Applied to predicting yeast growth rates, EFA outperforms the additive model for several traits with large epistasis heritability and uniformly outperforms the standard epistasis model. We replicate these prediction improvements in a second dataset. We then apply EFA to four previously-characterized traits in the UK Biobank and find statistically significant epistasis in all four, including two that are robust to scale transformation. Moreover, we find that the inferred EFs partly recover pre-defined biological pathways for two of the traits. Our results demonstrate that more realistic models can identify biologically and statistically meaningful epistasis in complex traits, indicating that epistasis has potential for precision medicine and characterizing the biology underlying GWAS results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freudenberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Factorizing polygenic epistasis improves prediction and uncovers biological pathways in complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unclearing Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity of the human eye is limited, restricting our ability to directly see subcellular structures. We report a new principle for unaided eye cellular visualization in a method we call Unclearing Microscopy. By expanding cells and tissue >8,000 volumetrically and opaquing their bulk with light-scattering molecules of sufficient density, cell microstructure can now be discerned with a contrast visible to the unaided eye. We further inspect uncleared samples with transmitted light microscopy modalities and prove that 3D ultrastructural features, previously accessible only with super-resolution fluorescence or electron microscopy methods, can now be visualized with simple magnification optics alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>M'Saad, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shribak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bewersdorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unclearing Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FMRP phosphorylation modulates neuronal translation through YTHDF1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translation activation of local synaptic mRNAs is critical to learning and memory1-3. Despite extensive studies on how phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins and translation factors enables timely response to exogenous stimuli4, our knowledge on molecular pathways utilized by RNA binding proteins (RBPs) to control translation of specific mRNAs remains incomplete. We have previously found that YTHDF1 regulates depolarization-induced protein synthesis by promoting translation of N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-modified transcripts5. Here we report an unexpected mechanism that the stimuli-induced neuronal translation is mediated by phosphorylation of a YTHDF1-binding protein FMRP. Phosphorylation of FMRP serine 499 induced by neuronal depolarization alters the condensing behavior of prion-like protein YTHDF1. Unphosphorylated FMRP sequesters YTHDF1 away from the translation initiation complex, whereas the stimulation-induced FMRP phosphorylation releases YTHDF1 to form translational active condensates with the ribosome to activate translation of YTHDF1 target transcripts. In fragile X syndrome (FXS) models characterized by low FMRP expression, we observed YTHDF1-mediated hyperactive translation, which notably impacts FXS pathophysiology. Developmental defects in an FXS forebrain organoid model could be reversed by a selective small-molecule inhibitor of YTHDF1 which acts by suppressing its condensation in neurons. We characterized transcriptome-wide mRNA translation with inhibitor treatment in organoids and identified targets that explain alleviated FXS pathology. Our study thus reveals FMRP and its phosphorylation as an important regulator of the activity-dependent translation during neuronal development and stimulation, and identifies YTHDF1 as a potential therapeutic target for FXS in which developmental defects caused by FMRP depletion could be reversed through YTHDF1 inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepich-Poore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FMRP phosphorylation modulates neuronal translation through YTHDF1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of the 3-Dimensional Genome in New Gene Evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous evolutionary models of duplicate gene evolution have overlooked the pivotal role of genome architecture. Here, we show that proximity-based regulatory recruitment of distally duplicated genes (enhancer capture) is an efficient mechanism for modulating tissue-specific production of pre-existing proteins. By leveraging genomic asymmetries in synteny and function that distinguish new genes evolving under enhancer capture-divergence (ECD) from those evolving under previous models, we performed a co-expression analysis on Drosophila melanogaster tissue data to show the generality of ECD as a significant evolutionary driver of asymmetric, distally duplicated genes. We use the recently evolved gene HP6/Umbrea, which duplicated <15 million years ago (mya), as an example of the ECD process. By assaying genome-wide chromosomal conformations in multiple Drosophila species, we show that HP6/Umbrea was inserted into a pre-existing, evolutionarily stable 3D genomic structure spanning over 125kb. We then utilize this data to identify a newly discovered enhancer (FLEE1), buried within the coding region of the highly conserved, essential gene MFS18, that likely neo-functionalized HP6/Umbrea, thereby driving the new duplicate gene copy to fixation. Finally, we demonstrate ancestral transcriptional co-regulation of HP6/Umbreas future insertion site using single-cell transcriptomics, illustrating how enhancer capture provides a highly evolvable, one-step solution to Ohnos Dilemma. The intuitive molecular mechanism underpinning the ECD model unveils a novel and robust framework to understand the fixation and neofunctionalization of distally duplicated genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arsala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobreira, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eres, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.30.518413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of the 3-Dimensional Genome in New Gene Evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New gene evolution with subcellular expression patterns detected in PacBio-sequenced genomes of Drosophila genus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies described gene age distributions in the focal species of Drosophila melanogaster. Using third-generation PacBio technology to sequence Drosophila species we investigated gene age distribution in the two subgenera of Drosophila. Our work resulted in several discoveries. First, our data detected abundant new genes in entire Drosophila genus. Second, in analysis of subcellular expression, we found that new genes tend to secret into extracellular matrix and are involved in regulation, environmental adaption, and reproductive functions. We also found that extracellular localization for new genes provides a possible environment to promote their fast evolution. Third, old genes tend to be enriched in mitochondrion and the plasma membrane compared with young genes which may support the endosymbiotic theory that mitochondria originate from bacteria that once lived in primitive eukaryotic cells. Fourth, as gene age becomes older the subcellular compartments in which their products reside broadens suggesting that the evolution of new genes in subcellular location drives functional evolution and diversity in Drosophila species. Additionally, based on the analysis of RNA-Seq of two D. melanogaster populations, we determined a universal paradigm of "from specific to constitutive" expression pattern during the evolutionary process of new genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arsala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.30.518489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New gene evolution with subcellular expression patterns detected in PacBio-sequenced genomes of Drosophila genus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.516060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ythdf2(ch200) and its role in development of the early zebrafish embryo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.516060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We appreciate the well-presented data and focus on mechanism in the paper titled, "Ythdf m6A Readers Function Redundantly during Zebrafish Development" by Kontur et al. December 29, 20201 [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108598]. However, we would like to suggest several alternative conclusions regarding the role of Ythdf2 in maternal RNA clearance and the phenotypic consequences of the ythdf2(ch200) mutation as described in Zhao et al. 2017, "m6A-dependent maternal mRNA clearance facilitates zebrafish maternal-to-zygotic transition"2 [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21355], along with caveats regarding the interpretation of Ythdf2s roles in mRNA metabolism in the early embryo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beadell, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.516060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ythdf2(ch200) and its role in development of the early zebrafish embryo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary shortcuts via multi-nucleotide substitutions and their impact on natural selection analyses. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inference and interpretation of evolutionary processes, in particular of the types and targets of natural selection affecting coding sequences, are critically influenced by the assumptions built into statistical models and tests. If certain aspects of the substitution process (even when they are not of direct interest) are presumed absent or are modeled with too crude of a simplification, estimates of key model parameters can become biased, often systematically, and lead to poor statistical performance. Previous work established that failing to accommodate multi-nucleotide (or multi-hit, MH) substitutions strongly biases dN/dS-based inference towards false positive inferences of diversifying episodic selection, as does failing to model variation in the rate of synonymous substitution (SRV) among sites. Here we develop an integrated analytical framework and software tools to simultaneously incorporate these sources of evolutionary complexity into selection analyses. We found that both MH and SRV are ubiquitous in empirical alignments, and incorporating them has a strong effect on whether or not positive selection is detected, (1.4-fold reduction) and on the distributions of inferred evolutionary rates. With simulation studies, we show that this effect is not attributable to reduced statistical power caused by using a more complex model. After a detailed examination of 21 benchmark alignments and a new high-resolution analysis showing which parts of the alignment provide support for positive selection, we show that MH substitutions occurring along shorter branches in the tree explain a significant fraction of discrepant results in selection detection. Our results add to the growing body of literature which examines decadesold modeling assumptions (including MH) and finds them to be problematic for comparative genomic data analysis. Because multi-nucleotide substitutions have a significant impact on natural selection detection even at the level of an entire gene, we recommend that selection analyses of this type consider their inclusion as a matter of routine. To facilitate this procedure, we developed, implemented, and benchmarked a simple and well-performing model testing selection detection framework able to screen an alignment for positive selection with two biologically important confounding processes: site-to-site synonymous rate variation, and multi-nucleotide instantaneous substitutions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lucaci, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zehr, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosakovsky Pond, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary shortcuts via multi-nucleotide substitutions and their impact on natural selection analyses.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Superiority of intranasal over systemic administration of bioengineered soluble ACE2 for survival and brain protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of a soluble ACE2 protein termed ACE2 618-DDC-ABD, bioengineered to have long duration of action and high binding affinity to SARS-CoV-2, when administered either intranasally (IN) or intraperitoneally (IP) and before or after SARS-CoV-2 inoculation.

K18hACE2 mice permissive for SARS-CoV-2 infection were inoculated with 2x104 PFU wildtype SARS-CoV-2. In one protocol, ACE2 618-DDC-ABD was given either IN or IP, pre- and post-viral inoculation. In a second protocol, ACE2 618-DDC-ABD was given either IN, IP or IN+IP but only post-viral inoculation. In addition, A549 and Vero E6 cells were used to test neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by ACE2 618-DDC-ABD at different concentrations.

Survival by day 5 was 0% in infected untreated mice, and 40% in mice from the ACE2 618-DDC-ABD IP-pre treated group. By contrast, in the IN-pre group survival was 90%, histopathology of brain and kidney was essentially normal and markedly improved in the lungs. When ACE2 618-DDC-ABD was administered only post viral inoculation, survival was 30% in the IN+IP group, 20% in the IN and 0% in the IP group. Brain SARS-CoV-2 titers were high in all groups except for the IN-pre group where titers were undetectable in all mice. In cells permissive for SARS-CoV-2 infection, ACE2 618-DDC-ABD neutralized wildtype SARS-CoV-2 at high concentrations, whereas much lower concentrations neutralized omicron BA. 1.

We conclude that ACE2 618-DDC-ABD provides much better survival and organ protection when administered intranasally than when given systemically or after viral inoculation and that lowering brain titers is a critical determinant of survival and organ protection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrendsen, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelarden, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaescu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomatsidou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gula, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cianfarini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khurram, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanwar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Missiakas, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batlle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Superiority of intranasal over systemic administration of bioengineered soluble ACE2 for survival and brain protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redundant representations are required to disambiguate simultaneously presented complex stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An individual observing a barking dog and purring cat together in a field has distinct pairs of representations of the two animals in their visual and auditory systems. Without prior knowledge, how does the observer infer that the dog barks and the cat purrs? This integration of distributed representations is called the assignment problem, and it must be solved to integrate distinct representations across but also within sensory modalities. Here, we identify and analyze a solution to the assignment problem: the representation of one or more common stimulus features in pairs of relevant brain regions - for example, estimates of the spatial position of both the cat and the dog represented in both the visual and auditory systems. We characterize how the reliability of this solution depends on different features of the stimulus set (e.g., the size of the set and the complexity of the stimuli) and the details of the split representations (e.g., the precision of each stimulus representation and the amount of overlapping information). Next, we implement this solution in a biologically plausible receptive field code and show how constraints on the number of neurons and spikes used by the code force the brain to navigate a tradeoff between local and catastrophic errors. We show that, when many spikes and neurons are available, representing stimuli from a single sensory modality can be done more reliably across multiple brain regions, despite the risk of assignment errors. Finally, we show that a feedforward neural network can learn the optimal solution to the assignment problem. We also discuss relevant results on assignment errors from the human working memory literature and show that several key predictions of our theory already have support.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redundant representations are required to disambiguate simultaneously presented complex stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of counting in the brains of 3- to 5-year-old children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning to map number words onto their ordinal and quantitative meanings is a key step in the acquisition of formal mathematics. Previous neuroimaging work suggests that the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and the fronto-temporal language network may be involved in representing number words. However, the contribution of early-developing numerosity representations to the acquisition of counting has not been tested in children. If regions that support numerosity processing are important for the acquisition of counting, then there should be functional overlap between numerosity representations and number word representations in the brain, before children have mastered counting. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we identified numerosity processing regions in 3- to 5-year-old children during a numerosity comparison task. To identify neural representations of number words, we measured changes in neural amplitudes while those same children listened to number words and color words and while they listened to counting and alphabet sequences. Across multiple whole-brain analyses, we found that the bilateral IPS consistently supported representations of numerosities, number words, and counting sequences. Functional overlap between numerosities and unknown counting sequences was also evident in the left IFG, and in some cases number word representations emerged in the left hemisphere fronto-temporal language network. These results provide new evidence from children that primitive numerosity processing regions of the brain interface with the language network to ground the acquisition of verbal counting.

HighlightsO_LIfMRI data revealed the neural basis of counting acquisition in 3- to 5-year-olds.
C_LIO_LIOverlap between neural responses to count words and numerosity emerged in the IPS.
C_LIO_LISensitivity to number words emerged in the IPS across two different tasks.
C_LIO_LINumber word stimuli also engaged regions of the language network in children.
C_LIO_LIThe IPS and language network may ground number words during counting acquisition.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kersey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aulet, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantlon, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.520249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of counting in the brains of 3- to 5-year-old children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Merging short and stranded long reads improves transcript assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-read RNA sequencing has arisen as a counterpart to short-read sequencing, with the potential to capture full-length isoforms, albeit at the cost of lower depth. Yet this potential is not fully realized due to inherent limitations of current long-read assembly methods and underdeveloped approaches to integrate short-read data. Here, we critically compare the existing methods and develop a new integrative approach to characterize a particularly challenging pool of low-abundance long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcripts from short- and long-read sequencing in two distinct cell lines. Our analysis reveals severe limitations in each of the sequencing platforms. For short-read assemblies, coverage declines at transcript termini resulting in ambiguous ends, and uneven low-coverage results in segmentation of a single transcript into multiple transcripts. Conversely, long-read transcript assembly lacks strand-of-origin information and depth, culminating in erroneous assembly and quantitation of transcripts. We also discover a cDNA synthesis artifact in long-read datasets that markedly impacts the identity and quantitation of assembled transcripts. Towards remediating these problems, we develop a computational pipeline to "strand" long-read cDNA libraries that rectifies inaccurate mapping and assembly of long-read transcripts. Leveraging the strengths of each platform and our computational stranding, we present and benchmark a hybrid assembly approach that drastically increases the sensitivity and accuracy of full-length transcript assembly on the correct strand and improves detection of biological features of the transcriptome. When applied to a challenging set of under-annotated and cell-type variable lncRNA, our method resolves the segmentation problem of short-read sequencing and the depth problem of long-read sequencing, resulting in the assembly of coherent transcripts with precise 5 and 3 ends. Our workflow can be applied to existing datasets for superior demarcation of transcript ends and refined isoform structure, which can enable better differential gene expression analyses and molecular manipulations of transcripts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kainth, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruthenburg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.520317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Merging short and stranded long reads improves transcript assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of gene expression heterogeneity reveals therapeutic targets and novel regulators of metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor cell heterogeneity has been implicated in metastatic progression of solid tumors such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), leading to resistance and recurrence. We hypothesized that genes with low cell-to-cell transcriptional variability may be effective therapeutic targets, and that analysis of variability may facilitate identification of new metastatic regulators. Here we demonstrate, using single cell RNA sequencing, that the metastasis suppressor Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein (RKIP) reduced overall transcriptional variability in TNBC xenograft tumors. Focusing on genes with reduced variability in response to RKIP, we identified targetable gene sets such as oxidative phosphorylation and showed that metformin could inhibit RKIP-expressing but not control tumor growth. We also found many regulators of cancer progression including a novel epigenetic metastasis suppressor, KMT5C. These studies demonstrate that a metastatic regulator can alter transcriptional variability in tumors and reveal the importance of genes involved in heterogeneity as potential therapeutic targets and regulators of metastatic progression in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdespino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson-Mailman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balazsi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.16.520816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of gene expression heterogeneity reveals therapeutic targets and novel regulators of metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.521128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of activation in the voltage-sensing domain of Ci-VSP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.521128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Ciona intestinalis voltage-sensing phosphatase (Ci-VSP) is a membrane protein containing a voltagesensing domain (VSD) that is homologous to VSDs from voltage-gated ion channels responsible for cellular excitability. Two crystal structures of Ci-VSD in putative resting and active conformations suggest a helical-screw voltage sensing mechanism in which the S4 helix translocates and rotates to enable exchange of salt-bridge partners. By combining extensive molecular dynamics simulations with a computational framework based on dynamical operators, we elucidate the microscopic mechanism of the resting-active transition at physiological membrane potential. Sparse regression reveals a small set of coordinates that distinguish intermediates hidden from electrophysiological measurements. The intermediates arise from a noncanonical helical-screw mechanism in which translocation, rotation, and side-chain movement of the S4 helix are only loosely coupled. These results provide new insights into existing experimental and computational findings on voltage sensing and suggest ways of further probing its mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.19.521128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of activation in the voltage-sensing domain of Ci-VSP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.520853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Children Develop Adult-Like Visual Sensitivity to Image Memorability by the Age of Four 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.20.520853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adults have been shown to consistently remember and forget certain images despite large individual differences, suggesting a population-wide sensitivity to an images intrinsic memorability--a measure of how successfully an image is remembered. While a decade of research has focused on image memorability among adults, the developmental trajectory of these consistencies in memory is understudied. Here, we investigate by what age children gain adultlike sensitivity to the image memorability effect. We utilized data from Saragosa-Harris et al. (2021), where 137 children aged between 3 and 5 years old encoded animal-scene image pairs and then after a 5-minute, 24-hour, or 1-week delay performed a cued recognition task for each scene target given its animal cue. We tested adults memory of the same scene images using ResMem (Needell & Bainbridge, 2022), a pre-trained deep neural network that predicts adult image memorability scores, and using an online behavioral continuous recognition task (N = 116). Results showed that ResMem predictions, as a proxy of adults memory, predicted scene memory of children by the age of 4 and were the most predictive of childrens memory across ages after a long, 1-week delay. Children at age 3 show non-adult-like consistent memory patterns, implying that the non-adult-like memory patterns were not due to poor memory performance. Instead, 3-year-olds may have consistently used certain visual memory strategies that become less optimal as they age. Our results suggest that adult-like sensitivity to image memorability emerges by the age of 4 through experience.

Public Significance StatementThis study strongly suggests that children older than 4 years old tend to remember and forget the same images as adults. We recommend teachers and caregivers to utilize the ResMem DNN to select memorable images to be used in educational settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bainbridge, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.20.520853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Children Develop Adult-Like Visual Sensitivity to Image Memorability by the Age of Four]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning-enabled design of synthetic orthologs of a signaling protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.21.521443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolution-based deep generative models represent an exciting direction in understanding and designing proteins. An open question is whether such models can represent the constraints underlying specialized functions that are necessary for organismal fitness in specific biological contexts. Here, we examine the ability of three different models to produce synthetic versions of SH3 domains that can support function in a yeast stress signaling pathway. Using a select-seq assay, we show that one form of a variational autoencoder (VAE) recapitulates the functional characteristics of natural SH3 domains and classifies fungal SH3 homologs hierarchically by function and phylogeny. Locality in the latent space of the model predicts and extends the function of natural orthologs and exposes amino acid constraints distributed near and far from the SH3 ligand-binding site. The ability of deep generative models to specify orthologous function in vivo opens new avenues for probing and engineering protein function in specific cellular environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Praljak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.21.521443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning-enabled design of synthetic orthologs of a signaling protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering context-specific genetic-regulation of gene expression from single-cell RNA-sequencing using latent-factor models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.22.521678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic regulation of gene expression is a complex process, with genetic effects known to vary across cellular contexts such as cell types and environmental conditions. We developed SURGE, a method for unsupervised discovery of context-specific expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) from single-cell transcriptomic data. This allows discovery of the contexts or cell types modulating genetic regulation without prior knowledge. Applied to peripheral blood single-cell eQTL data, SURGE contexts capture continuous representations of distinct cell types and groupings of biologically related cell types. We demonstrate the disease-relevance of SURGE context-specific eQTLs using colocalization analysis and stratified LD-score regression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tayeb, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.22.521678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering context-specific genetic-regulation of gene expression from single-cell RNA-sequencing using latent-factor models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing scientific abstracts generated by ChatGPT to original abstracts using an artificial intelligence output detector, plagiarism detector, and blinded human reviewers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLarge language models such as ChatGPT can produce increasingly realistic text, with unknown information on the accuracy and integrity of using these models in scientific writing.

MethodsWe gathered ten research abstracts from five high impact factor medical journals (n=50) and asked ChatGPT to generate research abstracts based on their titles and journals. We evaluated the abstracts using an artificial intelligence (AI) output detector, plagiarism detector, and had blinded human reviewers try to distinguish whether abstracts were original or generated.

ResultsAll ChatGPT-generated abstracts were written clearly but only 8% correctly followed the specific journals formatting requirements. Most generated abstracts were detected using the AI output detector, with scores (higher meaning more likely to be generated) of median [interquartile range] of 99.98% [12.73, 99.98] compared with very low probability of AI-generated output in the original abstracts of 0.02% [0.02, 0.09]. The AUROC of the AI output detector was 0.94. Generated abstracts scored very high on originality using the plagiarism detector (100% [100, 100] originality). Generated abstracts had a similar patient cohort size as original abstracts, though the exact numbers were fabricated. When given a mixture of original and general abstracts, blinded human reviewers correctly identified 68% of generated abstracts as being generated by ChatGPT, but incorrectly identified 14% of original abstracts as being generated. Reviewers indicated that it was surprisingly difficult to differentiate between the two, but that the generated abstracts were vaguer and had a formulaic feel to the writing.

ConclusionChatGPT writes believable scientific abstracts, though with completely generated data. These are original without any plagiarism detected but are often identifiable using an AI output detector and skeptical human reviewers. Abstract evaluation for journals and medical conferences must adapt policy and practice to maintain rigorous scientific standards; we suggest inclusion of AI output detectors in the editorial process and clear disclosure if these technologies are used. The boundaries of ethical and acceptable use of large language models to help scientific writing remain to be determined.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markov, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing scientific abstracts generated by ChatGPT to original abstracts using an artificial intelligence output detector, plagiarism detector, and blinded human reviewers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Evolution of Information Dynamics in the Primary Motor Cortex During Reach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.23.521792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primary motor cortex (M1) is known to be spatially organized in terms of muscles and body parts, notwithstanding some overlap. However, the classical view is largely static, neglecting potential representational changes on a fast time scale. To address potential representational dynamics, we probed the mutual information between M1 signals recorded across the cortical sheet and electromyography (EMG) activity from a set of muscles while a macaque monkey performed planar reaches. Here, we demonstrated that the spatial organization of the M1 encoding was in fact quite dynamic throughout the course of a reaching movement such that a given cortical site maximally encoded different muscles at different times. Despite these rapid representational changes, a proximal-to-distal gradient of the upper limb representation was preserved particularly close to movement onset. Representation was most stable close to movement onset, with characteristic topographic maps, possibly serving functional needs. This study bridges the important gap between flexible motor encoding and static motor maps, emphasizing the importance of considering space and time together in motor representation studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadourakis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Evolution of Information Dynamics in the Primary Motor Cortex During Reach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exceptionally versatile respiratory metabolisms drive metabolite production by diverse gut bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiratory reductases enable microbes to utilize molecules present in anaerobic ecosystems as energy-generating respiratory electron acceptors. Here we identify three taxonomically distinct families of human gut bacteria (Burkholderiaceae, Eggerthellaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae) that encode large arsenals of tens-to-hundreds of respiratory-like reductases per genome. Screening species from each family (Sutterella wadsworthensis, Eggerthella lenta, and Holdemania filiformis), we discover 22 metabolites used as respiratory electron acceptors in a species-specific manner. Identified reactions transform multiple classes of dietary- and host-derived metabolites, including bioactive molecules resveratrol and itaconate. Products of identified respiratory metabolisms highlight poorly characterized compounds, such as the itaconate-derived 2-methylsuccinate. Reductase substrate-profiling defines enzyme-substrate pairs and reveals a complex picture of reductase evolution, providing evidence that reductases with specificities for related cinnamate substrates independently emerged at least four times. These studies thus establish an exceptionally versatile form of anaerobic respiration that directly links microbial energy metabolism to the gut metabolome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Little, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Younker, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schechter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stemczynski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorza, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nol Bernardino, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullowney, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waligurski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanswamy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiter, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odenwald, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.26.521950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exceptionally versatile respiratory metabolisms drive metabolite production by diverse gut bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.30.522329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Androgen-mediated TGFβ expression suppresses anti-tumor neutrophil response in bone metastatic prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.30.522329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prostate Cancer (PCa) bone metastases are associated with spinal cord compression, fracture, bone pain and death. Despite advances in the medical therapy for localized disease, metastatic disease is incurable and osseous progression is largely dictated by tumor-stromal interactions in the bone microenvironment. We showed previously that tumor bone neutrophils are tumoricidal to PCa but lose their cytotoxic potential as the tumor progresses. However, there have been no studies to date to clinically define and characterize neutrophils throughout the prostate cancer disease spectrum to determine their biomarker potential. Using patient peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), we identify that PCa progression dictates PMN properties, including viability, cell surface markers and gene expression. However, the majority of PMNs elicited an anti-tumor response ex vivo demonstrating that PMN cytotoxicity is cell autonomous and independent of PCa disease stage. In fact, we identify a novel role for androgen regulation, i.e., androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), in suppressing PMN cytotoxicity via altered transforming growth factor beta receptor I (T{beta}RI). Using preclinical models, we found that high dose testosterone/bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) and genetic or pharmacologic T{beta}RI inhibition combined with standard ADT rescued the androgen-associated suppression and restored PMN anti-tumor immune response. This combination provided a therapeutic strategy more impactful than ADT alone, in bone metastatic prostate cancer (BM-PCa). These studies: 1) highlight a necessity for both molecular and functional characterization of PMNs per cancer type and 2) reveals the ability to program PMN immune response for successful targeting of BM-PCa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cook, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsamraae, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costanzo-Garvey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teply, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommerville, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrissey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdalla, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallet, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kielian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen-Smith, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deOliveira, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettencourt, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.30.522329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Androgen-mediated TGFβ expression suppresses anti-tumor neutrophil response in bone metastatic prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dietary Restriction Impacts Peripheral Circadian Clock Output Important for Longevity in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian clocks may mediate lifespan extension by caloric or dietary restriction (DR). We find that the core clock transcription factor Clock is crucial for a robust longevity and fecundity response to DR in Drosophila. To identify clock-controlled mediators, we performed RNA-sequencing from abdominal fat bodies across the 24 h day after just 5 days under control or DR diets. In contrast to more chronic DR regimens, we did not detect significant changes in the rhythmic expression of core clock genes. Yet we discovered that DR induced de novo rhythmicity or increased expression of rhythmic clock output genes. Network analysis revealed that DR increased network connectivity in one module comprised of genes encoding proteasome subunits. Adult, fat body specific RNAi knockdown demonstrated that proteasome subunits contribute to DR-mediated lifespan extension. Thus, clock control of output links DR-mediated changes in rhythmic transcription to lifespan extension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwangbo, D.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwanaszko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbasi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchison, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allada, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.04.522718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dietary Restriction Impacts Peripheral Circadian Clock Output Important for Longevity in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Establishing a causal role for left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in value-directed memory encoding with high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One critical approach for promoting the efficiency of memory is to adopt selective encoding strategies to prioritize more valuable information. Past neuroimaging studies have shown that value-directed modulation of verbal memory depends heavily on engagement of left-lateralized semantic processing regions, particularly in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC). In the present study, we used high-definition direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) to seek evidence for a causal role of left VLPFC in supporting the memory advantage for high-value items. Three groups of healthy young adult participants were presented with lists of words to remember, with each word accompanied by an arbitrarily assigned point value. During the first session, all participants received sham stimulation as they encoded five lists of 30 words each. Two of these lists were immediately tested with free recall, with feedback given to allow participants to develop metacognitive insight and strategies to maximize their point total. The second session had the exact same structure as the first, but the groups differed in whether they received continued sham stimulation (N=22) or anodal stimulation of the left VLPFC (N=21) or right VLPFC (N=20). Those lists not tested with immediate recall were tested with recognition judgments after a one-day delay. Since no brain stimulation was applied during this Day 2 test, any performance differences can be attributed to the effects of stimulation on Day 1 encoding processes. Anodal stimulation of left VLPFC significantly boosted participants memory encoding selectivity. In comparison, no such effect was seen in participants who received right VLPFC or sham stimulation. Estimates of recollection- and familiarity-based responding revealed that left VLPFC stimulation specifically amplified the effects of item value on recollection. These results demonstrate a causal role for left VLPFC in the implementation of selective value-directed encoding strategies, putatively by boosting deep semantic processing of high-value words. Our findings also provide further evidence on the hemispheric lateralization of value-directed verbal memory encoding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowlton, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rissman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.04.522746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Establishing a causal role for left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in value-directed memory encoding with high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging family data to design Mendelian Randomization that is provably robust to population stratification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.05.522936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mendelian Randomization (MR) has emerged as a powerful approach to leverage genetic instruments to infer causality between pairs of traits in observational studies. However, the results of such studies are susceptible to biases due to weak instruments as well as the confounding effects of population stratification and horizontal pleiotropy. Here, we show that family data can be leveraged to design MR tests that are provably robust to confounding from population stratification, assortative mating, and dynastic effects. We demonstrate in simulations that our approach, MR-Twin, is robust to confounding from population stratification and is not affected by weak instrument bias, while standard MR methods yield inflated false positive rates. We applied MR-Twin to 121 trait pairs in the UK Biobank dataset and found that MR-Twin identifies likely causal trait pairs and does not identify trait pairs that are unlikely to be causal. Our results suggest that confounding from population stratification can lead to false positives for existing MR methods, while MR-Twin is immune to this type of confounding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaPierre, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbull, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankararaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.05.522936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging family data to design Mendelian Randomization that is provably robust to population stratification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.07.522792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Passive endocytosis in protocells enables nutrient transport bypassing permeability limits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.07.522792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Semipermeable membranes are a key feature of all living organisms. While specialized membrane transporters in cells can import otherwise impermeable nutrients, the earliest cells would have lacked a mechanism to import nutrients rapidly under nutrient-rich circumstances. Using both experiments and simulations, we find that a process akin to passive endocytosis can be recreated in model primitive cells. Molecules that are too impermeable to be absorbed can be taken up in a matter of seconds in an endocytic vesicle. The internalized cargo can then be slowly released over hours, into the main lumen or putative cytoplasm. This work demonstrates a way by which primitive life could have broken the symmetry of passive permeation prior to the evolution of protein transporters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anees, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fai, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.07.522792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Passive endocytosis in protocells enables nutrient transport bypassing permeability limits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imbalanced gut microbiota predicts and drives the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a fast-food diet mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is multifactorial in nature, affecting over a billion people worldwide. The gut microbiome has emerged as an associative factor in NAFLD, yet mechanistic contributions are unclear. Here, we show fast food (FF) diets containing high fat, added cholesterol, and fructose/glucose drinking water differentially impact short- vs. long-term NAFLD severity and progression in conventionally-raised, but not germ-free mice. Correlation and machine learning analyses independently demonstrate FF diets induce early and specific gut microbiota changes that are predictive of NAFLD indicators, with corresponding microbial community instability relative to control-fed mice. Shotgun metagenomics showed FF diets containing high cholesterol elevate fecal pro-inflammatory effectors over time, relating to a reshaping of host hepatic metabolic and inflammatory transcriptomes. FF diet-induced gut dysbiosis precedes onset and is highly predictive of NAFLD outcomes, providing potential insights into microbially-based pathogenesis and therapeutics.

HighlightsO_LIGerm-free mice are protected from fast-food diet-induced NAFLD.
C_LIO_LIFast-food diets rapidly shift gut microbiota composition and function.
C_LIO_LIIncreasing dietary cholesterol exacerbates hepatic inflammation only in SPF mice.
C_LIO_LIFast-food diet-induced gut dysbiosis precedes and predicts late-stage NAFLD severity.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fei, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyoshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermanson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyoshi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLeon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlton, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Souza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulakhe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Guryn, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlton, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imbalanced gut microbiota predicts and drives the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a fast-food diet mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HYENA detects non-coding genes activated by distal enhancers in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic structural variations (SVs) in cancer can shuffle DNA content in the genome, relocate regulatory elements, and alter genome organization. Enhancer hijacking occurs when SVs relocate distal enhancers to activate proto-oncogenes. However, most enhancer hijacking studies have only focused on protein-coding genes. Here, we develop a computational algorithm "HYENA" to identify candidate oncogenes (both protein-coding and non-coding) activated by enhancer hijacking based on tumor whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing data. HYENA detects genes whose elevated expression is associated with somatic SVs by using a rank-based regression model. We systematically analyze 1,146 tumors across 25 types of adult tumors and identify a total of 108 candidate oncogenes including many non-coding genes. A long non-coding RNA TOB1-AS1 is activated by various types of SVs in 10% of pancreatic cancers through altered 3-dimensional genome structure. We find that high expression of TOB1-AS1 can promote cell invasion and metastasis. Our study highlights the contribution of genetic alterations in non-coding regions to tumorigenesis and tumor progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yesilkanal, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HYENA detects non-coding genes activated by distal enhancers in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retroviral infection and commensal bacteria dependently alter the metabolomic profile in a sterile organ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both viruses and bacteria produce  pathogen associated molecular patterns that may affect microbial pathogenesis and anti-microbial responses. Additionally, bacteria produce metabolites while viruses could change metabolic profiles of the infected cells. Here, we used an unbiased metabolomics approach to profile metabolites in spleens and blood of Murine Leukemia Virus-infected mice monocolonized with Lactobacillus murinus to show that viral infection significantly changes the metabolite profile of monocolonized mice. We hypothesize that these changes could contribute to viral pathogenesis or to the host response against the virus and thus, open a new avenue for future investigations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spring, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beilinson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFelice, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischbach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chervonsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golovkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retroviral infection and commensal bacteria dependently alter the metabolomic profile in a sterile organ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Axial regionalization in Tiktaalik roseae and the origin of quadrupedal locomotion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The origin of quadrupedal locomotion in tetrapods entailed the evolution of a regionalized axial skeleton with sacral ribs. These ribs provide linkage between the pelvis and vertebral column and contribute to body support and propulsion by the hind limb. The closest relatives of limbed vertebrates are not known to possess such a connection and, therefore, have typically been described as primarily supporting their bodies against the substrate with pectoral fins. However, data on the axial skeletons of stem tetrapods are sparce, with key features of specimens potentially concealed by matrix. Here we provide micro-computed tomography data of the axial skeleton of Tiktaalik roseae and show that its vertebrae and ribs are regionalized along the craniocaudal axis, including expanded and ventrally curved ribs in the sacral region. The sacral ribs would have contacted the expanded iliac blade of the pelvis in a soft tissue connection. No atlas-axis complex is observed, however the basioccipital-exoccipital complex is deconsolidated from the rest of the neurocranium, suggesting increased mobility at occipital-vertebral junction. Thus, axial regionalization that allowed for innovations in head mobility, body support and buttressing the pelvic fin evolved prior to the origin of limbs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stewart, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemberg, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magallanes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daeschler, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubin, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Axial regionalization in Tiktaalik roseae and the origin of quadrupedal locomotion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virulence and genomic diversity among clinical isolates of ST1 (BI/NAP1/027) Clostridioides difficile 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.12.523823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), a leading cause of nosocomial infection, produces toxins that damage the colonic epithelium and results in colitis that varies from mild to fulminant. Variation in disease severity is poorly understood and has been attributed to host factors (age, immune competence and intestinal microbiome composition) and/or virulence differences between C. difficile strains, with some, such as the epidemic BI/NAP1/027 (MLST1) strain, being associated with greater virulence. We tested 23 MLST1(ST1) C. difficile clinical isolates for virulence in antibiotic-treated C57BL/6 mice. All isolates encoded a complete Tcd pathogenicity locus and achieved similar colonization densities in mice. Disease severity varied, however, with 5 isolates causing lethal infections, 16 isolates causing a range of moderate infections and 2 isolates resulting in no detectable disease. The avirulent ST1 isolates did not cause disease in highly susceptible Myd88-/- or germ-free mice. Genomic analysis of the avirulent isolates revealed a 69 base-pair deletion in the N-terminus of the cdtR gene, which encodes a response regulator for binary toxin (CDT) expression. Genetic deletion of the 69 base-pair cdtR sequence in the highly virulent ST1 R20291 C. difficile strain rendered it avirulent and reduced toxin gene transcription in cecal contents. Our study demonstrates that a natural deletion within cdtR attenuates virulence in the epidemic ST1 C. difficile strain without reducing colonization and persistence in the gut. Distinguishing strains on the basis of cdtR may enhance the specificity of diagnostic tests for C. difficile colitis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garneau, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sia, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pope, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalfe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dylla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohout, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snitkin, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortier, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamboj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virulence and genomic diversity among clinical isolates of ST1 (BI/NAP1/027) Clostridioides difficile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Testing the accuracy of species distribution models based on community science data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While traditional methods of tracking species, collecting specimens, and performing surveys are known to be accurate, additional opportunities to broaden the data pool are evolving. Community science data5 has emerged as a new way of gathering large amounts of data, but little research has been done on its reliability for making models for novel locations. The goal of this project was to test the reliability of eBird data as the primary dataset for ecological niche modeling by determining the accuracy of models derived from the citizen-science based eBird dataset. I made species distribution models of 676 bird species in Costa Rica based on eBird observations to predict which species would be found in two localities in Costa Rica that were surveyed. I compared the predictions with these field surveys to determine the prediction success and Sorensen index of the models. Overall, I found that while spatio-temporal factors can affect the accuracy of ecological models, eBird data have great potential as data for species distribution modeling. The models more accurately predicted the community composition in the rural locality as opposed to the more urban locality, and the accuracy of the models increased when compared with data that covered two month as opposed to one month time periods. I tested to see how the number of observations per species influenced the predictive ability of the models and determined that an intermediate number of observations led to better models. These are important metrics to understand because modeling can be an informative and cost effective way to monitor inaccessible areas and can be used in conservation efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Velde, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrod, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Testing the accuracy of species distribution models based on community science data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide CRISPR screen reveals genetic modifiers of Ca2+-mediated cell death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.13.523980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+ is a fundamental determinant of survival in living cells. Excessive intracellular Ca2+ causes cellular toxicity and death but the genetic pathways contributing to Ca2+ induced cell death are incompletely understood. Here, we performed genome-wide CRISPR knock-out screening in human cells challenged with the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin and identified genes and pathways essential for cell death after Ca2+ overload. We discovered 115 protective gene knockouts, 82 of which are non-essential genes and 21 of which belong to the druggable genome. Notably, members of store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), very long-chain fatty acid synthesis, and SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) pathways provided marked protection against Ca2+ toxicity. These results reveal pathways previously unknown to mediate Ca2+-induced cell death and provide a resource for the development of pharmacotherapies against the sequelae of Ca2+ overload in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyes Gaido, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schole, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luczak, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide CRISPR screen reveals genetic modifiers of Ca2+-mediated cell death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specificity Guides Interpretation: On H3K4 Methylation at Enhancers and Broad Promoters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In 2018, we used internally calibrated chromatin immunoprecipitation (ICeChIP) to find that many of the most commonly used antibodies against H3K4 methylforms had significant off-target binding, which compromised the findings of at least eight literature paradigms that used these antibodies for ChIP-seq (Shah et al., 2018). In many cases, we were able to recapitulate the prior findings in K562 cells with the original, low-quality antibody, only to find that the models did not hold up to scrutiny with highly specific reagents and quantitative calibration.

In a recent preprint originally prepared as a Letter to the Editor of Molecular Cell, though they agree with our overarching conclusions, Pekowska and colleagues take issue with analyses presented for two relatively minor points of the paper (Pekowska et al., 2023). We are puzzled by the assertion that these two points constitute the "bulk" of our findings, nor is it clear which components of our "analytical design" they find problematic. We feel their critique, however mild, is misguided.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruthenburg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specificity Guides Interpretation: On H3K4 Methylation at Enhancers and Broad Promoters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental Tests of the Virtual Circular Genome Model for Non-enzymatic RNA Replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The virtual circular genome (VCG) model was proposed as a means of going beyond template copying to indefinite cycles of nonenzymatic RNA replication during the origin of life. In the VCG model the protocellular genome is a collection of short oligonucleotides that map to both strands of a virtual circular sequence. Replication is driven by templated nonenzymatic primer extension on a subset of kinetically trapped partially base-paired configurations, followed by shuffling of these configurations to enable continued oligonucleotide elongation. Here we describe initial experimental studies of the feasibility of the VCG model for replication. We designed a small 12-nucleotide model VCG and synthesized all 247 oligonucleotides of length 2 to 12 corresponding to this genome. We experimentally monitored the fate of individual labeled primers in the pool of VCG oligonucleotides following the addition of activated nucleotides, and investigated factors such as oligonucleotide length, concentration, composition, and temperature on the extent of primer extension. We observe a surprisingly prolonged equilibration process in the VCG system that enables a considerable extent of reaction. We find that environmental fluctuations would be essential for continuous templated extension of the entire VCG system, since the shortest oligonucleotides can only bind to templates at low temperatures, while the longest oligonucleotides require high temperature spikes to escape from inactive configurations. Finally, we demonstrate that primer extension is significantly enhanced when the mix of VCG oligonucleotides is pre-activated. We discuss the necessity of ongoing in-situ activation chemistry for continuous and accurate VCG replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mittal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental Tests of the Virtual Circular Genome Model for Non-enzymatic RNA Replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequencing of N6-methyl-deoxyadenosine at single-base resolution across the mammalian genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While DNA N6-methyl-deoxyadenosine (6mA) is abundant in bacteria and protists, its presence and function in mammalian genomes have been less clear. We present Direct-Read 6mA sequencing (DR-6mA-seq), an antibody-independent method to measure 6mA at base-resolution with high sensitivity. DR-6mA-seq employs a unique mutation-based strategy to reveal 6mA sites as misincorporation signatures without any chemical or enzymatic modulation of 6mA. We validated DR-6mA-seq through successful mapping of the well-characterized G(6mA)TC motif in the E. coli DNA and identified 6mA sites in the mammalian mitochondrial DNA. As expected, when applying DR-6mA-seq to mammalian systems, we found that genomic DNA (gDNA) 6mA abundance is in general low in most mammalian tissues and cells; however, we did observe distinct gDNA 6mA sites in mouse testis and glioblastoma cells. DR-6mA-seq provides an enabling tool to detect 6mA at single-base resolution with high sensitivity for a comprehensive understanding of DNA 6mA in eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequencing of N6-methyl-deoxyadenosine at single-base resolution across the mammalian genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Protein-encoding Gene Content in Escherichia coli Genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we built machine learning classifiers for predicting the presence or absence of the variable genes occurring in 10-90% of all publicly available high-quality Escherichia coli genomes. The BV-BRC genus-specific protein families were used to define orthologs across the set of genomes, and a single binary classifier was built for predicting the presence or absence of each family in each genome. Each model was built using the nucleotide k-mers from a set of 100 conserved genes as features. The resulting set of 3,259 XGBoost classifiers had a per-genome average macro F1 score of 0.944 [0.943-0.945, 95% CI]. We show that the F1 scores are stable across MLSTs, and that the trend can be recapitulated through sampling with a smaller number of core genes or diverse input genomes. Surprisingly, the presence or absence of poorly annotated proteins, including "hypothetical proteins", were easily predicted (F1 = 0.902 [0.898-0.906, 95% CI]). Models for proteins with horizontal gene transfer-related functions, including transposition- (F1 = 0.895 [0.882-0.907, 95% CI]), phage- (F1 = 0.872 [0.868-0.876, 95% CI]), and plasmid-related (F1 = 0.824 [0.814-0.834, 95% CI]) functions had slightly lower F1 scores, but were still accurate. Finally, we applied the models to a holdout set of 419 diverse E. coli genomes that were isolated from freshwater environmental sources and observed an average per-genome F1 score of 0.880 [0.876-0.883, 95% CI], demonstrating the extensibility of the models. Overall, this study provides a framework for predicting variable gene content using a limited amount of input sequence data.

ImportanceHaving the ability to predict the protein-encoding gene content of a genome is important for a variety of bioinformatic tasks, including assessing genome quality, binning genomes from shotgun metagenomic assemblies, and assessing risk due to the presence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and other virulence genes. In this study, we built a series of binary classifiers for predicting the presence or absence of variable genes occurring in 10-90% of all publicly available E. coli genomes. Overall, the results show that a large portion of the E. coli variable gene content can be predicted with high accuracy, including genes with functions relating to horizontal gene transfer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmore, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moen, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slater, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrello, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Protein-encoding Gene Content in Escherichia coli Genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primate superior colliculus is engaged in abstract higher-order cognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Categorization is a fundamental cognitive process by which the brain assigns stimuli to behaviorally meaningful groups. Investigations of visual categorization in primates have identified a hierarchy of cortical areas that are involved in the transformation of sensory information into abstract category representations. However, categorization behaviors are ubiquitous across diverse animal species, even those without a neocortex, motivating the possibility that subcortical regions may contribute to abstract cognition in primates. One candidate structure is the superior colliculus (SC), an evolutionarily conserved midbrain region that, although traditionally thought to mediate only reflexive spatial orienting, is involved in cognitive tasks that require spatial orienting. Here, we reveal a novel role of the primate SC in abstract, higher-order visual cognition. We compared neural activity in the SC and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), a region previously shown to causally contribute to category decisions, while monkeys performed a visual categorization task in which they report their decisions with a hand movement. The SC exhibits stronger and shorter-latency category encoding than the PPC, and inactivation of the SC markedly impairs monkeys category decisions. These results extend SCs established role in spatial orienting to abstract, non-spatial cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peysakhovich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tetrick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primate superior colliculus is engaged in abstract higher-order cognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.22.525052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitized piRNA reporter identifies multiple RNA processing factors involved in piRNA-mediated gene silencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.22.525052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metazoans guard their germlines against transposons and other foreign transcripts with PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). Due to the robust heritability of the silencing initiated by piRNAs in C.elegans, previous screens using Caenorhabditis elegans were strongly biased to uncover members of this pathway in the maintenance process but not in the initiation process. To identify novel piRNA pathway members, we have utilized a sensitized reporter strain which detects defects in initiation, amplification, or regulation of piRNA silencing. Using our reporter, we have identified Integrator complex subunits, nuclear pore components, protein import components, and pre-mRNA splicing factors as essential for piRNA-mediated gene silencing. We found the snRNA processing cellular machine termed the Integrator complex is required for both type I and type II piRNA production. Notably, we identified a role for nuclear pore and nucleolar components in promoting the perinuclear localization of anti-silencing CSR-1 Argonaute, as well as a role for Importin factor IMA-3 in nuclear localization of silencing Argonaute HRDE-1. Together, we have shown that piRNA silencing is dependent on evolutionarily ancient RNA processing machinery that has been co-opted to function in the piRNA mediated genome surveillance pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.22.525052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitized piRNA reporter identifies multiple RNA processing factors involved in piRNA-mediated gene silencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.22.525074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fungal zoospores show contrasting swimming patterns specific to phylum and cytology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.22.525074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zoosporic fungi, also called chytrids, produce motile spores with flagellar swimming tails (zoospores)1,2. These fungi are key components of aquatic food webs, acting as pathogens, saprotrophs and prey3-8. Little is known about the swimming behaviour of fungal zoospores, a crucial factor governing dispersal, biogeographical range, ecological function and infection dynamics6,9. Here, we track the swimming patterns of zoospores from 12 evolutionary divergent species of zoosporic fungi across seven orders of the Chytridiomycota and the Blastocladiomycota phyla. We report two major swimming patterns which correlate with the cytoskeletal ultrastructure of these zoospores. Specifically, we show that species without major cytoplasmic tubulin components swim in a circular fashion, while species that harbour prominent cytoplasmic tubulin structures swim in a pattern akin to a random walk (move-stop-redirect-move). We confirm cytoskeleton architecture by performing fluorescence confocal microscopy of the zoospores across all 12 species. We then treat representative species with variant swimming behaviours and cytoplasmic-cytoskeletal arrangements with tubulin stabilizing (Taxol) and depolymerizing (Nocodazole) pharmacological-compounds. We observed that when treating the  random-walk species with Nocodazole their swimming behaviour changes to a circular swimming pattern. Confocal imaging of the nocodazole-treated zoospores demonstrates these cells maintain flagellum tubulin structures but lack their characteristic cytoplasmatic tubulin arrangement. These data confirm that the capability of zoospores to perform  complex movements as a random walk is linked to the presence of prominent cytoplasmatic tubulin structures. We discuss the link between cytology, sensation, and swimming behaviour manifest in zoosporic fungi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galindo, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.22.525074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fungal zoospores show contrasting swimming patterns specific to phylum and cytology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MHC class II antigen presentation by intestinal epithelial cells fine-tunes bacteria-reactive CD4 T cell responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) can express major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II), especially during intestinal inflammation, it remains unclear if antigen presentation by IECs favours pro- or anti-inflammatory CD4+ T cell responses. Using selective gene ablation of MHC II in IECs and IEC organoid cultures, we assessed the impact of MHC II expression by IECs on CD4+ T cell responses and disease outcomes in response to enteric bacterial pathogens. We found that intestinal bacterial infections elicit inflammatory cues that greatly increase expression of MHC II processing and presentation molecules in colonic IECs. Whilst IEC MHC II expression had little impact on disease severity following Citrobacter rodentium or Helicobacter hepaticus infection, using a colonic IEC organoid-CD4+ T cell co-culture system, we demonstrate that IECs can activate antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in an MHC II-dependent manner, modulating both regulatory and effector Th cell subsets. Furthermore, we assessed adoptively transferred H. hepaticus-specific CD4+ T cells during intestinal inflammation in vivo and report that IEC MHC II expression dampens pro-inflammatory effector Th cells. Our findings indicate that IECs can function as non-conventional antigen presenting cells and that IEC MHC II expression fine-tunes local effector CD4+ T cell responses during intestinal inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heuberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilott, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertocchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powrie, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pott, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloy, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MHC class II antigen presentation by intestinal epithelial cells fine-tunes bacteria-reactive CD4 T cell responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRWD1 orchestrates chromatin topology by converting static to dynamic cohesin complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lymphocyte development consists of sequential and mutually exclusive cell states of proliferative selection and antigen receptor gene recombination1. Transitions between each state require large, coordinated changes in epigenetic landscapes and transcriptional programs2,3. How this occurs remains unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that in small pre-B cells, the lineage and stagespecific epigenetic reader Bromodomain and WD Repeating Containing Protein 1 (BRWD1)2,4 reorders three-dimensional chromatin topology to affect transition between proliferative and gene recombination molecular programs. BRWD1 regulated the switch between poised and active enhancers interacting with promoters and coordinated this with Igk locus contraction. BRWD1 did so by converting chromatin-bound static cohesin to dynamic complexes competent to mediate long-range looping. Remarkably, ATP depletion recapitulated cohesin distributions observed in Brwd1-/- cells. Therefore, in small pre-B cells, cohesin conversion is the main energetic mechanism dictating where dynamic looping occurs in the genome. Our findings provide a new mechanism of cohesin regulation and reveal how cohesin function can be dictated by lineage contextual mechanisms to facilitate specific cell fate transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mandal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maienschein-Cline, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohsin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veselits, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okoreeh, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, Y. m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veselits, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgopoulos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRWD1 orchestrates chromatin topology by converting static to dynamic cohesin complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rhythmically bursting songbird vocomotor neurons are organized into multiple sequences, suggesting a network/intrinsic properties model encoding song and error, not time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In zebra finch, basal ganglia projecting "HVCX" neurons emit one or more spike bursts during each song motif (canonical sequence of syllables), which are thought to be driven in part by a process of spike rebound excitation. Zebra finch songs are highly stereotyped and recent results indicate that the intrinsic properties of HVCX neurons are similar within each bird, vary among birds depending on similarity of the songs, and vary with song errors. We tested the hypothesis that the timing of spike bursts during singing also evince individual-specific distributions. Examining previously published data, we demonstrated that the intervals between bursts of multibursting HVCX are similar for neurons within each bird, in many cases highly clustered at distinct peaks, with the patterns varying among birds. The fixed delay between bursts and different times when neurons are first recruited in the song yields precisely timed multiple sequences of bursts throughout the song, not the previously envisioned single sequence of bursts treated as events having statistically independent timing. A given moment in time engages multiple sequences and both single bursting and multibursting HVCX simultaneously. This suggests a model where a population of HVCX sharing common intrinsic properties driving spike rebound excitation influence the timing of a given HVCX burst through lateral inhibitory interactions. Perturbations in burst timing, representing error, could propagate in time. Our results extend the concept of central pattern generators to complex vertebrate vocal learning and suggest that network activity (timing of inhibition) and HVCX intrinsic properties become coordinated during developmental birdsong learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fetterman, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margoliash, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rhythmically bursting songbird vocomotor neurons are organized into multiple sequences, suggesting a network/intrinsic properties model encoding song and error, not time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human milk variation is shaped by maternal genetics and impacts the infant gut microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human milk is a complex mix of nutritional and bioactive components that provide complete nutrition for the infant. However, we lack a systematic knowledge of the factors shaping milk composition and how milk variation influences infant health. Here, we used multi-omic profiling to characterize interactions between maternal genetics, milk gene expression, milk composition, and the infant fecal microbiome in 242 exclusively breastfeeding mother-infant pairs. We identified 487 genetic loci associated with milk gene expression unique to the lactating mammary gland, including loci that impacted breast cancer risk and human milk oligosaccharide concentration. Integrative analyses uncovered connections between milk gene expression and infant gut microbiome, including an association between the expression of inflammation-related genes with IL-6 concentration in milk and the abundance of Bifidobacteria in the infant gut. Our results show how an improved understanding of the genetics and genomics of human milk connects lactation biology with maternal and infant health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heisel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yerabandi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knights, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lock, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bode, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolph, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demerath, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blekhman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.525211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human milk variation is shaped by maternal genetics and impacts the infant gut microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increments in Visual Motion Coherence are More Readily Detected than Decrements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the circuits that access and read out information in the cerebral cortex to guide behavior remains a challenge for systems-level neuroscience. Recent optogenetic experiments targeting specific cell classes in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) have shown that mice are sensitive to optically-induced increases in V1 spiking, but are relatively insensitive to decreases in neuronal spiking of similar magnitude and time course. This asymmetry suggests that the readout of signals from cortex depends preferentially on increases in spike rate. We investigated whether humans display a similar asymmetry by measuring thresholds for detecting changes in the motion coherence of dynamic random dot stimuli. The middle temporal visual area (MT) has been shown to play an important role in discriminating random dot stimuli, and the responses of its individual neurons to dynamic random dots are well characterized. While both increments and decrements in motion coherence have heterogeneous effects on MT responses, increments cause on average more increases in firing rates. Consistent with this, we found that subjects are far more sensitive to increments of random dot motion coherence than to decrements of coherence. The magnitude of the difference in detectability was largely consistent with the expected difference in effectiveness of coherence increments and decrements in producing increases in MT spike rates. The results add strength to the notion that the circuit mechanisms that read out cortical signals are relatively insensitive to decrements in cortical spiking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maunsell, J. H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increments in Visual Motion Coherence are More Readily Detected than Decrements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistical evaluation of character support reveals the instability of higher-level dinosaur phylogeny 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interrelationships of the three major dinosaur clades (Theropoda, Sauropodomorpha, and Ornithischia) have come under increased scrutiny following the recovery of conflicting phylogenies by a large new character matrix and its extensively modified revision. Here, we use tools derived from recent phylogenomic studies to investigate the strength and causes of this conflict. Using both the original and rescored dataset, we examine the global support for alternative hypotheses as well as the distribution of phylogenetic signal among individual characters. We find the three possible ways of resolving the relationships among the main dinosaur lineages (Saurischia, Ornithischiformes, and Ornithoscelida) to be statistically indistinguishable and supported by nearly equal numbers of characters in both matrices. While the changes made to the revised matrix increased the mean phylogenetic signal of individual characters, this amplified rather than reduced their conflict, resulting in greater sensitivity to character removal or coding changes and little overall improvement in the ability to discriminate between alternative topologies. We conclude that early dinosaur relationships are unlikely to be resolved without fundamental changes to both the quality of available datasets and the techniques used to analyze them.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cerny, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonoff, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistical evaluation of character support reveals the instability of higher-level dinosaur phylogeny]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Senescence of cortical neurons following persistent DNA double-strand breaks induces cerebrovascular lesions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), neuroinflammation, and vascular alterations in the brain are all associated with neurodegenerative disorders. However, the interconnections between these neuropathological changes and how they act synergistically to promote irreversible neurodegeneration remain unclear. Here we show that abrogating the BRCA1-associated protein Brap in cerebral cortical neurons, as opposed to vascular endothelium cells, causes cerebrovascular defects. This non-cell autonomous effect is mediated by cellular senescence resulting from persistent neuronal DSBs. We show that in the state of senescence, there is a massive upregulation of genes involved in cell secretion, inflammatory responses, and vascular changes, which coincides with cerebral microclots and microbleeds. The vascular lesions intertwine with neuroinflammation and exacerbate neuronal DSBs, culminating in oxidative stress, metabolic alteration, and downregulation of genes essential for neuronal function. By demonstrating the cerebrovascular impact of cortical neuronal DSBs, our data suggest that senescence-associated secretory phenotype can initiate brain-wide neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopsidas, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Senescence of cortical neurons following persistent DNA double-strand breaks induces cerebrovascular lesions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of National Institutes of Health Grant K99 to R00 Transitions from 2007 to 2022 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many postdoctoral fellows and scholars who hope to secure tenure-track faculty positions in the United States apply to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for a Pathway to Independence Award. This award has two phases (K99 and R00) and provides funding for up to five years. Using NIH data for the period 2006-2022, we report that [~]230 K99 awards were made every year, representing up to [~]$250 million annual investment. About 40% of K99 awardees were women and [~]89% of K99 awardees went on to receive an R00 award annually. Institutions with the most NIH funding produced the most recipients of K99 awards and recruited the most recipients of R00 awards. The time between a researcher starting an R00 award and receiving a major NIH award (such as an R01) ranged between 4.6 and 7.4 years, and was significantly longer for women, for those who remained at their home institution, and for those hired by an institution that was not one of the 25 institutions with the most NIH funding. Shockingly, there has yet to be a K99 awardee at a historically Black college or university. We go on to show how K99 awardees flow to faculty positions, and to identify various factors that influence the future success of individual researchers and, therefore, also influence the composition of biomedical faculty at universities in the US.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tyrrell, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of National Institutes of Health Grant K99 to R00 Transitions from 2007 to 2022]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protracted morphine withdrawal corresponds with sex-specific alterations to motivated behavior and mesoaccumbal subcircuit dopamine cell plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOpioid use disorder is associated with enduring psychological withdrawal symptoms believed to contribute to drug abuse. Amongst these are shifts in motivational states, wherein pursuit of drug consumption exceeds that of non-drug rewards, reinforcing escalated opioid use and relapse vulnerability. A critical regulator of behavioral reinforcement, the mesoaccumbal dopamine (DA) system is thought to be both necessary and sufficient for opioid motivation. However, previous research into its involvement in opioid withdrawal has been limited to acute vs protracted timepoints, global neuroadaptations vs those in subcircuits, and overwhelmingly focused on males vs females.

MethodsEvaluations of effort-based motivated behavior for both sucrose and morphine reward were combined with patch clamp electrophysiological assessments of synaptic plasticity within lateral vs medial DA neurons projecting to the lateral vs medial nucleus accumbens shell during protracted morphine withdrawal in male and female mice. Further effects of mesoaccumbal subcircuit inhibition on motivated behavior for sucrose were also measured.

ResultsProtracted morphine withdrawal was found to be associated with elevations in morphine seeking, intake, and motivation compared to saline controls in both sexes. Escalation of intake was paralleled by a male-exclusive reduction in motivation for the non-drug reward, sucrose. Male-exclusive neuroadaptations during protracted withdrawal were also found, with reductions in neuronal excitability and increased inhibitory (GABAAR-dependent) synaptic transmission found in lateral ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons projecting to the lateral nucleus accumbens shell, though not in medial DA projections to the medial shell. Finally, chemogenetic inhibition of the lateral but not medial subcircuit was found to significantly reduce motivated responding for sucrose in male morphine-naive mice.

ConclusionsThese data suggest that protracted opioid withdrawal is associated with a sex-independent increase in opioid consumption and motivation. They also suggest that male-specific reductions in motivation for non-drug reward during protracted withdrawal may be driven by a hypoactive state in a lateral mesoaccumbal DA subcircuit driven in part by increased inhibition of DA cells. These insights may be useful in development of therapies that temper withdrawal-associated psychological states predisposed towards prolonged and escalated opioid intake, a major treatment goal for OUD patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gomez, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brettingen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hearing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.526129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protracted morphine withdrawal corresponds with sex-specific alterations to motivated behavior and mesoaccumbal subcircuit dopamine cell plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seasonal Shifts in Community Composition and Proteome Expression in a Sulfur-Cycling Cyanobacterial Mat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seasonal changes in light and physicochemical conditions have strong impacts on cyanobacteria, but how they affect community structure, metabolism, and biogeochemistry of cyanobacterial mats remains unclear. Light may be particularly influential for cyanobacterial mats exposed to sulfide by altering the balance of oxygenic photosynthesis and sulfide-driven anoxygenic photosynthesis. We studied temporal shifts in irradiance, water chemistry, and community structure and function of microbial mats in Middle Island Sinkhole (MIS), where anoxic and sulfate-rich groundwater provides habitat for cyanobacteria that conduct both oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis. Seasonal changes in light and groundwater chemistry were accompanied by shifts in bacterial community composition, with a succession of dominant cyanobacteria from Phormidium to Planktothrix, and an increase in diatoms, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, and sulfate-reducing bacteria from summer to autumn. Differential abundance of cyanobacterial light harvesting proteins likely reflects a physiological response of cyanobacteria to light level. Beggiatoa sulfur oxidation proteins were more abundant in autumn. Correlated abundances of taxa through time suggest interactions between sulfur oxidizers and sulfate reducers, sulfate reducers and heterotrophs, and cyanobacteria and heterotrophs. These results support the conclusion that seasonal change, including light availability, has a strong influence on community composition and biogeochemical cycling of sulfur and O2 in cyanobacterial mats.

Originality-Significance StatementCyanobacterial mats are found in terrestrial and aquatic environments on modern Earth and their fossil remains are present throughout the geologic record. They are biogeochemical oases that underpin diverse metabolic interactions, transform key nutrients and fix carbon, and can thrive in extreme environments. Mat-forming cyanobacteria can be metabolically versatile and conduct both oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis using sulfide (OP and AP), thereby participating in both oxygen and sulfur cycling. The effect of seasonality on ecological factors constraining photosynthetic production and geochemical cycling in extreme cyanobacterial mats is not well known. In this study, we surveyed the mat community composition via bacterial 16S rRNA genes, microbial activity via metaproteomics, and water physico- and geochemistry over multiple seasons and years of the cyanobacterial mat in Middle Island Sinkhole, an O2-poor benthic sinkhole in Lake Huron, Michigan. We found that higher availability of sulfate-rich groundwater, together with higher light intensity, coincided with dominance of the metabolically flexible cyanobacterium Phormidium during the summer. Diverse sulfur cycling bacteria were more successful in other seasons when the mat experienced lower light and sulfate availability. These results provide insights into how seasonal environmental dynamics can shape the community structure and metabolisms of microbial mats, ultimately controlling biogeochemical cycling in these ecological hotspots.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grim, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aron, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinsman-Costello, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldbauer, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.526236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seasonal Shifts in Community Composition and Proteome Expression in a Sulfur-Cycling Cyanobacterial Mat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organism-Wide Analysis of Sepsis Reveals Mechanisms of Systemic Inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.526342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sepsis is a systemic response to infection with life-threatening consequences. Our understanding of the impact of sepsis across organs of the body is rudimentary. Here, using mouse models of sepsis, we generate a dynamic, organism-wide map of the pathogenesis of the disease, revealing the spatiotemporal patterns of the effects of sepsis across tissues. These data revealed two interorgan mechanisms key in sepsis. First, we discover a simplifying principle in the systemic behavior of the cytokine network during sepsis, whereby a hierarchical cytokine circuit arising from the pairwise effects of TNF plus IL-18, IFN-{gamma}, or IL-1{beta} explains half of all the cellular effects of sepsis on 195 cell types across 9 organs. Second, we find that the secreted phospholipase PLA2G5 mediates hemolysis in blood, contributing to organ failure during sepsis. These results provide fundamental insights to help build a unifying mechanistic framework for the pathophysiological effects of sepsis on the body.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takahama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cipurko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taketomi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbonetto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaster, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheronis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruenbaum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murakami, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevrier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.526342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organism-Wide Analysis of Sepsis Reveals Mechanisms of Systemic Inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional spatial quantitative analysis of cardiac lymphatics in the mouse heart 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.01.526338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Objective3D microscopy and image data analysis are necessary for studying the morphology of cardiac lymphatic vessels (LyVs) and association with other cell types. We aimed to develop a methodology for 3D multiplexed lightsheet microscopy and highly sensitive and quantitative image analysis to identify pathological remodeling in the 3D morphology of LyVs in young adult mouse hearts with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).

MethodsWe developed a 3D lightsheet microscopy workflow providing a quick turn-around (as few as 5-6 days), multiplex fluorescence detection, and preservation of LyV structure and epitope markers. Hearts from non-transgenic (NTG) and transgenic (TG) HCM mice were arrested in diastole, retrograde perfused, immunolabeled, optically cleared, and imaged. We built an image processing pipeline to quantify LyV morphological parameters at the chamber and branch levels.

ResultsChamber-specific pathological alterations of LyVs were identified, but most significantly in the right atrium (RA). TG hearts had a higher volume fraction of ER-TR7+ fibroblasts and reticular fibers. In the RA, we found associations between ER-TR7+ volume fraction and both LyV segment density and median diameter.

ConclusionsThis workflow and study enabled multi-scale analysis of pathological changes in cardiac LyVs of young adult mice, inviting ideas for research on LyVs in cardiac disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bindokas, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teamer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitajewski, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solaro, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolska, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.01.526338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional spatial quantitative analysis of cardiac lymphatics in the mouse heart]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The double-drift illusion biases the marmoset oculomotor system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The double-drift illusion has two unique characteristics: the error between the perceived and physical position of the stimulus grows over time, and saccades to the moving target land much closer to the physical than the perceived location. These results suggest that the perceptual and saccade targeting systems integrate visual information over different timescales. Functional imaging studies in humans have revealed several potential cortical areas of interest, including the prefrontal cortex. However, we currently lack an animal model to study the neural mechanisms of location perception that underlie the double-drift illusion. To fill this gap, we trained two marmoset monkeys to fixate and then saccade to the double drift stimulus. In line with human observers for radial double-drift trajectories, we find that saccade endpoints do show a significant bias that is, as it is in humans, smaller than that seen in perception. This bias is modulated by changes in the external and internal speeds of the stimulus. These results demonstrate that the saccade targeting system of the marmoset monkey is influenced by the double-drift illusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dotson, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, Z. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavanagh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The double-drift illusion biases the marmoset oculomotor system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer relevance of circulating antibodies against LINE-1 antigens in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LINE-1 (L1), the most abundant family of autonomous retrotransposons occupying over 17% of human DNA, is epigenetically silenced in normal tissues but frequently derepressed in cancer, suggesting that L1-encoded proteins may act as tumor-associated antigens recognized by the immune system. Here, we established an immunoassay for detecting circulating autoantibodies against L1 proteins in human blood. Using this assay in >3,000 individuals with or without cancer, we observed significantly higher IgG titers against L1-encoded ORF1p and ORF2p in patients with lung, pancreatic, ovarian, esophageal, and liver cancers compared to healthy individuals. Remarkably, elevated levels of anti-ORF1p-reactive IgG were observed in cancer patients with disease stages 1 and 2, indicating that immune response to L1 antigens can occur at early phases of carcinogenesis. We conclude that the antibody response against L1 antigens could contribute to the diagnosis and determination of immunoreactivity of tumors among cancer types that frequently escape early detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vylegzhanina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bespalov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novototskaya-Vlasova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleiberman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leontieva, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurnasov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komissarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasilieva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gehlhausen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrosone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuji, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuzaki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odunsi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrianova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudkov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.526997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer relevance of circulating antibodies against LINE-1 antigens in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA conformation and metal ion coordination in the nonenzymatic primer extension reaction center 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanism by which genetic information was copied prior to the evolution of ribozymes is of great interest because of its importance to the origin of life. The most effective known process for the nonenzymatic copying of an RNA template is primer extension by a two-step pathway in which 2-aminoimidazole activated nucleotides first react with each other to form an imidazolium-bridged intermediate that subsequently reacts with the primer. Reaction kinetics, structure-activity relationships, and X-ray crystallography have provided insight into the overall reaction mechanism, but many puzzles remain. In particular, high concentrations of Mg2+ are required for efficient primer extension, but the mechanism by which Mg2+ accelerates primer extension remains unknown. By analogy with the mechanism of DNA and RNA polymerases, a role for Mg2+ in facilitating the deprotonation of the primer 3'-hydroxyl is often assumed, but no catalytic metal ion is seen in crystal structures of the primer extension complex. To explore the potential effects of Mg2+ binding in the reaction center, we performed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of a series of modeled complexes in which a Mg2+ ion was placed in the reaction center with inner sphere coordination to different sets of functional groups. Our simulations suggest that coordination of a Mg2+ ion to both O3' of the terminal primer nucleotide and the pro-Sp non- bridging oxygen of the reactive phosphate of an imidazolium-bridged dinucleotide would help to preorganize the structure of the primer/template substrate complex to favor the primer-extension reaction. Our results suggest that the catalytic metal ion may play an important role in overcoming electrostatic repulsion between a deprotonated O3' and the reactive phosphate of the bridged dinucleotide. Our simulations lead to testable predictions of the mode of Mg2+ binding that is most relevant to catalysis of primer extension.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEPrior to the evolution of complex enzymes, the replication of genetic material must have relied on nonenzymatic mechanisms. Nonenzymatic RNA template copying can be achieved through the extension of a primer by reaction with a 2-aminoimidazole (2AI) bridged dinucleotide in the presence of Mg2+. Despite progress in understanding the mechanism of this reaction, the catalytic role of Mg2+ remains poorly understood. Here, we present a series of molecular dynamics simulations of a model RNA primer-extension complex in different potential reactive conformations. We find that one configuration of both the 2AI moiety and coordination state of the Mg2+ promotes a geometry that is most favorable to reaction, suggesting a potential structural role for Mg2+ and providing insights to guide future experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mittal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nisler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.527041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA conformation and metal ion coordination in the nonenzymatic primer extension reaction center]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coronary Artery Disease risk variant dampens the expression of CALCRL by reducing HSF binding to shear stress responsive enhancer in endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. Recent genome-wide association studies have started to unravel the genetic architecture of the disease. Such efforts have identified Calcitonin receptor-like (CALCRL), an important mediator of the endothelial fluid shear stress response, associated with CAD risk variants. In this study we functionally characterized the non-coding regulatory elements carrying CAD risks SNPs and studied their role in the regulation of CALCRL expression in endothelial cells. We demonstrate that rs880890-harboring regulatory element exhibits high enhancer activity and significant allelic bias with A allele showing 40% more activity than G allele. We also observed that the A allele of rs880890 is favored over the G allele under shear stress. CRISPR deletion of rs880890-enhancer resulted in downregulation of CALCRL expression. EMSA further showed that heat shock factors are binding to the enhancer with a preference for A allele over the G allele. In line with this, HSF1 knockdown resulted in a significant decrease in CALCRL expression. CALCRL knockdown as well as variant perturbation experiments confirmed the role of CALCRL in the regulation of eNOS, apelin, angiopoietin, prostaglandins and endothelin-1 signaling pathways while demonstrating a significant decrease in cell proliferation and tube formation. Overall, our results demonstrate the existence of an endothelial-specific heat shock factor regulated transcriptional enhancer carrying a CAD risk SNP rs880890 that regulates CALCRL expression. Better understanding of CALCRL gene regulation and the role of SNPs in modulation of CALCRL expression could provide important steps towards understanding genetic regulation of shear stress signaling responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selvarajan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pölönen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Örd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Öunap, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravindran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mäklin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toropainen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolze, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanoski, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinäniemi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaikkonen, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.08.527795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coronary Artery Disease risk variant dampens the expression of CALCRL by reducing HSF binding to shear stress responsive enhancer in endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariate adaptive shrinkage improves cross-population transcriptome prediction for transcriptome-wide association studies in underrepresented populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome prediction models built with data from European-descent individuals are less accurate when applied to different populations because of differences in linkage disequilibrium patterns and allele frequencies. We hypothesized methods that leverage shared regulatory effects across different conditions, in this case, across different populations may improve cross-population transcriptome prediction. To test this hypothesis, we made transcriptome prediction models for use in transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) using different methods (Elastic Net, Joint-Tissue Imputation (JTI), Matrix eQTL, Multivariate Adaptive Shrinkage in R (MASHR), and Transcriptome-Integrated Genetic Association Resource (TIGAR)) and tested their out-of-sample transcriptome prediction accuracy in population-matched and cross-population scenarios. Additionally, to evaluate model applicability in TWAS, we integrated publicly available multi-ethnic genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology Study (PAGE) and Pan-UK Biobank with our developed transcriptome prediction models. In regard to transcriptome prediction accuracy, MASHR models performed better or the same as other methods in both population-matched and cross-population transcriptome predictions. Furthermore, in multi-ethnic TWAS, MASHR models yielded more discoveries that replicate in both PAGE and PanUKBB across all methods analyzed, including loci previously mapped in GWAS and new loci previously not found in GWAS. Overall, our study demonstrates the importance of using methods that benefit from different populations effect size estimates in order to improve TWAS for multi-ethnic or underrepresented populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Araujo, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhaylova, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papanicolaou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NHLBI TOPMed Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariate adaptive shrinkage improves cross-population transcriptome prediction for transcriptome-wide association studies in underrepresented populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.527990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding the content of working memory in school-aged children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.527990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental improvements in working memory (WM) maintenance predict many real-world outcomes, including educational attainment. It is thus critical to understand which WM mechanisms support these behavioral improvements, and how WM maintenance strategies might change through development. One challenge is that specific WM neural mechanisms cannot easily be measured behaviorally, especially in a child population. However, new multivariate decoding techniques have been designed, primarily in adult populations, that can sensitively decode the contents of WM. The goal of this study was to deploy multivariate decoding techniques known to decode memory representations in adults to decode the contents of WM in children. We created a simple computerized WM game for children, in which children maintained different categories of information (visual, spatial or verbal). We collected electroencephalography (EEG) data from 20 children (7-12-year-olds) while they played the game. Using Multivariate Pattern Analysis (MVPA) on childrens EEG signals, we reliably decoded the category of the maintained information during the sensory and maintenance period. Across exploratory reliability and validity analyses, we examined the robustness of these results when trained on less data, and how these patterns generalized within individuals throughout the testing session. Furthermore, these results matched theory-based predictions of WM across individuals and across ages. Our proof-of-concept study proposes a direct and age-appropriate potential alternative to exclusively behavioral WM maintenance measures in children. Our study demonstrates the utility of MVPA to measure and track the uninstructed representational content of childrens WM. Future research could use our technique to investigate childrens WM maintenance and strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turoman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiave, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahnd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deBettencourt, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vergauwe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.527990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding the content of working memory in school-aged children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenomic mapping in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia identifies transcriptional regulators and noncoding variants promoting distinct chromatin architectures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
B-cell lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is comprised of diverse molecular subtypes and while transcriptional and DNA methylation profiling of B-ALL subtypes has been extensively examined, the accompanying chromatin landscape is not well characterized for many subtypes. We therefore mapped chromatin accessibility using ATAC-seq for 10 B-ALL molecular subtypes in primary ALL cells from 154 patients. Comparisons with B-cell progenitors identified candidate B-ALL cell-of-origin and AP-1-associated cis-regulatory rewiring in B-ALL. Cis-regulatory rewiring promoted B-ALL-specific gene regulatory networks impacting oncogenic signaling pathways that perturb normal B-cell development. We also identified that over 20% of B-ALL accessible chromatin sites exhibit strong subtype enrichment, with transcription factor (TF) footprint profiling identifying candidate TFs that maintain subtype-specific chromatin architectures. Over 9000 inherited genetic variants were further uncovered that contribute to variability in chromatin accessibility among individual patient samples. Overall, our data suggest that distinct chromatin architectures are driven by diverse TFs and inherited genetic variants which promote unique gene regulatory networks that contribute to transcriptional differences among B-ALL subtypes.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIPro-B progenitor cells as the most common cell-of-origin for B-ALL
C_LIO_LIAP-1 TF-associated cis-regulatory rewiring in B-ALL
C_LIO_LISubtype-specific accessible chromatin signatures representing 20% of all B-ALL sites
C_LIO_LIRole for distinct TFs in promoting subtype-specific chromatin architectures
C_LIO_LIThousands of inherited genetic variants identified impacting chromatin state
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barnett, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrich, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergeron, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crews, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manring, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabbour, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paietta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litzow, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornblau, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inaba, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pui, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullighan, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relling, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenomic mapping in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia identifies transcriptional regulators and noncoding variants promoting distinct chromatin architectures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Development of Synapses in Mouse and Macaque Primary Sensory Cortices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report that the rate of synapse development in primary sensory cortices of mice and macaques is unrelated to lifespan, as was previously thought. We analyzed 28,084 synapses over multiple developmental time points in both species and find, instead, that net excitatory synapse development of mouse and macaque neurons primarily increased at similar rates in the first few postnatal months, and then decreased over a span of 1-1.5 years of age. The development of inhibitory synapses differed qualitatively across species. In macaques, net inhibitory synapses first increase and then decrease on excitatory soma at similar ages as excitatory synapses. In mice, however, such synapses are added throughout life. These findings contradict the long-held belief that the cycle of synapse formation and pruning occurs earlier in shorter-lived animals. Instead, our results suggest more nuanced rules, with the development of different types of synapses following different timing rules or different trajectories across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wildenberg, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Development of Synapses in Mouse and Macaque Primary Sensory Cortices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel triptolide analog downregulates NF-κB and induces mitochondrial apoptosis pathways in human pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPancreatic cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and despite advancements in disease management, the 5-year survival rates stands at only 9%. Triptolides have potent anti-tumor activity against different types of cancers, including pancreatic cancer, however poor solubility and toxicity limit their translation into clinical use.

MethodsWe synthesized a novel pro-drug of triptolide, (E)-19-[(1-benzoyloxy-1-phenyl)-methylidene]-Triptolide (CK21), and formulated into an emulsion for in vitro and in vivo testing in rats and mice, and using human pancreatic cancer cell lines and patient-derived pancreatic tumor organoids. A time-course transcriptomic profiling of tumor organoids treated with CK21 in vitro was conducted to define its mechanism of action, as well as transcriptomic profiling at a single time point post-CK21 administration in vivo.

FindingsIntravenous administration of emulsified CK21 resulted in the stable release of triptolide, and potent anti-proliferative effects on human pancreatic cancer cell lines and patient-derived pancreatic tumor organoids in vitro, and with minimal toxicity in vivo. Time course transcriptomic profiling of tumor organoids treated with CK21 in vitro revealed <10 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 3 h and [~]8,000 DEGs at 12 h. Overall inhibition of general RNA transcription was observed, and Ingenuity pathway analysis together with functional cellular assays confirmed inhibition of the NF-{kappa}B pathway, increased oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading ultimately to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, reduced B-cell-lymphoma protein 2 (BCL2) expression, and mitochondrial-mediated tumor cell apoptosis.

InterpretationCK21 is a novel pro-drug of triptolide that exerts potent anti-proliferative effects on human pancreatic tumors by inhibiting the NF-{kappa}B pathway, leading ultimately to mitochondrial-mediated tumor cell apoptosis.

FundingThe study of the anti-tumor efficacy of CK21 supported in part by a research grant from Cinkate Pharmaceutical Corp; the funders had no role in the study design, interpretation or decision to publish. Patient-derived pancreatic tumor organoids were a generous gift from the Organoid and Primary Culture Research Core at University of Chicago.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollok, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel triptolide analog downregulates NF-κB and induces mitochondrial apoptosis pathways in human pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pervasive, conserved secondary structure in highly charged protein regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how protein sequences confer function remains a defining challenge in molecular biology. Two approaches have yielded enormous insight yet are often pursued separately: structure-based, where sequence-encoded structures mediate function, and disorder-based, where sequences dictate physicochemical and dynamical properties which determine function in the absence of stable structure. Here we study highly charged protein regions (>40% charged residues), which are routinely presumed to be disordered. Using recent advances in structure prediction and experimental structures, we show that roughly 40% of these regions form well-structured helices. Features often used to predict disorder--high charge density, low hydrophobicity, low sequence complexity, and evolutionarily varying length--are also compatible with solvated, variable-length helices. We show that a simple composition classifier predicts the existence of structure far better than well-established heuristics based on charge and hydropathy. We show that helical structure is more prevalent than previously appreciated in highly charged regions of diverse proteomes and characterize the conservation of highly charged regions. Our results underscore the importance of integrating, rather than choosing between, structure- and disorder-based approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Triandafillou, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pervasive, conserved secondary structure in highly charged protein regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The response time paradox in functional magnetic resonance imaging analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional MRI (fMRI) signal is a proxy for an unobservable neuronal signal, and differences in fMRI signals on cognitive tasks are generally interpreted as reflecting differences in the intensity of local neuronal activity. However, changes in either intensity or duration of neuronal activity can yield identical differences in fMRI signals. When conditions differ in response times (RTs), it is thus impossible to determine whether condition differences in fMRI signals are due to differences in the intensity of neuronal activity or to potentially spurious differences in the duration of neuronal activity. The most common fMRI analysis approach ignores RTs, making it difficult to interpret condition differences that could be driven by RTs and/or intensity. Because differences in response time are one of the most important signals of interest for cognitive psychology, nearly every task of interest for fMRI exhibits RT differences across conditions of interest. This results in a paradox, wherein the signal of interest for the psychologist is a potential confound for the fMRI researcher. We review this longstanding problem, and demonstrate that the failure to address RTs in the fMRI time series model can also lead to spurious correlations at the group level related to RTs or other variables of interest, potentially impacting the interpretation of brain-behavior correlations. We propose a simple approach that remedies this problem by including RT in the fMRI time series model. This model separates condition differences from RT differences, retaining power for detection of unconfounded condition differences while also allowing the identification of RT-related activation. We conclude by highlighting the need for further theoretical development regarding the interpretation of fMRI signals and their relationship to response times.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mumford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bissett, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rios, J. A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The response time paradox in functional magnetic resonance imaging analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redox Regulation of m6A Methyltransferase METTL3 in Human β-cells Controls the Innate Immune Response in Type 1 Diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing {beta}-cells. Several observations have renewed interest in the innate immune system as an initiator of the disease process against {beta}-cells. Here, we show that N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is an adaptive {beta}-cell safeguard mechanism that accelerates mRNA decay of the 2-5-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) genes to control the antiviral innate immune response at T1D onset. m6A writer methyltransferase 3 (METTL3) levels increase drastically in human and mouse {beta}-cells at T1D onset but rapidly decline with disease progression. Treatment of human islets and EndoC-{beta}H1 cells with pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 {beta} and interferon  mimicked the METTL3 upregulation seen at T1D onset. Furthermore, m6A-sequencing revealed the m6A hypermethylation of several key innate immune mediators including OAS1, OAS2, and OAS3 in human islets and EndoC-{beta}H1 cells challenged with cytokines. METTL3 silencing in human pseudoislets or EndoC-{beta}H1 cells enhanced OAS levels by increasing its mRNA stability upon cytokine challenge. Consistently, in vivo gene therapy, to prolong Mettl3 overexpression specifically in {beta}-cells, delayed diabetes progression in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D by limiting the upregulation of Oas pointing to potential therapeutic relevance. Mechanistically, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species blocked METTL3 upregulation in response to cytokines, while physiological levels of nitric oxide promoted its expression in human islets. Furthermore, for the first time to our knowledge, we show that the cysteines in position C276 and C326 in the zinc finger domain of the METTL3 protein are sensitive to S-nitrosylation (SNO) and are significant for the METTL3 mediated regulation of OAS mRNA stability in human {beta}-cells in response to cytokines. Collectively, we report that m6A regulates human and mouse {beta}-cells to control the innate immune response during the onset of T1D and propose targeting METTL3 to prevent {beta}-cell death in T1D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Jesus, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaffrey, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahraman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basile, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eizirik, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhe-Paganon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parent, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redox Regulation of m6A Methyltransferase METTL3 in Human β-cells Controls the Innate Immune Response in Type 1 Diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.18.528972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biomimetic multi-channel microstimulation of somatosensory cortex conveys high resolution force feedback for bionic hands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.18.528972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWManual interactions with objects are supported by tactile signals from the hand. This tactile feedback can be restored in brain-controlled bionic hands via intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of somatosensory cortex (S1). In ICMS-based tactile feedback, contact force can be signaled by modulating the stimulation intensity based on the output of force sensors on the bionic hand, which in turn modulates the perceived magnitude of the sensation. In the present study, we gauged the dynamic range and precision of ICMS-based force feedback in three human participants implanted with arrays of microelectrodes in S1. To this end, we measured the increases in sensation magnitude resulting from increases in ICMS amplitude and participants ability to distinguish between different intensity levels. We then assessed whether we could improve the fidelity of this feedback by implementing "biomimetic" ICMS-trains, designed to evoke patterns of neuronal activity that more closely mimic those in natural touch, and by delivering ICMS through multiple channels at once. We found that multi-channel biomimetic ICMS gives rise to stronger and more distinguishable sensations than does its single-channel counterpart. Finally, we implemented biomimetic multi-channel feedback in a bionic hand and had the participant perform a compliance discrimination task. We found that biomimetic multi-channel tactile feedback yielded improved discrimination over its single-channel linear counterpart. We conclude that multi-channel biomimetic ICMS conveys finely graded force feedback that more closely approximates the sensitivity conferred by natural touch.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenspon, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verbaarschot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schelchkova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobinov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Driesche, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnke, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boninger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaunt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.18.528972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biomimetic multi-channel microstimulation of somatosensory cortex conveys high resolution force feedback for bionic hands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ulinastatin Ameliorates Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Inhibiting the tissue kallikrein-kinin system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.21.529463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEndothelial cells (ECs) are considered more sensitive to cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury compared to cardiomyocytes. However, current research is mainly focused on molecular mechanisms and preventive strategies targeting cardiomyocyte I/R injury, whereas insufficient attention is placed on protecting endothelial function.

Methods and ResultsIn this study, we established an interlink among ulinastatin (UIT; a serine protease inhibitor), the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS), and EC injury in response to cardiac reperfusion for the first time, using in vitro and in vivo experiments, and bioinformatic analysis. Our data indicated that UTI affected I/R by inhibiting the activation of KKS and simultaneously down-regulating both bradykinin receptor 1 (Bdkrb1) and bradykinin receptor 2 (Bdkrb2) related signaling such as extracellularsignal-regulated kinase (ERK)/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), thereby reducing infarct size, attenuating inflammation and edema, and improving cardiac function and mortality.

Interestingly, UIT significantly suppressed KLK1 activity but did not down-regulate the KKS in normal conditions, suggesting inhibition of KLK1 might be the crucial mechanism for UIT-induced cardioprotection in reperfusion injury. Moreover, knockdown of Bdkrb1 in reperfusion-induced cardiac endothelial cells (MCECs) injury significantly prevented ERK translocation into the nucleus, reducing apoptosis, junction disruption, and expression levels of cytokines, whereas Bdkrb2 deletion could not protect MCECs against I/R injury.

ConclusionsOur findings imply that inhibition of KLK1/Bdkrb1 is a critical target for UIT in the treatment of reperfusion-induced cardiac endothelial inflammation, apoptosis, and leakage and might be a potential therapeutic strategy for cardiac reperfusion injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ran, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.21.529463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ulinastatin Ameliorates Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Inhibiting the tissue kallikrein-kinin system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The AEGEAN-169 clade of bacterioplankton is synonymous with SAR11 subclade V (HIMB59) and metabolically distinct 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterioplankton of the SAR11 clade are the most abundant marine microorganisms and consist of numerous subclades spanning Order level divergence (Pelagibacterales). The assignment of the earliest diverging subclade V (a.k.a. HIMB59) to the Pelagibacterales is highly controversial, with multiple recent phylogenetic studies placing them completely separate from SAR11. Other than through phylogenomics, subclade V has not received detailed examination due to limited genomes from this group. Here, we assessed the ecogenomic characteristics of subclade V to better understand the role of this group in comparison to the Pelagibacterales. We used a new isolate genome, recently released single amplified genomes (SAGs) and metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), and previously established SAR11 genomes to perform a comprehensive comparative genomics analysis. We paired this analysis with recruitment of metagenomes spanning open ocean, coastal, and brackish systems. Phylogenomics, average amino acid identity, and 16S rRNA gene phylogeny indicate that SAR11 subclade V is synonymous with the ubiquitous AEGEAN-169 clade, and support the contention that this group represents a taxonomic Family. AEGEAN-169 shared many bulk genome qualities with SAR11, such as streamlining and low GC content, but genomes were generally larger. AEGEAN-169 had overlapping distributions with SAR11 but was metabolically distinct from SAR11 in its potential to transport and utilize a broader range of sugars as well as in transport of trace metals and thiamin. Thus, regardless of the ultimate phylogenetic placement of AEGEAN-169, these organisms have distinct metabolic capacities that likely allow them to differentiate their niche from canonical SAR11 taxa.

IMPORTANCEOne goal of marine microbiologists is to uncover the roles various microorganisms are playing in biogeochemical cycles. Success in this endeavor relies on differentiating groups of microbes and circumscribing their relationships. An early-diverging group (subclade V) of the most abundant bacterioplankton, SAR11, has recently been proposed as a separate lineage that does not share a most recent common ancestor. But beyond phylogenetics, little has been done to evaluate how these organisms compare with SAR11. Our work leverages dozens of new genomes to demonstrate the similarities and differences between subclade V and SAR11. In our analysis, we also establish that subclade V is synonymous with a group of bacteria established from 16S rRNA gene sequences, AEGEAN-169. Subclade V/AEGEAN-169 has clear metabolic distinctions from SAR11 and their shared traits point to remarkable convergent evolution if they do not share a most recent common ancestor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Getz, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanclos, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojima, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henson, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schon, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ettema, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faircloth, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thrash, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.22.529538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The AEGEAN-169 clade of bacterioplankton is synonymous with SAR11 subclade V (HIMB59) and metabolically distinct]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A robust model for cell type-specific interindividual variation in single-cell RNA sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) offers opportunities to characterize cellular heterogeneity at unprecedented resolution. Although scRNA-seq has been widely used to identify and characterize gene expression variation across cell types and cell states based on their average gene expression profiles, most studies ignore variation across individual donors. Modelling this inter-individual variation could improve statistical power to detect cell type-specific biology and inform the genes and cell types that underlying complex traits. We therefore develop a new model to detect and quantify cell type-specific variation across individuals called CTMM (Cell Type-specific linear Mixed Model). CTMM operates on cell type-specific pseudobulk expression and is fit with efficient methods that scale to hundreds of samples. We use extensive simulations to show that CTMM is powerful and unbiased in realistic settings. We also derive calibrated tests for cell type-specific interindividual variation, which is challenging given the modest sample sizes in scRNA-seq data. We apply CTMM to scRNA-seq data from human induced pluripotent stem cells to characterize the transcriptomic variation across donors as cells differentiate into endoderm. We find that almost 100% of transcriptome-wide variability between donors is differentiation stage-specific. CTMM also identifies individual genes with statistically significant stage-specific variability across samples, including 61 genes that do not have significant stage-specific mean expression. Finally, we extend CTMM to partition interindividual covariance between stages, which recapitulates the overall differentiation trajectory. Overall, CTMM is a powerful tool to characterize a novel dimension of cell type-specific biology in scRNA-seq.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.24.529987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A robust model for cell type-specific interindividual variation in single-cell RNA sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.529972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening in serum-derived medium reveals differential response to compounds targeting metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.529972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION RESULTS DISCUSSION KEY RESOURCES TABLE CONTACT FOR REAGENT AND... EXPERIMENTAL MODEL AND SUBJECT... METHOD DETAILS QUANTIFICATION AND STATISTICAL... Data resources DATA AND SOFTWARE AVAILABILITY AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS DECLARATION OF INTERESTS REFERENCES Studies of cancer cells in standard culture conditions have long been used as a tractable tool for drug discovery. Cell culture provides unparalleled experimental flexibility, scalability, and low cost to identify and understand the response to cancer therapeutics; however, drug responses in culture are not always predictive of drug response in animal models or in patients1 ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abbott, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casalena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheah, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soule, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunchok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honeder, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseyang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greaves, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farsidjani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gramatikov, I. M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheson, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clish, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rees, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griner, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auld, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Heiden, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.25.529972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening in serum-derived medium reveals differential response to compounds targeting metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Kinase Module of the Mediator regulates cell cycle re-entry and transcriptional response following DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Cdk8 kinase module (CKM) is a non-obligate and dissociable subcomplex of Mediator of transcription, a key regulator of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). Through a genetic screen in yeast, we discovered a surprising role for Mediator CKM in the DNA damage response (DDR) and mitotic re-entry. Remarkably, we find that a single DNA break is sufficient for CKM-dependent global transcriptional attenuation. Upon DDR activation, the kinase activity of CKM antagonizes RNAPII binding to core Mediator, thereby reducing the transcriptionally-engaged RNAPII pool. This transcriptional attenuation is essential for DDR inactivation and limits the spreading of {psi}-H2AX into gene bodies. Furthermore, CKM localizes to DNA breaks to impede RNAPII binding. Importantly, we demonstrate that the role of CKM on DDR and transcriptional attenuation is conserved from yeast to mammals, establishing a multifaceted and essential function for CKM in transcriptional regulation of DNA-damage response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Memisoglu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruthenburg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.26.530133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Kinase Module of the Mediator regulates cell cycle re-entry and transcriptional response following DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Permutation-based group sequential analyses for cognitive neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive neuroscientists have been grappling with two related experimental design problems. First, the complexity of neuroimaging data (e.g. often hundreds of thousands of correlated measurements) and analysis pipelines demands bespoke, non-parametric statistical tests for valid inference, and these tests often lack an agreed-upon method for performing a priori power analyses. Thus, sample size determination for neuroimaging studies is often arbitrary or inferred from other putatively but questionably similar studies, which can result in underpowered designs - undermining the efficacy of neuroimaging research. Second, when meta-analyses estimate the sample sizes required to obtain reasonable statistical power, estimated sample sizes can be prohibitively large given the resource constraints of many labs. We propose the use of sequential analyses to partially address both of these problems. Sequential study designs - in which the data is analyzed at interim points during data collection and data collection can be stopped if the planned test statistic satisfies a stopping rule specified a priori - are common in the clinical trial literature, due to the efficiency gains they afford over fixed-sample designs. However, the corrections used to control false positive rates in existing approaches to sequential testing rely on parametric assumptions that are often violated in neuroimaging settings. We introduce a general permutation scheme that allows sequential designs to be used with arbitrary test statistics. By simulation, we show that this scheme controls the false positive rate across multiple interim analyses. Then, performing power analyses for seven evoked response effects seen in the EEG literature, we show that this sequential analysis approach can substantially outperform fixed-sample approaches (i.e. require fewer subjects, on average, to detect a true effect) when study designs are sufficiently well-powered. To facilitate the adoption of this methodology, we provide a Python package "niseq" with sequential implementations of common tests used for neuroimaging: cluster-based permutation tests, threshold-free cluster enhancement, t-max, F-max, and the network-based statistic with tutorial examples using EEG and fMRI data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veillette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusbaum, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Permutation-based group sequential analyses for cognitive neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Folding of Prestin's Anion-Binding Site and the Mechanism of Outer Hair Cell Electromotility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prestin responds to transmembrane voltage fluctuations by changing its cross-sectional area, a process underlying the electromotility of outer hair cells and cochlear amplification. Prestin belongs to the SLC26 family of anion transporters yet is the only member capable of displaying electromotility. Prestins voltage-dependent conformational changes are driven by the putative displacement of residue R399 and a set of sparse charged residues within the transmembrane domain, following the binding of a Cl- anion at a conserved binding site formed by amino termini of the TM3 and TM10 helices. However, a major conundrum arises as to how an anion that binds in proximity to a positive charge (R399), can promote the voltage sensitivity of prestin. Using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, we find that prestin displays an unstable anion-binding site, where folding of the amino termini of TM3 and TM10 is coupled to Cl- binding. This event shortens the TM3-TM10 electrostatic gap, thereby connecting the two helices, resulting in reduced cross-sectional area. These folding events upon anion-binding are absent in SLC26A9, a non-electromotile transporter closely related to prestin. Dynamics of prestin embedded in a lipid bilayer closely match that in detergent micelle, except for a destabilized lipid-facing helix TM6 that is critical to prestins mechanical expansion. We observe helix fraying at prestins anion-binding site but cooperative unfolding of multiple lipid-facing helices, features that may promote prestins fast electromechanical rearrangements. These results highlight a novel role of the folding equilibrium of the anion-binding site, and helps define prestins unique voltage-sensing mechanism and electromotility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haller, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bavi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faruk, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perozo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Folding of Prestin's Anion-Binding Site and the Mechanism of Outer Hair Cell Electromotility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fat2 polarizes Lar and Sema5c to coordinate the motility of collectively migrating epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.28.530349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Migrating epithelial cells globally align their migration machinery to achieve tissue-level movement. Biochemical signaling across leading-trailing cell-cell interfaces can promote this alignment by partitioning migratory behaviors like protrusion and retraction to opposite sides of the interface. However, how the necessary signaling proteins become organized at this site is poorly understood. The follicular epithelial cells of Drosophila melanogaster have two signaling modules at their leading-trailing interfaces--one composed of the atypical cadherin Fat2 and the receptor tyrosine phosphatase Lar, and one composed of Semaphorin 5c and its receptor Plexin A. Here we show that these modules form one interface signaling system with Fat2 at its core. Trailing edge-enriched Fat2 concentrates both Lar and Sema5c at cells leading edges, likely by slowing their turnover at this site. Once localized, Lar and Sema5c act in parallel to promote collective migration. Our data suggest a model in which Fat2 couples and polarizes the distributions of multiple effectors that work together to align the migration machinery of neighboring cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne-Badovinac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.28.530349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fat2 polarizes Lar and Sema5c to coordinate the motility of collectively migrating epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.529724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor Explants Elucidate a Cascade of Paracrine SHH, WNT, and VEGF Signals Driving Pancreatic Cancer Angiosuppression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.529724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sparse vascularity of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presents a mystery: what prevents this aggressive malignancy from undergoing neoangiogenesis to counteract hypoxia and better support growth? An incidental finding from prior work on paracrine communication between malignant PDAC cells and fibroblasts revealed that inhibition of the Hedgehog (HH) pathway partially relieved angiosuppression, increasing tumor vascularity through unknown mechanisms. Initial efforts to study this phenotype were hindered by difficulties replicating the complex interactions of multiple cell types in vitro. Here we identify a cascade of paracrine signals between multiple cell types that act sequentially to suppress angiogenesis in PDAC. Malignant epithelial cells promote HH signaling in fibroblasts, leading to inhibition of WNT signaling in fibroblasts and epithelial cells, thereby limiting VEGFR2-dependent activation of endothelial hypersprouting. This cascade was elucidated using human and murine PDAC explant models, which effectively retain the complex cellular interactions of native tumor tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hasselluhn, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker-Farrell, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlahos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curiel-Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasko, U. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomassoni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastra, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palermo, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolosa, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibshoosh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Zapico, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.529724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor Explants Elucidate a Cascade of Paracrine SHH, WNT, and VEGF Signals Driving Pancreatic Cancer Angiosuppression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal wiring receptors Dprs and DIPs are GPI anchored and this modification contributes to their cell surface organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila Dpr and DIP proteins belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface proteins (CSPs). Their hetero- and homophilic interactions have been implicated in a variety of neuronal functions, including synaptic connectivity, cell survival, and axon fasciculation. However, the signaling pathways underlying these diverse functions are unknown. To gain insight into Dpr-DIP signaling, we sought to examine how these CSPs are associated with the membrane. Specifically, we asked whether Dprs and DIPs are integral membrane proteins or membrane anchored through the addition of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. We demonstrate that Dprs and DIPs are GPI anchored to the membrane of insect cells and validate these findings for some family members in vivo using Drosophila larvae, where GPI anchor cleavage results in loss of surface labeling. Additionally, we show that GPI cleavage abrogates aggregation of insect cells expressing cognate Dpr-DIP partners. To test if the GPI anchor affects Dpr-DIP localization, we replaced it with a transmembrane domain and observed perturbation of sub-cellular localization on motor neurons and muscles. These data suggest that membrane anchoring of Dprs and DIPs through GPI linkage is required for localization and that Dpr-DIP intracellular signaling likely requires transmembrane co-receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lobb-Rabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawrocka, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal wiring receptors Dprs and DIPs are GPI anchored and this modification contributes to their cell surface organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpreting structure in sequence count data with differential expression analysis allowing for grades of membership 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parts-based representations, such as non-negative matrix factorization and topic modeling, have been used to identify structure from single-cell sequencing data sets, in particular structure that is not as well captured by clustering or other dimensionality reduction methods. However, interpreting the individual parts remains a challenge. To address this challenge, we extend methods for differential expression analysis by allowing cells to have partial membership to multiple groups. We call this grade of membership differential expression (GoM DE). We illustrate the benefits of GoM DE for annotating topics identified in several single-cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq data sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carbonetto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tayeb, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.03.531029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpreting structure in sequence count data with differential expression analysis allowing for grades of membership]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigenic strain diversity explains different biogeographic patterns of invasion and maintenance of anti-malarial drug resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The establishment and spread of anti-malarial drug resistance vary drastically across different biogeographic regions. Though most infections occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, resistant strains often emerge in low-transmission regions. Existing models on resistance evolution lack consensus on the relationship between transmission intensity and drug resistance, possibly due to overlooking the feedback between antigenic diversity, host immunity, and selection for resistance. To address this, we developed a novel compartmental model that tracks sensitive and resistant parasite strains, as well as the host dynamics of generalized and antigen-specific immunity. Our results show a negative correlation between parasite prevalence and resistance frequency, regardless of resistance cost or efficacy. Validation using chloroquine-resistant marker data supports this trend. Post discontinuation of drugs, resistance remains high in low-diversity, low-transmission regions, while it steadily decreases in high-diversity, high-transmission regions. Our study underscores the critical role of malaria strain diversity in the biogeographic patterns of resistance evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaillet, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labbe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.531320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigenic strain diversity explains different biogeographic patterns of invasion and maintenance of anti-malarial drug resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orthogonal coupling of a 3D cytoskeletal scaffold coordinates cell morphogenesis and maintains tissue organization in the Drosophila pupal retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.531386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How complex three-dimensional (3D) organs coordinate cellular morphogenetic events to achieve the correct final form is a central question in development. The question is uniquely tractable in the late Drosophila pupal retina where cells maintain stereotyped contacts as they elaborate the specialized cytoskeletal structures that pattern the apical, basal and longitudinal planes of the epithelium. In this study, we combined cell type-specific genetic manipulation of the cytoskeletal regulator Abelson (Abl) with 3D imaging to explore how the distinct cellular morphogenetic programs of photoreceptors and interommatidial pigment cells coordinately organize tissue pattern to support retinal integrity. Our experiments revealed an unanticipated intercellular feedback mechanism whereby correct cellular differentiation of either cell type can non-autonomously induce cytoskeletal remodeling in the other Abl mutant cell type, restoring retinal pattern and integrity. We propose that genetic regulation of specialized cellular differentiation programs combined with inter-plane mechanical feedback confers spatial coordination to achieve robust 3D tissue morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Luege, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>REBAY, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.531386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orthogonal coupling of a 3D cytoskeletal scaffold coordinates cell morphogenesis and maintains tissue organization in the Drosophila pupal retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.528464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutrophil efferocytosis reprograms mitochondrial metabolism to switch alveolar macrophages to a pro-resolution phenotype at the cost of bacterial control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.528464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resolution of lung injuries is vital to maintain gas exchange. Concurrently, there is an increased risk of secondary bacterial infections. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are crucial to clear bacteria and control initiation and resolution of inflammation, but environmental cues that switch functional phenotypes of AMs remain elusive. Here, we discovered an incapacity of AMs to mount an effective immune response to bacteria during resolution of inflammation. AM efferocytosis of neutrophils (PMNs), a hallmark of resolution of inflammation, switched mitochondrial metabolism to shift AM functions. Mechanistically, PMN-derived myeloperoxidase (MPO) fueled canonical glutaminolysis via uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) resulting in decreased mtROS-dependent killing of bacteria and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Instead, MPO-enhanced UCP2 expression inhibited mitochondrial hyperpolarization and boosted efferocytosis irrespective of the presence of bacterial pathogens. In contrast, efferocytosis of epithelial cells resulted in a distinct anti-inflammatory phenotype of AMs maintaining phenotypic plasticity towards bacteria. Overall, uptake of apoptotic PMNs switches AMs to prioritize resolution of inflammation over antibacterial responses and similarly affects murine macrophages at extra-pulmonary sites, and human AMs.

One sentence summaryNeutrophil efferocytosis reprograms mitochondrial metabolism to switch alveolar macrophages to a pro-resolution phenotype at the cost of bacterial control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Better, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estiri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malainou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznetsova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Armendariz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmig, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansouri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhelm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexopoulos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herold, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matt, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.528464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutrophil efferocytosis reprograms mitochondrial metabolism to switch alveolar macrophages to a pro-resolution phenotype at the cost of bacterial control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.12.532301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Testing for differences in polygenic scores in the presence of confounding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.12.532301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic scores have become an important tool in human genetics, enabling the prediction of individuals phenotypes from their genotypes. Understanding how the pattern of differences in polygenic score predictions across individuals intersects with variation in ancestry can provide insights into the evolutionary forces acting on the trait in question, and is important for understanding health disparities. However, because most polygenic scores are computed using effect estimates from population samples, they are susceptible to confounding by both genetic and environmental effects that are correlated with ancestry. The extent to which this confounding drives patterns in the distribution of polygenic scores depends on patterns of population structure in both the original estimation panel and in the prediction/test panel. Here, we use theory from population and statistical genetics, together with simulations, to study the procedure of testing for an association between polygenic scores and axes of ancestry variation in the presence of confounding. We use a general model of genetic relatedness to describe how confounding in the estimation panel biases the distribution of polygenic scores in a way that depends on the degree of overlap in population structure between panels. We then show how this confounding can bias tests for associations between polygenic scores and important axes of ancestry variation in the test panel. Specifically, for any given test, there exists a single axis of population structure in the GWAS panel that needs to be controlled for in order to protect the test. Based on this result, we propose a new approach for directly estimating this axis of population structure in the GWAS panel. We then use simulations to compare the performance of this approach to the standard approach in which the principal components of the GWAS panel genotypes are used to control for stratification.

Author SummaryComplex traits are influenced by both genetics and the environment. Human geneticists increasingly use polygenic scores, calculated as the weighted sum of trait-associated alleles, to predict genetic effects on a phenotype. Differences in polygenic scores across groups would therefore seem to indicate differences in the genetic basis of the trait, which are of interest to researchers across disciplines. However, because polygenic scores are usually computed using effect sizes estimated using population samples, they are susceptible to confounding due to both the genetic background and the environment. Here, we use theory from population and statistical genetics, together with simulations, to study how environmental and background genetic effects can confound tests for association between polygenic scores and axes of ancestry variation. We then develop a simple method to protect these tests from confounding, which we evaluate, alongside standard methods, across a range of possible situations. Our work helps clarify how bias in the distribution of polygenic scores is produced and provides insight to researchers wishing to protect their analyses from confounding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blanc, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.12.532301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Testing for differences in polygenic scores in the presence of confounding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.12.532316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel HIF-2α/ARNT Signaling Pathway Protects Against Microvascular Dysfunction and heart failure After Myocardial Infarction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.12.532316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myocardial infarction (MI) significantly compromises the integrity of the cardiac microvascular endothelial barrier, leading to enhanced leakage and inflammation that contribute to the progression of heart failure. While HIF2 is highly expressed in cardiac endothelial cells (ECs) under hypoxic conditions, its role in regulating microvascular endothelial barrier function during MI is not well understood. In this study, we utilized mice with a cardiac-specific deletion of HIF2, generated through an inducible Cre (Cdh5Cre-ERT2) recombinase system. These mice exhibited no apparent phenotype under normal conditions. However, following left anterior descending (LAD) artery ligation-induced MI, they showed increased mortality associated with enhanced cardiac vascular leakage, inflammation, worsened cardiac function, and exacerbated heart remodeling. These outcomes suggest a protective role for endothelial HIF2 in response to cardiac ischemia. Parallel investigations in human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMVECs) revealed that loss of ecHif2 led to diminished endothelial barrier function, characterized by reduced tight-junction protein levels and increased cell death, along with elevated expression of IL6 and other inflammatory markers. These effects were substantially reversed by overexpressing ARNT, a critical dimerization partner for HIF2 during hypoxia. Additionally, ARNT deletion also led to increased CMVEC permeability. Interestingly, ARNT, rather than HIF2 itself, directly binds to the IL6 promoter to suppress IL6 expression. Our findings demonstrate the critical role of endothelial HIF2 in response to MI and identify the HIF2/ARNT axis as a transcriptional repressor, offering novel insights for developing therapeutic strategies against heart failure following MI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ullah, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humayun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.12.532316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel HIF-2α/ARNT Signaling Pathway Protects Against Microvascular Dysfunction and heart failure After Myocardial Infarction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast or slow? Clock readout sets internal periods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian clocks are essential for the function of a wide array of organisms, from cyanobacteria to humans. Despite decades of productive study of these systems, mysteries remain, including why many biological clocks have non-24-hour internal periods. We take a new approach to circadian clocks by focusing on downstream readout of the clocks state to answer physiologically relevant questions, such as  when will the sun rise? Using this framework, we show that systematic errors arising from sunrise and sunset prediction can be compensated by having non-24 hour internal periods. We show that this prediction holds in models of cyanobacterial circadian clocks. Finally, we predict latitude-dependant qualitative changes in circadian clock structure and the performance of different clock phenotypes in common laboratory experimental setups.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast or slow? Clock readout sets internal periods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Consequence of Immature Breathing induces Persistent Changes in Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior: A Role of Pro-Oxidant State and NMDA Receptor Imbalance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Underdeveloped breathing results from premature birth and causes intermittent hypoxia during the early neonatal period. Neonatal intermittent hypoxia (nIH) is a condition linked to the increased risk of neurocognitive deficit later in life. However, the underlying mechanistic consequences nIH-induced neurophysiological changes remains poorly resolved. Here, we investigated the impact of nIH on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and NMDA receptor (NMDAr) expression in neonatal mice. Our findings indicate that nIH induces a pro-oxidant state, leading to an imbalance in NMDAr subunit composition that favors GluN2A over GluN2B expression, and subsequently impairs synaptic plasticity. These consequences persist in adulthood and coincide with deficits in spatial memory. Treatment with the antioxidant, manganese(III) tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (MnTMPyP), during nIH effectively mitigated both immediate and long-term effects of nIH. However, MnTMPyP treatment post-nIH did not prevent the long-lasting changes in either synaptic plasticity or behavior. Our results underscore the central role of the pro-oxidant state in nIH-mediated neurophysiological and behavioral deficits and importance of stable oxygen homeostasis during early life. These findings suggest that targeting the pro-oxidant state during a discrete window may provide a potential avenue for mitigating long-term neurophysiological and behavioral outcomes when breathing is unstable during early postnatal life.

HighlightsO_LIUntreated immature breathing leads neonatal intermittent hypoxia (nIH).
C_LIO_LInIH promotes a pro-oxidant state associated with increased HIF1a activity and NOX upregulation.
C_LIO_LInIH-dependent pro-oxidant state leads to NMDAr remodeling of the GluN2 subunit to impair synaptic plasticity.
C_LIO_LIImpaired synaptic plasticity and NMDAr remodeling caused by nIH persists beyond the critical period of development.
C_LIO_LIA discrete window for antioxidant administration exists to effectively mitigate neurophysiological and behavioral consequences of nIH.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arias-Cavieres, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Consequence of Immature Breathing induces Persistent Changes in Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior: A Role of Pro-Oxidant State and NMDA Receptor Imbalance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BIBSNet: A Deep Learning Baby Image Brain Segmentation Network for MRI Scans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesBrain segmentation of infant magnetic resonance (MR) images is vitally important for studying typical and atypical brain development. The infant brain undergoes many changes throughout the first years of postnatal life, making tissue segmentation difficult for most existing algorithms. Here we introduce a deep neural network BIBSNet (Baby and Infant Brain Segmentation Neural Network), an open-source, community-driven model for robust and generalizable brain segmentation leveraging data augmentation and a large sample size of manually annotated images.

Experimental DesignIncluded in model training and testing were MR brain images from 90 participants with an age range of 0-8 months (median age 4.6 months). Using the BOBs repository of manually annotated real images along with synthetic segmentation images produced using SynthSeg, the model was trained using a 10-fold procedure. Model performance of segmentations was assessed by comparing BIBSNet, joint label fusion (JLF) inferred segmentation to ground truth segmentations using Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC). Additionally, MR data along with the FreeSurfer compatible segmentations were processed with the DCAN labs infant-ABCD-BIDS processing pipeline from ground truth, JLF, and BIBSNet to further assess model performance on derivative data, including cortical thickness, resting state connectivity and brain region volumes.

Principal ObservationsBIBSNet segmentations outperforms JLF across all regions based on DSC comparisons. Additionally, with processed derived metrics, BIBSNet segmentations outperforms JLF segmentations across nearly all metrics.

ConclusionsBIBSNet segmentation shows marked improvement over JLF across all age groups analyzed. The BIBSNet model is 600x faster compared to JLF, produces FreeSurfer-compatible segmentation labels, and can be easily included in other processing pipelines. BIBSNet provides a viable alternative for segmenting the brain in the earliest stages of development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiners, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrone, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mummaneni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bower, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoyell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriarte-Lopez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueter, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyser, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elison, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feczko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BIBSNet: A Deep Learning Baby Image Brain Segmentation Network for MRI Scans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latent transcriptional programs reveal histology-encoded tumor features spanning tissue origins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision medicine in cancer treatment depends on deciphering tumor phenotypes to reveal the underlying biological processes. Molecular profiles, including transcriptomics, provide an information-rich tumor view, but their high-dimensional features and assay costs can be prohibitive for clinical translation at scale. Recent studies have suggested jointly leveraging histology and genomics as a strategy for developing practical clinical biomarkers. Here, we use machine learning techniques to identify de novo latent transcriptional processes in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and to accurately predict their activity levels directly from tumor histology images. In contrast to analyses focusing on pre-specified, individual genes or sample groups, our latent space analysis reveals sets of genes associated with both histologically detectable features and clinically relevant processes, including immune response, collagen remodeling, and fibrosis. The results demonstrate an approach for discovering clinically interpretable histological features that indicate complex, potentially treatment-informing biological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hieromnimon, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolezal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doytcheva, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochanny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanager, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kather, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izumchenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cipriani, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riesenfeld, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latent transcriptional programs reveal histology-encoded tumor features spanning tissue origins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coexistence of many species under a random competition-colonization trade-off 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The competition-colonization trade-off is a well-studied coexistence mechanism for metacommunities. In this setting, it is believed that coexistence of all species requires their traits to satisfy restrictive conditions limiting their similarity. To investigate whether diverse metacommunities can assemble in a competition-colonization trade-off model, we study their assembly from a probabilistic perspective. From a pool of species with parameters (corresponding to traits) sampled at random, we compute the probability that any number of species coexist and characterize the set of species that emerges through assembly. Remarkably, almost exactly half of the species in a large pool typically coexist, with no saturation as the size of the pool grows, and with little dependence on the underlying distribution of traits. Through a mix of analytical results and simulations, we show that this unlimited niche packing emerges as assembly actively moves communities toward overdispersed configurations in niche space. Our findings also apply to a realistic assembly scenario where species invade one-at-a-time from a fixed regional pool. When diversity arises de novo in the metacommunity, richness still grows without bound, but more slowly. Together, our results suggest that the competition-colonization trade-off can support the robust emergence of diverse communities, even when coexistence of the full species pool is exceedingly unlikely.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clenet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Della Libera, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massol, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allesina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coexistence of many species under a random competition-colonization trade-off]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.534004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycopolymer-conjugated antigens as an inverse vaccine platform prevent anaphylaxis in a pre-clinical model of food allergy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.534004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The only FDA-approved oral immunotherapy for a food allergy provides protection against accidental exposure to peanuts. However, this therapy often causes discomfort or side effects and requires long-term commitment. Better preventive and therapeutic solutions are urgently needed. We have developed a tolerance-inducing vaccine technology that utilizes glycosylation-modified antigens to induce antigen-specific non-responsiveness. The glycosylation-modified antigens were administered intravenously (i.v.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) and were found to traffic to the liver or lymph nodes, respectively, leading to preferential internalization by antigen-presenting cells, educating the immune system to respond in an innocuous way. In a mouse model of cows milk allergy, treatment with glycosylation-modified {beta}- lactoglobulin (BLG) was effective in preventing the onset of allergy. In addition, s.c. administration of glycosylation-modified BLG showed superior safety and potential in treating existing allergies in combination with an anti-CD20 co-therapy. This platform may provide an antigen-specific immunomodulatory strategy to prevent and treat food allergies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maulloo, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raczy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabados, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slezak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, H.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.534004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycopolymer-conjugated antigens as an inverse vaccine platform prevent anaphylaxis in a pre-clinical model of food allergy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.534036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental modulators of algae-bacteria interactions at scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.534036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photosynthetic microbes associated with non-photosynthetic, heterotrophic, bacteria play a key role in the global primary production. Understanding these phototroph-heterotroph associations is therefore important, but remains challenging because they reside in chemically complex aquatic and terrestrial environments. We do not understand how the myriad of environmental parameters from nutrient availability to pH impact interactions between phototrophs and their heterotrophic partners. Here, we leverage a massively parallel droplet microfluidic platform that enables us to interrogate algae-bacteria interactions in >100,000 communities across [~]525 environmental conditions with varying pH, carbon availability and phosphorous availability. By developing a statistical framework to dissect interactions in this complex dataset, we reveal that dependance of algae-bacteria interactions on nutrient availability is strongly modulated by pH and buffering capacity. Furthermore, we show that the chemical identity of the available organic carbon source controls how pH, buffering capacity, and nutrient availability modulate algae-bacteria interactions. By leveraging a high-throughput platform, our study reveals the previously underappreciated role of pH in modulating phototroph-heterotroph interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishnappa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.534036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental modulators of algae-bacteria interactions at scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning the functional landscape of microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.24.534159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial consortia exhibit complex functional properties in contexts ranging from soils to bioreactors to human hosts. Understanding how community composition determines emergent function is a major goal of microbial ecology. Here we address this challenge using the concept of community-function landscapes - analogs to fitness landscapes - that capture how changes in community composition alter collective function. Using datasets that represent a broad set of community functions, from production/degradation of specific compounds to biomass generation, we show that statistically-inferred landscapes quantitatively predict community functions from knowledge of strain presence or absence. Crucially, community-function landscapes allow prediction without explicit knowledge of abundance dynamics or interactions between species, and can be accurately trained using measurements from a small subset of all possible community compositions. The success of our approach arises from the fact that empirical community-function landscapes are typically not rugged, meaning that they largely lack high-order epistatic contributions that would be difficult to fit with limited data. Finally, we show this observation is generic across many ecological models, suggesting community-function landscapes can be applied broadly across many contexts. Our results open the door to the rational design of consortia without detailed knowledge of abundance dynamics or interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skwara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yousef, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Colunga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tikhonov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.24.534159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning the functional landscape of microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.25.534219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A highly conserved and globally prevalent cryptic plasmid is among the most numerous mobile genetic elements in the human gut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.25.534219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmids are extrachromosomal genetic elements that often encode fitness enhancing features. However, many bacteria carry  cryptic plasmids that do not confer clear beneficial functions. We identified one such cryptic plasmid, pBI143, which is ubiquitous across industrialized gut microbiomes, and is 14 times as numerous as crAssphage, currently established as the most abundant genetic element in the human gut. The majority of mutations in pBI143 accumulate in specific positions across thousands of metagenomes, indicating strong purifying selection. pBI143 is monoclonal in most individuals, likely due to the priority effect of the version first acquired, often from ones mother. pBI143 can transfer between Bacteroidales and although it does not appear to impact bacterial host fitness in vivo, can transiently acquire additional genetic content. We identified important practical applications of pBI143, including its use in identifying human fecal contamination and its potential as an inexpensive alternative for detecting human colonic inflammatory states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schechter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lolans, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheahan, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veseli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiefl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moody, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comstock, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.25.534219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A highly conserved and globally prevalent cryptic plasmid is among the most numerous mobile genetic elements in the human gut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the effects of ecological parameters on the spatial structure of genetic tree sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Geographic space is a fundamental dimension of evolutionary change, determining how individuals disperse and interact with each other. Consequently, space has an important influence on the structure of genealogies and the distribution of genetic variants over time. Recently, the development of highly flexible simulation tools and computational methods for genealogical inference has greatly increased the potential for incorporating space into models of population genetic variation. It is now possible to explore how spatial ecological parameters can influence the distribution of genetic variation among individuals in unprecedented detail. In this study, we explore the effects of three specific parameters (the dispersal distance, competition distance and mate choice distance) on the spatial structure of genealogies. We carry out a series of in silico experiments using forwards-in-time simulations to determine how these parameters influence the distance between closely- and distantly-related individuals. We also assess the accuracy of the maximum likelihood estimation of the dispersal distance in a Gaussian model of dispersal from tree-sequence data, and highlight how it is affected by realistic factors such as finite habitat size and limited data. We find overall that the scale of mate choice in particular has marked patterns on short and long terms patterns of dispersal, as well as on the positions of individuals within a habitat. Our results showcase the potential for linking phylogeography, population genetics and ecology, in order to answer fundamental questions about the nature of spatial interactions across a landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ianni-Ravn, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racimo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the effects of ecological parameters on the spatial structure of genetic tree sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct Thalamic Inputs to Hippocampal CA1 Transmit a Signal That Suppresses Ongoing Contextual Fear Memory Retrieval 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory retrieval of fearful experiences is essential for survival but can be maladaptive if not appropriately suppressed. Fear memories can be acquired through contextual fear conditioning (CFC) which relies on the hippocampus. The thalamic subregion Nucleus Reuniens (NR) is necessary for contextual fear extinction and strongly projects to hippocampal subregion CA1. However, the NR-CA1 pathway has not been investigated during behavior, leaving unknown its role in contextual fear memory retrieval. We implement a novel head-restrained virtual reality CFC paradigm and show that inactivation of the NR-CA1 pathway prolongs fearful freezing epochs, induces fear generalization, and delays extinction. We use in vivo sub-cellular imaging to specifically record NR-axons innervating CA1 before and after CFC. We find NR-axons become selectively tuned to freezing only after CFC, and this activity is well-predicted by an encoding model. We conclude that the NR-CA1 pathway actively suppresses fear responses by disrupting ongoing hippocampal-dependent contextual fear memory retrieval.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ratigan, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, M. E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct Thalamic Inputs to Hippocampal CA1 Transmit a Signal That Suppresses Ongoing Contextual Fear Memory Retrieval]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple climbing fiber innervation of mature Purkinje cells with distinct dendritic subfields 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Canonically, each Purkinje cell in the adult cerebellum receives only one climbing fiber from the inferior olive. Underlying current theories of cerebellar function is the notion that this highly conserved one-to-one relationship renders Purkinje dendrites into a single computational compartment. However, we show that multiple primary dendrites are a near-universal morphological feature in human. Using tract-tracing, immunolabeling, and in vitro electrophysiology, we demonstrate in mice that [~]25% of mature polydendritic cells receive more than one climbing fiber input. Two-photon calcium imaging in vivo reveals that separate dendrites can exhibit distinct response properties to sensory stimulation, indicating some polydendritic cells integrate functionally independent climbing fiber receptive fields. These findings reveal that Purkinje cells are morphologically and functionally more diverse than previously thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busch, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple climbing fiber innervation of mature Purkinje cells with distinct dendritic subfields]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.533323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transthalamic pathway is crucial for stimulus feature selectivity in higher order cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.533323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perception arises from activity between cortical areas, first primary cortex and then higher order cortices. This communication is served in part by transthalamic (cortico-thalamo-cortical) pathways, which ubiquitously parallel direct corticocortical pathways, but their role in sensory processing has largely remained unexplored. Here, we show that the transthalamic pathway linking somatosensory cortices propagates task-relevant information required for correct sensory decisions. Using optogenetics, we specifically inhibited the pathway at its synapse in higher order somatosensory thalamus of mice performing a texture-based discrimination task. We concurrently monitored the cellular effects of inhibition in primary or secondary cortex using two-photon calcium imaging. Inhibition severely impaired performance despite intact direct corticocortical projections, thus challenging the purely corticocentric map of perception. Interestingly, the inhibition did not reduce overall cell responsiveness to texture stimulation in somatosensory cortex, but rather disrupted the texture selectivity of cells, a discriminability that develops over task learning. This discriminability was more disrupted in the secondary than primary somatosensory cortex, emphasizing the feedforward influence of the transthalamic route. Transthalamic pathways thus appear critical in delivering performance-relevant information to higher order cortex and are critical hierarchical pathways in perceptual decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinnon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makitani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.30.533323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transthalamic pathway is crucial for stimulus feature selectivity in higher order cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.31.535104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammation and bacteriophages affect DNA inversion states and functionality of the gut microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.31.535104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reversible genomic DNA-inversions control expression of numerous bacterial molecules in the human gut, but how this relates to disease remains uncertain. By analyzing metagenomic samples from six human Inflammatory Bowel Disease cohorts combined with mice experimentation, we identified multiple invertible regions where a particular orientation was correlated with disease. These include the promoter of the anti-inflammatory polysaccharide-A (PSA) of Bacteroides fragilis, which is mostly oriented  OFF during inflammation but is present in the  ON orientation when inflammation is resolved. We further detected increased abundances of B. fragilis-associated bacteriophages in patients with the PSA  OFF orientation, and a significant reduction in the frequency of the  ON orientation, in the presence of the B. fragilis-associated bacteriophage, thereby altering the bacterial induced immune modulation. Altogether, we reveal dynamic and reversible bacterial phase-variations driven both by bacteriophages and the host inflammatory state, signifying bacterial functional plasticity during inflammation and opening future research avenues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carasso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaatry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajjo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadosh-Kariti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Assa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naddaf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandelbaum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pressman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowers, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gefen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffrey, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jofre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comstock, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geva-Zatorsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.31.535104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammation and bacteriophages affect DNA inversion states and functionality of the gut microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.01.535079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning for Flexible and Site-Specific Protein Docking and Design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.01.535079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein complexes are vital to many biological processes and their understanding can lead to the development of new drugs and therapies. Although the structure of individual protein chains can now be predicted with high accuracy, determining the three-dimensional structure of a complex remains a challenge. Protein docking, the task of computationally determining the structure of a protein complex given the unbound structures of its components (and optionally binding site information), provides a way to predict protein complex structure. Traditional docking methods rely on empirical scoring functions and rigid body simulations to predict the binding poses of two or more proteins. However, they often make unrealistic assumptions about input structures, and are not effective at accommodating conformational flexibility or binding site information. In this work, we present DockGPT (Generative Protein Transformer for Docking), an end-to-end deep learning method for flexible and site-specific protein docking that allows conformational flexibility and can effectively make use of binding site information. Tested on multiple benchmarks with unbound and predicted monomer structures as input, we significantly outperform existing methods in both accuracy and running time. Our performance is especially pronounced for antibody-antigen complexes, where we predict binding poses with high accuracy even in the absence of binding site information. Finally, we highlight our methods generality by extending it to simultaneously dock and co-design the sequence and structure of antibody complementarity determining regions targeting a specified epitope.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McPartlon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.01.535079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning for Flexible and Site-Specific Protein Docking and Design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.535287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The adhesion GPCRs CELSR1-3 and LPHN3 engage G proteins via distinct activation mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.535287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) are a large GPCR class that direct diverse fundamental biological processes. One prominent mechanism for aGPCR agonism involves autoproteolytic cleavage, which generates an activating, membrane-proximal tethered agonist (TA). How universal this mechanism is for all aGPCRs is unclear. Here, we investigate G protein induction principles of aGPCRs using mammalian LPHN3 and CELSR1-3, members of two aGPCR families conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates. LPHNs and CELSRs mediate fundamental aspects of brain development, yet CELSR signaling mechanisms are unknown. We found that CELSR1 and CELSR3 are cleavage-deficient, while CELSR2 is efficiently cleaved. Despite differential autoproteolysis, CELSR1-3 all engage GS, and CELSR1 or CELSR3 TA point mutants retain GS coupling activity. CELSR2 autoproteolysis enhances GS coupling, yet acute TA exposure alone is insufficient. These studies support that aGPCRs signal via multiple paradigms and provide insights into CELSR biological function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bui, D. L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandekar, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orput, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arac, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sando, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.02.535287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The adhesion GPCRs CELSR1-3 and LPHN3 engage G proteins via distinct activation mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.535293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine D1 and NMDA receptor co-regulation of protein translation in cultured nucleus accumbens neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.535293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein translation is essential for some forms of synaptic plasticity. We used nucleus accumbens (NAc) medium spiny neurons (MSN), co-cultured with cortical neurons to restore excitatory synapses, to examine whether dopamine modulates protein translation in NAc MSN. FUNCAT was used to measure translation in MSNs under basal conditions and after disinhibiting excitatory transmission using the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (2 hr). Under basal conditions, translation was not altered by the D1-class receptor (D1R) agonist SKF81297 or the D2-class receptor (D2R) agonist quinpirole. Bicuculline alone robustly increased translation. This was reversed by quinpirole but not SKF81297. It was also reversed by co-incubation with the D1R antagonist SCH23390, but not the D2R antagonist eticlopride, suggesting dopaminergic tone at D1Rs. This was surprising because no dopamine neurons are present. An alternative explanation is that bicuculline activates translation by increasing glutamate tone at NMDA receptors (NMDAR) within D1R/NMDAR heteromers, which have been described in other cell types. Supporting this, immunocytochemistry and proximity ligation assays revealed D1/NMDAR heteromers on NAc cells both in vitro and in vivo. Further, bicucullines effect was reversed to the same extent by SCH23390 alone, the NMDAR antagonist APV alone, or SCH23390+APV. These results suggest that: 1) excitatory synaptic transmission stimulates translation in NAc MSNs, 2) this is opposed when glutamate activates D1R/NMDAR heteromers, even in the absence of dopamine, and 3) antagonist occupation of D1Rs within the heteromers prevents their activation. Our study is the first to suggest a role for D2 receptors and D1R/NMDAR heteromers in regulating protein translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimbelman, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanik, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.02.535293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine D1 and NMDA receptor co-regulation of protein translation in cultured nucleus accumbens neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SFyNCS detects oncogenic fusions involving non-coding sequences in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fusion genes are well-known cancer drivers. However, very few known oncogenic fusions involve non-coding sequences. We develop SFyNCS with superior performance to detect fusions of both protein-coding genes and non-coding sequences from transcriptomic sequencing data. We validate fusions using somatic structural variations detected from the genomes. This allows us to comprehensively evaluate various fusion detection and filtering strategies and parameters. We detect 165,139 fusions in 9,565 tumor samples across 33 tumor types in the Cancer Genome Atlas cohort. Among them, 72% of the fusions involve non-coding sequences and many are recurrent. We discover two long non-coding RNAs recurrently fused with various partner genes in 32% of dedifferentiated liposarcomas and experimentally validated the oncogenic functions in mouse model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee-Hassett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SFyNCS detects oncogenic fusions involving non-coding sequences in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reply to Barton et al: signatures of natural selection during the Black Death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Barton et al.1 raise several statistical concerns regarding our original analyses2 that highlight the challenge of inferring natural selection using ancient genomic data. We show here that these concerns have limited impact on our original conclusions. Specifically, we recover the same signature of enrichment for high FST values at the immune loci relative to putatively neutral sites after switching the allele frequency estimation method to a maximum likelihood approach, filtering to only consider known human variants, and down-sampling our data to the same mean coverage across sites. Furthermore, using permutations, we show that the rs2549794 variant near ERAP2 continues to emerge as the strongest candidate for selection (p = 1.2x10-5), falling below the Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold recommended by Barton et al. Importantly, the evidence for selection on ERAP2 is further supported by functional data demonstrating the impact of the ERAP2 genotype on the immune response to Y. pestis and by epidemiological data from an independent group showing that the putatively selected allele during the Black Death protects against severe respiratory infection in contemporary populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vilgalys, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klunk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demeure, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiratori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madej, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patino, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redfern, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeWitte, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamble, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boldsen, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmichael, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varlik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenier, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golding, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devault, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouillard, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yotova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sindeaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bikaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumaine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brinkworth, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Missiakas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouleau, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinrücken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizarro-Cerda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poinar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reply to Barton et al: signatures of natural selection during the Black Death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.534593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthetically mannosylated antigens induce antigen-specific humoral tolerance and reduce anti-drug antibody responses to immunogenic biologics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.534593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunogenic biologics trigger an anti-drug antibody (ADA) response in patients, which reduces efficacy and increases adverse reactions. Our laboratory has previously shown that targeting protein antigen to the liver microenvironment can reduce antigen-specific T cell responses; herein, we present a strategy to increase delivery of otherwise immunogenic biologics to the liver via conjugation to a synthetic mannose polymer (p(Man)). This delivery leads to reduced antigen-specific T follicular helper cell and B cell responses resulting in diminished ADA production, which is maintained throughout subsequent administrations of the native biologic. We found that p(Man)-antigen treatment impairs the ADA response against recombinant uricase, a highly immunogenic biologic, without a dependence on hapten immunodominance or control by Tregs. We identify increased TCR signaling and increased apoptosis and exhaustion in T cells as effects of p(Man)-antigen treatment via transcriptomic analyses. This modular platform may enhance tolerance to biologics, enabling long-term solutions for an ever-increasing healthcare problem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Refvik, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antane, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brünggel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tremain, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raczy, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpar, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slezak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauterbach, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.07.534593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthetically mannosylated antigens induce antigen-specific humoral tolerance and reduce anti-drug antibody responses to immunogenic biologics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.09.536190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glial Draper signaling triggers cross-neuron plasticity in bystander neurons after neuronal cell death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.09.536190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal cell death and subsequent brain dysfunction are hallmarks of aging and neurodegeneration, but how the nearby healthy neurons (bystanders) respond to the cell death of their neighbors is not fully understood. In the Drosophila larval neuromuscular system, bystander motor neurons can structurally and functionally compensate for the loss of their neighbors by increasing their axon terminal size and activity. We termed this compensation as cross-neuron plasticity, and in this study, we demonstrated that the Drosophila engulfment receptor, Draper, and the associated kinase, Shark, are required in glial cells. Surprisingly, overexpression of the Draper-I isoform boosts cross-neuron plasticity, implying that the strength of plasticity correlates with Draper signaling. Synaptic plasticity normally declines as animals age, but in our system, functional cross-neuron plasticity can be induced at different time points, whereas structural cross-neuron plasticity can only be induced at early stages. Our work uncovers a novel role for glial Draper signaling in cross-neuron plasticity that may enhance nervous system function during neurodegeneration and provides insights into how healthy bystander neurons respond to the loss of their neighboring neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valverde, P. T.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobb-Rabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatasubramanian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.09.536190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glial Draper signaling triggers cross-neuron plasticity in bystander neurons after neuronal cell death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct monitoring of the thermodynamics and kinetics of DNA and RNA dinucleotide dehybridization from gaps and overhangs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hybridization of short nucleic acid segments (<4 nucleotides) to single-strand templates occurs as a critical intermediate in processes such as non-enzymatic nucleic acid replication and toehold-mediated strand displacement. These templates often contain adjacent duplex segments that stabilize base pairing with single-strand gaps or overhangs, but the thermodynamics and kinetics of hybridization in such contexts are poorly understood due to experimental challenges of probing weak binding and rapid structural dynamics. Here we develop an approach to directly measure the thermodynamics and kinetics of DNA and RNA dinucleotide dehybridization using steady-state and temperature-jump infrared spectroscopy. Our results suggest that dinucleotide binding is stabilized through coaxial stacking interactions with the adjacent duplex segments as well as from potential non-canonical base pairing configurations and structural dynamics of gap and overhang templates revealed using molecular dynamics simulations. We measure timescales for dissociation ranging from 0.2 to 40 {micro}s depending on the template and temperature. Dinucleotide hybridization and dehybridization involves a significant free energy barrier with characteristics resembling that of canonical oligonucleotides. Together, our work provides an initial step for predicting the stability and kinetics of hybridization between short nucleic acid segments and various templates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashwood, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radakovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachleben, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokmakoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.536266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct monitoring of the thermodynamics and kinetics of DNA and RNA dinucleotide dehybridization from gaps and overhangs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced nonenzymatic RNA copying with in-situ activation of short oligonucleotides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nonenzymatic copying of RNA is thought to have been necessary for the transition between prebiotic chemistry and ribozyme-catalyzed RNA replication in the RNA World. We have previously shown that a potentially prebiotic nucleotide activation pathway based on phospho-Passerini chemistry can lead to the efficient synthesis of 2-aminoimidazole activated mononucleotides when carried out under freeze-thaw cycling conditions. Such activated nucleotides react with each other to form 5'-5' 2-aminoimidazolium bridged dinucleotides, enabling template-directed primer extension to occur within the same reaction mixture. However, mononucleotides linked to oligonucleotides by a 5'-5' 2-aminoimidazolium bridge are superior substrates for nonenzymatic primer extension, due to their higher intrinsic reactivity and their higher template affinity. Here we show that eutectic phase phospho-Passerini chemistry efficiently activates short oligonucleotides and promotes the formation of monomer-bridged-oligonucleotide species during freeze-thaw cycles. We then demonstrate that in-situ generated monomer-bridged-oligonucleotides lead to efficient nonenzymatic template copying in the same reaction mixture. Our findings pave the way for future research into the activation of complex mixtures of mono- and oligonucleotides for the enhanced copying and potentially the replication of arbitrary RNA sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.12.536642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced nonenzymatic RNA copying with in-situ activation of short oligonucleotides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast and flexible joint fine-mapping of multiple traits via the Sum of Single Effects model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce mvSuSiE, a multi-trait fine-mapping method for identifying putative causal variants from genetic association data (individual-level or summary data). mvSuSiE learns patterns of shared genetic effects from data, and exploits these patterns to improve power to identify causal SNPs. Comparisons on simulated data show that mvSuSiE is competitive in speed, power and precision with existing multi-trait methods, and uniformly improves over single-trait fine-mapping (SuSiE) performed separately for each trait. We applied mvSuSiE to jointly finemap 16 blood cell traits using data from the UK Biobank. By jointly analyzing the traits and modeling heterogeneous effect sharing patterns, we discovered a much larger number of causal SNPs (>3,000) compared with single-trait fine-mapping, and with narrower credible sets. mvSuSiE also more comprehensively characterized the ways in which the genetic variants affect one or more blood cell traits; 68% of causal SNPs showed significant effects in more than one blood cell type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbonetto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.14.536893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast and flexible joint fine-mapping of multiple traits via the Sum of Single Effects model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.536986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limited Diffusion of Scientific Knowledge Forecasts Collapse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.15.536986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Market bubbles emerge when asset prices are driven unsustainably higher than asset values and shifts in belief burst them. We demonstrate the same phenomenon for biomedical knowledge when promising research receives inflated attention. We predict deflationary events by developing a diffusion index that captures whether research areas have been amplified within social and scientific bubbles or have diffused and become evaluated more broadly. We illustrate our diffusion approach contrasting the trajectories of cardiac stem cell research and cancer immunotherapy. We then trace the diffusion of unique 28,504 subfields in biomedicine comprising nearly 1.9M papers and more than 80M citations and demonstrate that limited diffusion of biomedical knowledge anticipates abrupt decreases in popularity. Our analysis emphasizes that restricted diffusion, implying a socio-epistemic bubble, leads to dramatic collapses in relevance and attention accorded to scientific knowledge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danziger, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.15.536986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limited Diffusion of Scientific Knowledge Forecasts Collapse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Growth Hormone Accelerates Recovery From Acetaminophen-Induced Murine Liver Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsAcetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of acute liver failure, with one available treatment, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Yet, NAC effectiveness diminishes about ten hours after APAP overdose, urging for therapeutic alternatives. This study addresses this need by deciphering a mechanism of sexual dimorphism in APAP-induced liver injury, and leveraging it to accelerate liver recovery via growth hormone (GH) treatment. GH secretory patterns, pulsatile in males and near-continuous in females, determine the sex bias in many liver metabolic functions. Here, we aim to establish GH as a novel therapy to treat APAP hepatotoxicity.

Approach and ResultsOur results demonstrate sex-dependent APAP toxicity, with females showing reduced liver cell death and faster recovery than males. Single-cell RNA sequencing analyses reveal that female hepatocytes have significantly greater levels of GH receptor expression and GH pathway activation compared to males. In harnessing this female-specific advantage, we demonstrate that a single injection of recombinant human GH protein accelerates liver recovery, promotes survival in males following sub-lethal dose of APAP, and is superior to standard-of-care NAC. Alternatively, slow-release delivery of human GH via the safe nonintegrative lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated nucleoside-modified mRNA (mRNA-LNP), a technology validated by widely used COVID-19 vaccines, rescues males from APAP-induced death that otherwise occurred in control mRNA-LNP-treated mice.

ConclusionsOur study demonstrates a sexually dimorphic liver repair advantage in females following APAP overdose, leveraged by establishing GH as an alternative treatment, delivered either as recombinant protein or mRNA-LNP, to potentially prevent liver failure and liver transplant in APAP-overdosed patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Everton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Rio Moreno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villacorta-Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh Bawa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindstrom-Vautrin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muramatsu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizvi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kineman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waxman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouon-Evans, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Growth Hormone Accelerates Recovery From Acetaminophen-Induced Murine Liver Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Normalization in mouse primary visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When multiple stimuli appear together in the receptive field of a visual cortical neuron, the response is typically close to the average of that neurons response to each individual stimulus. The departure from a linear sum of each individual response is referred to as normalization. In mammals, normalization has been best characterized in the visual cortex of macaques and cats. Here we study visually evoked normalization in the visual cortex of awake mice using optical imaging of calcium indicators in large populations of layer 2/3 (L2/3) V1 excitatory neurons and electrophysiological recordings across layers in V1. Regardless of recording method, mouse visual cortical neurons exhibit normalization to varying degrees. The distributions of normalization strength are similar to those described in cats and macaques, albeit slightly weaker on average.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zayyad, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maunsell, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.18.537260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Normalization in mouse primary visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epistasis facilitates functional evolution in an ancient transcription factor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A proteins genetic architecture - the set of causal rules by which its sequence produces its functions - also determines its possible evolutionary trajectories. Prior research has proposed that genetic architecture of proteins is very complex, with pervasive epistatic interactions that constrain evolution and make function difficult to predict from sequence. Most of this work has analyzed only the direct paths between two proteins of interest - excluding the vast majority of possible genotypes and evolutionary trajectories - and has considered only a single protein function, leaving unaddressed the genetic architecture of functional specificity and its impact on the evolution of new functions. Here we develop a new method based on ordinal logistic regression to directly characterize the global genetic determinants of multiple protein functions from 20-state combinatorial deep mutational scanning (DMS) experiments. We use it to dissect the genetic architecture and evolution of a transcription factors specificity for DNA, using data from a combinatorial DMS of an ancient steroid hormone receptors capacity to activate transcription from two biologically relevant DNA elements. We show that the genetic architecture of DNA recognition consists of a dense set of main and pairwise effects that involve virtually every possible amino acid state in the protein-DNA interface, but higher-order epistasis plays only a tiny role. Pairwise interactions enlarge the set of functional sequences and are the primary determinants of specificity for different DNA elements. They also massively expand the number of opportunities for single-residue mutations to switch specificity from one DNA target to another. By bringing variants with different functions close together in sequence space, pairwise epistasis therefore facilitates rather than constrains the evolution of new functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Metzger, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.19.537271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epistasis facilitates functional evolution in an ancient transcription factor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validating a low-cost, open-source, locally manufactured workstation and computational pipeline for automated histopathology evaluation using deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.19.537544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deployment and access to state-of-the-art diagnostic technologies remains a fundamental challenge in providing equitable global cancer care to low-resource settings. The expansion of digital pathology in recent years and its interface with computational biomarkers provides an opportunity to democratize access to personalized medicine. Here we describe a low-cost platform for digital side capture and computational analysis composed of open-source components. The platform provides low-cost ($200) digital image capture from glass slides and is capable of real-time computational image analysis using an open-source deep learning (DL) algorithm and Raspberry Pi ($35) computer. We validate the performance of deep learning models performance using images captured from the open-source workstation and show similar model performance when compared against significantly more expensive standard institutional hardware.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolezal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochanny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margalus, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garassino, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kather, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.19.537544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validating a low-cost, open-source, locally manufactured workstation and computational pipeline for automated histopathology evaluation using deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A core Nrf2 gene set defined through comprehensive transcriptomic analysis predicts drug resistance and poor multi-cancer prognosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NRF2-KEAP1 pathway plays an important role in the cellular response to oxidative stress but may also contribute to metabolic changes and drug resistance in cancer. We investigated the activation of NRF2 in human cancers and fibroblast cells through KEAP1 inhibition and cancer associated KEAP1/NRF2 mutations. We define a core set of 14 upregulated NRF2 target genes from seven RNA-Sequencing databases that we generated and analyzed, which we validated this gene set through analyses of published databases and gene sets. An NRF2 activity score based on expression of these core target genes correlates with resistance to drugs such as PX-12 and necrosulfonamide but not to paclitaxel or bardoxolone methyl. We validated these findings and also found NRF2 activation led to radioresistance in cancer cell lines. Finally, our NRF2 score is prognostic for cancer survival and validated in additional independent cohorts for novel cancers types not associated with NRF2-KEAP1 mutations. These analyses define a core NRF2 gene set that is robust, versatile, and useful as a NRF2 biomarker and for predicting drug resistance and cancer prognosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alridge, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soliman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahdi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letterio, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.20.537691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A core Nrf2 gene set defined through comprehensive transcriptomic analysis predicts drug resistance and poor multi-cancer prognosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tbx5 maintains atrial identity by regulating an atrial enhancer network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how the atrial and ventricular chambers of the heart maintain their distinct identity is a prerequisite for treating chamber-specific diseases. Here, we selectively inactivated the transcription factor Tbx5 in the atrial working myocardium of the neonatal mouse heart to show that it is required to maintain atrial identity. Atrial Tbx5 inactivation downregulated highly chamber specific genes such as Myl7 and Nppa, and conversely, increased the expression of ventricular identity genes including Myl2. Using combined single nucleus transcriptome and open chromatin profiling, we assessed genomic accessibility changes underlying the altered atrial identity expression program, identifying 1846 genomic loci with greater accessibility in control atrial cardiomyocytes compared to KO aCMs. 69% of the control-enriched ATAC regions were bound by TBX5, demonstrating a role for TBX5 in maintaining atrial genomic accessibility. These regions were associated with genes that had higher expression in control aCMs compared to KO aCMs, suggesting they act as TBX5-dependent enhancers. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing enhancer chromatin looping using HiChIP and found 510 chromatin loops that were sensitive to TBX5 dosage. Of the loops enriched in control aCMs, 73.7% contained anchors in control-enriched ATAC regions. Together, these data demonstrate a genomic role for TBX5 in maintaining the atrial gene expression program by binding to atrial enhancers and preserving tissue-specific chromatin architecture of atrial enhancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sweat, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnicka-Turek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Cervantes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akerberg, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakimoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorham, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trembley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianeselli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prondzynski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolin, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tbx5 maintains atrial identity by regulating an atrial enhancer network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.22.537946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatially resolved single cell genomic atlas of the adult human breast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.22.537946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The adult human breast comprises an intricate network of epithelial ducts and lobules that are embedded in connective and adipose tissue. While previous studies have mainly focused on the breast epithelial system, many of the non-epithelial cell types remain understudied. Here, we constructed a comprehensive Human Breast Cell Atlas (HBCA) at single-cell and spatial resolution. Our single-cell transcriptomics data profiled 535,941 cells from 62 women, and 120,024 nuclei from 20 women, identifying 11 major cell types and 53 cell states. These data revealed abundant pericyte, endothelial and immune cell populations, and highly diverse luminal epithelial cell states. Our spatial mapping using three technologies revealed an unexpectedly rich ecosystem of tissue-resident immune cells in the ducts and lobules, as well as distinct molecular differences between ductal and lobular regions. Collectively, these data provide an unprecedented reference of adult normal breast tissue for studying mammary biology and disease states such as breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sei, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casasent, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thennavan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilges, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashikar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braubach, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheikh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikulina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teshome, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menegaz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javaid, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montalvan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lev, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tifrea, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parajuli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winocour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessenbrock, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.22.537946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatially resolved single cell genomic atlas of the adult human breast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.537971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ProtWave-VAE: Integrating autoregressive sampling with latent-based inference for data-driven protein design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.537971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep generative models (DGMs) have shown great success in the understanding of data-driven design of proteins. Variational autoencoders (VAEs) are a popular DGM approach that can learn the correlated patterns of amino acid mutations within a multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of protein sequences and distill this information into a low-dimensional latent space to expose phylogenetic and functional relationships and guide generative protein design. Autoregressive (AR) models are another popular DGM approach that typically lack a low-dimensional latent embedding but do not require training sequences to be aligned into an MSA and enable the design of variable length proteins. In this work, we propose ProtWave-VAE as a novel and lightweight DGM employing an information maximizing VAE with a dilated convolution encoder and autoregressive WaveNet decoder. This architecture blends the strengths of the VAE and AR paradigms in enabling training over unaligned sequence data and the conditional generative design of variable length sequences from an interpretable low-dimensional learned latent space. We evaluate the models ability to infer patterns and design rules within alignment-free homologous protein family sequences and to design novel synthetic proteins in four diverse protein families. We show that our model can infer meaningful functional and phylogenetic embeddings within latent spaces and make highly accurate predictions within semi-supervised downstream fitness prediction tasks. In an application to the C-terminal SH3 domain in the Sho1 transmembrane osmosensing receptor in bakers yeast, we subject ProtWave-VAE designed sequences to experimental gene synthesis and select-seq assays for osmosensing function to show that the model enables de novo generative design, conditional C-terminus diversification, and engineering of osmosensing function into SH3 paralogs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Praljak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.23.537971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ProtWave-VAE: Integrating autoregressive sampling with latent-based inference for data-driven protein design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.537993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of thymocyte competition underlies the tumor suppressive functions of the E2a transcription factor in T lymphocyte acute lymphoblastic leukemia. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.537993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T lymphocyte acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is frequently associated with increased expression of the E protein transcription factor inhibitors TAL1 and LYL1. In mouse models, ectopic expression of Tal1 or Lyl1 in T cell progenitors or inactivation of E2a, is sufficient to predispose mice to develop T-ALL. How E2a suppresses thymocyte transformation is currently unknown. Here, we show that early deletion of E2a, prior to the DN3 stage, was required for robust leukemogenesis and was associated with alterations in thymus cellularity, T cell differentiation, and gene expression in immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. Introduction of wild-type thymocytes into mice with early deletion of E2a prevented leukemogenesis, or delayed disease onset, and impacted the expression of multiple genes associated with transformation and genome instability. Our data indicate that E2a suppresses leukemogenesis by promoting T cell development and enforcing inter-thymocyte competition, a mechanism that is emerging as a safeguard against thymocyte transformation. These studies have implications for understanding how multiple essential regulators of T cell development suppress T-ALL and support the hypothesis that thymus cellularity is a determinant of leukemogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parriott, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegermiller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saygin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartom, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kee, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.23.537993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of thymocyte competition underlies the tumor suppressive functions of the E2a transcription factor in T lymphocyte acute lymphoblastic leukemia.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PhIP-Seq uncovers novel autoantibodies and unique endotypes in interstitial lung disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders that can develop in patients with connective tissue diseases (CTD). Establishing autoimmunity in ILD impacts prognosis and treatment. ILD patients are screened for autoimmunity by assaying for anti-nuclear autoantibodies, rheumatoid factors and other non-specific tests. However, this approach has not been rigorously validated and may miss autoimmunity that manifests as autoantibodies to tissue antigens not previously defined in ILD. Here, we use Phage Immunoprecipitation-Sequencing (PhIP-Seq) to conduct a large, multi-center unbiased autoantibody discovery screen of ILD patients and controls. PhIP-Seq identified 17 novel autoreactive targets, and machine learning classifiers derived from these targets discriminated ILD serum from controls. Among these 17 candidates, we validated Cadherin Related Family Member 5 (CDHR5) as an autoantigen and found CDHR5 autoantibodies in patients with rheumatologic disorders and importantly, subjects not previously diagnosed with autoimmunity. Lung tissue of CDHR5 autoreactive patients showed transcriptional profiles consistent with activation of NF{kappa}B signaling and upregulation of chitotriosidase (CHIT1), a molecular pathway linked to fibrosis. Our study shows PhIP-Seq uncovers novel autoantibodies in ILD patients not revealed by standard clinical tests. Furthermore, CDHR5 autoantibodies may define a novel molecular endotype of ILD characterized by inflammation and fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, Y. m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolters, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noth, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strek, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shum, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.24.538091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PhIP-Seq uncovers novel autoantibodies and unique endotypes in interstitial lung disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mechanics of correlated variability in segregated cortical excitatory subnetworks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the genesis of shared trial-to-trial variability in neural activity within sensory cortex is critical to uncovering the biological basis of information processing in the brain. Shared variability is often a reflection of the structure of cortical connectivity since this variability likely arises, in part, from local circuit inputs. A series of experiments from segregated networks of (excitatory) pyramidal neurons in mouse primary visual cortex challenge this view. Specifically, the across-network correlations were found to be larger than predicted given the known weak cross-network connectivity. We aim to uncover the circuit mechanisms responsible for these enhanced correlations through biologically motivated cortical circuit models. Our central finding is that coupling each excitatory subpopulation with a specific inhibitory subpopulation provides the most robust network-intrinsic solution in shaping these enhanced correlations. This result argues for the existence of excitatory-inhibitory functional assemblies in early sensory areas which mirror not just response properties but also connectivity between pyramidal cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Negron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.538323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mechanics of correlated variability in segregated cortical excitatory subnetworks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.538309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
5-hydroxymethylcytosine profiling of cell-free DNA identifies bivalent genes that are prognostic of survival in high-risk neuroblastoma. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.538309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroblastoma is the most common extra-cranial solid tumor in childhood and epigenetic dysregulation is a key driver of this embryonal disease. In cell-free DNA from neuroblastoma patients with high-risk disease, we found increased 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) deposition on Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) target genes, a finding previously described in the context of bivalent genes. As bivalent genes, defined as genes bearing both activating (H3K4me3) and repressive (H3K27me3) chromatin modifications, have been shown to play an important role in development and cancer, we investigated the potential role of bivalent genes in maintaining a de-differentiated state in neuroblastoma and their potential use as a biomarker. We identified 313 genes that bore bivalent chromatin marks, were enriched for mediators of neuronal differentiation, and were transcriptionally repressed across a panel of heterogenous neuroblastoma cell lines. Through gene set variance analysis, we developed a clinically implementable bivalent signature. In three distinct clinical cohorts, low bivalent signature was significantly and independently associated with worse clinical outcome in high-risk neuroblastoma patients. Thus, low expression of bivalent genes is a biomarker of ultra-high-risk disease and may represent a therapeutic opportunity in neuroblastoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chennakesavalu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaves, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veeravalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terhaar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chlenski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piunti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Applebaum, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.27.538309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[5-hydroxymethylcytosine profiling of cell-free DNA identifies bivalent genes that are prognostic of survival in high-risk neuroblastoma.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.538555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Mechanistic Reinterpretation of Fast Inactivation in Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.538555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fast Inactivation in voltage-gated Na+ channels plays essential roles in numerous physiological functions. The canonical hinged-lid model has long predicted that a hydrophobic motif in the DIII-DIV linker (IFM) acts as the gating particle that occludes the permeation pathway during fast inactivation. However, the fact that the IFM motif is located far from the pore in recent high-resolution structures of Nav+ channels contradicts this status quo model. The precise molecular determinants of fast inactivation gate once again, become an open question. Here, we provide a mechanistic reinterpretation of fast inactivation based on ionic and gating current data. In Nav1.4 the actual inactivation gate is comprised of two hydrophobic rings at the bottom of S6. These function in series and closing once the IFM motif binds. Reducing the volume of the sidechain in both rings led to a partially conductive inactivated state. Our experiments also point to a previously overlooked coupling pathway between the bottom of S6 and the selectivity filter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassetto, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezanilla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.27.538555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Mechanistic Reinterpretation of Fast Inactivation in Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.28.538720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seryl-butyrate: a prodrug that enhances butyrate's oral bioavailability and suppresses autoimmune arthritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.28.538720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Butyrate, a metabolite produced by commensal bacteria, has been intensively studied for its immunomodulatory effects on various immune cells, including T regulatory cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Butyrates development as a drug has been limited by its poor oral bioavailability due to its rapid metabolism in the gut, its low potency and thus high dosing, and its foul smell and taste. By simply esterifying butyrate to serine (O-butyryl-L-serine, SerBut), a design based on the concept of utilizing amino acid transporters to escape the gut and enhance systemic uptake thus increasing bioavailability, we developed an odorless and tasteless compound for oral administration. In the collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) murine models of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, we demonstrated that SerBut significantly ameliorated disease severity, modulated key immune cell populations both systemically and in disease-associated tissues, and reduced inflammatory responses without compromising global immune response to vaccination. Our findings highlight SerBut as a promising next-generation therapeutic agent for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raczy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultgren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reda, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shores, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.28.538720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seryl-butyrate: a prodrug that enhances butyrate's oral bioavailability and suppresses autoimmune arthritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.28.538763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neighborhood air pollution is negatively associated with neurocognitive maturation in early adolescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.28.538763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescence is a key period of neurocognitive maturation. Exposure to high levels of air pollutants have been associated with brain differences in youth, though the relevance of these brain findings to behavioral outcomes such as cognitive development is less clear. In this study, we used the US Environmental Protection Agencys thresholds for unhealthy levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), Ozone (O3), and NO2 pollutants to compare youth exclusively exposed to high levels of each pollutant to their respective socioeconomically-matched low-pollution peers over a two-year period in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. No youth in ABCD study were found to be at or above the unhealthy threshold for NO2. Separate multivariate analyses for PM2.5 (NHigh=348; Ncontrol=279) and O3 (NHigh=355; Ncontrol=324) resulted in two very similar neurocognitive latent variables loading positively on cortical functional maturation and task performance, and negatively on cortical grey matter thickness.

We found a significant difference in this neurocognitive maturation latent variable over time between the high-pollution and control groups from 9-10 to 11-12 years of age, such that maturation of cortical networks, increase in task performance, and cortical thinning were significantly higher in the control groups. These results were adjusted for parental income and education and youths age, sex, race/ethnicity, site, head-motion, scanner, general factor of psychopathology, pubertal status, and area deprivation index, in addition to the matching between high-pollution and control groups. In conclusion, exposure to high levels of PM2.5 and O3 is associated with lags in normative neurocognitive maturation in early adolescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kardan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sereeyothin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schertz, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angstadt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.28.538763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neighborhood air pollution is negatively associated with neurocognitive maturation in early adolescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis and functional roles for Toll-like receptor binding to Latrophilin adhesion-GPCR in embryo development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Latrophilins/ADGRLs are conserved adhesion-type G protein-coupled receptors associated with early embryonic morphogenesis defects, lethality, and sterility across multiple model organisms. However, their mechanistic roles in embryogenesis and the identity of their binding ligands remain unknown. Here, we identified a cell-surface receptor, TOL-1, the sole Toll-like receptor in C. elegans, as a novel ligand for the C. elegans Latrophilin, LAT-1. The extracellular lectin domain of LAT-1 directly binds to the second leucine-rich repeat domain of TOL-1. The highresolution crystal structure and the cryo-EM density map of the LAT-1-TOL-1 ectodomain complex reveal a previously-unobserved mode of one-to-one interaction enabled by a large interface. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutation of key interface residues selectively disrupted the endogenous LAT-1-TOL-1 interaction in C. elegans, leading to partial sterility, lethality, and malformed embryos. Thus, TOL-1 binding to LAT-1 represents a receptor-ligand axis essential for animal morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosas, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltrusaitis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawrocka, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arac, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.539414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis and functional roles for Toll-like receptor binding to Latrophilin adhesion-GPCR in embryo development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diving dinosaurs? Caveats on the use of bone compactness and pFDA for inferring lifestyle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.04.539484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measures of bone compactness in amniote tetrapods of varying lifestyle were used to infer that two spinosaurid dinosaurs (Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, Baryonyx walkeri) were diving "subaqueous foragers," whereas a third spinosaurid (Suchomimus tenerensis) and other sampled nonavian dinosaurs were non-diving terrestrial feeders entering water only as waders. We outline shortcomings in this analysis that involve bone compactness sampling and measurement, lifestyle categorization, the inclusion and exclusion of taxa in the dataset, and flawed statistical methods and inferences. These many shortcomings undermine the evidence used to conclude that two spinosaurid taxa were avid divers. Bone compactness indices remain a valuable tool for interpretation of lifestyle in extinct species when based on sound dataset composition, robust statistical analysis, and consilience with evidence from functional, biomechanical, or paleoenvironmental considerations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myhrvold, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sereno, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgart, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fish, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saitta, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.04.539484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diving dinosaurs? Caveats on the use of bone compactness and pFDA for inferring lifestyle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Illusion of agency over involuntary muscle movements reveals temporal dynamics of neural activity underlying self-agency judgments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.06.539706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our muscles are the primary means through which we affect the external world, and the sense of agency (SoA) over the action through those muscles is fundamental to our self-awareness. However, SoA research to date has focused almost exclusively on agency over action outcomes rather than over the musculature itself, as it was believed that SoA over the musculature could not be manipulated directly. Drawing on methods from human-computer interaction and adaptive experimentation, we use human-in-the-loop Bayesian optimization to tune the timing of electrical muscle stimulation so as to robustly elicit a sense of agency over electrically-actuated muscle movements in male and female human subjects. We use time-resolved decoding of subjects EEG to estimate the time course of neural activity which predicts reported agency on a trial-by-trial basis. Like paradigms which assess SoA over action consequences, we found that the late (post-conscious) neural activity predicts SoA. Unlike typical paradigms, however, we also find patterns of early (sensorimotor) activity with distinct temporal dynamics predicts agency over muscle movements, suggesting that the "neural correlates of agency" may depend on the level of abstraction (i.e., direct sensorimotor feedback vs. downstream consequences) most relevant to a given agency judgement. Moreover, fractal analysis of the EEG suggests that SoA-contingent dynamics of neural activity may modulate the sensitivity of the motor system to external input.

Significance StatementThe sense of agency - the feeling of "I did that" - when directing ones own musculature is a core feature of human experience. We show that we can robustly manipulate the sense of agency over electrically actuated muscle movements, and we investigate the time course of neural activity that predicts the sense of agency over these actuated movements. We find evidence of two distinct neural processes - a transient sequence of patterns that begins in the early sensorineural response to muscle stimulation and a later, sustained signature of agency. These results shed light on the neural mechanisms by which we experience our movements as volitional.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veillette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusbaum, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.06.539706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Illusion of agency over involuntary muscle movements reveals temporal dynamics of neural activity underlying self-agency judgments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformation-specific synthetic antibodies discriminate multiple functional states of the ion channel CorA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CorA, the primary magnesium ion channel in prokaryotes and archaea, is a prototypical homopentameric ion channel that undergoes ion-dependent conformational transitions. CorA adopts five-fold symmetric non-conductive states in the presence of high concentrations of Mg2+, and highly asymmetric flexible states in its complete absence. However, the latter were of insufficient resolution to be thoroughly characterized. In order to gain additional insights into the relationship between asymmetry and channel activation, we exploited phage display selection strategies to generate conformation-specific synthetic antibodies (sABs) against CorA in the absence of Mg2+. Two sABs from these selections, C12 and C18, showed different degrees of Mg2+-sensitivity. Through structural, biochemical, and biophysical characterization, we found the sABs are both conformation-specific but probe different features of the channel under open-like conditions. C18 is highly specific to the Mg2+-depleted state of CorA and through negative-stain electron microscopy (ns-EM), we show sAB binding reflects the asymmetric arrangement of CorA protomers in Mg2+-depleted conditions. We used X-ray crystallography to determine a structure at 2.0 [A] resolution of sAB C12 bound to the soluble N-terminal regulatory domain of CorA. The structure shows C12 is a competitive inhibitor of regulatory magnesium binding through its interaction with the divalent cation sensing site. We subsequently exploited this relationship to capture and visualize asymmetric CorA states in different [Mg2+] using ns-EM. We additionally utilized these sABs to provide insights into the energy landscape that governs the ion-dependent conformational transitions of CorA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominik, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deneka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokarz, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skrobek, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalmas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perozo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.07.539746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformation-specific synthetic antibodies discriminate multiple functional states of the ion channel CorA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SHORT-TERM CALORIC RESTRICTION IN MICE PROMOTES RESOLUTION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS, WHILE WEIGHT REGAIN ACCELERATES ITS PROGRESSION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.07.539777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTWhile weight loss is highly recommended for those with obesity, >60% will regain their lost weight. This weight cycling is associated with elevated risk of cardiovascular disease, relative to never having lost weight. How weight loss/regain directly influence atherosclerotic inflammation is unknown. Thus, we studied short-term caloric restriction (stCR) in obese hypercholesterolemic mice, without confounding effects from changes in diet composition. Weight loss was found to promote atherosclerosis resolution independent of plasma cholesterol. From single-cell RNA-sequencing and subsequent mechanistic studies, this can be partly attributed to a unique subset of macrophages accumulating with stCR in epididymal adipose tissue (eWAT) and atherosclerotic plaques. These macrophages, distinguished by high expression of Fcgr4, help to clear necrotic cores in atherosclerotic plaques. Conversely, weight regain (WR) following stCR accelerated atherosclerosis progression with disappearance of Fcgr4+ macrophages from eWAT and plaques. Furthermore, WR caused reprogramming of immune progenitors, sustaining hyper-inflammatory responsiveness. In summary, we have developed a model to investigate the inflammatory effects of weight cycling on atherosclerosis and the interplay between adipose tissue, bone marrow, and plaques. The findings suggest potential approaches to promote atherosclerotic plaque resolution in obesity and weight cycling through induction of Fcgr4+ macrophages and inhibition of immune progenitor reprogramming.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=146 SRC="FIGDIR/small/539777v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c6e857org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bfd443org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@88973org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@78198f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scolaro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krautter, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petitjean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahoe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garabedian, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikain, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laskou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tufanli, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannemann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aouadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.07.539777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SHORT-TERM CALORIC RESTRICTION IN MICE PROMOTES RESOLUTION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS, WHILE WEIGHT REGAIN ACCELERATES ITS PROGRESSION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sinogram Domain Angular Upsampling of Sparse-View Micro-CT with Dense Residual Hierarchical Transformer and Noise-Aware Loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.540072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reduced angular sampling is a key strategy for increasing scanning efficiency of micron-scale computed tomography (micro-CT). Despite boosting throughput, this strategy introduces noise and artifacts due to undersampling. In this work, we present a solution to this issue, by proposing a novel Dense Residual Hierarchical Transformer (DRHT) network to recover high-quality sinograms from 2 x, 4x and 8x undersampled scans. DRHT is trained to utilize limited information available from sparsely angular sampled scans and once trained, it can be applied to recover higher-resolution sinograms from shorter scan sessions. Our proposed DRHT model aggregates the benefits of a hierarchical-multi-scale structure along with the combination of local and global feature extraction through dense residual convolutional blocks and non-overlapping window transformer blocks respectively. We also propose a novel noise-aware loss function named KL-L1 to improve sinogram restoration to full resolution. KL-L1, a weighted combination of pixel-level and distribution-level cost functions, leverages inconsistencies in noise distribution and uses learnable spatial weights to improve the training of the DRHT model. We present ablation studies and evaluations of our method against other state-of-the-art (SOTA) models over multiple datasets. Our proposed DRHT network achieves an average increase in peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of 17.73dB and a structural similarity index (SSIM) of 0.161, for 8x upsampling, across the three unique datasets, compared to their respective Bicubic interpolated versions. This novel approach can be utilized to decrease radiation exposure to patients and reduce imaging time for large-scale CT imaging projects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adishesha, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanselow, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.540072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sinogram Domain Angular Upsampling of Sparse-View Micro-CT with Dense Residual Hierarchical Transformer and Noise-Aware Loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbes with higher metabolic independence are enriched in human gut microbiomes under stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.10.540289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A wide variety of human diseases are associated with loss of microbial diversity in the human gut, inspiring a great interest in the diagnostic or therapeutic potential of the microbiota. However, the ecological forces that drive diversity reduction in disease states remain unclear, rendering it difficult to ascertain the role of the microbiota in disease emergence or severity. One hypothesis to explain this phenomenon is that microbial diversity is diminished as disease states select for microbial populations that are more fit to survive environmental stress caused by inflammation or other host factors. Here, we tested this hypothesis on a large scale, by developing a software framework to quantify the enrichment of microbial metabolisms in complex metagenomes as a function of microbial diversity. We applied this framework to over 400 gut metagenomes from individuals who are healthy or diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We found that high metabolic independence (HMI) is a distinguishing characteristic of microbial communities associated with individuals diagnosed with IBD. A classifier we trained using the normalized copy numbers of 33 HMI-associated metabolic modules not only distinguished states of health versus IBD, but also tracked the recovery of the gut microbiome following antibiotic treatment, suggesting that HMI is a hallmark of microbial communities in stressed gut environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veseli, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schechter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabri, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blekhman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Guerra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fussel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.10.540289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbes with higher metabolic independence are enriched in human gut microbiomes under stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omics analysis of a Bacteroides fragilis isolate from an ulcerative colitis patient defines genetic determinants of fitness in bile 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteroides fragilis comprises 1-5% of the gut microbiota in healthy humans but can expand to >50% of the population in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients experiencing inflammation. The mechanisms underlying such microbial blooms are poorly understood, but the gut of UC patients has physicochemical features that differ from healthy patients and likely impact microbial physiology. For example, levels of the secondary bile acid deoxycholate (DC) are highly reduced in the ileoanal J-pouch of UC colectomy patients. We isolated a B. fragilis strain from a UC patient with pouch inflammation (i.e. pouchitis) and developed it as a genetic model system to identify genes and pathways that are regulated by DC and that impact B. fragilis fitness in DC and crude bile. Treatment of B. fragilis with a physiologically relevant concentration of DC reduced cell growth and remodeled transcription of one-quarter of the genome. DC strongly induced expression of chaperones and select transcriptional regulators and efflux systems and downregulated protein synthesis genes. Using a barcoded collection of {approx}50,000 unique insertional mutants, we further defined B. fragilis genes that contribute to fitness in media containing DC or crude bile. Genes impacting cell envelope functions including cardiolipin synthesis, cell surface glycosylation, and systems implicated in sodium-dependent bioenergetics were major bile acid fitness factors. As expected, there was limited overlap between transcriptionally regulated genes and genes that impacted fitness in bile when disrupted. Our study provides a genome-scale view of a B. fragilis bile response and genetic determinants of its fitness in DC and crude bile.

ImportanceThe Gram-negative bacterium, Bacteroides fragilis, is a common member of the human gut microbiota that colonizes multiple host niches and can influence human physiology through a variety of mechanisms. Identification of genes that enable B. fragilis to grow across a range of host environments has been impeded in part by the relatively limited genetic tractability of this species. We have developed a high-throughput genetic resource for a B. fragilis strain isolated from a UC pouchitis patient. Bile acids limit microbial growth and are altered in abundance in UC pouches, where B. fragilis often blooms. Using this resource, we uncovered pathways and processes that impact B. fragilis fitness in bile and that may contribute to population expansions during bouts of gut inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnizlein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena-Rivera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trigodet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennessy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omics analysis of a Bacteroides fragilis isolate from an ulcerative colitis patient defines genetic determinants of fitness in bile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electron transport inhibition increases cellular dependence on purine transport and salvage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to support cell growth and proliferation in harsh environments. While many studies have documented the importance of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in tumor growth, some cancer cells experience conditions of reduced OXPHOS in vivo and induce alternative metabolic pathways to compensate. To assess how human cells respond to mitochondrial dysfunction, we performed metabolomics in fibroblasts and plasma from patients with inborn errors of mitochondrial metabolism, and in cancer cells subjected to inhibition of the electron transport chain (ETC). All these analyses revealed extensive perturbations in purine-related metabolites; in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, ETC blockade led to purine metabolite accumulation arising from a reduced cytosolic NAD+/NADH ratio (NADH reductive stress). Stable isotope tracing demonstrated that ETC deficiency suppressed de novo purine nucleotide synthesis while enhancing purine salvage. Analysis of NSCLC patients infused with [U-13C]glucose revealed that tumors with markers of low oxidative mitochondrial metabolism exhibited high expression of the purine salvage enzyme HPRT1 and abundant levels of the HPRT1 product inosine monophosphate (IMP). ETC blockade also induced production of ribose-5 phosphate (R5P) by the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and import of purine nucleobases. Blocking either HPRT1 or nucleoside transporters sensitized cancer cells to ETC inhibition, and overexpressing nucleoside transporters was sufficient to drive growth of NSCLC xenografts. Collectively, this study mechanistically delineates how cells compensate for suppressed purine metabolism in response to ETC blockade, and uncovers a new metabolic vulnerability in tumors experiencing NADH excess.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezwada, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faubert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Sandoval, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharias, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oaxaca, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Bermudez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBerardinis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electron transport inhibition increases cellular dependence on purine transport and salvage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural snapshots of hyaluronan formation reveal principles of length control and secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyaluronan (HA) is an essential component of the vertebrate extracellular matrix. It is a heteropolysaccharide of alternating N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucuronic acid (GlcA) units reaching several megadaltons in healthy tissues. HA is synthesized and secreted in a coupled reaction by HA-synthase (HAS). Here, structural snapshots of HAS provide important insights into HA biosynthesis, from substrate recognition to HA elongation and translocation. We reveal a loop insertion mechanism for substrate binding, monitor the extension of a GlcNAc primer with GlcA, and capture the opening of a secretion channel that coordinates a nascent HA polymer. Further, we identify HA-interacting residues that control HA product lengths. Integrating structural and biochemical analyses, we propose a mechanism for HA length control based on finely tuned enzymatic processivity and catalytic rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorniak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural snapshots of hyaluronan formation reveal principles of length control and secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prolonged DNA Damage Checkpoint Arrest Requires Constant Renewal and the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells evoke the DNA damage checkpoint (DDC) to inhibit mitosis in the presence of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) to allow more time for DNA repair. In budding yeast, a single irreparable DSB is sufficient to activate the DDC and induce cell cycle arrest prior to anaphase for about 12 to 15 hours, after which cells "adapt" to the damage by extinguishing the DDC and resuming the cell cycle. While activation of the DNA damage-dependent cell cycle arrest is well-understood, how it is maintained remains unclear. To address this, we conditionally depleted key DDC proteins after the DDC was fully activated and monitored changes in the maintenance of cell cycle arrest. Degradation of Ddc2ATRIP, Rad9, Rad24, or Rad53CHK2 results in premature resumption of the cell cycle, indicating that these DDC factors are required both to establish and to maintain the arrest. Dun1 is required for establishment, but not maintenance of arrest, whereas Chk1 is required for prolonged maintenance but not for initial establishment of the mitotic arrest. When the cells are challenged with 2 persistent DSBs, they remain permanently arrested. This permanent arrest is initially dependent on the continuous presence of Ddc2, Rad9, and Rad53; however, after 15 hours these proteins become dispensable. Instead, the continued mitotic arrest is sustained by spindle-assembly checkpoint (SAC) proteins Mad1, Mad2, and Bub2 but not by Bub2s binding partner Bfa1. These data suggest that prolonged cell cycle arrest in response to 2 DSBs is achieved by a handoff from the DDC to specific components of the SAC. Furthermore, the establishment and maintenance of DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest requires overlapping but different sets of factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterman, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caban-Penix, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eapen, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prolonged DNA Damage Checkpoint Arrest Requires Constant Renewal and the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct detection of deformation modes on varying length scales in active biopolymer networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Correlated flows and forces that emerge from active matter orchestrate complex processes such as shape regulation and deformations in biological cells and tissues. The active materials central to cellular mechanics are cytoskeletal networks, where molecular motor activity drives deformations and remodeling. Here, we investigate deformation modes in contractile actin networks driven by the molecular motor myosin II through quantitative fluorescence microscopy. We examine the deformation anisotropy at different length scales in networks of sparsely cross-linked and bundled actin. In sparsely cross-linked networks, we find myosin-dependent biaxial buckling modes across length scales. Interestingly, both long and short-wavelength buckling may contribute to network contractility. In cross-linked bundled networks, uniaxial contraction predominates on long length scales, while the uniaxial or biaxial nature of the deformation depends on bundle microstructure at shorter length scales. The anisotropy of deformations may provide insight to the mechanical origins of contractility in actin networks and regulation of collective behavior in a variety of active materials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weirich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct detection of deformation modes on varying length scales in active biopolymer networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Recombinant Antibody For Tracking Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Uracil DNA Glycosylase Expression. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies are powerful tools to detect expressed proteins. However off-target recognition can confound their use. Therefore, careful characterization is needed to validate specificity in distinct applications. Here we report the sequence and characterization of a mouse recombinant antibody that specifically detects ORF46 of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68). This ORF encodes the viral uracil DNA glycosylase (vUNG). The antibody does not recognize murine uracil DNA glycosylase and is useful in detecting vUNG expressed in virally infected cells. It can detect expressed vUNG in cells via immunostaining and microscopy or flow cytometry analysis. The antibody can detect vUNG from lysates of expressing cells via immunoblot under native conditions but not denaturing conditions. This suggests it recognizes a confirmational based epitope. Altogether this manuscript describes the utility of the anti-vUNG antibody and suitability for use in studies of MHV68 infected cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelazowska, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krug, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Recombinant Antibody For Tracking Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Uracil DNA Glycosylase Expression.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microsecond dynamics control the HIV-1 envelope conformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HIV-1 Envelope (Env) glycoprotein facilitates host cell fusion through a complex series of receptor-induced structural changes. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the structures of various Env conformations and transition intermediates that occur within the millisecond timescale, faster transitions in the microsecond timescale have not yet been observed. In this study, we employed time-resolved, temperature-jump small angle X- ray scattering to monitor structural rearrangements in an HIV-1 Env ectodomain construct with microsecond precision. We detected a transition correlated with Env opening that occurs in the hundreds of microseconds range and another more rapid transition that preceded this opening. Model fitting indicated that the early rapid transition involved an order-to-disorder transition in the trimer apex loop contacts, suggesting that conventional conformation-locking design strategies that target the allosteric machinery may be ineffective in preventing this movement. Utilizing this information, we engineered an envelope that locks the apex loop contacts to the adjacent protomer. This modification resulted in significant angle-of-approach shifts in the interaction of a neutralizing antibody. Our findings imply that blocking the intermediate state could be crucial for inducing antibodies with the appropriate bound state orientation through vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bennett, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosheleva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bililign, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manosouri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microsecond dynamics control the HIV-1 envelope conformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emerging Activity Patterns and Synaptogenesis in Dissociated Hippocampal Cultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cultures of dissociated hippocampal neurons display a stereotypical development of network activity patterns within the first three weeks of maturation. During this process, network connections develop and the associated spiking patterns range from increasing levels of activity in the first two weeks to regular bursting activity in the third week of maturation. Characterization of network structure is important to examine the mechanisms underlying the emergent functional organization of neural circuits. To accomplish this, confocal microscopy techniques have been used and several automated synapse quantification algorithms based on (co)localization of synaptic structures have been proposed recently. However, these approaches suffer from the arbitrary nature of intensity thresholding and the lack of correction for random-chance colocalization. To address this problem, we developed and validated an automated synapse quantification algorithm that requires minimal operator intervention. Next, we applied our approach to quantify excitatory and inhibitory synaptogenesis using confocal images of dissociated hippocampal neuronal cultures captured at 5, 8, 14 and 20 days in vitro, the time period associated with the development of distinct neuronal activity patterns. As expected, we found that synaptic density increased with maturation, coinciding with increasing spiking activity in the network. Interestingly, the third week of the maturation exhibited a reduction in excitatory synaptic density suggestive of synaptic pruning that coincided with the emergence of regular bursting activity in the network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Drongelen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.18.541345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emerging Activity Patterns and Synaptogenesis in Dissociated Hippocampal Cultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.19.541437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation-environment interactions in the human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.19.541437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previously we showed that a massively parallel reporter assay, mSTARR-seq, could be used to simultaneously test for both enhancer-like activity and DNA methylation-dependent enhancer activity for millions of loci in a single experiment (Lea et al., 2018). Here we apply mSTARR-seq to query nearly the entire human genome, including almost all CpG sites profiled either on the commonly used Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC array or via reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. We show that fragments containing these sites are enriched for regulatory capacity, and that methylation-dependent regulatory activity is in turn sensitive to the cellular environment. In particular, regulatory responses to interferon alpha (IFNA) stimulation are strongly attenuated by methyl marks, indicating widespread DNA methylation-environment interactions. In agreement, methylation-dependent responses to IFNA identified via mSTARR-seq predict methylation-dependent transcriptional responses to challenge with influenza virus in human macrophages. Our observations support the idea that pre-existing DNA methylation patterns can influence the response to subsequent environmental exposures--one of the tenets of biological embedding. However, we also find that, on average, sites previously associated with early life adversity are not more likely to functionally influence gene regulation than expected by chance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aracena, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.19.541437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation-environment interactions in the human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imputation Efficacy Across Global Human Populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genotype imputation is now fundamental for genome-wide association studies but lacks fairness due to the underrepresentation of populations with non-European ancestries. The state-of-the-art imputation reference panel released by the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) initiative contains a substantial number of admixed African-ancestry and Hispanic/Latino samples to impute these populations with nearly the same accuracy as European-ancestry cohorts. However, imputation for populations primarily residing outside of North America may still fall short in performance due to persisting underrepresentation. To illustrate this point, we curated genome-wide array data from 23 publications published between 2008 to 2021. In total, we imputed over 43k individuals across 123 populations around the world. We identified a number of populations where imputation accuracy paled in comparison to that of European-ancestry populations. For instance, the mean imputation r-squared (Rsq) for 1-5% alleles in Saudi Arabians (N=1061), Vietnamese (N=1264), Thai (N=2435), and Papua New Guineans (N=776) were 0.79, 0.78, 0.76, and 0.62, respectively. In contrast, the mean Rsq ranged from 0.90 to 0.93 for comparable European populations matched in sample size and SNP content. Outside of Africa and Latin America, Rsq appeared to decrease as genetic distances to European reference increased, as predicted. Further analysis using sequencing data as ground truth suggested that imputation software may over-estimate imputation accuracy for non-European populations than European populations, suggesting further disparity between populations. Using 1496 whole genome sequenced individuals from Taiwan Biobank as a reference, we also assessed a strategy to improve imputation for non-European populations with meta-imputation, which can combine results from TOPMed with smaller population-specific reference panels. We found that meta-imputation in this design did not improve Rsq genome-wide. Taken together, our analysis suggests that with the current size of alternative reference panels, meta-imputation alone cannot improve imputation efficacy for underrepresented cohorts and we must ultimately strive to increase diversity and size to promote equity within genetics research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cahoon, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rui, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, C. W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imputation Efficacy Across Global Human Populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nighthawk: acoustic monitoring of nocturnal bird migration in the Americas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIAnimal migration is one of natures most spectacular phenomena, but migratory animals and their journeys are imperiled across the globe. Migratory birds are among the most well-studied animals on Earth, yet relatively little is known about in-flight behavior during nocturnal migration. Because many migrating bird species vocalize during flight, passive acoustic monitoring shows great promise for facilitating widespread monitoring of bird migration.
C_LIO_LIHere, we present Nighthawk, a deep learning model designed to detect and identify the vocalizations of nocturnally migrating birds. We trained Nighthawk on the in-flight vocalizations of migratory birds using a diverse dataset of recordings from across the Americas.
C_LIO_LIOur results demonstrate that Nighthawk performs well as a nocturnal flight call detector and classifier for dozens of avian taxa, both at the species level and for broader taxonomic groups (e.g., orders and families). The model accurately quantified nightly nocturnal migration intensity and species phenology and performed well on data from across North America. Incorporating modest amounts of additional annotated audio (50-120 h) into model training yielded high performance on target datasets from both North and South America.
C_LIO_LIBy monitoring the vocalizations of actively migrating birds, Nighthawk provides a detailed window onto nocturnal bird migration that is not presently attainable by other means (e.g., radar or citizen science). Scientists, managers, and practitioners could use acoustic monitoring with Nighthawk for a number of applications, including: monitoring migration passage at wind farms; studying airspace usage during migratory flights; monitoring the changing migrations of species susceptible to climate change; and revealing previously unknown migration routes and behaviors. Overall, this work will empower diverse stakeholders to efficiently monitor migrating birds across the Western Hemisphere and collect data in aid of science and conservation. Nighthawk is freely available at https://github.com/bmvandoren/Nighthawk.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Doren, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farnsworth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterhaus, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drucker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Horn, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nighthawk: acoustic monitoring of nocturnal bird migration in the Americas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SLC12A9 is a lysosome-detoxifying ammonium - chloride co-transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.22.541801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ammonia is a ubiquitous, toxic by-product of cell metabolism. Its high membrane permeability and proton affinity causes ammonia to accumulate inside acidic lysosomes in its poorly membrane-permeant form: ammonium (NH4+). Ammonium buildup compromises lysosomal function, suggesting the existence of mechanisms that protect cells from ammonium toxicity. Here, we identified SLC12A9 as a lysosomal ammonium exporter that preserves lysosomal homeostasis. SLC12A9 knockout cells showed grossly enlarged lysosomes and elevated ammonium content. These phenotypes were reversed upon removal of the metabolic source of ammonium or dissipation of the lysosomal pH gradient. Lysosomal chloride increased in SLC12A9 knockout cells and chloride binding by SLC12A9 was required for ammonium transport. Our data indicate that SLC12A9 is a chloride-driven ammonium co-transporter that is central in an unappreciated, fundamental mechanism of lysosomal physiology that may have special relevance in tissues with elevated ammonia, such as tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levin-Konigsberg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spees, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hivare, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.22.541801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SLC12A9 is a lysosome-detoxifying ammonium - chloride co-transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.540590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression of tumor cell lactate-generating signaling pathways eradicates murine PTEN/p53-deficient aggressive-variant prostate cancer via macrophage phagocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.540590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposePTEN loss-of-function/PI3K pathway hyperactivation occurs in [~]50% of metastatic, castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients, resulting in poor therapeutic outcomes and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors across multiple malignancies. Our prior studies in prostate-specific PTEN/p53-deleted genetically engineered mice (Pb-Cre;PTENfl/flTrp53fl/fl GEM) with aggressive-variant prostate cancer (AVPC) demonstrated feedback Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling activation in 40% mice resistant to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)/PI3K inhibitor (PI3Ki)/PD-1 antibody (aPD-1) combination, resulting in restoration of lactate cross-talk between tumor-cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), histone lactylation (H3K18lac) and phagocytic suppression within TAM. Here, we targeted immunometabolic mechanism(s) of resistance to ADT/PI3Ki/aPD-1 combination, with the goal of durable tumor control in PTEN/p53-deficient PC.

Experimental designPb-Cre;PTENfl/flTrp53fl/fl GEM were treated with either ADT (degarelix), PI3Ki (copanlisib), aPD-1, MEK inhibitor (trametinib) or Porcupine inhibitor (LGK 974) as single agents or their combinations. MRI was used to monitor tumor kinetics and immune/proteomic profiling/ex vivo co-culture mechanistic studies were performed on prostate tumors or established GEM-derived cell lines.

ResultsWe tested whether Wnt/{beta}-catenin pathway inhibition with LGK 974 addition to degarelix/copanlisib/aPD-1 therapy enhances tumor control in GEM, and observed de novo resistance due to feedback activation of MEK signaling. Based on our observation that degarelix/aPD-1 treatment resulted in partial inhibition of MEK signaling, we substituted trametinib for degarelix/aPD-1 treatment, and observed a durable tumor growth control of PI3Ki/MEKi/PORCNi in 100% mice via H3K18lac suppression and complete TAM activation within TME.

ConclusionsAbrogation of lactate-mediated cross-talk between cancer cells and TAM results in durable ADT-independent tumor control in PTEN/p53-deficient AVPC, and warrants further investigation in clinical trials.

STATEMENT OF TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCEPTEN loss-of-function occurs in [~]50% of mCRPC patients, and associated with poor prognosis, and immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance across multiple malignancies. Our prior studies have demonstrated that ADT/PI3Ki/PD-1 triplet combination therapy controls PTEN/p53-deficient PC in 60% of mice via enhancement of TAM phagocytosis. Here, we discovered that resistance to ADT/PI3K/PD-1 therapy occurred via restoration of lactate production via feedback Wnt/MEK signaling following treatment with PI3Ki, resulting in inhibition of TAM phagocytosis. Critically, co-targeting of PI3K/MEK/Wnt signaling pathways using an intermittent dosing schedule of corresponding targeted agents resulted in complete tumor control and significantly prolonged survival without significant long-term toxicity. Collectively, our findings provide "proof-of-concept" that targeting lactate as a macrophage phagocytic checkpoint controls growth of murine PTEN/p53-deficient PC and warrant further investigation in AVPC clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaudagar, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hieromnimon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labadie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rameshbabu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drovetsky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bynoe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markiewicz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patnaik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.23.540590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression of tumor cell lactate-generating signaling pathways eradicates murine PTEN/p53-deficient aggressive-variant prostate cancer via macrophage phagocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative Geometric Modeling of Blood Cells from X-ray Histotomograms of Whole Zebrafish Larvae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue phenotyping is foundational to understanding and assessing the cellular aspects of disease in organismal context and an important adjunct to molecular studies in the dissection of gene function, chemical effects, and disease. As a first step toward computational tissue phenotyping, we explore the potential of cellular phenotyping from 3-Dimensional (3D), 0.74 {micro}m isotropic voxel resolution, whole zebrafish larval images derived from X-ray histotomography, a form of micro-CT customized for histopathology. As proof of principle towards computational tissue phenotyping of cells, we created a semi-automated mechanism for the segmentation of blood cells in the vascular spaces of zebrafish larvae, followed by modeling and extraction of quantitative geometric parameters. Manually segmented cells were used to train a random forest classifier for blood cells, enabling the use of a generalized cellular segmentation algorithm for the accurate segmentation of blood cells. These models were used to create an automated data segmentation and analysis pipeline to guide the steps in a 3D workflow including blood cell region prediction, cell boundary extraction, and statistical characterization of 3D geometric and cytological features. We were able to distinguish blood cells at two stages in development (4- and 5-days-post-fertilization) and wild-type vs. polA2 huli hutu (hht) mutants. The application of geometric modeling across cell types to and across organisms and sample types may comprise a valuable foundation for computational phenotyping that is more open, informative, rapid, objective, and reproducible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yakovlev, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaino, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanselow, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugarman, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liechty, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.23.541939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative Geometric Modeling of Blood Cells from X-ray Histotomograms of Whole Zebrafish Larvae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
m6A mRNA Methylation in Brown Adipose Tissue Regulates Systemic Insulin Sensitivity via an Inter-Organ Prostaglandin Signaling Axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.26.542169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has the capacity to regulate systemic metabolism through the secretion of signaling lipids. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent and abundant post-transcriptional mRNA modification and has been reported to regulate BAT adipogenesis and energy expenditure. In this study, we demonstrate that the absence of m6A methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14), modifies the BAT secretome to initiate inter-organ communication to improve systemic insulin sensitivity. Importantly, these phenotypes are independent of UCP1-mediated energy expenditure and thermogenesis. Using lipidomics, we identified prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) as M14KO-BAT-secreted insulin sensitizers. Notably, circulatory PGE2 and PGF2a levels are inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity in humans. Furthermore, in vivo administration of PGE2 and PGF2a in high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant obese mice recapitulates the phenotypes of METTL14 deficient animals. PGE2 or PGF2a improves insulin signaling by suppressing the expression of specific AKT phosphatases. Mechanistically, METTL14-mediated m6A installation promotes decay of transcripts encoding prostaglandin synthases and their regulators in human and mouse brown adipocytes in a YTHDF2/3-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings reveal a novel biological mechanism through which m6A-dependent regulation of BAT secretome regulates systemic insulin sensitivity in mice and humans.

HighlightsO_LIMettl14KO-BAT improves systemic insulin sensitivity via inter-organ communication;
C_LIO_LIPGE2 and PGF2a are BAT-secreted insulin sensitizers and browning inducers;
C_LIO_LIPGE2 and PGF2a sensitize insulin responses through PGE2-EP-pAKT and PGF2a-FP-AKT axis;
C_LIO_LIMETTL14-mediated m6A installation selectively destabilizes prostaglandin synthases and their regulator transcripts;
C_LIO_LITargeting METTL14 in BAT has therapeutic potential to enhance systemic insulin sensitivity
C_LI



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jesus, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiStefano-Forti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuji, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannisto, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manninen, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ijaduola, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blueher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cypess, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pihlajamaki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.26.542169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[m6A mRNA Methylation in Brown Adipose Tissue Regulates Systemic Insulin Sensitivity via an Inter-Organ Prostaglandin Signaling Axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of Fast-Spiking Prefrontal Neurons on Working Memory Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory is a limited-capacity system for maintaining and manipulating information for recall. Neurons that generate persistent activity in the primate dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex have been shown to be predictive of behavior in working memory tasks, though subtle differences between them have been observed in how information was represented, in some tasks. The role of different neuron types in each of these areas has not been investigated at depth. We thus compared the activity of neurons classified as fast-spiking, putative interneurons, and regular-spiking, putative pyramidal neurons, recorded from the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex of male monkeys, to analyze their role in the maintenance of working memory. Our results demonstrate that fast-spiking neurons are active during a range of tasks and generate persistent activity during the delay period over which stimuli need to be maintained in memory. Furthermore, the activity of fast spiking neurons, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, is predictive of the subjects recall no less than that of regular-spiking neurons, which are exclusively projection neurons in the cortex and thus capable of transmitting signals from the prefrontal cortex into other areas. Our results shed light onto the fundamental neural circuits that determine subjects memories and judgments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozumder, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.28.542641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of Fast-Spiking Prefrontal Neurons on Working Memory Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HMGB1 acts as an agent of host defense at the gut mucosal barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucosal barriers provide the first line of defense between internal body surfaces and microbial threats from the outside world.1 In the colon, the barrier consists of two layers of mucus and a single layer of tightly interconnected epithelial cells supported by connective tissue and immune cells.2 Microbes colonize the loose, outer layer of colonic mucus, but are essentially excluded from the tight, epithelial-associated layer by host defenses.3 The amount and composition of the mucus is calibrated based on microbial signals and loss of even a single component of this mixture can destabilize microbial biogeography and increase the risk of disease.4-7 However, the specific components of mucus, their molecular microbial targets, and how they work to contain the gut microbiota are still largely unknown. Here we show that high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the prototypical damage-associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP), acts as an agent of host mucosal defense in the colon. HMGB1 in colonic mucus targets an evolutionarily conserved amino acid sequence found in bacterial adhesins, including the well-characterized Enterobacteriaceae adhesin FimH. HMGB1 aggregates bacteria and blocks adhesin-carbohydrate interactions, inhibiting invasion through colonic mucus and adhesion to host cells. Exposure to HMGB1 also suppresses bacterial expression of FimH. In ulcerative colitis, HMGB1 mucosal defense is compromised, leading to tissue-adherent bacteria expressing FimH. Our results demonstrate a new, physiologic role for extracellular HMGB1 that refines its functions as a DAMP to include direct, virulence limiting effects on bacteria. The amino acid sequence targeted by HMGB1 appears to be broadly utilized by bacterial adhesins, critical for virulence, and differentially expressed by bacteria in commensal versus pathogenic states. These characteristics suggest that this amino acid sequence is a novel microbial virulence determinant and could be used to develop new approaches to diagnosis and treatment of bacterial disease that precisely identify and target virulent microbes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Overstreet, A.-M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cham, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaud, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangwan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwidar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messer, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HMGB1 acts as an agent of host defense at the gut mucosal barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
System Neglect and the Neurocomputational Substrates for Over- and Underreactions to Change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe world constantly changes, with the underlying state of the world shifting from one regime to another. The ability to detect a regime shift, such as the onset of a pandemic or the end of a recession, significantly impacts individual decisions as well as governmental policies. However, determining whether a regime has changed is usually not obvious, as signals are noisy and reflective of the volatility of the environment. We designed an fMRI paradigm that examines a stylized regime-shift detection task. Human participants showed systematic over- and underreaction: Overreaction was most commonly seen when signals were noisy but when environments were stable and change is possible but unlikely. By contrast, underreaction was observed when signals were precise but when environments were unstable and hence change was more likely. These behavioral signatures are consistent with the system-neglect computational hypothesis, which posits that sensitivity or lack thereof to system parameters (noise and volatility) is central to these behavioral biases. Guided by this computational framework, we found that individual subjects sensitivity to system parameters were represented by two distinct brain networks. Whereas a frontoparietal network selectively represented individuals sensitivity to signal noise but not environment volatility, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) showed the opposite pattern. Further, these two networks were involved in different aspects of regime-shift computations: while vmPFC correlated with subjects beliefs about change, the frontoparietal network represented the strength of evidence in favor of regime shifts. Together, these results suggest that regime-shift detection recruits belief-updating and evidence-evaluation networks and that under- and overreactions arise from how sensitive these networks are to the system parameters.

SO_SCPLOWIGNIFICANCEC_SCPLOW SO_SCPLOWTATEMENTC_SCPLOWJudging whether the world has changed, from the onset of a market boom to the end of a pandemic, is ubiquitous. The ability to detect regime shifts not only impacts individual decisions but also governmental policies. However, these judgments are hard to make because the signals we receive are noisy and reflective of the volatility of the environment. We find that people overreact to changes when they receive noisy signals in stable environments, but underreact when facing precise signals in unstable environments. Under- and overreactions can be read out by distinct brain networks according to their sensitivity in responding to different environmental parameters that impact regime changes. This suggests that parameter selectivity at the network level guides regime-shift detection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[System Neglect and the Neurocomputational Substrates for Over- and Underreactions to Change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Closed ecosystems extract energy through self-organized nutrient cycles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our planet is a self-sustaining ecosystem powered by light energy from the sun, but roughly closed to matter. Many ecosystems on Earth are also approximately closed to matter and recycle nutrients by self-organizing stable nutrient cycles, e.g., microbial mats, lakes, open ocean gyres. However, existing ecological models do not exhibit the self-organization and dynamical stability widely observed in such planetary-scale ecosystems. Here, we advance a new conceptual model that explains the self-organization, stability and emergent features of closed microbial ecosystems. Our model incorporates the bioenergetics of metabolism into an ecological framework. By studying this model, we uncover a crucial thermodynamic feedback loop that enables metabolically diverse communities to almost always stabilize nutrient cycles. Surprisingly, highly diverse communities self-organize to extract{approx} 10% of the maximum extractable energy, or{approx} 100 fold more than randomized communities. Further, with increasing diversity, distinct ecosystems show strongly correlated fluxes through nutrient cycles. However, as the driving force from light increases, the fluxes of nutrient cycles become more variable and species-dependent. Our results highlight that self-organization promotes the efficiency and stability of complex ecosystems at extracting energy from the environment, even in the absence of any centralized coordination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goyal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamholz, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petroff, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Closed ecosystems extract energy through self-organized nutrient cycles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.541514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contributions of early and mid-level visual cortex to high-level object categorization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.541514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complexity of visual features for which neurons are tuned increases from early to late stages of the ventral visual stream. Thus, the standard hypothesis is that high-level functions like object categorization are primarily mediated by higher visual areas because they require more complex image formats that are not evident in early visual processing stages. However, human observers can categorize images as objects or animals or as big or small even when the images preserve only some low- and mid-level features but are rendered unidentifiable ( texforms, Long et al., 2018). This observation suggests that even the early visual cortex, in which neurons respond to simple stimulus features, may already encode signals about these more abstract high-level categorical distinctions. We tested this hypothesis by recording from populations of neurons in early and mid-level visual cortical areas while rhesus monkeys viewed texforms and their unaltered source stimuli (simultaneous recordings from areas V1 and V4 in one animal and separate recordings from V1 and V4 in two others). Using recordings from a few dozen neurons, we could decode the real-world size and animacy of both unaltered images and texforms. Furthermore, this neural decoding accuracy across stimuli was related to the ability of human observers to categorize texforms by real-world size and animacy. Our results demonstrate that neuronal populations early in the visual hierarchy contain signals useful for higher-level object perception and suggest that the responses of early visual areas to simple stimulus features display preliminary untangling of higher-level distinctions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kramer, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konkle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.541514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contributions of early and mid-level visual cortex to high-level object categorization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.542950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic patterns in the global soil microbiome emerge from microbial interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.542950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial metabolism sustains life on Earth. Sequencing surveys of communities in hosts, oceans, and soils have revealed ubiquitous patterns linking the microbes present, the genes they possess, and local environmental conditions. One prominent explanation for these patterns is environmental filtering: local conditions select strains with particular traits. However, filtering assumes ecological interactions do not influence patterns, despite the fact that interactions can and do play an important role in structuring communities. Here, we demonstrate the insufficiency of the environmental filtering hypothesis for explaining global patterns in topsoil microbiomes. Using denitrification as a model system, we find that the abundances of two characteristic genotypes trade-off with pH; nar gene abundances increase while nap abundances decrease with declining pH. Contradicting the filtering hypothesis, we show that strains possessing the Nar genotype are enriched in low pH conditions but fail to grow alone. Instead, the dominance of Nar genotypes at low pH arises from an ecological interaction with Nap genotypes that alleviates nitrite toxicity. Our study provides a roadmap for dissecting how global associations between environmental variables and gene abundances arise from environmentally modulated community interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crocker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraverti-Wuerthwein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.542950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic patterns in the global soil microbiome emerge from microbial interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving conformational changes that mediate a two-step catalytic mechanism in a model enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.02.543507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions through precise positioning of substrates, cofactors, and amino acids to modulate the transition-state free energy. However, the role of conformational dynamics remains poorly understood due to lack of experimental access. This shortcoming is evident with E. coli dihydro-folate reductase (DHFR), a model system for the role of protein dynamics in catalysis, for which it is unknown how the enzyme regulates the different active site environments required to facilitate proton and hydride transfer. Here, we present ligand-, temperature-, and electric-field-based perturbations during X-ray diffraction experiments that enable identification of coupled conformational changes in DHFR. We identify a global hinge motion and local networks of structural rearrangements that are engaged by substrate protonation to regulate solvent access and promote efficient catalysis. The resulting mechanism shows that DHFRs two-step catalytic mechanism is guided by a dynamic free energy landscape responsive to the state of the substrate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greisman, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brookner, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klureza, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheehan, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, I.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henning, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hekstra, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving conformational changes that mediate a two-step catalytic mechanism in a model enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.04.543603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of common variants on gene expression in the human brain: from RNA to protein to schizophrenia risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.04.543603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe impact of genetic variants on gene expression has been intensely studied at the transcription level, yielding invaluable insights into the association between genes and the risk of complex disorders, such as schizophrenia (SCZ). However, the downstream impact of these variants and the molecular mechanisms connecting transcription variation to disease risk are not well understood.

ResultsWe quantitated ribosome occupancy in prefrontal cortex samples of the BrainGVEX cohort. Together with transcriptomics and proteomics data from the same cohort, we performed cis-Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping and identified, at 10% false discovery rate, 3,253 expression QTLs (eQTLs), 1,344 ribosome occupancy QTLs (rQTLs), and 657 protein QTLs (pQTLs) out of 7,458 genes from 185 samples. Of the eQTLs identified, only 34% have their effects propagated to the protein level. Further analysis on the effect size of prefrontal cortex eQTLs identified from an independent dataset clearly replicated the post-transcriptional attenuation of eQTL effects. We identified omics-specific QTLs and investigated their potential in driving disease risks. Using both a variant-based approach and a gene-based approach, we identified genes containing expression-specific QTLs (esQTLs), ribosome-occupancy-specific QTLs (rsQTLs), and protein-specific QTLs (psQTLs). Among the variant-based omics-specific QTL, 38 showed strong colocalization with brain associated disorder GWAS signals, 29 of them are esQTLs. From the gene-based approach, we found 11 brain associated disorder risk genes that are driven predominantly by omics-specific QTL, all of them are driven by variants impacting transcriptional regulation. To take a complementary approach to further investigate the functional relevance of genes driven predominantly by attenuated eQTL signals, we identified SCZ risk genes using each omics independently and then investigated the omics-specificity of the driver regulatory process for each risk gene. Using S-PrediXcan we identified 74 SCZ risk genes across the three omics, 30% of which were novel, and 67% of these risk genes were confirmed to be causal in a MR-Egger test. Notably, 52 out of the 74 risk genes were identified using eQTL data and 68% of these SCZ-risk-gene-driving eQTLs show little to no evidence of driving corresponding variations at the protein level.

ConclusionThe effect of eQTLs on gene expression in the prefrontal cortex is commonly attenuated post-transcriptionally. Many of the attenuated eQTLs still correlate with GWAS signals of brain associated complex disorders, indicating the possibility that these eQTL variants drive disease risk through mechanisms other than regulating protein expression level. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the mechanistic link between attenuated eQTLs and brain associated complex disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shieh, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadukapuram, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grennan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giase, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The PsychENCODE Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.04.543603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of common variants on gene expression in the human brain: from RNA to protein to schizophrenia risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Apical polarity and actomyosin dynamics regulate Hippo signaling by controlling Kibra subcellular localization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.543736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell polarity and actomyosin networks are key features that organize cells of epithelial tissues and are known to regulate tissue growth. However, the mechanisms by which polarity cues and actomyosin cytoskeleton influence intracellular signaling cascades that control growth remain poorly understood. The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of tissue growth and is known to integrate inputs from both polarity and actomyosin components. An upstream activator of the Hippo pathway, Kibra, localizes into distinct pools at the junctional and medial regions of the apical cortex in epithelial cells, and medial accumulation was shown to promote Kibra activity. Here, we demonstrate that cortical Kibra distribution is controlled by a tug of war between apical polarity and actomyosin dynamics. We show that while the apical polarity network, in part via aPKC, tethers Kibra at the junctional cortex to silence its activity, medial actomyosin flows promote Kibra-mediated Hippo complex formation at the medial cortex, thereby activating the Hippo pathway. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of the relationship between the Hippo pathway, polarity, and actomyosin cytoskeleton and offers novel insights into how fundamental features of epithelial tissue architecture can serve as inputs into signaling cascades that control tissue growth, patterning, and morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tokamov, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nouri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buiter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glotzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.543736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Apical polarity and actomyosin dynamics regulate Hippo signaling by controlling Kibra subcellular localization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anoctamin-1 is induced by TGF-beta and contributes to lung myofibroblast differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating disease characterized by progressive scarring of the lungs and resulting in deterioration in lung function. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-{beta}) is one of the most established drivers of fibrotic processes. TGF-{beta} promotes transformation of tissue fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, a key finding in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. We report here that TGF-{beta} robustly upregulates the expression of the calcium-activated chloride channel Anoctamin-1 (ANO1) in human lung fibroblasts (HLF) at mRNA and protein levels. ANO1 is readily detected in fibrotic areas of IPF lungs in the same area with smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA)-positive myofibroblasts. TGF-{beta}-induced myofibroblast differentiation (determined by the expression of SMA, collagen-1 and fibronectin) is significantly inhibited by a specific ANO1 inhibitor, T16Ainh-A01, or by siRNA-mediated ANO1 knockdown. T16Ainh-A01 and ANO1 siRNA attenuate pro-fibrotic TGF-{beta} signaling, including activation of RhoA pathway and AKT, without affecting initial Smad2 phosphorylation. Mechanistically, TGF-{beta} treatment of HLF results in a significant increase in intracellular chloride levels, which is prevented by T16Ainh-A01 or by ANO1 knockdown. The downstream mechanism involves the chloride-sensing "with-no-lysine (K)" kinase (WNK1). WNK1 siRNA significantly attenuates TGF-{beta}-induced myofibroblast differentiation and signaling (RhoA pathway and AKT), whereas the WNK1 kinase inhibitor WNK463 is largely ineffective. Together, these data demonstrate that (i) ANO1 is a TGF-{beta}-inducible chloride channel that contributes to increased intracellular chloride concentration in response to TGF-{beta}; and (ii) ANO1 mediates TGF-{beta}-induced myofibroblast differentiation and fibrotic signaling in a manner dependent on WNK1 protein, but independent of WNK1 kinase activity.

NEW & NOTEWORTHYThis study describes a novel mechanism of differentiation of human lung fibroblasts (HLF) to myofibroblasts - the key process in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. TGF-{beta} drives the expression of calcium-activated chloride channel anoctmin-1 (ANO1) leading to an increase in intracellular levels of chloride. The latter recruits chloride-sensitive With-No-Lysine (K) kinase (WNK1) to activate pro-fibrotic RhoA and AKT signaling pathways, possibly through activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex-2 (mTORC2), altogether promoting myofibroblast differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reed, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orbeta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutlu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mongin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulin, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.544093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anoctamin-1 is induced by TGF-beta and contributes to lung myofibroblast differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limiting Pool and Actin Architecture Controls Myosin Cluster Sizes in Adherent Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The actomyosin cytoskeleton generates mechanical forces that power important cellular processes, such as cell migration, cell division, and mechanosensing. Actomyosin self-assembles into contractile networks and bundles that underlie force generation and transmission in cells. A central step is the assembly of the myosin II filament from myosin monomers, regulation of which has been extensively studied. However, myosin filaments are almost always found as clusters within the cell cortex. While recent studies characterized cluster nucleation dynamics at the cell periphery, how myosin clusters grow on stress fibers remains poorly characterized. Here, we utilize a U2OS osteosarcoma cell line with endogenously tagged myosin II to measure the myosin cluster size distribution in the lamella of adherent cells. We find that myosin clusters can grow with Rho-kinase (ROCK) activity alone in the absence of myosin motor activity. Time-lapse imaging reveals that myosin clusters grow via increased myosin association to existing clusters, which is potentiated by ROCK-dependent myosin filament assembly. Enabling myosin motor activity allows further myosin cluster growth through myosin association that is dependent on F-actin architecture. Using a toy model, we show that myosin self-affinity is sufficient to recapitulate the experimentally observed myosin cluster size distribution, and that myosin cluster sizes are determined by the pool of myosin available for cluster growth. Together, our findings provide new insights into the regulation of myosin cluster sizes within the lamellar actomyosin cytoskeleton.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chou, W.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molaei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.544121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limiting Pool and Actin Architecture Controls Myosin Cluster Sizes in Adherent Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A 2-million-year-old microbial and viral communities from the Kap Kobenhavn Formation in North Greenland 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.10.544454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental DNA (eDNA) from the 2-million-year-old Kap Kobenhavn Formation of northern Greenland has revealed an ecosystem of plants and animals with no contemporary analogue1. Here, we reconstruct the microbial (bacterial, archaeal, and viral) communities that thrived at the site during this time. By leveraging a novel analytical framework that integrates taxonomic profiling, DNA damage estimates, and functional reconstructions, we identify and distinguish pioneer microbial communities from later permafrost microbial assemblages. We show that at the time of sediment deposition, the terrestrial input at the Kap Kobenhavn site originated from a palustrine wetland, suggesting warmer, non-permafrost conditions. During this period, the detection of methanogenic archaea and signals of their carbon metabolism is consistent with Kap Kobenhavn and similar northern ecosystems contributing moderate methane emissions. Intriguingly, we discover a remarkable nucleotide sequence similarity--exceeding 98%--between pioneer methanogens and present-day analogues in thawing permafrost. This aligns with the concept of "time-traveling" microbes2 surviving across geological time and waiting for conditions to turn favourable rather than evolving to adapt to changing conditions. Importantly, in contrast to the plant and animal communities of the Kap Kobenhavn, a striking similarity in microbial composition to that of a contemporary thawing Arctic suggests that microbial communities may serve as the first indication of broader climate-driven ecosystem disruptions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Guerra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borrel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmont, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elberling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribaldo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jochheim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriksen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinrichs, K.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korneliussen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krupovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Laso, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sand, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinegger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veseli, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wörmer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zure, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjaer, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willerslev, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.10.544454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A 2-million-year-old microbial and viral communities from the Kap Kobenhavn Formation in North Greenland]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.11.543863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genetic, biochemical, and biophysical analyses of the four E. coli ABCF paralogs support distinct functions related to mRNA translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.11.543863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple paralogous ABCF ATPases are encoded in most genomes, but the physiological functions remain unknown for most of them. We herein compare the four Escherichia coli K12 ABCFs - EttA, Uup, YbiT, and YheS - using assays previously employed to demonstrate EttA gates the first step of polypeptide elongation on the ribosome dependent on ATP/ADP ratio. A {Delta}uup knockout, like {Delta}ettA, exhibits strongly reduced fitness when growth is restarted from long-term stationary phase, but neither {Delta}ybiT nor {Delta}yheS exhibits this phenotype. All four proteins nonetheless functionally interact with ribosomes based on in vitro translation and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments employing variants harboring glutamate-to-glutamine active-site mutations (EQ2) that trap them in the ATP-bound conformation. These variants all strongly stabilize the same global conformational state of a ribosomal elongation complex harboring deacylated tRNAVal in the P site. However, EQ2-Uup uniquely exchanges on/off the ribosome on a second timescale, while EQ2-YheS-bound ribosomes uniquely sample alternative global conformations. At sub-micromolar concentrations, EQ2-EttA and EQ2-YbiT fully inhibit in vitro translation of an mRNA encoding luciferase, while EQ2-Uup and EQ2-YheS only partially inhibit it at ~10-fold higher concentrations. Moreover, tripeptide synthesis reactions are not inhibited by EQ2-Uup or EQ2-YheS, while EQ2-YbiT inhibits synthesis of both peptide bonds and EQ2-EttA specifically traps ribosomes after synthesis of the first peptide bond. These results support the four E. coli ABCF paralogs all having different activities on translating ribosomes, and they suggest that there remains a substantial amount of functionally uncharacterized "dark matter" involved in mRNA translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ousalem, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neky, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sibindi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boël, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.11.543863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genetic, biochemical, and biophysical analyses of the four E. coli ABCF paralogs support distinct functions related to mRNA translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structures of a synthetic antibody against 22 kDa claudin-4 reveal its complex with Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.12.544689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Claudins are a family of [~]25 kDa membrane proteins that integrate into tight junctions to form molecular barriers at the paracellular spaces between endothelial and epithelial cells. Humans have 27 subtypes, which homo- and hetero-oligomerize to impart distinct properties and physiological functions to tissues and organs. As the structural and functional backbone of tight junctions, claudins are attractive targets for therapeutics capable of modulating tissue permeability to deliver drugs or treat disease. However, structures of claudins are limited due to their small sizes and physicochemical properties--these traits also make therapy development a challenge. We have developed a synthetic antibody fragment (sFab) that binds human claudin-4 and used it to resolve structures of its complex with Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CpE) using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The resolution of the structures reveals the architectures of 22 kDa claudin-4, the 14 kDa C-terminal domain of CpE, and the mechanism by which this sFab binds claudins. Further, we elucidate the biochemical and biophysical bases of sFab binding and demonstrate that this molecule exhibits subtype-selectivity by assaying homologous claudins. Our results provide a framework for developing sFabs against hard-to-target claudins and establishes the utility of sFabs as fiducial markers for determining cryo-EM structures of this small membrane protein family at resolutions that surpass X-ray crystallography. Taken together, this work highlights the ability of sFabs to elucidate claudin structure and function and posits their potential as therapeutics for modulating tight junctions by targeting specific claudin subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominik, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogbu, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vecchio, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.12.544689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structures of a synthetic antibody against 22 kDa claudin-4 reveal its complex with Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissection and Integration of Bursty TranscriptionalDynamics for Complex Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.13.544828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA velocity estimation is a potentially powerful tool to reveal the directionality of transcriptional changes in single-cell RNA-seq data, but it lacks accuracy, absent advanced metabolic labeling techniques. We developed a novel approach, TopicVelo, that disentangles simultaneous, yet distinct, dynamics by using a probabilistic topic model, a highly interpretable form of latent space factorization, to infer cells and genes associated with individual processes, thereby capturing cellular pluripotency or multifaceted functionality. Focusing on process- associated cells and genes enables accurate estimation of process-specific velocities via a master equation for a transcriptional burst model accounting for intrinsic stochasticity. The method obtains a global transition matrix by leveraging cell topic weights to integrate process- specific signals. In challenging systems, this method accurately recovers complex transitions and terminal states, while our novel use of first-passage time analysis provides insights into transient transitions. These results expand the limits of RNA velocity, empowering future studies of cell fate and functional responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaikuntanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riesenfeld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissection and Integration of Bursty TranscriptionalDynamics for Complex Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.544950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WFIKKN2 is a bifunctional axon guidance cue that signals through divergent DCC family receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.544950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Axon pathfinding is controlled by attractive and repulsive molecular cues that activate receptors on the axonal growth cone, but the full repertoire of axon guidance molecules remains unknown. The vertebrate DCC receptor family contains the two closely related members DCC and Neogenin with prominent roles in axon guidance and three additional, divergent members - Punc, Nope, and Protogenin - for which functions in neural circuit formation have remained elusive. We identified a secreted Punc/Nope/Protogenin ligand, WFIKKN2, which guides mouse peripheral sensory axons through Nope-mediated repulsion. In contrast, WFIKKN2 attracts motor axons, but not via Nope. These findings identify WFIKKN2 as a bifunctional axon guidance cue that acts through divergent DCC family members, revealing a remarkable diversity of ligand interactions for this receptor family in nervous system wiring.

One-Sentence SummaryWFIKKN2 is a ligand for the DCC family receptors Punc, Nope, and Prtg that repels sensory axons and attracts motor axons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nickerson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tom, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abolafia, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaworski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.15.544950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WFIKKN2 is a bifunctional axon guidance cue that signals through divergent DCC family receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
β Cell microRNAs Function as Molecular Hubs of Type 1 Diabetes Pathogenesis and as Biomarkers of Diabetes Risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play a crucial role in modulating gene expression and are enriched in cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). We investigated whether miRNAs from human islets and islet-derived EVs could provide insight into {beta} cell stress pathways activated during type 1 diabetes (T1D) evolution, therefore serving as potential disease biomarkers. We treated human islets from 10 cadaveric donors with IL-1{beta} and IFN-{gamma} to model T1D ex vivo. MicroRNAs were isolated from islets and islet-derived EVs, and small RNA sequencing was performed. We found 20 and 14 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs in cytokine-versus control-treated islets and EVs, respectively. Interestingly, the miRNAs found in EVs were mostly different from those found in islets. Only two miRNAs, miR-155-5p and miR-146a-5p, were upregulated in both islets and EVs, suggesting selective sorting of miRNAs into EVs. We used machine learning algorithms to rank DE EV-associated miRNAs, and developed custom label-free Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance-based biosensors to measure top ranked EVs in human plasma. Results from this analysis revealed that miR-155, miR-146, miR-30c, and miR-802 were upregulated and miR-124-3p was downregulated in plasma-derived EVs from children with recent-onset T1D. In addition, miR-146 and miR-30c were upregulated in plasma-derived EVs of autoantibody positive (AAb+) children compared to matched non-diabetic controls, while miR-124 was downregulated in both T1D and AAb+ groups. Furthermore, single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed increased expression of the most highly upregulated islet miRNA, miR-155, in pancreatic sections from organ donors with AAb+ and T1D.

One Sentence SummarymiRNA expression patterns in human pancreatic islets and EVs change under inflammatory conditions and can be leveraged to inform biomarkers strategies for T1D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Syed, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langlais, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talware, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sardar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans-Molina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.15.545170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[β Cell microRNAs Function as Molecular Hubs of Type 1 Diabetes Pathogenesis and as Biomarkers of Diabetes Risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enzyme-mediated alkynylation enables transcriptome-wide identification of pseudouridine modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudouridine ({Psi}) is one of the most abundant chemical modifications that exists in various types of RNA species and is known to play important roles in RNA function. The advances in studies of {Psi} in less abundant messenger RNA species have been hindered by a lack of suitable methods to precisely and sensitively map their distributions. Here we show that a methyltransferase from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii can label RNA {Psi} efficiently and specifically with various functional groups, both in isolated RNA and inside cells. We leveraged this enzymatic labeling strategy to develop ELAP-seq as a facile method to enrich {Psi}-modified transcripts for the detection of {Psi} modifications at single base resolution with high sensitivity and low background. Using this method, we identified over 10, 000 candidate {Psi} sites from human transcripts, which provides new insights into {Psi} biosynthesis and function. Our study provides a chemical biology method that specifically labels {Psi} for its detection and functional alteration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.18.545436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enzyme-mediated alkynylation enables transcriptome-wide identification of pseudouridine modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical tension regulates Hippo signaling via Par-1-mediated Kibra degradation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of tissue growth. Multiple Hippo signaling components are regulated via proteolytic degradation. However, how these degradation mechanisms are themselves modulated remains unexplored. Kibra is a key upstream pathway activator that promotes its own ubiquitin-mediated degradation upon assembling a Hippo signaling complex. Here, we demonstrate that Hippo complex-dependent Kibra degradation is modulated by cortical tension. Using classical genetic, osmotic, and pharmacological manipulations of myosin activity and cortical tension, we show that increasing cortical tension leads to Kibra degradation, whereas decreasing cortical tension increases Kibra abundance. Our study also implicates Par-1 in regulating Kib abundance downstream of cortical tension. We demonstrate that Par-1 promotes ubiquitin-mediated Kib degradation in a Hippo complex-dependent manner and is required for tension-induced Kib degradation. Collectively, our results reveal a previously unknown molecular mechanism by which cortical tension affects Hippo signaling and provide novel insights into the role of mechanical forces in growth control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tokamov, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buiter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullyot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scepanovic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Gonzalez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne-Badovinac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.18.545491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical tension regulates Hippo signaling via Par-1-mediated Kibra degradation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Place field precision during an episode predicts place field fate across episodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial memories are represented by hippocampal place cells during navigation. This spatial code is dynamic, undergoing changes across time - known as drift - and across changes in internal state, even while navigating the same spatial environment with consistent behavior. A dynamic spatial code may be a way for the hippocampus to track distinct episodes that occur at different times or during different internal states and update spatial memories. Changes to the spatial code include place fields that remap to new locations and place fields that vanish, while others are stable. However, what determines place field fate across episodes remains unclear. We measured the lap-by-lap properties of place cells in mice during navigation for a block of trials in a rewarded virtual environment. We then had mice navigate the same spatial environment for another block of trials either separated by a day (a distinct temporal episode) or during the same session but with reward removed to change reward expectation (a distinct internal state episode). We found that, as a population, place cells with remapped place fields across episodes had lower spatial precision during navigation in the initial episode. Place cells with stable or vanished place fields generally had higher spatial precision. We conclude that place cells with less precise place fields have greater spatial flexibility, allowing them to respond to, and track, distinct episodes in the same spatial environment, while place cells with precise place fields generally preserve spatial information when their fields reappear.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, M. M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.18.545503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Place field precision during an episode predicts place field fate across episodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell arrangement impacts metabolic activity and antibiotic tolerance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells must access resources to survive, and the anatomy of multicellular structures influences this access. In diverse multicellular eukaryotes, resources are provided by internal conduits that allow substances to travel more readily through tissue than they would via diffusion. Microbes growing in multicellular structures, called biofilms, are also affected by differential access to resources and we hypothesized that this is influenced by the physical arrangement of the cells. In this study, we examined the microanatomy of biofilms formed by the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and discovered that clonal cells form striations that are packed lengthwise across most of a mature biofilms depth. We identified mutants, including those defective in pilus function and in O-antigen attachment, that show alterations to this lengthwise packing phenotype. Consistent with the notion that cellular arrangement affects access to resources within the biofilm, we found that while the wild type shows even distribution of tested substrates across depth, the mutants show accumulation of substrates at the biofilm boundaries. Furthermore, we found that altered cellular arrangement within biofilms affects the localization of metabolic activity, the survival of resident cells, and the susceptibility of subpopulations to antibiotic treatment. Our observations provide insight into cellular features that determine biofilm microanatomy, with consequences for physiological differentiation and drug sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dayton, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaMarre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janakiraman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price-Whelan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell arrangement impacts metabolic activity and antibiotic tolerance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.544406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patient-derived tumor organoids with p53 mutations, and not wild-type p53, are sensitive to synergistic combination PARP inhibitor treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.544406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are used for patients with BRCA1/2 mutations, but patients with other mutations may benefit from PARPi treatment. Another mutation that is present in more cancers than BRCA1/2 is mutation to the TP53 gene. In 2D breast cancer cell lines, mutant p53 (mtp53) proteins tightly associate with replicating DNA and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein. Combination drug treatment with the alkylating agent temozolomide and the PARPi talazoparib kills mtp53 expressing 2D grown breast cancer cell lines. We evaluated the sensitivity to the combination of temozolomide plus PARPi talazoparib treatment to breast and lung cancer patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs). The combination of the two drugs was synergistic for a cytotoxic response in PDTOs with mtp53 but not for PDTOs with wtp53. The combination of talazoparib and temozolomide induced more DNA double-strand breaks in mtp53 expressing organoids than in wild-type p53 expressing organoids as shown by increased {psi}-H2AX protein expression. Moreover, breast cancer tissue microarrays (TMAs) showed a positive correlation between stable p53 and high PARP1 expression in sub-groups of breast cancers, which may indicate sub-classes of breast cancers sensitive to PARPi therapy. These results suggest that mtp53 could be a biomarker to predict response to the combination of PARPi talazoparib-temozolomide treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rowdo, F. P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khramtsova, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olopade, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stonaker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boateng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oppong, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adjei, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awuah, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyei, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aitpillah, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adinku, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ankomah, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei-Bonsu, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gyan, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altorki, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginter, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemento, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bargonetti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.544406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patient-derived tumor organoids with p53 mutations, and not wild-type p53, are sensitive to synergistic combination PARP inhibitor treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High performers demonstrate greater neural synchrony than low performers across behavioral domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterogeneity in brain activity gives rise to heterogeneity in behavior, which in turn comprises our distinctive characteristics as individuals. Studying the path from brain to behavior, however, often requires making assumptions about how similarity in behavior scales with similarity in brain activity. Here, we expand upon recent work which proposes a theoretical framework for testing the validity of such assumptions. Using intersubject representational similarity analysis in two independent movie-watching fMRI datasets, we probe how brain-behavior relationships vary as a function of behavioral domain and participant sample. We find evidence that, in some cases, the neural similarity of two individuals is not correlated with behavioral similarity. Rather, individuals with higher behavioral scores are more similar to other high scorers whereas individuals with lower behavioral scores are dissimilar from everyone else. Ultimately, our findings motivate a more extensive investigation of both the structure of brain-behavior relationships and the tacit assumption that people who behave similarly will demonstrate shared patterns of brain activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corriveau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High performers demonstrate greater neural synchrony than low performers across behavioral domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flagellar switch inverted repeat sequence variation impacts Clostridioides difficile RT027/MLST1 virulence. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile RT027 strains cause infections that vary in severity from asymptomatic to lethal, but the molecular basis for this variability is poorly understood. Through comparative analyses of RT027 clinical isolates, we determined that isolates that exhibit greater variability in their flagellar gene expression exhibit greater virulence in vivo. C. difficile flagellar genes are phase-variably expressed due to the site-specific inversion of the flgB 5UTR region, which reversibly generates ON vs. OFF orientations for the flagellar switch. We found that longer inverted repeat (IR) sequences in this switch region correlate with greater disease severity, with RT027 strains carrying 6A/6T IR sequences exhibiting greater phenotypic heterogeneity in flagellar gene expression (60%-75% ON) and causing more severe disease than those with shorter IRs (> 99% ON or OFF). Taken together, our results reveal that phenotypic heterogeneity in flagellar gene expression may contribute to the variable disease severity observed in C. difficile patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nhu, N. T. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sia, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snitkin, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamboj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flagellar switch inverted repeat sequence variation impacts Clostridioides difficile RT027/MLST1 virulence.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.545425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tessellation Of Artificial Touch Via Microstimulation Of Human Somatosensory Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.23.545425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When we interact with objects, we rely on signals from the hand that convey information about the object and our interaction with it. A basic feature of these interactions, the locations of contacts between the hand and object, is often only available via the sense of touch. Information about locations of contact between a brain-controlled bionic hand and an object can be signaled via intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of somatosensory cortex (S1), which evokes touch sensations that are localized to a specific patch of skin. To provide intuitive location information, tactile sensors on the robotic hand drive ICMS through electrodes that evoke sensations at skin locations matching sensor locations. This approach requires that ICMS-evoked sensations be focal, stable, and distributed over the hand. To systematically investigate the localization of ICMS-evoked sensations, we analyzed the projected fields (PFs) of ICMS-evoked sensations - their location and spatial extent - from reports obtained over multiple years from three participants implanted with microelectrode arrays in S1. First, we found that PFs vary widely in their size across electrodes, are highly stable within electrode, are distributed over large swaths of each participants hand, and increase in size as the amplitude or frequency of ICMS increases. Second, while PF locations match the locations of the receptive fields (RFs) of the neurons near the stimulating electrode, PFs tend to be subsumed by the corresponding RFs. Third, multi-channel stimulation gives rise to a PF that reflects the conjunction of the PFs of the component channels. By stimulating through electrodes with largely overlapping PFs, then, we can evoke a sensation that is experienced primarily at the intersection of the component PFs. To assess the functional consequence of this phenomenon, we implemented multi-channel ICMS-based feedback in a bionic hand and demonstrated that the resulting sensations are more localizable than are those evoked via single-channel ICMS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenspon, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelchkova, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobbs, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger-Wolf, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchison, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogruoz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verbarschott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobinov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okorokova, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnke, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boninger, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajiboye, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graczyk, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaunt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.545425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tessellation Of Artificial Touch Via Microstimulation Of Human Somatosensory Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-driven discovery of innate immunomodulators via machine learning-guided high throughput screening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The innate immune response is vital for the success of prophylactic vaccines and immunotherapies. Control of signaling in innate immune pathways can improve prophylactic vaccines by inhibiting unfavorable systemic inflammation and immunotherapies by enhancing immune stimulation. In this work, we developed a machine learning-enabled active learning pipeline to guide in vitro experimental screening and discovery of small molecule immunomodulators that improve immune responses by altering the signaling activity of innate immune responses stimulated by traditional pattern recognition receptor agonists. Molecules were tested by in vitro high throughput screening (HTS) where we measured modulation of the nuclear factor{kappa} -light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-{kappa}B) and the interferon regulatory factors (IRF) pathways. These data were used to train data-driven predictive models linking molecular structure to modulation of the NF-{kappa}B and IRF responses using deep representational learning, Gaussian process regression, and Bayesian optimization. By interleaving successive rounds of model training and in vitro HTS, we performed an active learning-guided traversal of a 139,998 molecule library. After sampling only[~] 2% of the library, we discovered viable molecules with unprecedented immunomodulatory capacity, including those capable of suppressing NF-{kappa}B activity by up to 15-fold, elevating NF-{kappa}B activity by up to 5-fold, and elevating IRF activity by up to 6-fold. We extracted chemical design rules identifying particular chemical fragments as principal drivers of specific immunomodulation behaviors. We validated the immunomodulatory effect of a subset of our top candidates by measuring cytokine release profiles. Of these, one molecule induced a 3-fold enhancement in IFN-{beta} production when delivered with a cyclic di-nucleotide stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist. In sum, our machine learning-enabled screening approach presents an efficient immunomodulator discovery pipeline that has furnished a library of novel small molecules with a strong capacity to enhance or suppress innate immune signaling pathways to shape and improve prophylactic vaccination and immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>IP, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahmani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberger, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser-Kahn, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-driven discovery of innate immunomodulators via machine learning-guided high throughput screening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T-cell inflammation is prognostic of survival in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma enriched for an adrenergic signature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeT-cell inflammation (TCI) has been shown to be a prognostic marker in neuroblastoma, a tumor comprised of cells that can exist in two epigenetic states, adrenergic (ADRN) and mesenchymal (MES). We hypothesized that elucidating unique and overlapping aspects of these biologic features could serve as novel biomarkers.

Patients and MethodsWe detected lineage-specific, single-stranded super-enhancers defining ADRN and MES specific genes. Publicly available neuroblastoma RNA-seq data from GSE49711 (Cohort 1) and TARGET (Cohort 2) were assigned MES, ADRN, and TCI scores. Tumors were characterized as MES (top 33%) or ADRN (bottom 33%), and TCI (top 67% TCI score) or non-inflamed (bottom 33% TCI score). Overall survival (OS) was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences were assessed by the log-rank test.

ResultsWe identified 159 MES genes and 373 ADRN genes. TCI scores were correlated with MES scores (R=0.56, p<0.001 and R=0.38, p<0.001) and anticorrelated with MYCN-amplification (R=-0.29, p<0.001 and -0.18, p=0.03) in both cohorts. Among Cohort 1 patients with high-risk, ADRN tumors (n=59), those with TCI tumors (n=22) had superior OS to those with non-inflammed tumors (n=37) (p=0.01), though this comparison did not reach significance in Cohort 2. TCI status was not associated with survival in patients with high-risk MES tumors in either cohort.

ConclusionsHigh inflammation scores were correlated with improved survival in some high-risk patients with, ADRN but not MES neuroblastoma. These findings have implications for approaches to treating high-risk neuroblastoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vayani, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chlenski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaves, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohn, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Applebaum, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T-cell inflammation is prognostic of survival in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma enriched for an adrenergic signature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cracked actin filaments as mechanosensitive receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin filament networks are exposed to mechanical stimuli, but the effect of strain on actin filament structure has not been well-established in molecular detail. This is a critical gap in understanding because the activity of a variety of actin-binding proteins have recently been determined to be altered by actin filament strain. We therefore used all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to apply tensile strains to actin filaments and find that changes in actin subunit organization are minimal in mechanically strained, but intact, actin filaments. However, a conformational change disrupts the critical D-loop to W-loop connection between longitudinal neighboring subunits, which leads to a metastable cracked conformation of the actin filament, whereby one protofilament is broken prior to filament severing. We propose that the metastable crack presents a force-activated binding site for actin regulatory factors that specifically associate with strained actin filaments. Through protein-protein docking simulations, we find that 43 evolutionarily-diverse members of the dual zinc finger containing LIM domain family, which localize to mechanically strained actin filaments, recognize two binding sites exposed at the cracked interface. Furthermore, through its interactions with the crack, LIM domains increase the length of time damaged filaments remain stable. Our findings propose a new molecular model for mechanosensitive binding to actin filaments.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCells continually experience mechanical strain, which has been observed to alter the interactions between actin filaments and mechanosensitive actin-binding proteins in recent experimental studies. However, the structural basis of this mechanosensitivity is not well understood. We used molecular dynamics and protein-protein docking simulations to investigate how tension alters the actin filament binding surface and interactions with associated proteins. We identified a novel metastable cracked conformation of the actin filament, whereby one protofilament breaks before the other, presenting a unique strain-induced binding surface. Mechanosensitive LIM domain actin-binding proteins can then preferentially bind the cracked interface, and this association stabilizes damaged actin filaments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zsolnay, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cracked actin filaments as mechanosensitive receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pushed to the edge: hundreds of myosin 10s pack into filopodia and could cause traffic jams on actin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.26.546598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impact StatementImproved technology for counting proteins captures myosin-10 dynamics throughout the filopodial lifecycle, defines requirements for initiating filopodia, and reveals a crowded filopodial tip where motors frequently exceed available actin.

Myosin 10 (Myo10) is a motor protein known for its role in filopodia formation. Although Myo10-driven filopodial dynamics have been characterized, there is no information about the absolute number of Myo10 molecules during the filopodial lifecycle. To better understand molecular stoichiometries and packing restraints in filopodia, we measured Myo10 abundance in these structures. We combined SDS-PAGE densitometry with epifluorescence microscopy to quantitate HaloTag-labeled Myo10 in U2OS cells. About 6% of total intracellular Myo10 localizes to filopodia, where it enriches at opposite cellular ends. Hundreds of Myo10s are in a typical filopodium, and their distribution across filopodia is log-normal. Some filopodial tips even contain more Myo10 than accessible binding sites on the actin filament bundle. Live-cell movies reveal a dense cluster of over a hundred Myo10 molecules that initiates filopodial elongation. Hundreds of Myo10 molecules continue to accumulate during filopodial growth, but accumulation ceases when retraction begins. Rates of filopodial elongation, second-phase elongation, and retraction are inversely related to Myo10 quantities. Our estimates of Myo10 molecules in filopodia provide insight into the physics of packing Myo10, its cargo, and other filopodia-associated proteins in narrow membrane compartments. Our protocol provides a framework for future work analyzing Myo10 abundance and distribution upon perturbation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shangguan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rock, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.26.546598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pushed to the edge: hundreds of myosin 10s pack into filopodia and could cause traffic jams on actin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accounting for Isoform Expression in eQTL Mapping Substantially Increases Power 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.28.546921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A core problem in genetics is eQTL mapping, in which genetic variants associated with changes in expression of genes are identified. It is common in eQTL mapping to compute gene expression by aggregating the expression levels of individual isoforms from the same gene and then performing linear regression between SNPs and this aggregated gene expression level. However, SNPs may regulate isoforms from the same gene in different directions due to alternative splicing, or only regulate the expression level of one isoform, causing this approach to lose power. In this study, we provide a systematic evaluation of methods for accounting for individual isoform expression levels based on generative isoform expression heritability models and real data. Over a range of conditions, we show that these approaches substantially increase the power to map eQTLs in both simulations and commonly analyzed large data sets. We identify settings in which different approaches yield an inflated number of false discoveries or lose power. In particular, we show that calling an eGene if there is a significant association between a SNP and any isoform fails to control False Discovery Rate, even when applying standard False Discovery Rate correction. We show that similar trends are observed in real data from the GEUVADIS and GTEx studies, suggesting the possibility that similar effects are present in these consortia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaPierre, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimentel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.28.546921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accounting for Isoform Expression in eQTL Mapping Substantially Increases Power]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistical prediction of microbial metabolic traits from genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The metabolic activity of microbial communities is central to their role in biogeochemical cycles, human health, and biotechnology. Despite the abundance of sequencing data characterizing these consortia, it remains a serious challenge to predict microbial metabolic traits from sequencing data alone. Here we culture 96 bacterial isolates individually and assay their ability to grow on 10 distinct compounds as a sole carbon source. Using these data as well as two existing datasets, we show that statistical approaches can accurately predict bacterial carbon utilization traits from genomes. First, we show that classifiers trained on gene content can accurately predict bacterial carbon utilization phenotypes by encoding phylogenetic information. These models substantially outperform predictions made by constraint-based metabolic models automatically constructed from genomes. However, phylogeny-based predictions fail to predict traits for taxa that are phyloge-netically distant from any strains in the training set. To overcome this we train improved models on gene presence/absence to predict carbon utilization traits from gene content. We show that models that predict carbon utilization traits from gene presence/absence can generalize to taxa that are phylogenetically distant from the training set either by exploiting biochemical information for feature selection or by having sufficiently large datasets. In the latter case, we provide evidence that a statistical approach can identify putatively mechanistic genes involved in metabolic traits. Our study demonstrates the potential power for predicting microbial phenotypes from genotypes using statistical approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistical prediction of microbial metabolic traits from genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Edge-based general linear models capture high-frequency fluctuations in attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.547966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although we must prioritize the processing of task-relevant information to navigate life, our ability to do so fluctuates across time. Previous work has identified fMRI functional connectivity (FC) networks that predict an individuals ability to sustain attention and vary with attentional state from one minute to the next. However, traditional dynamic FC approaches typically lack the temporal precision to capture moment-by-moment network fluctuations. Recently, researchers have  unfurled traditional FC matrices in  edge cofluctuation time series which measure time point-by-time point cofluctuations between regions. Here we apply event-based and parametric fMRI analyses to edge time series to capture high-frequency fluctuations in networks related to attention. In two independent fMRI datasets in which participants performed a sustained attention task, we identified a reliable set of edges that rapidly deflects in response to rare task events. Another set of edges varies with continuous fluctuations in attention and overlaps with a previously defined set of edges associated with individual differences in sustained attention. Demonstrating that edge-based analyses are not simply redundant with traditional regions-of-interest based approaches, up to one-third of reliably deflected edges were not predicted from univariate activity patterns alone. These results reveal the large potential in combining traditional fMRI analyses with edge time series to identify rapid reconfigurations in networks across the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.06.547966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Edge-based general linear models capture high-frequency fluctuations in attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.548021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered Antigen-Binding Fragments for Enhanced Crystallisation of Antibody:Antigen Complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.548021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The atomic-resolution structural information that X-ray crystallography can provide on the binding interface between a Fab and its cognate antigen is highly valuable for understanding the mechanism of interaction. However, many Fab:antigen complexes are recalcitrant to crystallisation, making the endeavour a significant effort with no guarantee of success. Consequently, there have been significant steps taken to increase the likelihood of Fab:antigen complex crystallisation by altering the Fab framework. In this investigation, we applied the surface entropy reduction strategy coupled with phage-display technology to identify a set of surface substitutions that improve the propensity of a human Fab framework to crystallise. In addition, we showed that combining these surface substitutions with previously reported Crystal Kappa and elbow substitutions results in a striking improvement in Fab and Fab:antigen complex crystallisability, revealing a synergistic relationship between these sets of substitutions. Through comprehensive Fab and Fab:antigen complex crystallisation screenings followed by structure determination and analysis, we defined the roles that each of these substitutions play in facilitating crystallisation and how they complement each other in the process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bruce, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filippova, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blazer, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enderle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radley, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pau, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlicky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sicheri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kourinov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atwell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhu, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.06.548021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered Antigen-Binding Fragments for Enhanced Crystallisation of Antibody:Antigen Complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.548023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Protein Dynamics in a Crystal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.06.548023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins are molecular machines and to understand how they work, we need to understand how they move. New pump-probe time-resolved X-ray diffraction methods open up ways to initiate and observe protein motions with atomistic detail in crystals on biologically relevant timescales. However, practical limitations of these experiments demands parallel development of effective molecular dynamics approaches to accelerate progress and extract meaning. Here, we establish robust and accurate methods for simulating dynamics in protein crystals, a nontrivial process requiring careful attention to equilibration, environmental composition, and choice of force fields. With more than seven milliseconds of sampling of a single chain, we identify critical factors controlling agreement between simulation and experiments and show that simulated motions recapitulate ligand-induced conformational changes. This work enables a virtuous cycle between simulation and experiments for visualizing and understanding the basic functional motions of proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klyshko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGough, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valeeva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauscher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.06.548023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Protein Dynamics in a Crystal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A divide and conquer approach (DACA) to predict high fidelity structure of large multidomain protein BRWD1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic importance in inhibiting Bromodomain and WD Repeat Domain containing BRWD1 against numerous human pathophysiological processes including cancers prompts prediction of a workable structure of this large protein. Here, a novel divide and conquer strategy was adopted to utilize smaller overlapping sequence-fragments of BRWD1 to further utilize their predicted structures as derived templates for prediction of complete BRWD1 structure in absence of its desired homologues in the template database. The novelty of this methodology stemmed from the requirement of templates of high sequence similarity in any comparative model based predictors whereas, the own fragments of the same target protein, BRWD1 could successfully fulfill this criteria. Additionally, the outputs of different high performing predictors including AlphaFold and RoseTTAFold were systematically integrated under the premise of Inductive Reasoning. The resultant structures were validated using existing validation parameters. Finally, a new validation paradigm was adopted to screen the best structure from the result presenting in-silico studies of known interactions of BRWD1 with various small molecules like, BD inhibitors, modified histone tails, DNA motifs and interacting proteins. The algorithm proposed in this work also paved the way for prediction of authentic structures of large size proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mondal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahiri, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.10.548240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A divide and conquer approach (DACA) to predict high fidelity structure of large multidomain protein BRWD1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hostile attribution bias shapes neural synchrony in the left ventromedial prefrontal cortexduring ambiguous social narratives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.11.548407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hostile attribution bias refers to the tendency to interpret social situations as intentionally hostile. While previous research has focused on its developmental origins and behavioral consequences, the underlying neural mechanisms remain underexplored. Here, we employed functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to investigate the neural correlates of hostile attribution bias. While undergoing fNIRS, participants listened to and provided attribution ratings for 21 hypothetical scenarios where a characters actions resulted in a negative outcome for the listener. Ratings of hostile intentions were averaged to obtain a measure of hostile attribution bias. Using intersubject-representational similarity analysis, we found that participants with similar levels of hostile attribution bias exhibited higher levels of neural synchrony during narrative listening, suggesting shared interpretations of the scenarios. This effect was localized to the left ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), and was particularly prominent in scenarios where the characters intentions were highly ambiguous. We then grouped participants into high and low bias groups based on a median split of their hostile attribution bias scores. A similarity-based classifier trained on the neural data classified participants as having high or low bias with 76% accuracy, indicating that the neural time courses during narrative listening was systematically different between the two groups. Furthermore, hostile attribution bias correlated negatively with attributional complexity, a measure of ones tendency to consider multifaceted causes when explaining behavior. Our study sheds light on the neural mechanisms underlying hostile attribution bias and highlights the potential of using fNIRS to develop non-intrusive and cost-effective neural markers of this socio-cognitive bias.

Significance StatementInferring the intentions from behavior is crucial for adaptive social functioning. A predisposition towards interpreting intentions as hostile is a significant predictor of interpersonal conflict and aggressive tendencies. Using fNIRS, we found that individual differences in hostile attribution bias shaped neural synchrony in the VMPFC while processing real-world social situations. Additionally, we were able to distinguish between participants with high and low hostile attribution bias from neural activity time courses. These results reveal how subjective interpretations of social situations are influenced by hostile attribution bias and reflected in the temporal dynamics of the VMPFC. Our findings lay the groundwork for future studies aimed at understanding the neurobiological basis of socio-cognitive biases, as well as interventions aimed at mitigating these biases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meidenbauer, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.11.548407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hostile attribution bias shapes neural synchrony in the left ventromedial prefrontal cortexduring ambiguous social narratives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.16.549237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-monoubiquitination controls VASP-mediated actin dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.16.549237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The actin cytoskeleton performs multiple cellular functions, and as such, actin polymerization must be tightly regulated. We previously demonstrated that reversible, non-degradative ubiquitination regulates the function of the actin polymerase VASP in developing neurons. However, the underlying mechanism of how ubiquitination impacts VASP activity was unknown. Here we show that mimicking multi-monoubiquitination of VASP at K240 and K286 negatively regulates VASP interactions with actin. Using in vitro bio-chemical assays, we demonstrate the reduced ability of multi-monoubiquitinated VASP to bind, bundle, and elongate actin fil-aments. However, multi-monoubiquitinated VASP maintained the ability to bind and protect barbed ends from capping protein. Lastly, we demonstrate the introduction of recombinant multi-monoubiquitinated VASP protein altered cell spreading morphology. Collectively, these results suggest a mechanism in which ubiquitination controls VASP-mediated actin dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCormick, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herring, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupton, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.16.549237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-monoubiquitination controls VASP-mediated actin dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACKR3-arrestin2/3 complexes reveal molecular consequences of GRK-dependent barcoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3, also known as CXCR7) is a scavenger receptor that regulates extracellular levels of the chemokine CXCL12 to maintain responsiveness of its partner, the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), CXCR4. ACKR3 is notable because it does not couple to G proteins and instead is completely biased towards arrestins. Our previous studies revealed that GRK2 and GRK5 install distinct distributions of phosphates (or "barcodes") on the ACKR3 carboxy terminal tail, but how these unique barcodes drive different cellular outcomes is not understood. It is also not known if arrestin2 (Arr2) and 3 (Arr3) bind to these barcodes in distinct ways. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of Arr2 and Arr3 in complex with ACKR3 phosphorylated by either GRK2 or GRK5. Unexpectedly, the finger loops of Arr2 and 3 directly insert into the detergent/membrane instead of the transmembrane core of ACKR3, in contrast to previously reported "core" GPCR-arrestin complexes. The distance between the phosphorylation barcode and the receptor transmembrane core regulates the interaction mode of arrestin, alternating between a tighter complex for GRK5 sites and heterogenous primarily "tail only" complexes for GRK2 sites. Arr2 and 3 bind at different angles relative to the core of ACKR3, likely due to differences in membrane/micelle anchoring at their C-edge loops. Our structural investigations were facilitated by Fab7, a novel Fab that binds both Arr2 and 3 in their activated states irrespective of receptor or phosphorylation status, rendering it a potentially useful tool to aid structure determination of any native GPCR-arrestin complex. The structures provide unprecedented insight into how different phosphorylation barcodes and arrestin isoforms can globally affect the configuration of receptor-arrestin complexes. These differences may promote unique downstream intracellular interactions and cellular responses. Our structures also suggest that the 100% bias of ACKR3 for arrestins is driven by the ability of arrestins, but not G proteins, to bind GRK-phosphorylated ACKR3 even when excluded from the receptor cytoplasmic binding pocket.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, X.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesmer, J. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACKR3-arrestin2/3 complexes reveal molecular consequences of GRK-dependent barcoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.548738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mathematical Model Predicts Tumor Control Patterns Induced by Fast and Slow CTL Killing Mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.548738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunotherapy has dramatically transformed the cancer treatment landscape largely due to the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Although ICIs have shown promising results for many patients, the low response rates in many cancers highlight the ongoing challenges in cancer treatment. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) execute their cell-killing function via two distinct mechanisms: a fast-acting, perforin-mediated process and a slower, Fas ligand (FasL)-driven path-way. Evidence also suggests that the preferred killing mechanism of CTLs depends on the anti-genicity of tumor cells. To determine the critical factors affecting responses to ICIs, we construct an ordinary differential equation model describing in vivo tumor-immune dynamics in the presence of active or blocked PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint. Specifically, we identify important aspects of the tumor-immune landscape that affect tumor size and composition in the short and long term. By generating a virtual cohort with differential tumor and immune attributes, we also simulate the therapeutic outcomes of immune checkpoint blockade in a heterogenous population. In this way, we identify key tumor and immune characteristics that are associated with tumor elimination, dor-mancy, and escape. Our analysis sheds light on which fraction of a population potentially responds well to ICIs and ways to enhance therapeutic outcomes with combination therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweis, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.19.548738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mathematical Model Predicts Tumor Control Patterns Induced by Fast and Slow CTL Killing Mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Cytomegalovirus in breast milk is associated with milk composition, the infant gut microbiome, and infant growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a highly prevalent herpesvirus that is often transmitted to the neonate via breast milk. Postnatal CMV transmission can have negative health consequences for preterm and immunocompromised infants, but any effects on healthy term infants are thought to be benign. Furthermore, the impact of CMV on the composition of the hundreds of bioactive factors in human milk has not been tested. Here, we utilize a cohort of exclusively breastfeeding full term mother-infant pairs to test for differences in the milk transcriptome and metabolome associated with CMV, and the impact of CMV in breast milk on the infant gut microbiome and infant growth. We find upregulation of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) tryptophan-to-kynurenine metabolic pathway in CMV+ milk samples, and that CMV+ milk is associated with decreased Bifidobacterium in the infant gut. Our data indicate a complex relationship between milk CMV, milk kynurenine, and infant growth; with kynurenine positively correlated, and CMV viral load negatively correlated, with infant weight-for-length at 1 month of age. These results suggest CMV transmission, CMV-related changes in milk composition, or both may be modulators of full term infant development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heisel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fields, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isganaitis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knights, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lock, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolph, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleiss, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demerath, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blekhman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.19.549370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Cytomegalovirus in breast milk is associated with milk composition, the infant gut microbiome, and infant growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple objects evoke fluctuating responses in several regions of the visual pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How neural representations preserve information about multiple stimuli is mysterious. Because tuning of individual neurons is coarse (for example, visual receptive field diameters can exceed perceptual resolution), the populations of neurons potentially responsive to each individual stimulus can overlap, raising the question of how information about each item might be segregated and preserved in the population. We recently reported evidence for a potential solution to this problem: when two stimuli were present, some neurons in the macaque visual cortical areas V1 and V4 exhibited fluctuating firing patterns, as if they responded to only one individual stimulus at a time (Jun et al., 2022). However, whether such an information encoding strategy is ubiquitous in the visual pathway and thus could constitute a general phenomenon remains unknown. Here we provide new evidence that such fluctuating activity is also evoked by multiple stimuli in visual areas responsible for processing visual motion (middle temporal visual area, MT), and faces (middle fundus and anterolateral face patches in inferotemporal cortex - areas MF and AL), thus extending the scope of circumstances in which fluctuating activity is observed. Furthermore, consistent with our previous results in the early visual area V1, MT exhibits fluctuations between the representations of two stimuli when these form distinguishable objects but not when they fuse into one perceived object, suggesting that fluctuating activity patterns may underlie visual object formation. Taken together, these findings point toward an updated model of how the brain preserves sensory information about multiple stimuli for subsequent processing and behavioral action.

Impact StatementNeural fluctuations in multiple areas along the visual cortical hierarchy could allow the brain to represent distinct co-occurring visual stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmehl, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caruso, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohl, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruff, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebihara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freiwald, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokdar, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groh, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.19.549668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple objects evoke fluctuating responses in several regions of the visual pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic and synaptic determinants of receptive field plasticity in Purkinje cells of the mouse cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-synaptic ( intrinsic) plasticity of membrane excitability contributes to aspects of memory formation, but it remains unclear whether it merely facilitates synaptic long-term potentiation or plays a permissive role in determining the impact of synaptic weight increase. We use tactile stimulation and electrical activation of parallel fibers to probe intrinsic and synaptic contributions to receptive field plasticity in awake mice during two-photon calcium imaging of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Repetitive activation of both stimuli induced response potentiation that is impaired in mice with selective deficits in either synaptic or intrinsic plasticity. Spatial analysis of calcium signals demonstrated that intrinsic, but not synaptic plasticity, enhances the spread of dendritic parallel fiber response potentiation. Simultaneous dendrite and axon initial segment recordings confirm these dendritic events affect axonal output. Our findings support the hypothesis that intrinsic plasticity provides an amplification mechanism that exerts a permissive control over the impact of long-term potentiation on neuronal responsiveness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busch, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.19.549760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic and synaptic determinants of receptive field plasticity in Purkinje cells of the mouse cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.549986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An oxadiazole-based compound potentiates anti- tuberculosis treatment by increasing host resistance via zinc poisoning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.549986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-tuberculosis drugs, mostly developed over 60 years ago, combined with a poorly effective vaccine, have failed to eradicate tuberculosis. More worryingly, multi-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are constantly emerging. Innovative strategies are thus urgently needed to improve tuberculosis treatment. Recently, host-directed therapy has emerged as a promising strategy to be used in adjunct with existing or future antibiotics, by improving innate immunity or limiting immunopathology. Here, using high content imaging, we identified novel 1,2,4-oxadiazole-based compounds, that allow human macrophages to control MTB replication. Genome-wide gene expression analysis revealed that these molecules induced zinc remobilization inside cells, resulting in bacterial zinc intoxication. More importantly, we also demonstrated that, upon treatment with these novel compounds, M. tuberculosis became even more sensitive to anti-tuberculosis drugs, in vitro and in vivo, in a mouse model of tuberculosis. Manipulation of heavy metal homeostasis holds thus great promise to be exploited to develop host-directed therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maure, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawaree, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorentino, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraud-Gatineau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldridge, M. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danckaert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frigui, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aulner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tailleux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.549986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An oxadiazole-based compound potentiates anti- tuberculosis treatment by increasing host resistance via zinc poisoning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Guided Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cardiac Cell Diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In principle, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can differentiate into any cell type in the body. The challenge is to find a way to rapidly expand the dimensionality of cell types and cell states we can characterize. To address this, we developed a guided differentiation protocol to produce heterogeneous differentiating cultures of cardiac cell types (cardiac HDCs) in 16 days. Cardiac HDCs are three-dimensional, rhythmically contracting cell aggregates that harbor a temporally and functionally diverse range of cardiac-relevant cell types. We characterize cardiac HDCs from 47 iPSC lines using single-cell RNA-sequencing to identify cardiomyocytes, epicardial cells, cardiac fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic cells, along with both ectodermal and endodermal derivatives. This guided differentiation approach prioritizes simplicity by minimizing the reagents and steps required, thereby enabling rapid and cost-effective experimental throughput. We expect cardiac HDCs to provide a scalable cardiac model for population-level studies of gene regulatory variation and gene-by-environment interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McIntire, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.550072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Guided Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cardiac Cell Diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.22.550182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular insight into how the position of an abasic site and its sequence environment influence DNA duplex stability and dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.22.550182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Local perturbations to DNA base-pairing stability from lesions and chemical modifications can alter the stability and dynamics of an entire oligonucleotide. End effects may cause the position of a disruption within a short duplex to influence duplex stability and structural dynamics, yet this aspect of nucleic acid modifications is often overlooked. We investigate how the position of an abasic site (AP site) impacts the stability and dynamics of short DNA duplexes. Using a combination of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations, we unravel an interplay between AP-site position and nucleobase sequence that controls energetic and dynamic disruption to the duplex. The duplex is disrupted into two segments by an entropic barrier for base pairing on each side of the AP site. The barrier induces fraying of the short segment when an AP site is near the termini. Shifting the AP site inward promotes a transition from short-segment fraying to fully encompassing the barrier into the thermodynamics of hybridization, leading to further destabilization the duplex. Nucleobase sequence determines the length scale for this transition by tuning the barrier height and base-pair stability of the short segment, and certain sequences enable out-of-register base pairing to minimize the barrier height.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashwood, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachleben, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokmakoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.22.550182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular insight into how the position of an abasic site and its sequence environment influence DNA duplex stability and dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating steroid hormone receptor interactions using the live-cell NanoBRET proximity assay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Steroid hormone receptors play a crucial role in the development and characterization of the majority of breast cancers. These receptors canonically function through homodimerization, but physical interactions between different hormone receptors play a key role in cell functions as well. The estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), for example, are involved in a complex set of interactions known as ER/PR crosstalk. Here, we developed a valuable panel of nuclear receptor expression plasmids specifically for use in NanoBRET assays to assess nuclear receptor homo- and heterodimerization. We demonstrate the utility of this assay system by assessing ER/PR physical interaction in the context of the endocrine therapy resistance- associated ER Y537S mutation. We identify a role of the ER Y537S mutation beyond that of constitutive activity of the receptor; it also increases ER/PR crosstalk. In total, the NanoBRET assay provides a novel avenue for investigating hormone receptor crosstalk. Future research may use this system to assess the effects of other clinically significant hormone receptor mutations on hormone receptor crosstalk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huggins, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosfield, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishag-Osman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ton-That, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating steroid hormone receptor interactions using the live-cell NanoBRET proximity assay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational prediction of protein interactions on single cells by proximity sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proximity sequencing (Prox-seq) measures gene expression, protein expression, and protein complexes at the single cell level, using information from dual-antibody binding events and a single cell sequencing readout. Prox-seq provides multi-dimensional phenotyping of single cells and was recently used to track the formation of receptor complexes during inflammatory signaling in macrophages and to discover a new interaction between CD9/CD8 proteins on naive T cells. The distribution of protein abundance affects identification of protein complexes in a complicated manner in dual-binding assays like Prox-seq. These effects are difficult to explore with experiments, yet important for accurate quantification of protein complexes. Here, we introduce a physical model for protein dimer formation on single cells and computationally evaluate several different methods for reducing background noise when quantifying protein complexes. Furthermore, we developed an improved method for analysis of Prox-seq single-cell data, which resulted in more accurate and robust quantification of protein complexes. Finally, our model offers a simple way to investigate the behavior of Prox-seq under various biological conditions and guide users toward selecting the best analysis method for their data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vistain, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational prediction of protein interactions on single cells by proximity sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional and anatomical connectivity predict brain stimulation's mnemonic effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.27.550851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Closed-loop direct brain stimulation is a promising tool for modulating neural activity and behavior. However, it remains unclear how to optimally target stimulation to modulate brain activity in particular brain networks that underlie particular cognitive functions. Here, we test the hypothesis that stimulations behavioral and physiological effects depend on the stimulation targets anatomical and functional network properties. We delivered closed-loop stimulation as 47 neurosurgical patients studied and recalled word lists. Multivariate classifiers, trained to predict momentary lapses in memory function, triggered stimulation of the lateral temporal cortex (LTC) during the study phase of the task. We found that LTC stimulation specifically improved memory when delivered to targets near white matter pathways. Memory improvement was largest for targets near white matter that also showed high functional connectivity to the brains memory network. These targets also reduced low-frequency activity in this network, an established marker of successful memory encoding. These data reveal how anatomical and functional networks mediate stimulations behavioral and physiological effects, provide further evidence that closed-loop LTC stimulation can improve episodic memory, and suggest a method for optimizing neuromodulation through improved stimulation targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ezzyat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kragel, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lega, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobst, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanda, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzuto, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahana, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.27.550851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional and anatomical connectivity predict brain stimulation's mnemonic effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An adaptive biomolecular condensation response is conserved across environmentally divergent species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells must sense and respond to sudden maladaptive environmental changes--stresses--to survive and thrive. Across eukaryotes, stresses such as heat shock trigger conserved responses: growth arrest, a specific transcriptional response, and biomolecular condensation of protein and mRNA into structures known as stress granules under severe stress. The composition, formation mechanism, adaptive significance, and even evolutionary conservation of these condensed structures remain enigmatic. Here we provide an unprecedented view into stress-triggered condensation, its evolutionary conservation and tuning, and its integration into other well-studied aspects of the stress response. Using three morphologically near-identical budding yeast species adapted to different thermal environments and diverged by up to 100 million years, we show that proteome-scale biomolecular condensation is tuned to species-specific thermal niches, closely tracking corresponding growth and transcriptional responses. In each species, poly(A)-binding protein--a core marker of stress granules--condenses in isolation at species-specific temperatures, with conserved molecular features and conformational changes modulating condensation. From the ecological to the molecular scale, our results reveal previously unappreciated levels of evolutionary selection in the eukaryotic stress response, while establishing a rich, tractable system for further inquiry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keyport Kik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glauninger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong Hickernell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bard, J. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.28.551061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An adaptive biomolecular condensation response is conserved across environmentally divergent species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic regulatory effects in response to a high cholesterol, high fat diet in baboons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Steady-state expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) explain only a fraction of disease-associated loci identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), while eQTLs involved in gene-by-environment (GxE) interactions have rarely been characterized in humans due to experimental challenges. Using a baboon model, we found hundreds of eQTLs that emerge in adipose, liver, and muscle after prolonged exposure to high dietary fat and cholesterol. Diet-responsive eQTLs exhibit genomic localization and genic features that are distinct from steady-state eQTLs. Furthermore, the human orthologs associated with diet-responsive eQTLs are enriched for GWAS genes associated with human metabolic traits, suggesting that context-responsive eQTLs with more complex regulatory effects are likely to explain GWAS hits that do not seem to overlap with standard eQTLs. Our results highlight the complexity of genetic regulatory effects and the potential of eQTLs with disease-relevant GxE interactions in enhancing the understanding of GWAS signals for human complex disease using nonhuman primate models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VandeBerg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic regulatory effects in response to a high cholesterol, high fat diet in baboons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chaperone-assisted cryo-EM structure of P. aeruginosa PhuR reveals molecular basis for heme uptake 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, depend on scavenging heme for the acquisition of iron, an essential nutrient. The TonB-dependent transporter (TBDT) PhuR is the major heme uptake protein in P. aeruginosa clinical isolates. However, a comprehensive understanding of heme recognition and TBDT transport mechanisms, especially PhuR, remains limited. In this study, we employed single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and a phage display-generated synthetic antibody (sAB) as a fiducial marker to enable the determination of a high-resolution (2.5 [A]) structure of PhuR with a bound heme. Notably, the structure reveals iron coordination by Y529 on a conserved extracellular loop, shedding light on the role of tyrosine in heme binding. Biochemical assays and negative-stain EM demonstrated that the sAB specifically targets the heme-bound state of PhuR. These findings provide insights into PhuRs heme binding and offer a template for developing conformation-specific sABs against outer membrane proteins (OMPs) for structure-function investigations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knejski, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chaperone-assisted cryo-EM structure of P. aeruginosa PhuR reveals molecular basis for heme uptake]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EpiVar Browser: advanced exploration of epigenomics data under controlled access 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationHuman epigenomic data has been generated by large consortia for thousands of cell types to be used as a reference map of normal and disease chromatin states. Since epigenetic data contains potentially identifiable information, similarly to genetic data, most raw files generated by these consortia are stored in controlled-access databases. It is important to protect identifiable information, but this should not hinder secure sharing of these valuable datasets.

ResultsGuided by the Framework for responsible sharing of genomic and health-related data from the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH), we have developed a tool to facilitate the exploration of epigenomics datasets aggregate results, while filtering out identifiable information. Specifically, the EpiVar Browser allows a user to navigate an epigenetic dataset from a cohort of individuals and enables direct exploration of genotype-chromatin phenotype relationships. Because the information about individual genotypes is not accessible and aggregated in the output that is made available, no identifiable data is released, yet the interface allows for dynamic genotype - epigenome interrogation. This approach has the potential to accelerate analyses that would otherwise require a lengthy multi-step approval process and provides a generalisable strategy to facilitate responsible access to sensitive epigenomics data.

Availability and implementationOnline portal instance: https://computationalgenomics.ca/tools/epivar

Source code: https://github.com/c3g/epivar-browser
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lougheed, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aracena, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregoire, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joly, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bujold, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EpiVar Browser: advanced exploration of epigenomics data under controlled access]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
m6A mRNA Methylation Regulates Early Pancreatic β-Cell Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant chemical modification in mRNA, and plays important roles in human and mouse embryonic stem cell pluripotency, maintenance, and differentiation. We have recently reported, for the first time, the role of m6A in the postnatal control of {beta}-cell function in physiological states and in Type 1 and 2 Diabetes. However, the precise mechanisms by which m6A acts to regulate the development of human and mouse {beta}-cells are unexplored. Here, we show that the m6A landscape is dynamic during human pancreas development, and that METTL14, one of the m6A writer complex proteins, is essential for the early differentiation of both human and mouse {beta}-cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kahraman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jesus, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[m6A mRNA Methylation Regulates Early Pancreatic β-Cell Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of Phosphate Release from Actin Filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.03.551904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After ATP-actin monomers assemble filaments, the ATPs {gamma}-phosphate is hydrolyzed within seconds and dissociates over minutes. We used all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to sample the release of phosphate from filaments and study residues that gate release. Dissociation of phosphate from Mg2+ is rate limiting and associated with an energy barrier of 20 kcal/mol, consistent with experimental rates of phosphate release. Phosphate then diffuses in an internal cavity toward a gate formed by R177 suggested in prior computational studies and cryo-EM structures. The gate is closed when R177 hydrogen bonds with N111 and is open when R177 forms a salt bridge with D179. Most of the time interactions of R177 with other residues occludes the phosphate release pathway. Machine learning analysis reveals that the occluding interactions fluctuate rapidly, underscoring the secondary role of backdoor gate opening in Pi release, in contrast with the previous hypothesis that gate opening is the primary event.

Significance StatementThe protein actin assembles into filaments that participate in muscle contraction and cellular movements. An ATP bound to the actin monomer is hydrolyzed rapidly during filament assembly, but the {gamma}-phosphate dissociates slowly from the filament. We identified phosphate dissociation from Mg2+ as the rate-limiting step in phosphate release from actin based on an energy barrier that aligns with the experimentally determined release rate. The release of phosphate from the protein requires opening a gate in the actin molecule formed by the interaction between sidechains of arginine 177 and asparagine 111. Surprisingly, simulations revealed other interactions of the sidechain of arginine 177 that occlude the release pathway most of the time but have not been observed in low-temperature cryo-EM structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zsolnay, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.03.551904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of Phosphate Release from Actin Filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oligomerization and feedback on membrane recruitment stabilize PAR-3 asymmetries in C. elegans zygotes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of PAR polarity have emphasized a paradigm in which mutually antagonistic PAR proteins form complementary polar domains in response to transient cues. A growing body of work suggests that the oligomeric scaffold PAR-3 can form unipolar asymmetries without mutual antagonism, but how it does so is largely unknown. Here we combine single molecule analysis and modeling to show how the interplay of two positive feedback loops promotes dynamically stable unipolar PAR-3 asymmetries in early C. elegans embryos. First, the intrinsic dynamics of PAR-3 membrane binding and oligomerization encode negative feedback on PAR-3 dissociation. Second, membrane-bound PAR-3 promotes its own recruitment through a mechanism that requires the anterior polarity proteins PAR-6 and PKC-3. Using a kinetic model tightly constrained by our experimental measurements, we show that these two feedback loops are individually required and jointly sufficient to encode dynamically stable and locally inducible unipolar PAR-3 asymmetries in the absence of posterior inhibition. Given the central role of PAR-3, and the conservation of PAR-3 membrane-binding, oligomerization, and core interactions with PAR-6/PKC-3, these results have widespread implications for PAR-mediated polarity in metazoa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lang, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anneken, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.552031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oligomerization and feedback on membrane recruitment stabilize PAR-3 asymmetries in C. elegans zygotes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A molecular atlas of adult C. elegans motor neurons reveals ancient diversity delineated by conserved transcription factor codes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor neurons (MNs) constitute an ancient cell type targeted by multiple adult-onset diseases. It is therefore important to define the molecular makeup of adult MNs in animal models and extract organizing principles. Here, we generated a comprehensive molecular atlas of adult Caenorhabditis elegans MNs and a searchable database (http://celegans.spinalcordatlas.org). Single-cell RNA-sequencing of 13,200 cells revealed that ventral nerve cord MNs cluster into 29 molecularly distinct subclasses. All subclasses are delineated by unique expression codes of either neuropeptide or transcription factor gene families. Strikingly, we found that combinatorial codes of homeodomain transcription factor genes define adult MN diversity both in C. elegans and mice. Further, molecularly defined MN subclasses in C. elegans display distinct patterns of connectivity. Hence, our study couples the connectivity map of the C. elegans motor circuit with a molecular atlas of its constituent MNs, and uncovers organizing principles and conserved molecular codes of adult MN diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.552048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A molecular atlas of adult C. elegans motor neurons reveals ancient diversity delineated by conserved transcription factor codes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.05.552137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV-1 Capsid Shape, Orientation, and Entropic Elasticity Regulate Translocationinto the Nuclear Pore Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.05.552137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear import of the viral capsid is a critical step in the HIV-1 life cycle that serve to transport and release genomic material into the nucleus. Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) allows passage of intact capsid, though mechanistic details of the process remain to be fully understood. Here we investigate the factors regulating HIV-1 capsid translocation into the NPC central channel using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. We find that successful translocation is contingent on the compatibility of the capsid morphology and channel dimension and the proper orientation of the capsid approach to the channel. The central channel dynamically expands to allow capsid passage, demonstrating the pleomorphic nature of the channel necessary for transporting large cargoes. Structural analysis shows that stress induced by the central channel confinement and uncondensed internal genomic material generates correlated striated patterns of lattice disorder across the viral capsid surface which is an indicator of its lattice "elasticity". Our results suggest that the "elasticity" can aid the capsid to adapt to the stress and remain structurally intact during translocation.

TeaserComputer Simulations identify capsid elasticity as a key factor for successful nuclear entry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hudait, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.05.552137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV-1 Capsid Shape, Orientation, and Entropic Elasticity Regulate Translocationinto the Nuclear Pore Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TMEM165 acts as a proton-activated Ca2+ importer in lysosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomal calcium (Ca2+) release is critical to cell signaling and is mediated by well-known lysosomal Ca2+ channels. Yet, how lysosomes refill their Ca2+ remains hitherto undescribed. Here, from an RNAi screen, we identify an evolutionarily conserved gene, lci-1, that facilitates lysosomal Ca2+ entry in C. elegans and in mammalian cells. Its human homolog TMEM165, previously designated as a Golgi-resident Ca2+/H+ exchanger (CAX), has a minor lysosomal population of unknown function. Using genetics, lysosomal Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiology, we show that TMEM165 acts as a proton-activated, lysosomal Ca2+ importer in lysosomes. Defects in lysosomal Ca2+ channels cause several neurodegenerative diseases, and knowledge of lysosomal Ca2+ importers may provide new avenues to explore the physiology of Ca2+ channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zajac, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anees, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oettinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srikumar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saminathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TMEM165 acts as a proton-activated Ca2+ importer in lysosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulus invariant aspects of the retinal code drive discriminability of natural scenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Everything that the brain sees must first be encoded by the retina, which maintains a reliable representation of the visual world in many different, complex natural scenes while also adapting to stimulus changes. This study quantifies whether and how the brain selectively encodes stimulus features about scene identity in complex naturalistic environments. While a wealth of previous work has dug into the static and dynamic features of the population code in retinal ganglion cells, less is known about how populations form both flexible and reliable encoding in natural moving scenes. We record from the larval salamander retina responding to five different natural movies, over many repeats, and use these data to characterize the population code in terms of single-cell fluctuations in rate and pairwise couplings between cells. Decomposing the population code into independent and cell-cell interactions reveals how broad scene structure is encoded in the retinal output. while the single-cell activity adapts to different stimuli, the population structure captured in the sparse, strong couplings is consistent across natural movies as well as synthetic stimuli. We show that these interactions contribute to encoding scene identity. We also demonstrate that this structure likely arises in part from shared bipolar cell input as well as from gap junctions between retinal ganglion cells and amacrine cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoshal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojanek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marre, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulus invariant aspects of the retinal code drive discriminability of natural scenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.552849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photolipid excitation triggers depolarizing optocapacitive currents and action potentials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.552849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optically-induced changes in membrane capacitance may regulate neuronal activity without requiring genetic modifications. Previously, they mainly relied on sudden temperature jumps due to light absorption by membrane-associated nanomaterials or water. Yet, nanomaterial targeting or the required high infrared light intensities obstruct broad applicability. Now, we propose a very versatile approach: photolipids (azobenzene-containing diacylglycerols) mediate light-triggered cellular de- or hyperpolarization. As planar bilayer experiments show, the respective currents emerge from millisecond-timescale changes in bilayer capacitance. UV light changes photolipid conformation, which awards embedding plasma membranes with increased capacitance and evokes depolarizing currents. They open voltage-gated sodium channels in cells, generating action potentials. Blue light reduces the area per photolipid, decreasing membrane capacitance and eliciting hyperpolarization. If present, mechanosensitive channels respond to the increased mechanical membrane tension, generating large depolarizing currents that elicit action potentials. Membrane self-insertion of administered photolipids and focused illumination allows cell excitation with high spatiotemporal control.

HighlightsO_LIRapid photolipid photoisomerization generates optocapacitive currents in planar lipid bilayers and HEK293 cells.
C_LIO_LIThese currents originate from photo-induced changes in membrane capacitance
C_LIO_LIUV light-triggered membrane depolarization opens NaV1.3, evoking action potentials.
C_LIO_LIBlue light-induced mechanosensitive channel opening gives rise to depolarizing currents, which may evoke NaV1.3-mediated action potentials.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bassetto, C. A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeffermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strassgschwandtner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasnov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezanilla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohl, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.552849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photolipid excitation triggers depolarizing optocapacitive currents and action potentials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volumetric imaging of an intact organism by a distributed molecular network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.553025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lymphatic, nervous, and tumoral tissues, among others, exhibit physiology that emerges from three-dimensional interactions between genetically unique cells. A technology capable of volumetrically imaging transcriptomes, genotypes, and morphologies in a single de novo measurement would therefore provide a critical view into the biological complexity of living systems. Here we achieve this by extending DNA microscopy, an imaging modality that encodes a spatio-genetic map of a specimen via a massive distributed network of DNA molecules inside it, to three dimensions and multiple length scales in developing zebrafish embryos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.553025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volumetric imaging of an intact organism by a distributed molecular network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High quality genome assemblies reveal evolutionary dynamics of repetitive DNA and structural rearrangements in the Drosophila virilis sub-group 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-quality genome assemblies across a range of non-traditional model organisms can accelerate the discovery of novel aspects of genome evolution. The Drosophila virilis group has several attributes that distinguish it from more highly studied species in the Drosophila genus, such as an unusual abundance of repetitive elements and extensive karyotype evolution, in addition to being an attractive model for speciation genetics. Here we used long-read sequencing to assemble five genomes of three virilis group species and characterized sequence and structural divergence and repetitive DNA evolution. We find that our contiguous genome assemblies allow characterization of chromosomal arrangements with ease and can facilitate analysis of inversion breakpoints. We also leverage a small panel of resequenced strains to explore the genomic pattern of divergence and polymorphism in this species and show that known demographic histories largely predicts the extent of genome-wide segregating polymorphism. We further find that a neo-X chromosome in D. americana displays X-like levels of nucleotide diversity. We also found that unusual repetitive elements were responsible for much of the divergence in genome composition among species. Helitron-derived tandem repeats tripled in abundance on the Y chromosome in D. americana compared to D. novamexicana, accounting for most of the difference in repeat content between these sister species. Repeats with characteristics of both transposable elements and satellite DNAs expanded by three-fold, mostly in euchromatin, in both D. americana and D. novamexicana compared to D. virilis. Our results represent a major advance in our understanding of genome biology in this emerging model clade.

Significance statementThe Drosophila virilis sub-group is an emerging model with an enticing combination of attributes, including abundant and diverse repetitive DNA content, structural rearrangements, and hybridization capability. The lack of high-quality genome assemblies for this group have prevented detailed understanding of genome evolution. Here, we present five new long-read genome assemblies of three virilis sub-group species along with analyses of structural variants, polymorphisms, repetitive DNAs, and Y chromosome genes and repeats. We find that the expansion and mobilization of non-canonical repetitive elements accounts for most of the divergence in assembled genome sequence between these species, with an especially striking takeover of the Y chromosome by a single type of element in one of the three species. Overall, our study positions the virilis sub-group as a model for a variety of future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed-Braimah, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wing, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.13.553086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High quality genome assemblies reveal evolutionary dynamics of repetitive DNA and structural rearrangements in the Drosophila virilis sub-group]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting tumor transcriptional heterogeneity from single-cell RNA-seq data by generalized binary covariance decomposition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.15.553436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Profiling tumors with single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has the potential to identify recurrent patterns of transcription variation related to cancer progression, and produce new therapeutically relevant insights. However, the presence of strong inter-tumor heterogeneity often obscures more subtle patterns that are shared across tumors, some of which may characterize clinically relevant disease subtypes. Here we introduce a new statistical method, generalized binary covariance decomposition (GBCD), to address this problem. We show that GBCD can help decompose transcriptional heterogeneity into interpretable components -- including patient-specific, dataset-specific and shared components relevant to disease subtypes -- and that, in the presence of strong inter-tumor heterogeneity, it can produce more interpretable results than existing methods. Applied to data from three studies on pancreatic cancer adenocarcinoma (PDAC), GBCD produces a refined characterization of existing tumor subtypes (e.g., classical vs. basal), and identifies a new gene expression program (GEP) that is prognostic of poor survival independent of established prognostic factors such as tumor stage and subtype. The new GEP is enriched for genes involved in a variety of stress responses, and suggests a potentially important role for the integrated stress response in PDAC development and prognosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbonetto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willwerscheid, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macleod, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.15.553436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting tumor transcriptional heterogeneity from single-cell RNA-seq data by generalized binary covariance decomposition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.16.553400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular dynamics analyses of CLDN15 pore size and charge selectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.16.553400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Claudin-15 (CLDN15) molecules form channels that directly regulate cation and water transport. In the gastrointestinal tract, this transport indirectly impacts nutrient absorption. However, the mechanisms governing ion transport through these channels remain poorly understood. We addressed this question by building on our previous cell culture studies and all atom molecular dynamic simulation model of CLDN15. By mutating D55 to a bulkier glutamic acid (E) or neutral amino acid asparagine (N), our in vitro measurements showed that the D55E mutation decreased charge selectivity and favored small ion permeability, while the D55N mutation led to reduced charge selectivity without markedly altering size selectivity. By establishing a simplified (reduced) CLDN15 molecular dynamics model that excludes non-essential transmembrane regions, we were able to probe how D55 modified cation dehydration, charge interaction, and permeability. These results provide novel insight into organization of the CLDN15 selectivity filter and suggests that D55 plays a dual role in shaping both electrostatic and steric properties of the pore, but its electrostatic role is more prominent in determining CLDN15 cation permeability. This knowledge can be used toward the development of effective strategies to modulate CLDN15 function. The experimental approach established can be further extended to study the function of other claudin channels. Together, these advancements will help us to modulate tight junctions to promote human health.

SUMMARYCell culture and molecular dynamics simulations reveal the role of the CLDN15-D55 residue in ion size and charge selectivity. A reduced CLDN15 model offers novel insights into ion conductance, providing a valuable tool for therapeutic modulation of tight junctions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGuinness, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuladi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafghi, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidahmed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalili-Araghi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.16.553400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular dynamics analyses of CLDN15 pore size and charge selectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.16.553549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformational transitions of the HIV-1 Gag polyprotein upon multimerization and gRNA binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.16.553549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the HIV-1 assembly process, the Gag polyprotein multimerizes at the producer cell plasma membrane, resulting in the formation of spherical immature virus particles. Gag-gRNA interactions play a crucial role in the multimerization process, which is yet to be fully understood. We have performed large-scale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of membrane-bound full-length Gag dimer, hexamer, and 18-mer. The inter-domain dynamic correlation of Gag, quantified by the heterogeneous elastic network model (hENM) applied to the simulated trajectories, is observed to be altered by implicit gRNA binding, as well as the multimerization state of the Gag. The lateral dynamics of our simulated membrane-bound Gag proteins, with and without gRNA binding, agree with prior experimental data and help to validate our simulation models and methods. The gRNA binding is observed to impact mainly the SP1 domain of the 18-mer and the MA-CA linker domain of the hexamer. In the absence of gRNA binding, the independent dynamical motion of the NC domain results in a collapsed state of the dimeric Gag. Unlike stable SP1 helices in the six-helix bundle, without IP6 binding, the SP1 domain undergoes a spontaneous helix-to-coil transition in the dimeric Gag. Together, our findings reveal conformational switches of Gag at different stages of the multimerization process and predict that the gRNA binding reinforces an efficient binding surface of Gag for multimerization, as well as regulates the dynamic organization of the local membrane region itself.

SignificanceGag(Pr55Gag) polyprotein orchestrates many essential events in HIV-1 assembly, including packaging of the genomic RNA (gRNA) in the immature virion. Although various experimental techniques, such as cryo-ET, X-ray, and NMR, have revealed structural properties of individual domains in the immature Gag clusters, structural and biophysical characterization of a full-length Gag molecule remains a challenge for existing experimental techniques. Using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of the different model systems of Gag polyprotein, we present here a detailed structural characterization of Gag molecules in different multimerization states and interrogate the synergy between Gag-Gag, Gag-membrane, and Gag-gRNA interactions during the viral assembly process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.16.553549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformational transitions of the HIV-1 Gag polyprotein upon multimerization and gRNA binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The minimum intervention principle of optimal control relates the uncontrolled manifold to muscle synergies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nervous system uses muscle activation patterns to perform successful motor tasks, and motor tasks inevitably satisfy the laws of mechanics. The number of muscles usually exceeds the degrees of freedom of the task such that multiple combinations of muscle activities satisfy mechanical demands. A low-dimensional space usually explains a large variance in the muscle activations, leading to the hypothesis that muscle redundancy is solved by neurally coordinated muscle synergies. In addition to synergies, motor task mechanics also enforce a structure on muscle activity. Muscles satisfy multiple non-negotiable mechanical demands of equilibrium, stability, force, and respect the constraints. The redundancy in the muscle architecture is the degree of freedom available after accounting for the necessary mechanics. In this study, I investigate how task mechanics structure muscle activities by using a biomechanical model of an index finger in contact and published measurements of seven muscle activities during a fingertip force production task. I derive a map from muscle activities to complete task mechanics with the necessary conditions of equilibrium, stability, and force. By invoking the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis, I show that the variability in muscle activities is channeled in the task-irrelevant directions, which is given by the null space of the map from muscle activations to task variables. Furthermore, I show that the principal component that explains maximum variance in muscle activations is oriented along the task-irrelevant direction with the highest projected variance, suggesting that the maximal principal directions correspond to the task-irrelevant subspace rather than the task-relevant directions. This study has consequences for understanding muscular redundancy and synergy, and also provides direct evidence that the simplified biomechanical models satisfy mechanical requirements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.18.553939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The minimum intervention principle of optimal control relates the uncontrolled manifold to muscle synergies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.20.554028v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Injectable butyrate-prodrug micelles induce long-acting immune modulation and suppress autoimmune arthritis in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.20.554028v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysbiosis is linked to autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), where microbial metabolites, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), mediate the so-called gut-joint axis. The therapeutic potential of SCFAs is limited due to the frequent and high oral dosage requirements. RA is characterized by aberrant activation of peripheral T cells and myeloid cells. We aim to deliver butyrate, an SCFA, directly to the lymphatics using a polymeric micelle as a butyrate prodrug, creating a depot for inducing long-lasting immunomodulatory effects. Notably, negatively charged micelles (Neg-ButM) demonstrate superior efficacy in targeting the lymphatics post-subcutaneous administration, and were retained in the draining lymph nodes, spleen, and liver for over a month. In a mouse RA model, we found that Neg-ButM substantially mitigated arthritis symptoms and promoted tolerogenic phenotypes in T cells and myeloid cells, both locally and systemically. These findings suggest potential applications of this approach in treating inflammatory autoimmune diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabados, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultgren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.20.554028</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Injectable butyrate-prodrug micelles induce long-acting immune modulation and suppress autoimmune arthritis in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spectral decomposition unlocks ascidian morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.554368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Describing morphogenesis generally consists in aggregating the multiple high resolution spatiotemporal processes involved into reproducible low dimensional morphological processes consistent across individuals of the same species or group. In order to achieve this goal, biologists often have to submit movies issued from live imaging of developing embryos either to a qualitative analysis or to basic statistical analysis. These approaches, however, present noticeable drawbacks, as they can be time consuming, hence unfit for scale, and often lack standardisation and a firm foundation. In this work, we leverage the power of a continuum mechanics approach and flexibility of spectral decompositions to propose a standardised framework for automatic detection and timing of morphological processes. First, we quantify whole-embryo scale shape changes in developing ascidian embryos by statistically estimating the strain-rate tensor field of its time-evolving surface without the requirement of cellular segmentation and tracking. We then apply to this data spectral decomposition in space using spherical harmonics and in time using wavelets transforms. These transformations result in the identification of the principal dynamical modes of ascidian embryogenesis and the automatic unveiling of its blueprint in the form of scalograms that tell the story of development in ascidian embryos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dokmegang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faure, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaire, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.22.554368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spectral decomposition unlocks ascidian morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal weighting of cortical and subcortical spikes reveals stimulus dependent differences in their contributions to behavior. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primary visual cortex (V1) and the superior colliculus (SC) both occupy stations early in the processing of visual information. They have long been thought to perform distinct functions, with V1 supporting perception of visual features and the SC regulating orienting to visual inputs. However, growing evidence suggests that the SC supports perception of many of the same visual features traditionally associated with V1. To distinguish V1 and SC contributions to visual processing, it is critical to determine whether both areas causally contribute to perception of specific visual stimuli. Here, mice reported changes in visual contrast or luminance near perceptual threshold while we presented white noise patterns of optogenetic stimulation to V1 or SC inhibitory neurons. We then performed a reverse correlation analysis on the optogenetic stimuli to estimate a neuronal-behavioral kernel (NBK), a moment-to-moment estimate of the impact of V1 or SC inhibition on stimulus detection. We show that the earliest moments of stimulus-evoked activity in SC are critical for detection of both luminance or contrast changes. Strikingly, there was a robust stimulus-aligned modulation in the V1 contrast-detection NBK, but no sign of a comparable modulation for luminance detection. The data suggest that perception of visual contrast depends on both V1 and SC spiking, whereas mice preferentially use SC activity to detect changes in luminance. Electrophysiological recordings showed that neurons in both SC and V1 responded strongly to both visual stimulus types, while the reverse correlation analysis reveals when these neuronal signals actually contribute to visually-guided behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cone, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maunsell, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.554473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal weighting of cortical and subcortical spikes reveals stimulus dependent differences in their contributions to behavior.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand-induced segregation from large cell-surface phosphatases is a critical step in γδ TCR triggering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gamma/delta ({gamma}{delta}) T cells are unconventional adaptive lymphocytes that recognize structurally diverse ligands via somatically-recombined antigen receptors ({gamma}{delta} TCRs). The molecular mechanism by which ligand recognition initiates {gamma}{delta} TCR signaling, a process known as TCR triggering, remains elusive. Unlike {beta} TCRs, {gamma}{delta} TCRs are not mechanosensitive, and do not require coreceptors or typical binding-induced conformational changes for triggering. Here, we show that {gamma}{delta} TCR triggering by nonclassical MHC class Ib antigens, a major class of ligands recognized by {gamma}{delta} T cells, requires steric segregation of the large cell-surface phosphatases CD45 and CD148 from engaged TCRs at synaptic close contact zones. Increasing access of these inhibitory phosphatases to sites of TCR engagement, by elongating MHC class Ib ligands or truncating CD45/148 ectodomains, abrogates TCR triggering and T cell activation. Our results identify a critical step in {gamma}{delta} TCR triggering and provide insight into the core triggering mechanism of endogenous and synthetic tyrosine-phosphorylated immunoreceptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niculcea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Merwe, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhuri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.554524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand-induced segregation from large cell-surface phosphatases is a critical step in γδ TCR triggering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.553775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A ubiquitous mobile genetic element disarms a bacterial antagonist of the gut microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.553775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA transfer is ubiquitous in the gut microbiota, especially among species of Bacteroidales. In silico analyses have revealed hundreds of mobile genetic elements shared between these species, yet little is known about the phenotypes they encode, their effects on fitness, or pleiotropic consequences for the recipients genome. Here, we show that acquisition of a ubiquitous integrative and conjugative element encoding an antagonistic system shuts down the native contact-dependent antagonistic system of Bacteroides fragilis. Despite inactivating the native antagonism system, mobile element acquisition increases fitness of the B. fragilis transconjugant over its progenitor by arming it with a new weapon. This DNA transfer causes the strain to change allegiances so that it no longer targets ecosystem members containing the same element yet is armed for communal defense.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheahan, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Bayona, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatzidaki-Livanis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holst, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barquera, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comstock, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.25.553775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A ubiquitous mobile genetic element disarms a bacterial antagonist of the gut microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.27.555018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Energy flux couples sulfur isotope fractionation to proteomic and metabolite profiles in Desulfovibrio vulgaris 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.27.555018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial sulfate reduction is central to the global carbon cycle and the redox evolution of Earths surface. Tracking the activity of sulfate reducing microorganisms over space and time relies on a nuanced understanding of stable sulfur isotope fractionation in the context of the biochemical machinery of the metabolism. Here we link the magnitude of stable sulfur isotopic fractionation to proteomic and metabolite profiles under different cellular energetic regimes. When energy availability is limited, cell specific sulfate respiration rates and net sulfur isotope fractionation inversely co-vary. Beyond net S isotope fractionation values, we also quantified shifts in protein expression, abundances and isotopic composition of intracellular S metabolites, and lipid structures and lipid/water H isotope fractionation values. These coupled approaches reveal which protein abundances shift directly as a function of energy flux, those that vary minimally, and those that may vary independent of energy flux and likely do not contribute to shifts in S-isotope fractionation. By coupling the bulk S-isotope observations with quantitative proteomics, we provide novel constraints for metabolic isotope models. Together, these results lay the foundation for more predictive metabolic fractionation models, alongside interpretations of environmental sulfur and sulfate reducer lipid-H isotope data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leavitt, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldbauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venceslau, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boidi, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, I. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.27.555018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Energy flux couples sulfur isotope fractionation to proteomic and metabolite profiles in Desulfovibrio vulgaris]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cGAS-STING pathway is dispensable in a mouse model of LMNA-cardiomyopathy despite nuclear envelope rupture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear envelope (NE) ruptures are emerging observations in Lamin-related dilated cardiomyopathy, an adult-onset disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in Lamin A/C, a nuclear lamina component. Here, we tested a prevailing hypothesis that NE ruptures trigger pathological cGAS-STING cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, using a mouse model of Lamin-cardiomyopathy. Reduction of Lamin A/C in cardiomyocytes of adult mice caused pervasive NE ruptures in cardiomyocytes, preceding inflammatory transcription, fibrosis, and fatal dilated cardiomyopathy. NE ruptures were followed by DNA damage accumulation without causing immediate cardiomyocyte death. However, cGAS-STING-dependent inflammatory signaling remained inactive. Deleting cGas or Sting did not rescue cardiomyopathy. The lack of cGAS-STING activation was likely due to the near absence of cGAS expression in adult cardiomyocytes at baseline. Instead, extracellular matrix (ECM) signaling was activated and predicted to initiate pro-inflammatory communication from Lamin-reduced cardiomyocytes to fibroblasts. Our work nominates ECM signaling, not cGAS-STING, as a potential inflammatory contributor in Lamin-cardiomyopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>En, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogireddi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stutzman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikegami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaForest, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almakki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pytel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikegami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cGAS-STING pathway is dispensable in a mouse model of LMNA-cardiomyopathy despite nuclear envelope rupture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Task success in trained spiking neuronal network models coincides with emergence of cross-stimulus-modulated inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neocortex is composed of spiking neuronal units interconnected in a sparse, recurrent network. Neuronal networks exhibit spiking activity that transforms sensory inputs into appropriate behavioral outputs. In this study, we train biologically realistic spiking neural network (SNN) models to identify the architectural changes which enable task-appropriate computations. Specifically, we employ a binary state change detection task, where each state is defined by motion entropy. This task mirrors behavioral paradigms that mice perform in the lab. SNNs are composed of excitatory and inhibitory units randomly interconnected with connection likelihoods and strengths matched to observations from mouse neocortex. Following training, we discover that SNNs selectively adjust firing rates depending on state, and that excitatory and inhibitory connectivity between input and recurrent layers change in accordance with this rate modulation. Input channels that exhibit bias to one specific motion entropy input develop stronger connections to recurrent excitatory units during training, while channels that exhibit bias to the other input develop stronger connections to inhibitory units. Furthermore, recurrent inhibitory units which positively modulated firing rates to one input strengthened their connections to recurrent units of the opposite modulation. This specific pattern of cross-modulation inhibition emerged as the optimal solution when imposing Dales law throughout training of the SNNs. Removing this constraint led to the absence of the emergence of this architectural solution. This work highlights the critical role of interneurons and the specific architectural patterns of inhibition in shaping dynamics and information processing within neocortical circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherr, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Task success in trained spiking neuronal network models coincides with emergence of cross-stimulus-modulated inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PTPN2 copper-sensing rapidly relays copper level fluctuations into EGFR/CREB activation and associated CTR1 transcriptional repression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluxes in human intra- and extracellular copper levels recently garnered attention for roles in cellular signaling, including affecting levels of the signaling molecule cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). We herein applied an unbiased temporal evaluation of the whole-genome transcriptional activities modulated by fluctuations in copper levels to identify the copper sensor proteins responsible for driving these activities. We found that fluctuations in physiologically-relevant copper levels rapidly modulate EGFR/MAPK/ERK signal transduction and activation of the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Both intracellular and extracellular assays support Cu1+ inhibition of the EGFR-phosphatase PTPN2 (and potentially the homologous PTPN1)-via direct ligation to the PTPN2 active site cysteine side chain-as the underlying mechanism of copper-stimulated EGFR signal transduction activation. Depletion of copper represses this signaling pathway. We additionally show i) copper supplementation drives transcriptional repression of the copper importer CTR1 and ii) CREB activity is inversely correlated with CTR1 expression. In summary, our study reveals PTPN2 as a physiological copper sensor and defines a regulatory mechanism linking feedback control of copper-stimulated MAPK/ERK/CREB-signaling and CTR1 expression, thereby uncovering a previously unrecognized link between copper levels and cellular signal transduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ross, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owyang, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zbihley, O. N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karginova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olopade, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PTPN2 copper-sensing rapidly relays copper level fluctuations into EGFR/CREB activation and associated CTR1 transcriptional repression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.554943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adrenergic and mesenchymal signatures are identifiable in cell-free DNA and correlate with metastatic disease burden in children with neuroblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.554943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCell free DNA (cfDNA) profiles of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), an epigenetic marker of open chromatin and active gene expression, are correlated with metastatic disease burden in patients with neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma tumors are comprised of adrenergic (ADRN) and mesenchymal (MES) cells, and the relative abundance of each in tumor biopsies has prognostic implications. We hypothesized that ADRN and MES specific signatures could be quantified in cfDNA 5-hmC profiles and would augment the detection of metastatic burden in patients with neuroblastoma.

MethodsWe previously performed an integrative analysis to identify ADRN and MES specific genes (n=373 and n=159, respectively). Purified DNA from cell lines was serial diluted with healthy donor cfDNA. Using Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA), ADRN and MES signatures were optimized. We then quantified signature scores, and our prior neuroblastoma signature, in cfDNA from 84 samples from 46 high-risk patients including 21 patients with serial samples.

ResultsSamples from patients with higher metastatic burden had increased GSVA scores for both ADRN and MES gene signatures (p < 0.001). While ADRN and MES signature scores tracked together in serially collected samples, we identified instances of patients with increases in either MES or ADRN score at relapse.

ConclusionsWhile it is feasible to identify ADRN and MES signatures using 5-hmC profiles of cfDNA from neuroblastoma patients and correlate these signatures to metastatic burden, additional data are needed to determine the optimal strategies for clinical implementation. Prospective evaluation in larger cohorts is ongoing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vayani, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chennakesavalu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terhaar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaves, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chlenski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohn, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Applebaum, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.554943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adrenergic and mesenchymal signatures are identifiable in cell-free DNA and correlate with metastatic disease burden in children with neuroblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Claudin-2 limits pancreatitis development through regulating tight junction-controlled pancreatic ductal transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas that can arise due to various factors, including environmental risks such as diet, alcohol, and smoking, as well as genetic predispositions. In some cases, pancreatitis may progress and become chronic, leading to irreversible damage and impaired pancreatic function. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified polymorphisms at the X-linked CLDN2 locus as risk factors for both sporadic and alcohol-related chronic pancreatitis. CLDN2 encodes claudin-2 (CLDN2), a paracellular cation-selective channel localized at tight junctions and expressed in the pancreas and other secretory organs. However, whether and how CLDN2 may modify pancreatitis susceptibility remains poorly understood. We aimed to clarify the potential role of CLDN2 in the onset and progression of pancreatitis.

We employed multiple methodologies to examine the role of CLDN2 in human pancreatic tissue, caerulein-induced experimental pancreatitis mouse model, and pancreatic ductal epithelial organoids. In both human chronic pancreatitis tissues and caerulein-induced experimental pancreatitis, CLDN2 protein was significantly upregulated in pancreatic ductal epithelial cells. Our studies using pancreatic ductal epithelial organoids and mice demonstrated the inflammatory cytokine IFN{gamma} upregulates claudin-2 expression at both RNA and protein levels. Following caerulein treatment, Ifng KO mice had diminished upregulation of CLDN2 relative to WT mice, indicating that caerulein-induced claudin-2 expression is partially driven by IFN{gamma}. Functionally, Cldn2 knockout mice developed more severe caerulein-induced experimental pancreatitis, indicating CLDN2 plays a protective role in pancreatitis development. Pancreatic ductal epithelial organoid-based studies demonstrated that CLDN2 is critical for sodium-dependent water transport and necessary for cAMP-driven, CFTR-dependent fluid secretion. These findings suggest that functional crosstalk between CLDN2 and CFTR is essential for fluid transport in pancreatic ductal epithelium, which may protect against pancreatitis by adjusting pancreatic ductal secretion to prevent worsening autodigestion and inflammation.

In conclusion, our studies suggest CLDN2 upregulation during pancreatitis may play a protective role in limiting disease development, and decreased CLDN2 function may increase pancreatitis severity. These results point to the possibility of modulating pancreatic ductal CLDN2 function as an approach for therapeutic intervention of pancreatitis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kesaraju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wannemo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidahmed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyoju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalili-Araghi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Claudin-2 limits pancreatitis development through regulating tight junction-controlled pancreatic ductal transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HCN channels sense temperature and determine heart rate responses to heat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heart rate increases with heat, [1-3] constituting a fundamental physiological relationship in vertebrates. Each normal heartbeat is initiated by an action potential generated in a sinoatrial nodal pacemaker cell. Pacemaker cells are enriched with hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (HCN) that deliver cell membrane depolarizing inward current that triggers action potentials. HCN channel current increases due to cAMP binding, a mechanism coupling adrenergic tone to physiological  fight or flight heart rate acceleration. However, the mechanism(s) for heart rate response to thermal energy is unknown. We used thermodynamical and homology computational modeling, site-directed mutagenesis and mouse models to identify a concise motif on the S4-S5 linker of the cardiac pacemaker HCN4 channels (M407/Y409) that determines HCN4 current (If) and cardiac pacemaker cell responses to heat. This motif is required for heat sensing in cardiac pacemaker cells and in isolated hearts. In contrast, the cyclic nucleotide binding domain is not required for heat induced HCN4 current increases. However, a loss of function M407/Y409 motif mutation prevented normal heat and cAMP responses, suggesting that heat sensing machinery is essential for operating the cAMP allosteric pathway and is central to HCN4 modulation. The M407/Y409 motif is conserved across all HCN family members suggesting that HCN channels participate broadly in coupling heat to changes in cell membrane excitability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Gaido, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moroni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.02.556046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HCN channels sense temperature and determine heart rate responses to heat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The simplicity of protein sequence-function relationships 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How complicated is the genetic architecture of proteins - the set of causal effects by which sequence determines function? High-order epistatic interactions among residues are thought to be pervasive, making a proteins function difficult to predict or understand from its sequence. Most studies, however, used methods that overestimate epistasis, because they analyze genetic architecture relative to a designated reference sequence - causing measurement noise and small local idiosyncrasies to propagate into pervasive high-order interactions - or have not effectively accounted for global nonlinearity in the sequence-function relationship. Here we present a new reference-free method that jointly estimates global nonlinearity and specific epistatic interactions across a proteins entire genotype-phenotype map. This method yields a maximally efficient explanation of a proteins genetic architecture and is more robust than existing methods to measurement noise, partial sampling, and model misspecification. We reanalyze 20 combinatorial mutagenesis experiments from a diverse set of proteins and find that additive and pairwise effects, along with a simple nonlinearity to account for limited dynamic range, explain a median of 96% of total variance in measured phenotypes (and >92% in every case). Only a tiny fraction of genotypes are strongly affected by third- or higher-order epistasis. Genetic architecture is also sparse: the number of terms required to explain the vast majority of variance is smaller than the number of genotypes by many orders of magnitude. The sequence-function relationship in most proteins is therefore far simpler than previously thought, opening the way for new and tractable approaches to characterize it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzger, B. P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.02.556057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The simplicity of protein sequence-function relationships]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.556088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein coopted from a phage restriction system dictates orthogonal cell division plane selection in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.03.556088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spherical bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, a leading cause of nosocomial infections, undergoes binary fission by dividing in two alternating orthogonal planes, but the mechanism by which S. aureus correctly selects the next cell division plane is not known. To identify cell division placement factors, we performed a chemical genetic screen that revealed a gene which we termed pcdA. We show that PcdA is a member of the McrB family of AAA+ NTPases that has undergone structural changes and a concomitant functional shift from a restriction enzyme subunit to an early cell division protein. PcdA directly interacts with the tubulin-like central divisome component FtsZ and localizes to future cell division sites before membrane invagination initiates. This parallels the action of another McrB family protein, CTTNBP2, which stabilizes microtubules in animals. We show that PcdA also interacts with the structural protein DivIVA and propose that the DivIVA/PcdA complex recruits unpolymerized FtsZ to assemble along the proper cell division plane. Deletion of pcdA conferred abnormal, non-orthogonal division plane selection, increased sensitivity to cell wall-targeting antibiotics, and reduced virulence in a murine infection model. Targeting PcdA could therefore highlight a treatment strategy for combatting antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramos-Leon, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anjuwon-Foster, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Missiakas, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravind, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramamurthi, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.03.556088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein coopted from a phage restriction system dictates orthogonal cell division plane selection in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogeny structures species' interactions in experimental ecological communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.04.556236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of molecular phylogenetics provided a new perspective on the structure and function of ecological communities. In particular, the hypothesis that traits responsible for species interactions are largely determined by shared evolutionary history has suggested the possibility of connecting the phylogeny of ecological communities to their functioning. However, statistical tests of this link have yielded mixed results. Here we propose a novel framework to test whether phylogeny influences the patterns of coexistence and abundance of species assemblages, and apply it to analyze data from large biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiments. In our approach, phylogenetic trees are used to parameterize species interactions, which in turn determine the abundance of species in a specified assemblage. We use a maximum likelihood-based approach to score models parameterized with a given phylogenetic tree. To test whether evolutionary history structures interactions, we fit and score ensembles of randomized trees, allowing us to determine if phylogenetic information helps to predict species abundances. Moreover, we can determine the contribution of each branch of the tree to the likelihood, revealing particular clades in which interaction strengths are closely tied to phylogeny. We find strong evidence of phylogenetic signal across a range of published experiments and a variety of models. The flexibility of our framework permits incorporation of ecological information beyond phylogeny, such as functional groups or traits, and provides a principled way to test hypotheses about which factors shape the structure and function of ecological communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lemos-Costa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allesina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.04.556236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogeny structures species' interactions in experimental ecological communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Backmapping with Mapping and Isomeric Information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
I present a powerful and flexible backmapping tool named Multiscale Simulation Tool (mstool) that converts a coarse-grained (CG) system into all-atom (AA) resolution and only requires AA to CG mapping and isomeric information (cis/trans/dihedral/chiral). The backmapping procedure includes two simple steps: a) AA atoms are randomly placed near the corresponding CG beads according to the provided mapping scheme. b) Energy minimization is performed with two modifications in the AA force field (FF). First, nonbonded interactions are replaced with cosine functions to ensure numerical stability. Second, additional torsions are imposed to maintain molecules isomeric properties. To test the simplicity and robustness of the tool, I backmapped multiple membrane and protein CG structures into AA resolution, including a four-bead CG lipid model (resolution increased by a factor of 34) without using intermediate resolution. The tool is freely available at github.com/ksy141/mstool.

TABLE OF CONTENTS (TOC)

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=109 SRC="FIGDIR/small/556379v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.05.556379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Backmapping with Mapping and Isomeric Information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photoemission electron microscopy for connectomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Detailing the physical basis of neural circuits with large-volume serial electron microscopy (EM),  connectomics, has emerged as an invaluable tool in the neuroscience armamentarium. However, imaging synaptic resolution connectomes is currently limited to either transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Here, we describe a third way, using photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) which illuminates ultra-thin brain slices collected on solid substrates with UV light and images the photoelectron emission pattern with a wide-field electron microscope. PEEM works with existing sample preparations for EM and routinely provides sufficient resolution and contrast to reveal myelinated axons, somata, dendrites, and sub-cellular organelles. Under optimized conditions, PEEM provides synaptic resolution; and simulation and experiments show that PEEM can be transformatively fast, at Gigahertz pixel rates. We conclude that PEEM imaging leverages attractive aspects of SEM and TEM, namely reliable sample collection on robust substrates combined with fast wide-field imaging, and could enable faster data acquisition for next-generation circuit mapping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boergens, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moradi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tromp, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Molen, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.05.556423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photoemission electron microscopy for connectomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Speciation in kleptoparasites of oak gall wasps often correlates with shifts into new tree habitats, tree organs, and gall morphospace 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host shifts to new plants can drive speciation for plant-feeding insects, but how commonly do host shifts also drive diversification for the parasites of those same insects? Oak gall wasps induce galls on oak trees and shifts to novel tree hosts and new tree organs have been implicated as drivers of oak gall wasp speciation. Gall wasps are themselves attacked by many insect parasites, which must find their hosts on the correct tree species and organ, but which also must navigate the morphologically variable galls with which they interact. Thus, we ask whether host shifts to new trees, organs, or gall morphologies correlate with gall parasite diversification. We delimit species and infer phylogenies for two genera of gall kleptoparasites, Synergus and Ceroptres, reared from a variety of North American oak galls. We find that most species were reared from galls induced by just one gall wasp species, and no parasite species was reared from galls of more than four species. Most kleptoparasite divergence events correlate with shifts to non-ancestral galls. These shifts often involved changes in tree habitat, gall location, and gall morphology. Host shifts are thus implicated in driving diversification for both oak gall wasps and their kleptoparasitic associates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hippee, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prior, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tribull, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.07.556376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Speciation in kleptoparasites of oak gall wasps often correlates with shifts into new tree habitats, tree organs, and gall morphospace]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and dynamics of the contractile vacuole complex in Tetrahymena thermophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The contractile vacuole complex (CVC) is a dynamic and morphologically complex membrane organelle, comprised of a large vesicle (bladder) linked with a tubular reticulum (spongiome). CVCs provide key osmoregulatory roles across diverse eukaryotic lineages, but probing the mechanisms underlying the structure and function is hampered by the limited tools available for in vivo analysis. In the experimentally tractable ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, we describe four proteins that, as endogenously tagged constructs, localize specifically to distinct CVC zones. The DOPEY homolog Dop1p and the CORVET subunit Vps8Dp localize both to the bladder and spongiome but with different local distributions that are sensitive to osmotic perturbation, while the lipid scramblase Scr7p co-localizes with Vps8Dp. The H+- ATPase subunit Vma4 is spongiome-specific. The live imaging permitted by these probes revealed dynamics at multiple scales including rapid exchange of CVC-localized and soluble protein pools vs. lateral diffusion in the spongiome, spongiome extension and branching, and CVC formation during mitosis. While the association with DOP1 and VPS8D implicate the CVC in endosomal trafficking, both the bladder and spongiome are isolated from bulk endocytic input.

Summary statementIn the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, four proteins are shown to provide markers for different zones of the contractile vacuole complex. They shed light on its formation and maintenance by enabling in vivo analysis of its dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoltner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkewitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and dynamics of the contractile vacuole complex in Tetrahymena thermophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryptic splicing mediates genetic and therapeutic perturbation of human gene expression levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing (AS) is pervasive in human genes, yet the specific function of most AS events remains unknown. It is widely assumed that the primary function of AS is to diversify the proteome, however AS can also influence gene expression levels by producing transcripts rapidly degraded by nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). Currently, there are no precise estimates for how often the coupling of AS and NMD (AS-NMD) impacts gene expression levels because rapidly degraded NMD transcripts are challenging to capture. To better understand the impact of AS on gene expression levels, we analyzed population-scale genomic data in lymphoblastoid cell lines across eight molecular assays that capture gene regulation before, during, and after transcription and cytoplasmic decay. Sequencing nascent mRNA transcripts revealed frequent aberrant splicing of human introns, which results in remarkably high levels of mRNA transcripts subject to NMD. We estimate that [~]15% of all protein-coding transcripts are degraded by NMD, and this estimate increases to nearly half of all transcripts for lowly-expressed genes with many introns. Leveraging genetic variation across cell lines, we find that GWAS trait-associated loci explained by AS are similarly likely to associate with NMD-induced expression level differences as with differences in protein isoform usage. Additionally, we used the splice-switching drug risdiplam to perturb AS at hundreds of genes, finding that [~]3/4 of the splicing perturbations induce NMD. Thus, we conclude that AS-NMD substantially impacts the expression levels of most human genes. Our work further suggests that much of the molecular impact of AS is mediated by changes in protein expression levels rather than diversification of the proteome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fair, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abad, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staley, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryptic splicing mediates genetic and therapeutic perturbation of human gene expression levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein associates with anionic lipid membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a lipid-enveloped virus that acquires its lipid bilayer from the host cell it infects. SARS-CoV-2 can spread from cell to cell or from patient to patient by undergoing assembly and budding to form new virions. The assembly and budding of SARS-CoV-2 is mediated by several structural proteins known as envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleoprotein (N) and spike (S), which can form virus-like particles (VLPs) when co-expressed in mammalian cells. Assembly and budding of SARS-CoV-2 from the host ER-Golgi intermediate compartment is a critical step in the virus acquiring its lipid bilayer. To date, little information is available on how SARS-CoV-2 assembles and forms new viral particles from host membranes. In this study, we find the N protein can strongly associate with anionic lipids including phosphoinositides and phosphatidylserine. Moreover, lipid binding is shown to occur in the N protein C-terminal domain, which is supported by extensive in silico analysis. Anionic lipid binding occurs for both the free and N oligomeric forms suggesting N can associate with membranes in the nucleocapsid form. Herein we present a lipid-dependent model based on in vitro, cellular and in silico data for the recruitment of N to M assembly sites in the lifecycle of SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dutta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahelin, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.557899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein associates with anionic lipid membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PD-1 Mediated Regulation of Unique Activated CD8+ T Cells by NK Cells in the Submandibular Gland 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing utilization of anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has led to the emergence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including sicca syndrome. Interestingly, we found that the submandibular gland (SMG) of PD-1 deficient mice harbors a large population of CD8+ T cells, reminiscing ICB induced sicca. This phenotype was also observed in the SMG of both NK cell-depleted C57BL/6 animals and NK cell-deficient animals. Mechanistically, using mice conditionally deficient for PD-L1 in the NK cell lineage, we discovered that NK cells regulate CD8+ T cell homeostasis via the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in this organ. Importantly, single-cell RNA sequencing of PD-1 deficient SMG CD8+ T cells reveals a unique transcriptional profile consistent with TCR activation. These cells have limited TCR diversity and phenotypically overlap with GzmK+ CD8+ T autoimmune cells identified in primary Sjogrens syndrome patients. These insights into NK cell immunoregulation in the SMG, and the consequences of disrupted CD8+ T cell homeostasis, provide opportunities for preventing the development of irAEs.

HighlightsO_LIElevated CD8+ T cells in the submandibular gland (SMG) of PD-1 deficient mice parallel sicca-like irAEs seen in ICB patients.
C_LIO_LIIn addition to their previously described hyporesponsive phenotype, NK cells in the SMG regulate CD8+ T cell homeostasis through the PD-L1/PD-1 axis.
C_LIO_LIPD-1 deficient SMG CD8+ T cells display unique transcriptional profiles associated with proinflammatory functions, TCR activation, interferon stimulation, and exhaustion.
C_LIO_LIOligoclonal expansion and similarities in TCR sequences indicate T cell activation and a preference for recognizing specific antigens.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brossay, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borys, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magill, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemmour, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.557930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PD-1 Mediated Regulation of Unique Activated CD8+ T Cells by NK Cells in the Submandibular Gland]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Novel Gut-derived Lantibiotics Against Human Gut Commensals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in sequencing techniques unveiled the vast potential of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) encoded in microbiomes. Class I lantibiotics such as nisin A, widely used as a food preservative, have been investigated for their efficacy in killing pathogens. However, the impact of nisin and nisin-like class I lantibiotics on commensal bacteria residing in the human gut remains unclear. Here, we report six gut-derived class I lantibiotics that are close homologs of nisin, four of which are novel. We applied an improved lantibiotic expression platform to produce and purify these lantibiotics for antimicrobial assays. We determined their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against both Gram-positive human pathogens and gut commensals, and profiled the lantibiotic resistance genes in these pathogens and commensals. SAR studies with variants revealed key regions and residues that impact their antimicrobial properties. Our characterization and SAR studies of nisin-like lantibiotics against both pathogens and human gut commensals could shed light on the future development of lantibiotic-based therapeutics and food preservatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorantes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.557961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Novel Gut-derived Lantibiotics Against Human Gut Commensals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Quantitative Metric Based on a Complete and Unique Characterization of Neural Network Activity: 4D Shannon`s Entropy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human brain comprises an intricate web of connections that generate complex neural networks capable of storing and processing information. This information depends on multiple factors, including underlying network structure, connectivity, and interactions; and thus, methods to characterize neural networks typically aim to unravel and interpret a combination of these factors. Here, we present four-dimensional (4D) Shannons entropy, a novel quantitative metric of network activity based on the Triple Correlation Uniqueness (TCU) theorem. Triple correlation, which provides a complete and unique characterization of the network, relates three nodes separated by up to four spatiotemporal lags. Here, we evaluate the 4D entropy from the spatiotemporal lag probability distribution function (PDF) of the network activitys triple correlation. Given a spike raster, we compute triple correlation by iterating over time and space. Summing the contributions to the triple correlation over each of the spatial and temporal lag combinations generates a unique 4D spatiotemporal lag distribution, from which we estimate a PDF and compute Shannons entropy. To outline our approach, we first compute 4D Shannons entropy from feedforward motif-class patterns in a simulated spike raster. We then apply this methodology to spiking activity recorded from rat cortical cultures to compare our results to previously published results of pairwise (2D) correlated spectral entropy over time. We find that while first- and second-order metrics of activity (spike rate and cross-correlation) show agreement with previously published results, our 4D entropy computation (which also includes third-order interactions) reveals a greater depth of underlying network organization compared to published pairwise entropy. Ultimately, because our approach is based on the TCU, we propose that 4D Shannons entropy is a more complete tool for neural network characterization.

Author SummaryHere, we present a novel entropy metric for neural network characterization, 4D Shannons entropy, based on triple correlation, which measures interactions among up to three neurons in time and space. Per the Triple Correlation Uniqueness (TCU) theorem, our 4D entropy approach is based on a complete and unique characterization of network activity. We first outline the method to obtain 4D Shannons entropy using a simulated spike raster of feedforward three-neuron configurations. We then apply this metric to an open-source, experimental dataset of rat cortical cultures over time to show that while first- and second-order interactions (spike rate and cross-correlation) show similar trends to published results, the TCU-based 4D Shannons entropy metric provides greater insights into later-stage network activity compared to the published pairwise entropy. As this metric is computed from a 4D distribution unique to the network, we propose that utilization of 4D entropy offers a clear advantage compared to currently utilized pairwise entropy metrics for neural network analyses. For this reason, neuroscientific and clinical applications abound - these may include analysis of distinct dynamical states, characterizing responses to medication, and identification of pathological brain networks, such as seizures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Drongelen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.557974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Quantitative Metric Based on a Complete and Unique Characterization of Neural Network Activity: 4D Shannon`s Entropy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Androgen blockade primes NLRP3 in macrophages to induce tumor phagocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune-based therapies induce durable remissions in subsets of patients across multiple malignancies. However, there is limited efficacy of immunotherapy in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), manifested by an enrichment of immunosuppressive (M2) tumor- associated macrophages (TAM) in the tumor immune microenvironment (TME). Therefore, therapeutic strategies to overcome TAM-mediated immunosuppression are critically needed in mCRPC. Here we discovered that NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), an innate immune sensing protein, is highly expressed in TAM from metastatic PC patients treated with standard-of-care androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Importantly, ex vivo studies revealed that androgen receptor (AR) blockade in TAM upregulates NLRP3 expression, but not inflammasome activity, and concurrent AR blockade/NLRP3 agonist (NLRP3a) treatment promotes cancer cell phagocytosis by immunosuppressive M2 TAM. In contrast, NLRP3a monotherapy was sufficient to enhance phagocytosis of cancer cells in anti-tumor (M1) TAM, which exhibit high de novo NLRP3 expression. Critically, combinatorial treatment with ADT/NLRP3a in a murine model of advanced PC resulted in significant tumor control, with tumor clearance in 55% of mice via TAM phagocytosis. Collectively, our results demonstrate NLRP3 as an AR-regulated "macrophage phagocytic checkpoint", inducibly expressed in TAM by ADT and activated by NLRP3a treatment, the combination resulting in TAM-mediated phagocytosis and tumor control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaudagar, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srikrishnan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argulian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labadie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimaldo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahramangil, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D Souza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doughan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loyd, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sykes, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patnaik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.557996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Androgen blockade primes NLRP3 in macrophages to induce tumor phagocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peripheral Blood Single-Cell Sequencing Uncovers Common and Specific Immune Aberrations in Fibrotic Lung Diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rationale and ObjectivesThe extent and commonality of peripheral blood immune aberrations in fibrotic interstitial lung diseases are not well characterized. In this study, we aimed to identify common and distinct immune aberrations in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (FHP) using cutting-edge single-cell profiling technologies.

MethodsSingle-cell RNA sequencing was performed on patients and healthy controls peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples using 10X Genomics 5 gene expression and V(D)J profiling. Cell type composition, transcriptional profiles, cellular trajectories and signaling, and T and B cell receptor repertoires were studied. The standard Seurat R pipeline was followed for cell type composition and differential gene expression analyses. Transcription factor activity was imputed using the DoRothEA-VIPER algorithm. Pseudotime analyses were conducted using Monocle3, while RNA velocity analyses were performed with Velocyto, scVelo, and CellRank. Cell-cell connectomics were assessed using the Connectome R package. V(D)J analyses were conducted using CellRanger and Immcantation frameworks. Across all analyses, disease group differences were assessed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

Measurements and Main Results327,990 cells from 83 samples were profiled. Overall, changes in monocytes were common to IPF and FHP, whereas lymphocytes exhibited disease-specific aberrations. Both diseases displayed enrichment of CCL3hi/CCL4hi CD14+ monocytes (p<2.2e-16) and S100Ahi CD14+ monocytes (p<2.2e-16) versus controls. Trajectory and RNA velocity analysis suggested that pro-fibrotic macrophages observed in BAL originated from peripheral blood monocytes. Lymphocytes exhibited disease-specific aberrations, with CD8+ GZMKhi T cells and activated B cells primarily enriched in FHP patients. V(D)J analyses revealed unique T and B cell receptor complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) amino acid compositions (p<0.05) in FHP and significant IgA enrichment in IPF (p<5.2e-7).

ConclusionsWe identified common and disease-specific immune mechanisms in IPF and FHP; S100Ahi monocytes and SPP1hi macrophages are common to IPF and FHP, whereas GMZKhi T lymphocytes and T and B cell receptor repertoires were unique in FHP. Our findings open novel strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of IPF and FHP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unterman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu Hussein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flint, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumida, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raredon, M. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahangari, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buendia-Roldan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adegunsoye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peripheral Blood Single-Cell Sequencing Uncovers Common and Specific Immune Aberrations in Fibrotic Lung Diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated customization of large-scale spiking network models to neuronal population activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding brain function is facilitated by constructing computational models that accurately reproduce aspects of brain activity. Networks of spiking neurons capture the underlying biophysics of neuronal circuits, yet the dependence of their activity on model parameters is notoriously complex. As a result, heuristic methods have been used to configure spiking network models, which can lead to an inability to discover activity regimes complex enough to match large-scale neuronal recordings. Here we propose an automatic procedure, Spiking Network Optimization using Population Statistics (SNOPS), to customize spiking network models that reproduce the population-wide covariability of large-scale neuronal recordings. We first confirmed that SNOPS accurately recovers simulated neural activity statistics. Then, we applied SNOPS to recordings in macaque visual and prefrontal cortices and discovered previously unknown limitations of spiking network models. Taken together, SNOPS can guide the development of network models and thereby enable deeper insight into how networks of neurons give rise to brain function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated customization of large-scale spiking network models to neuronal population activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cooperative Membrane Binding of HIV-1 Matrix Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HIV-1 assembly process begins with a newly synthesized Gag polyprotein being targeted to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane of the infected cells to form immature viral particles. Gag-membrane interactions are mediated through the myristoylated(Myr) N-terminal matrix (MA) domain of Gag which eventually multimerize on the membrane to form trimers and higher-order oligomers. The study of the structure and dynamics of peripheral membrane proteins like MA has been challenging for both experimental and computational studies due to the complex dynamics of protein-membrane interactions. Although the roles of anionic phospholipids (PIP2, PS) and the Myr group in the membrane targeting and stable membrane binding of MA are now well-established, the cooperative interactions between MA monomers and MA-membrane still remain elusive. Our present study focuses on the membrane binding dynamics of a higher-order oligomeric structure of MA protein (a dimer of trimers), which has not been explored before. Employing time-lagged independent component analysis (tICA) to our microsecond-long trajectories, we investigate conformational changes of the matrix protein induced by membrane binding. Interestingly, the Myr switch of a MA monomer correlates with the conformational switch of adjacent monomers in the same trimer. Together, our findings suggest that MA trimerization facilitates Myr insertion, but MA trimer-trimer interactions in the lattice of immature HIV-1 particles can hinder the same. Additionally, local lipid density patterns of different lipid species provide a signature of the initial stage of lipid-domain formation upon membrane binding of the protein complex.

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O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=104 SRC="FIGDIR/small/559012v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monje-Galvan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.559012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cooperative Membrane Binding of HIV-1 Matrix Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbially-catalyzed conjugation of GABA and tyramine to bile acids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bile acids (BAs) are cholesterol-derived molecules that aid in digestion and nutrient absorption, regulate host metabolic processes, and influence physiology of the gut microbiota. Both the host and its microbiome contribute to enzymatic modifications that shape the chemical diversity of BAs in the gut. Several bacterial species have been reported to conjugate standard amino acids to BAs, but it was not known if bacteria conjugate BAs to other amine classes. Here, we show that Bacteroides fragilis strain P207, isolated from a bacterial bloom in the J-pouch of a patient with ulcerative colitis (UC) pouchitis, conjugates standard amino acids and the neuroactive amines {gamma}-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and tyramine to deoxycholic acid. We extended this analysis to other human gut isolates and identified species that are competent to conjugate GABA and tyramine to primary and secondary BAs, and further identified diverse BA-GABA and BA-tyramine amides in human stool. A longitudinal metabolomic analysis of J-pouch contents of the patient from whom B. fragilis P207 was isolated revealed highly reduced levels of secondary bile acids and a shifting BA amide profile before, during, and after onset of pouchitis, including temporal changes in several BA-GABA amides. Treatment of pouchitis with ciprofloxacin was associated with a marked reduction of nearly all BA amides in the J-pouch. Our study expands the known repertoire of conjugated bile acids produced by bacteria to include BA conjugates to GABA and tyramine and demonstrates that these molecules are present in the human gut.

ImportanceBile acids (BAs) are modified in multiple ways by host enzymes and the microbiota to produce a chemically diverse set of molecules that assist in the digestive process and impact many physiological functions. This study reports the discovery of bacteria isolated from the gut of human patients that conjugate the neuroactive amines, GABA and tyramine, to BAs and demonstrates that BA-GABA and BA-tyramine amides are present in the human gut. GABA and tyramine are common metabolic products of the gut microbiota and potent neuroactive molecules, and their conjugation to BAs may influence receptor-mediated regulatory mechanisms of humans and their gut microbes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mullowney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnizlein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koval, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbially-catalyzed conjugation of GABA and tyramine to bile acids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient States During Oligonucleotides Hybridization: Insights from Annealing Kinetics of Mismatches and Bulges 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligonucleotide hybridization is crucial in various biological, prebiotic and nanotechnological processes, including gene regulation, non-enzymatic primer extension and DNA nanodevice assembly. Although extensive research has focused on the thermodynamics and kinetics of nucleic acid hybridization, the behavior of complex mixtures and the outcome of competition for target binding remain less well understood. In this study, we investigate the impact of mismatches and bulges in a 12bp DNA or RNA duplex on its association (kon) and dissociation (koff) kinetics. We find that such defects have relatively small effects on the association kinetics, while the dissociation kinetics vary in a position-dependent manner by up to 6 orders of magnitude. Building upon this observation, we explored a competition scenario involving multiple oligonucleotides, and observed a transient low specificity of probe hybridization to fully vs. partially complementary targets in solution. We characterize these long-lived metastable states and their evolution toward equilibrium, and show that sufficiently long-lived mis-paired duplexes can serve as substrates for prebiotically relevant chemical copying reactions. Our results suggest that transient low accuracy states may spontaneously emerge within all complex nucleic acid systems comprising a large enough number of competing strands, with potential repercussions for gene regulation in the realm of modern biology and the prebiotic preservation of genetic information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Todisco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient States During Oligonucleotides Hybridization: Insights from Annealing Kinetics of Mismatches and Bulges]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cognitive tasks, anatomical MRI, and functional MRI data evaluating the construct of self-regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe the following shared data from N=103 healthy adults who completed a broad set cognitive tasks, surveys, and neuroimaging measurements to examine the construct of self-regulation. The neuroimaging acquisition involved task-based fMRI, resting fMRI, and structural MRI. Each subject completed the following ten tasks in the scanner across two 90- minute scanning sessions: attention network test (ANT), cued task switching, Columbia card task, dot pattern expectancy (DPX), delay discounting, simple and motor selective stop signal, Stroop, a towers task, and a set of survey questions. Subjects also completed resting state scans. The dataset is shared openly through the OpenNeuro project, and the dataset is formatted according to the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) standard.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bissett, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenberg, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rios, J. A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enkavi, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKinnon, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsch, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poldrack, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cognitive tasks, anatomical MRI, and functional MRI data evaluating the construct of self-regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.560003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the Evolution of Populations with Multiple Killer Meiotic Drivers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.560003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meiotic drivers are selfish genetic loci that can be transmitted to more than half of the viable gametes produced by a heterozygote. This biased transmission gives meiotic drivers an evolutionary advantage that can allow them to spread over generations until all members of a population carry the driver. This evolutionary power can also be exploited to modify natural populations using synthetic drivers known as  gene drives. Recently, it has become clear that natural drivers can spread within genomes to birth multicopy gene families. To understand intragenomic spread of drivers, we model the evolution of two distinct meiotic drivers in a population. We employ the wtf killer meiotic drivers from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which are multicopy in all sequenced isolates, as models. We find that a duplicate wtf driver identical to the parent gene can spread in a population unless, or until, the original driver is fixed. When the duplicate driver diverges to be distinct from the parent gene, we find that both drivers spread to fixation under most conditions. Finally, we show that stronger drivers make weaker drivers go extinct in most, but not all, polymorphic populations with absolutely linked drivers. These results reveal the strong potential for natural meiotic drive loci to duplicate and diverge within genomes. Our findings also highlight duplication potential as a factor to consider in the design of synthetic gene drives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, J. F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unckless, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanders, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.560003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the Evolution of Populations with Multiple Killer Meiotic Drivers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The near-normal viability of heterozygote for a lethalenhancer allele suggests a route for cis-regulatory evolution. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A variety of evolutionary processes shape the structure of cis-regulatory elements such as enhancers. Functionally important regulatory sequences tend to be conserved as result of negative selection against deleterious mutations and positive selection for better-canalized performance. However, some forms of stabilizing selection can maintain functional conservation of cis-regulatory elements for long periods of evolutionary time despite structural transcription binding sites turnover (Ludwig et al, 1998). In addition, compensatory evolution can even accelerate the substitution process in large populations to level greater than the neutral rate of substitution (Carter and Wagner, 2002). The effects of lethal mutations in cis-regulatory regions on viability in heterozygotes and the impact of such mutations on evolutionary processes have not been substantially addressed.

We ask a fundamental biological question: How does a lethal mutant in an enhancer region affect viability when carried over a dominant "normal" allele?

Here cis-regulatory mutation eve{Delta}MSE of even-skipped gene (eve) in D. melanogaster, that is lethal in homozygote, has been tested for relative viability in heterozygous state. In eve{Delta}MSE the 480-bp fragment corresponding to MSE (Minimal Stipe Element) of the eve stripe 2 enhancer was deleted and replaced with an unrelated DNA fragment (containing white+ gene marker) by ends-out homologous recombination (Ludwig et al, 2011). We discovered that relative viability of flies carrying cis-regulatory mutation eve{Delta}MSE in heterozygote was not reduced compared to the viability of wild-type flies. In contrast, the viability of heterozygotes carrying a homozygote-lethal nonsense eveR13 mutation (Fujioka et al, 1999) was significantly impacted. Our explanation to this surprising phenomenon relays on action of eve transcriptional autoregulation. The transcription factor (TF) EVE regulates its own expression level through the autoregulatory cis-regulatory module. It could elevate the expression level from one dose to the level sufficient to restore up to 100% fitness in the heterozygote with eve{Delta}MSE lethal allele.

This example suggests that some cis-regulatory mutants (including the deleterious ones) may exist in populations as heterozygotes with high fitness for many generations, before possibly encountering an epistatic interaction with a compensatory mutation at a different site in the genome. Our study is consistent with the compensatory mechanisms of evolution for functionally important cis-regulatory elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.30.560335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The near-normal viability of heterozygote for a lethalenhancer allele suggests a route for cis-regulatory evolution.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular dynamics simulations of HIV-1 matrix-membrane interactions at different stages of viral maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the structural rearrangement of the membrane-bound matrix (MA) protein trimers upon HIV-1 maturation has been reported, the consequences of MA maturation on the MA-lipid interactions are not well understood. Long-timescale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the MA multimeric assemblies of immature and mature virus particles with our realistic asymmetric membrane model have explored MA-lipid interactions and lateral organization of lipids around MA complexes. The number of stable MA-PS and MA-PIP2 interactions at the trimeric interface of the mature MA complex is observed to be greater compared to that of the immature MA complex. Our simulations identified an alternative PIP2 binding site in the immature MA complex where the multivalent headgroup of a PIP2 lipid with a greater negative charge binds to multiple basic amino acid residues such as, ARG3 residues of both the MA monomers at the trimeric interface, and HBR residues (LYS29, LYS31) of one of the MA monomers. Our enhanced sampling simulations have explored the conformational space of phospholipids at different binding sites of the trimeric interface of MA complexes. Unlike the immature MA complex, the 2 acyl tail of two PIP2 lipids at the trimeric interface of the mature MA complex is observed to sample stable binding pockets of MA consisting of helix4 residues. Together, our results provide molecular-level insights into the interactions of MA trimeric complexes with membrane and different lipid conformations at the specific binding sites of MA protein before and after viral maturation.

SignificanceHIV-1 maturation facilitates the conversion of a newly formed immature virus particle to a mature infectious virion and initiates a new round of infection. The contributions of specific protein-lipid interactions in the HIV-1 assembly process are well recognized, however, the interactions of matrix protein lattice with the membrane before and after HIV-1 maturation are yet to be fully understood. Based on our simulated data, supported by prior experimental observations, the present study provides a molecular-level understanding of possible altered binding mode of PIP2 lipids after viral maturation. Identification of protein-lipid specific interactions, and lipid sorting data obtained from our long-time and large-scale atomistic MD simulations advance the understanding of the HIV-1 matrix and membrane maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, J. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.01.560363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular dynamics simulations of HIV-1 matrix-membrane interactions at different stages of viral maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Method For Estimating The Cholesterol Affinity Of Integral Membrane Proteins From Experimental Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cholesterol affinities of many integral plasma membrane proteins have been estimated by molecular computation. However, these values lack experimental confirmation. We therefore developed a simple mathematical model to extract sterol affinity constants and stoichiometries from published isotherms for the dependence of the activity of such proteins on membrane cholesterol concentration. The binding curves for these proteins are sigmoidal with strongly-lagged thresholds attributable to competition for the cholesterol by bilayer phospholipids. The model provided isotherms that matched the experimental data using published values for the sterol association constants and stoichiometries of the phospholipids. Three oligomeric transporters were found to bind cholesterol without cooperativity with dimensionless association constants of 35 for Kir3.4* and 100 for both Kir2 and a GAT transporter. (The corresponding {rho}G{degrees} values were -8.8, -11.4 and -11.4 KJ/mol, respectively.) These association constants are significantly lower than those for the phospholipids which range from [~]100 to 6,000. The BK channel, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the M192I mutant of Kir3.4* appear to bind multiple cholesterol molecules cooperatively (n = 2 or 4) with subunit affinities of 563, 950 and 700, respectively. The model predicts that the three less avid transporters are approximately half-saturated in their native plasma membranes; hence, sensitive to variations in cholesterol in vivo. The more avid proteins would be nearly saturated in vivo. The method can be applied to any integral protein or other ligand in any bilayer for which there are reasonable estimates of the sterol affinities and stoichiometries of the phospholipids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steck, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Method For Estimating The Cholesterol Affinity Of Integral Membrane Proteins From Experimental Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural and molecular basis of choline uptake into the brain by FLVCR2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Choline is an essential nutrient that the human body needs in vast quantities for cell membrane synthesis, epigenetic modification, and neurotransmission. The brain has a particularly high demand for choline, but how it enters the brain has eluded the field for over fifty years. The MFS transporter FLVCR1 was recently determined to be a choline transporter, and while this protein is not highly expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), its relative FLVCR2 is. Previous studies have shown that mutations in human Flvcr2 cause cerebral vascular abnormalities, hydrocephalus, and embryonic lethality, but the physiological role of FLVCR2 is unknown. Here, we demonstrate both in vivo and in vitro that FLVCR2 is a BBB choline transporter and is responsible for the majority of choline uptake into the brain. We also determine the structures of choline-bound FLVCR2 in the inward- and outward-facing states using cryo-electron microscopy to 2.49 and 2.77 [A] resolution, respectively. These results reveal how the brain obtains choline and provide molecular-level insights into how FLVCR2 binds choline in an aromatic cage and mediates its uptake. Our work could provide a novel framework for the targeted delivery of neurotherapeutics into the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cater, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil Iturbe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santander, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reckers, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choy, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural and molecular basis of choline uptake into the brain by FLVCR2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression of the Integrated Stress Response in Islet β Cells Decreases Risk of Autoimmune Diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preventing the onset of autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) is feasible through pharmacological interventions that target molecular stress-responsive mechanisms. Cellular stresses, such as nutrient deficiency, viral infection, or unfolded proteins, trigger the integrated stress response (ISR), which curtails protein synthesis by phosphorylating eIF2. In T1D, maladaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) in insulin-producing {beta} cells renders these cells susceptible to autoimmunity. We show that inhibition of the eIF2 kinase PERK, a common component of the UPR and ISR, reverses the mRNA translation block in stressed human islets and delays the onset of diabetes, reduces islet inflammation, and preserves {beta} cell mass in T1D-susceptible mice. Single-cell RNA sequencing of islets from PERK-inhibited mice shows reductions in the UPR and PERK signaling pathways and alterations in antigen processing and presentation pathways in {beta} cells. Spatial proteomics of islets from these mice shows an increase in the immune checkpoint protein PD-L1 in {beta} cells. Golgi membrane protein 1, whose levels increase following PERK inhibition in human islets and EndoC-{beta}H1 human {beta} cells, interacts with and stabilizes PD-L1. Collectively, our studies show that PERK activity enhances {beta} cell immunogenicity, and inhibition of PERK may offer a strategy to prevent or delay the development of T1D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muralidharan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enriquez, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nargis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figatner, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navitskaya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surguladze, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulvihill, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb-Robertson, B.-J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eizirik, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayasu, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokes, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tersey, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression of the Integrated Stress Response in Islet β Cells Decreases Risk of Autoimmune Diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FORMATION OF MALIGNANT, METASTATIC SMALL CELL LUNG CANCERS THROUGH OVERPRODUCTION OF cMYC PROTEIN IN TP53 AND RB1 DEPLETED PULMONARY NEUROENDOCRINE CELLS DERIVED FROM HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently described our initial efforts to develop a model for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that were differentiated to form pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs), a putative cell of origin for neuroendocrine-positive SCLC. Although reduced expression of the tumor suppressor genes TP53 and RB1 allowed the induced PNECs to form subcutaneous growths in immune-deficient mice, the tumors did not display the aggressive characteristics of SCLC seen in human patients. Here we report that the additional, doxycycline-regulated expression of a transgene encoding wild-type or mutant cMYC protein promotes rapid growth, invasion, and metastasis of these hESC-derived cells after injection into the renal capsule. Similar to others, we find that the addition of cMYC encourages the formation of the SCLC-N subtype, marked by high levels of NEUROD1 RNA. Using paired primary and metastatic samples for RNA sequencing, we observe that the subtype of SCLC does not change upon metastatic spread and that production of NEUROD1 is maintained. We also describe histological features of these malignant, SCLC-like tumors derived from hESCs and discuss potential uses of this model in efforts to control and better understand this recalcitrant neoplasm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemento, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varmus, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FORMATION OF MALIGNANT, METASTATIC SMALL CELL LUNG CANCERS THROUGH OVERPRODUCTION OF cMYC PROTEIN IN TP53 AND RB1 DEPLETED PULMONARY NEUROENDOCRINE CELLS DERIVED FROM HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.07.561344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the tumor micro-environment in ovarian cancer histotypes and tumor sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.07.561344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ovarian cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease consisting of at least five different histological subtypes with varying clinical features, cells of origin, molecular composition, risk factors, and treatments. While most single-cell studies have focused on High grade serous ovarian cancer, a comprehensive landscape of the constituent cell types and their interactions within the tumor microenvironment are yet to be established in the different ovarian cancer histotypes. Further characterization of tumor progression, metastasis, and various histotypes are also needed to connect molecular signatures to pathological grading for personalized diagnosis and tailored treatment. In this study, we leveraged high-resolution single-cell RNA sequencing technology to elucidate the cellular compositions on 21 solid tumor samples collected from 12 patients with six ovarian cancer histotypes and both primary (ovaries) and metastatic (omentum, rectum) sites. The diverse collection allowed us to deconstruct the histotypes and tumor site-specific expression patterns of cells in the tumor and identify key marker genes and ligand-receptor pairs that are active in the ovarian tumor microenvironment. Our findings can be used in improving precision disease stratification and optimizing treatment options.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olalekan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BACK, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashitey, N. A. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.07.561344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the tumor micro-environment in ovarian cancer histotypes and tumor sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LETHAL COVID-19 ASSOCIATES WITH RAAS-INDUCED INFLAMMATION FOR MULTIPLE ORGAN DAMAGE INCLUDING MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lethal COVID-19 outcomes are most often attributed to classic cytokine storm and attendant excessive immune signaling. We re-visit this question using RNA sequencing in nasopharyngeal and 40 autopsy samples from COVID-19-positive and negative individuals. In nasal swabs, the top 100 genes which significantly correlated with COVID-19 viral load, include many canonical innate immune genes. However, 22 much less studied "non-canonical" genes are found and despite the absence of viral transcripts, subsets of these are upregulated in heart, lung, kidney, and liver, but not mediastinal lymph nodes. An important regulatory potential emerges for the non-canonical genes for over-activating the renin-angiotensin-activation-system (RAAS) pathway, resembling this phenomenon in hereditary angioedema (HAE) and its overlapping multiple features with lethal COVID-19 infections. Specifically, RAAS overactivation links increased fibrin deposition, leaky vessels, thrombotic tendency, and initiating the PANoptosis death pathway, as suggested in heart, lung, and especially mediastinal lymph nodes, with a tightly associated mitochondrial dysfunction linked to immune responses. For mediastinal lymph nodes, immunohistochemistry studies validate the transcriptomic findings showing abnormal architecture, excess fibrin and collagen deposition, and pathogenic fibroblasts. Further, our findings overlap findings in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse models, and importantly peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and whole blood samples from COVID-19 patients infected with early variants and later SARS-CoV-2 strains. We thus present cytokine storm in lethal COVID-19 disease as an interplay between upstream immune gene signaling producing downstream RAAS overactivation with resultant severe organ damage, especially compromising mediastinal lymph node function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guarnieri, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beigel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haltoom, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadburn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frere, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borczuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meydan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foox, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozsary, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bram, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epsi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenoweth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tribble, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalgard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heise, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taft-Benz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickmander, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widjaja, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murdock, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrecht, Y. E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dybas, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmett, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trovao, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cl</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.08.561395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LETHAL COVID-19 ASSOCIATES WITH RAAS-INDUCED INFLAMMATION FOR MULTIPLE ORGAN DAMAGE INCLUDING MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.560955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of 168,000 samples reveals global patterns of the human gut microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.560955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the factors that shape variation in the human microbiome is a major goal of research in biology. While other genomics fields have used large, pre-compiled compendia to extract systematic insights requiring otherwise impractical sample sizes, there has been no comparable resource for the 16S rRNA sequencing data commonly used to quantify microbiome composition. To help close this gap, we have assembled a set of 168,484 publicly available human gut microbiome samples, processed with a single pipeline and combined into the largest unified microbiome dataset to date. We use this resource, which is freely available at microbiomap.org, to shed light on global variation in the human gut microbiome. We find that Firmicutes, particularly Bacilli and Clostridia, are almost universally present in the human gut. At the same time, the relative abundance of the 65 most common microbial genera differ between at least two world regions. We also show that gut microbiomes in undersampled world regions, such as Central and Southern Asia, differ significantly from the more thoroughly characterized microbiomes of Europe and Northern America. Moreover, humans in these overlooked regions likely harbor hundreds of taxa that have not yet been discovered due to this undersampling, highlighting the need for diversity in microbiome studies. We anticipate that this new compendium can serve the community and enable advanced applied and methodological research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdill, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinetti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blekhman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.560955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of 168,000 samples reveals global patterns of the human gut microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiota may affect the tumor type but not overall tumor development in two models of heritable cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial impact on tumorigenesis of heritable cancers proximal to the gut is well documented. Whether the microbiota influences cancers arising from inborn mutations at sites distal to the gut is undetermined. Using two models of heritable cancer, we found the microbiota to be inconsequential for tumor development. However, the type of tumor that develops may be influenced by the microbiota. This work furthers our understanding of the microbial impact on tumor development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spring, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurbuxani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golovkina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiota may affect the tumor type but not overall tumor development in two models of heritable cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
diplo-locus: A lightweight toolkit for inference and simulation of time-series genetic data under general diploid selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.562101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whole-genome time-series allele frequency data are becoming more prevalent as ancient DNA (aDNA) sequences and data from evolve-and-resequence (E&R) experiments are generated at a rapid pace. Such data presents unprecedented opportunities to elucidate the dynamics of genetic variation under selection. However, despite many methods to infer parameters of selection models from allele frequency trajectories available in the literature, few provide user-friendly implementations for large-scale empirical applications. Here, we present diplo-locus, an open-source Python package that provides functionality to simulate and perform inference from time-series data under the Wright-Fisher diffusion with general diploid selection. The package includes Python modules as well as command-line tools and is available at: https://github.com/steinrue/diplo_locus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinruecken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.562101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[diplo-locus: A lightweight toolkit for inference and simulation of time-series genetic data under general diploid selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.562273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A PARP14/TARG1-Regulated RACK1 MARylation Cycle Drives Stress Granule Dynamics in Ovarian Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.562273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation (MARylation) is emerging as a critical regulator of ribosome function and translation. Herein, we demonstrate that RACK1, an integral component of the ribosome, is MARylated on three acidic residues by the mono(ADP-ribosyl) transferase (MART) PARP14 in ovarian cancer cells. MARylation of RACK1 is required for stress granule formation and promotes the colocalization of RACK1 in stress granules with G3BP1, eIF3{eta}, and 40S ribosomal proteins. In parallel, we observed reduced translation of a subset of mRNAs, including those encoding key cancer regulators (e.g., AKT). Treatment with a PARP14 inhibitor or mutation of the sites of MARylation on RACK1 blocks these outcomes, as well as the growth of ovarian cancer cells in culture and in vivo. To re-set the system after prolonged stress and recovery, the ADP-ribosyl hydrolase TARG1 deMARylates RACK1, leading to the dissociation of the stress granules and the restoration of translation. Collectively, our results demonstrate a therapeutically targetable pathway that controls stress granule assembly and disassembly in ovarian cancer cells.

SummaryWe have discovered a druggable PARP14/TARG1-regulated pathway that mediates site- specific mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation of RACK1, a ribosomal protein. This pathway controls stress granule assembly and disassembly, as well as the translation of a subset of mRNAs, to modulate the growth of ovarian cancer cells in culture and in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Challa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renshaw, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.13.562273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A PARP14/TARG1-Regulated RACK1 MARylation Cycle Drives Stress Granule Dynamics in Ovarian Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.15.562341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
hkb is required for DIP-α expression and target recognition in the Drosophila neuromuscular circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.15.562341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our nervous system contains billions of neurons that form precise connections with each other through interactions between cell surface proteins (CSPs). In Drosophila, the Dpr and DIP immunoglobulin protein subfamilies form homophilic or heterophilic interactions to instruct synaptic connectivity, synaptic growth and cell survival. However, the upstream regulation and downstream signaling mechanisms of Dprs and DIPs are not clear. In the Drosophila larval neuromuscular system, DIP- is expressed in the dorsal and ventral type-Is motor neurons (MNs). We conducted an F1 dominant modifier genetic screen to identify regulators of Dprs and DIPs. We found that the transcription factor, huckebein (hkb), genetically interacts with DIP- and is important for target recognition specifically in the dorsal Is MN, but not the ventral Is MN. Loss of hkb led to complete removal of DIP- expression. We then confirmed that this specificity is through the dorsal Is MN specific transcription factor, even-skipped (eve), which acts downstream of hkb. Genetic interaction between hkb and eve revealed that they act in the same pathway to regulate dorsal Is MN connectivity. Our study provides insight into the transcriptional regulation of DIP- and suggests that distinct regulatory mechanisms exist for the same CSP in different neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonetta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorrentino, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatton, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vecsey, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.15.562341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[hkb is required for DIP-α expression and target recognition in the Drosophila neuromuscular circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.15.562439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning-based aberration compensation improves contrast and resolution in fluorescence microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.15.562439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optical aberrations hinder fluorescence microscopy of thick samples, reducing image signal, contrast, and resolution. Here we introduce a deep learning-based strategy for aberration compensation, improving image quality without slowing image acquisition, applying additional dose, or introducing more optics into the imaging path. Our method (i) introduces synthetic aberrations to images acquired on the shallow side of image stacks, making them resemble those acquired deeper into the volume and (ii) trains neural networks to reverse the effect of these aberrations. We use simulations and experiments to show that applying the trained  de-aberration networks outperforms alternative methods, providing restoration on par with adaptive optics techniques; and subsequently apply the networks to diverse datasets captured with confocal, light-sheet, multi-photon, and super-resolution microscopy. In all cases, the improved quality of the restored data facilitates qualitative image inspection and improves downstream image quantitation, including orientational analysis of blood vessels in mouse tissue and improved membrane and nuclear segmentation in C. elegans embryos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroeschell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaw, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhovmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.15.562439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning-based aberration compensation improves contrast and resolution in fluorescence microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BTSP, not STDP, Drives Shifts in Hippocampal Representations During Familiarization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic plasticity is widely thought to support memory storage in the brain, but the rules determining impactful synaptic changes in-vivo are not known. We considered the trial-by-trial shifting dynamics of hippocampal place fields (PFs) as an indicator of ongoing plasticity during memory formation. By implementing different plasticity rules in computational models of spiking place cells and comparing to experimentally measured PFs from mice navigating familiar and novel environments, we found that Behavioral-Timescale-Synaptic-Plasticity (BTSP), rather than Hebbian Spike-Timing-Dependent-Plasticity, is the principal mechanism governing PF shifting dynamics. BTSP-triggering events are rare, but more frequent during novel experiences. During exploration, their probability is dynamic: it decays after PF onset, but continually drives a population-level representational drift. Finally, our results show that BTSP occurs in CA3 but is less frequent and phenomenologically different than in CA1. Overall, our study provides a new framework to understand how synaptic plasticity shapes neuronal representations during learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madar, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BTSP, not STDP, Drives Shifts in Hippocampal Representations During Familiarization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the problem of inflation in transcriptome-wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription-wide association studies (TWAS) and related methods (xWAS) have been widely adopted in genetic studies to understand molecular traits as mediators between genetic variation and disease. However, the effect of polygenicity on the validity of these mediator-trait association tests has largely been overlooked. Given the widespread polygenicity of complex traits, it is necessary to assess the validity and accuracy of these mediator-trait association tests. We found that for highly polygenic target traits, the standard test based on linear regression is inflated, leading to greatly increased false positives rates, especially in large sample sizes. Here, we show the extent of the inflation as a function of the underlying GWAS sample size and polygenic heritability of the target trait. To address this inflation, we propose an effective variance control method, similar to genomic control, but which allows for a different correction factor for each gene. Using simulated and real data, as well as theoretical derivations, we show that our method yields calibrated false positive rates, outperforming existing approaches. We further demonstrate that methods analogous to TWAS that associate genetic predictors of mediating traits with target traits suffer from similar inflation issues. We advise developers of genetic predictors for molecular traits (including polygenic risk scores, PRS) to compute and provide the necessary inflation parameters to ensure proper false positive control. Finally, we have updated our PrediXcan software package and resources to facilitate this correction for end users.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyasimi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the problem of inflation in transcriptome-wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dynamic scale-mixture model of motion in natural scenes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some of the most important tasks of visual and motor systems involve estimating the motion of objects and tracking them over time. Such systems evolved to meet the behavioral needs of the organism in its natural environment, and may therefore be adapted to the statistics of motion it is likely to encounter. By tracking the movement of individual points in movies of natural scenes, we begin to identify common properties of natural motion across scenes. As expected, objects in natural scenes move in a persistent fashion, with velocity correlations lasting hundreds of milliseconds. More subtly, but crucially, we find that the observed velocity distributions are heavy-tailed and can be modeled as a Gaussian scale-mixture. Extending this model to the time domain leads to a dynamic scale-mixture model, consisting of a Gaussian process multiplied by a positive scalar quantity with its own independent dynamics. Dynamic scaling of velocity arises naturally as a consequence of changes in object distance from the observer, and may approximate the effects of changes in other parameters governing the motion in a given scene. This modeling and estimation framework has implications for the neurobiology of sensory and motor systems, which need to cope with these fluctuations in scale in order to represent motion efficiently and drive fast and accurate tracking behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.19.563101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dynamic scale-mixture model of motion in natural scenes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent spike mutations impact the activation of the fusion core in Delta and Omicronvariants of SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells by binding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of its spike protein to the receptor, ACE2. A subset of highly effective spike mutations plays critical roles in altering the conformational dynamics of spike protein. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate how spike mutations affect the conformational dynamics of spike/ACE2 complex in the D614G, Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 variants. We observe that the increased positive-charged mutations in the Omicron spike amplify its structural rigidity and reduce its structural flexibility. The mutations (P681R in Delta and P681H in Omicron) at the S1/S2 junction facilitate S1/S2 cleavage and aid the activation of the fusion core. We report that high structural flexibility in Delta lowers the barrier for the activation of the S2 core; however, high structural rigidity in Omicron enhances the barrier for the same. Our results also explain why Omicron requires the presence of a higher number of ACE2 to activate its fusion core than Delta.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dutta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.19.563184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent spike mutations impact the activation of the fusion core in Delta and Omicronvariants of SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563679v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Pipeline for a Primate Projectome: mapping every individual myelinated axon across the whole brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563679v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1We developed a pipeline to detail the morphology and complete trajectory of every long distance projecting neuron in large volumes of the non-human primate brain - a projectome. A projectome would organize how the hundreds of brain regions in a primate brain communicate with each other and provide a comprehensive classification of long distance neurons. The reason such projectomes do not exist already is that there is no single imaging technique with the resolution and sampling depth capable of producing one in primates. Here we address that gap by combining new ways to cut brains with minimal tissue loss, nanoscale x-ray microscopy imaging that reveals every individual myelinated axon (MA) and the location, size, and morphology of every neuron, and algorithms for tracing individual myelinated axons for millimeters to centimeters, across tissue gaps.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wildenberg, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boergens, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikitin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deriy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Carlo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Andrade, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563679</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Pipeline for a Primate Projectome: mapping every individual myelinated axon across the whole brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RELAXING SELECTIVE PRESSURES ON DEVELOPMENTALLY COMPLEX INTEGUMENTARY STRUCTURES: FEATHER VANE SYMMETRY EVOLVES IN ADDITION TO BODY MASS AND WING LENGTH AFTER FLIGHT LOSS IN RECENT BIRDS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.24.563691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Feathers are complex integumentary structures with high diversity across species and within plumage and have varied functions (e.g., thermoregulation, flight). Flight is lost in many crown lineages, and frequently occurs in island  founding or semiaquatic context. Different extant lineages lost flight across at least three orders of magnitude of time ([~]79.58 Ma-15 Ka). Flight losss effect on sensory capacity, brain size, and skeletomusculature have been studied, but less work exists on relations between flightlessness and feathers. To understand how flight loss affects feather anatomy, we measured 11 feather metrics (e.g., barb length, barb angle) from primaries, tertials, rectrices, and contour feathers on skins of 30 flightless taxa and their phylogenetically closest volant taxa, supplemented with broader sampling of primaries across all orders of volant crown birds. Our sample includes 27 independent losses of flight; the sample contains nearly half the extant flightless species count and matches its [~]3:2 terrestrial:semiaquatic ratio. Vane symmetry increases in flightless lineages, and these patterns are strongest in flight feathers and weakest in coverts. Greatest changes in feathers are in the oldest flightless lineages like penguins, which show robust filaments (rachis, barbs, and barbules) on small feathers, and ratites, which show high interspecific diversity with plumulaceous filaments and/or filament loss. Phylogenetic comparative methods show that some of these microscopic feather traits, such as barb/barbule length and rachis width, are not as dramatically modified upon flight loss as are body mass increase and relative wing and tail fan reduction, whereas the effect on vane symmetry is more easily detected. Upon relaxing selection for flight, feathers do not soon significantly modify many of their flight adaptations, although increased vane symmetry is likely the most detectable shift. Feathers of recently flightless lineages are in many ways like those of their volant relatives. Feather microstructure evolution is often subtle in flightless taxa, except when flight loss is ancient, perhaps because developmental constraints act upon feathers and/or selection for novel feather morphologies is not strong. Changes in skeletomusculature of the flight apparatus are likely more evident in recently flightless taxa and may be a more reliable way to detect flight loss in fossils, with increased vane symmetry as potentially a microscopic signal. Finally, we see an intriguing, reversed pattern in feather evolution after flight loss from the pattern proposed in popular developmental models of feathers, with the later stages of feather development (asymmetric displacement of barb loci) being lost more readily, while early stages of development (e.g., differentiated barb ridges on follicle collar) are only lost after many millions of years of flightlessness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saitta, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carden, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makovicky, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.24.563691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RELAXING SELECTIVE PRESSURES ON DEVELOPMENTALLY COMPLEX INTEGUMENTARY STRUCTURES: FEATHER VANE SYMMETRY EVOLVES IN ADDITION TO BODY MASS AND WING LENGTH AFTER FLIGHT LOSS IN RECENT BIRDS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.27.564436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection, characterization, and phylogenetic analysis of a near-whole genome sequence of a novel astrovirus in an endemic Malagasy fruit bat, Rousettus madagascariensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.27.564436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bats (order: Chiroptera) are known to host a diverse range of viruses, some of which present a public health risk. Thorough viral surveillance is therefore essential to predict and potentially mitigate zoonotic spillover. Astroviruses (family: Astroviridae) are an understudied group of viruses with a growing amount of indirect evidence for zoonotic transfer. Astroviruses have been detected in bats with significant prevalence and diversity, suggesting that bats may act as important astrovirus hosts. Most astrovirus surveillance in wild bat hosts has, to date, been restricted to single-gene PCR detection and concomitant Sanger sequencing; additionally, many bat species and many geographic regions have not yet been surveyed for astroviruses at all. Here, we use metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing (mNGS) to detect astroviruses in three species of Madagascar fruit bats, Eidolon dupreanum, Pteropus rufus, and Rousettus madagascariensis. We detect numerous partial sequences from all three species and one near-full length astrovirus sequence from Rousettus madagascariensis, which we use to characterize the evolutionary history of astroviruses both within bats and the broader mammalian clade, Mamastrovirus. Taken together, applications of mNGS implicate bats as important astrovirus hosts and demonstrate novel patterns of bat astrovirus evolutionary history, particularly in the Southwest Indian Ocean region.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horigan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kistler, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaivoson, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrianiaina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kettenburg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raharinosy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randriambolamanantsoa, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacoste, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heraud, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.27.564436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection, characterization, and phylogenetic analysis of a near-whole genome sequence of a novel astrovirus in an endemic Malagasy fruit bat, Rousettus madagascariensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.563530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social buffering switches fear to safety encoding by oxytocin recruitment of central amygdala "buffer neurons" 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.563530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The presence of a companion can reduce fear, but the precise neural mechanisms underlying this social buffering of fear (SBF) are incompletely known. We studied SBF encoding in the amygdala of rats that were fear-conditioned (FC) to auditory conditioned stimuli (CS). Pharmacological, opto,- and/or chemogenetic interventions showed that oxytocin (OT) signaling from hypothalamus-to-central amygdala (CeA) projections was required for acute fear reduction in the presence, and SBF retention 24h later in the absence of the companion. Single-unit recordings with optetrodes revealed fear-encoding CeA neurons (characterized by increased CS responses after FC) were inhibited by SBF and blue light (BL) stimulation of OTergic projections. Other CeA neurons developed CS responses only after SBF that persisted during SBF retention. Their baseline activity was enhanced by BL and exposure to the companion. SBF thus switches the CS from encoding "fear" to "safety" by OT-mediated recruitment of a distinct group of CeA "buffer neurons".
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hegoburu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triana del Rio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salgado, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abatis, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caseiro, D. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>grundschober, c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>STOOP, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.29.563530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social buffering switches fear to safety encoding by oxytocin recruitment of central amygdala "buffer neurons"]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Untangling the Role of Pathobionts from Bacteroides Species in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) arise from a convergence of underlying genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and shifts in gut microbiota function and membership. Although the latter may trigger and contribute to IBD, there is little consensus on a specific causative pathogen. In this study, we demonstrate that commensal Bacteroides fragilis strains from ulcerative colitis (UC) patients before and during the development of ileal pouchitis engraft and promote colitis in specific pathogen free (SPF) IL-10 deficient (IL-10-/-) mice, but not in wild type SPF mice or when mono-associated in germ free mice. The colitis in IL-10-/- mice was also associated with significant alterations in commensal microbiota potentially important for maintaining intestinal and immune homeostasis. UC pouchitis B. fragilis also engrafts in DSS-induced colitis in WT SPF mice, indicating a fitness advantage under conditions of mucosal inflammation over other commensals in the gut microbiota. These findings show that gut inflammation promotes the expansion and fitness of UC-derived Bacteroides species that is associated with changes in the SPF gut microbiota and may be promote colitis in genetically susceptible hosts.

ImportanceThis study supports the notion that human inflammatory bowel diseases arise from the emergence of indigenous pathobionts in genetically-prone subjects. Colitis-promoting pathobionts are well-suited to establish themselves in the host inflammatory environment and outcompete endogenous microbiota. Once engrafted, the pathobiont can further aggravate inflammation in a genetically-susceptible host. Such complex interplay among several factors creates a vicious pro-inflammatory cycle and promotes disease development. These findings are consistent with our previous clinical observation that B. fragilis, an otherwise low-abundance commensal species, expands prior to the development of UC pouchitis. We believe these findings are relevant to the pathogenesis of UC pouchitis and possibly human inflammatory bowel diseases in general, underscoring the role of commensal to pathobiont transitions, rather than classical pathogens, in promoting and exacerbating the onset of human IBD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cham, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spedale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriault, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lolans, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comstock, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.29.564605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Untangling the Role of Pathobionts from Bacteroides Species in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor microenvironment-induced FOXM1 regulates ovarian cancer stemness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In ovarian tumors, the omental microenvironment profoundly influences the behavior of cancer cells and sustains the acquisition of stem-like traits, with major impacts on tumor aggressiveness and relapse. Here, we exploit a patient-derived platform of organotypic cultures to study the crosstalk between the tumor microenvironment and ovarian cancer stem cells. The pro-tumorigenic transcription factor FOXM1 is specifically induced by the microenvironment in ovarian cancer stem cells, through activation of FAK/YAP signaling. The microenvironment-induced FOXM1 sustains stemness, and its inactivation reduces cancer stem cells survival in the omental niche and enhances their response to the PARP inhibitor Olaparib. By unveiling the novel role of FOXM1 in ovarian cancer stemness, our findings highlight patient-derived organotypic co-cultures as a powerful tool to capture clinically relevant mechanisms of the microenvironment/stem cells crosstalk, contributing to the identification of tumor vulnerabilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Battistini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieddu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melocchi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghioni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porta, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giavazzi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengyel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavallaro, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor microenvironment-induced FOXM1 regulates ovarian cancer stemness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural determinants of pure antiestrogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhibitory activities of antiestrogens on estrogen receptor alpha (ER) range from mixed antagonism/agonism (selective ER modulators; SERMs) to complete antiestrogenicity associated with accelerated ER turnover (selective ER degraders; SERDs). Here, we show using a panel of SERMs, SERDs and a PROTAC that efficient induction of ER SUMOylation better accounts for complete transcriptional repression than increased suppression of coactivator recruitment or accelerated ER degradation. Antiestrogen-induced ER SUMOylation depends on the hydrophobicity of N-terminal residues of ligand binding domain (LBD) helix 12 (H12). L536 mutations, including those occurring in endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer, abolished SUMOylation with all antiestrogens. Structures of the L536S human ER LBD bound to fulvestrant analogs and molecular dynamics simulations predict dynamic side chain interactions with wild-type ER H12 in the coactivator-binding groove and model the impact of L536 mutations. Together, our results show that induced SUMOylation contributes to the complete suppression of ER activity and provide insights into its structural determinants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaikh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Ezzy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiombane, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poupart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Sanchez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleason, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuetz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanning, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MADER, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.564979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural determinants of pure antiestrogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autophagy regulates tumor growth and metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of autophagy in tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis remains poorly understood. Here we show that inhibition of autophagy stabilizes the transcription factor Twist1 through Sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1, also known as p62) and thus increases cell proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor development and metastasis. Inhibition of autophagy or p62 overexpression blocks Twist1 protein degradation in the proteasomes, while p62 inhibition enhances it. SQSTM1/p62 interacts with Twist1 via the UBA domain of p62, in a Twist1-ubiquitination-dependent manner. Lysine 175 in Twist1 is critical for Twist1 ubiquitination, degradation, and SQSTM1/p62 interaction. For squamous skin cancer and melanoma cells that express Twist1, SQSTM1/p62 increases tumor growth and metastasis in mice. Together, our results identified Twist1 as a key downstream protein for autophagy and suggest a critical role of the autophagy/p62/Twist1 axis in cancer development and metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorburn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.564991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autophagy regulates tumor growth and metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.564627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Climate-Change Driven Decline of an Insect Pathogen Increases the Risk of Defoliation by a Forest Pest Insect 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.564627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The effects of climate change on forest-defoliating insects are poorly understood, a problem that is especially urgent in the case of the spongy moth (formerly "the gypsy moth", Lymantria dispar). For decades following its introduction in 1869, the spongy moth severely defoliated North American forests, but the introduction of the pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga in 1989 drastically lowered defoliation levels. E. maimaiga, however, needs cool, moist conditions, whereas climate change is bringing hot, dry conditions to the range of the spongy moth. Here we use an empirically validated mathematical model to project that climate change will sharply reduce E. maimaiga infection rates, greatly increasing spongy moth defoliation. Recent data show that defoliation has strongly rebounded, supporting our projections. Our work shows that the effects of climate change on insect pathogens can have dire consequences for forests, and demonstrates the importance of understanding how climate change can alter species interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotamarthi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koval, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.564627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Climate-Change Driven Decline of an Insect Pathogen Increases the Risk of Defoliation by a Forest Pest Insect]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Host-specific Microbiota is Required for Diet-Specific Metabolic Homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In complex mammals, the importance and host-specificity of microbial communities have been demonstrated through their positive effects on host immune fitness or performance. However, whether host metabolic physiology homeostasis depends on a specific bacterial community exclusive to the host remains unclear. Here, we show that the coevolved host-specific microbiota is required to maintain diet-specific flexible and sufficient metabolic homeostasis through a high colonization rate, modulating gut metabolites, and related targets. Using germ-free (GF) mice, we tested whether the fitness benefiting the host metabolic phenotype of microbiota was host-specific. We demonstrated that GF mice associated with exogenous microbiota (human microbiota (HM)), which exhibited different and reduced gut microbial species diversity, significantly elevated metabolic rate, and exhibited metabolic insufficiency, all characteristics of GF mice. Strikingly, the absence of the host-specific microbiome attenuated high-fat diet-specific metabolism features. Different diets caused different metabolic changes in only host-specific microbiota-associated mice, not the host-microbiota mismatched mice. While RNA sequencing revealed subtle changes in the expression of genes in the liver, GF mice and HM mice showed considerably altered expression of genes associated with metabolic physiology compared to GF mice associated with host-specific microbiota. The effect of diet outweighed microbiota in the liver transcriptome. These changes occurred in the setting of decreased luminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the secondary bile acid (BAs) pool and downstream gut signaling targets in HM and GF mice, which affects whole-body metabolism. These data indicate that a foreign microbial community provides little metabolic benefit to the host when compared to a host-specific microbiome, due to the colonization selection pressure and microbiota-derived metabolites dysfunction. Overall, microbiome fitness effects on the host metabolic phenotype were host-specific. Understanding the impact of the host-specificity of the microbiome on metabolic homeostasis may provide important insights for building a better probiotic.

HighlightsO_LIMicrobiome fitness effects on the host metabolic phenotype were host-specific in mammals.
C_LIO_LIHuman microbiota-associated mice exhibited lower host metabolic fitness or performance, and similar functional costs in GF mice.
C_LIO_LIDifferent diets cause different metabolic changes only in host-specific microbiota-associated mice, not the host-microbiota mismatched mice.
C_LIO_LIThe defective gut microbiota in host-specific microbiota, microbial metabolites and related targets likely drive the metabolic homeostasis.
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fei, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>StGeorge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzoor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melanie Spedale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betty R Theriault, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinanath Sulakhe, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B., E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.05.565654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Host-specific Microbiota is Required for Diet-Specific Metabolic Homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A paradoxical population structure of var DBLα types in Africa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The var multigene family encodes the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), which is important in host-parasite interaction as a virulence factor and major surface antigen of the blood stages of the parasite, responsible for maintaining chronic infection. Whilst important in the biology of P. falciparum, these genes (50 to 60 genes per parasite genome) are routinely excluded from whole genome analyses due to their hyper-diversity, achieved primarily through recombination. The PfEMP1 head structure almost always consists of a DBL-CIDR tandem. Categorised into different groups (upsA, upsB, upsC), different head structures have been associated with different ligand-binding affinities and disease severities. We study how conserved individual DBL types are at the country, regional, and local scales in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using publicly-available sequence datasets and a novel ups classification algorithm, cUps, we performed an in silico exploration of DBL conservation through time and space in Africa. In all three ups groups, the population structure of DBL types in Africa consists of variants occurring at rare, low, moderate, and high frequencies. Non-rare variants were found to be temporally stable in a local area in endemic Ghana. When inspected across different geographical scales, we report different levels of conservation; while some DBL types were consistently found in high frequencies in multiple African countries, others were conserved only locally, signifying local preservation of specific types. Underlying this population pattern is the composition of DBL types within each isolate DBL repertoire, revealed to also consist of a mix of types found at rare, low, moderate, and high frequencies in the population. We further discuss the adaptive forces and balancing selection, including host genetic factors, potentially shaping the evolution and diversity of DBL types in Africa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiedje, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, Y.-b.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.05.565723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A paradoxical population structure of var DBLα types in Africa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Teaching transposon classification as a means to crowd source the curation of repeat annotation - a tardigrade perspective 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advancement of sequencing technologies results in the rapid release of hundreds of new genome assemblies a year providing unprecedented resources for the study of genome evolution. Within this context, the significance of in-depth analyses of repetitive elements, transposable elements (TEs) in particular, is increasingly recognized in understanding genome evolution. Despite the plethora of available bioinformatic tools for identifying and annotating TEs, the phylogenetic distance of the target species from a curated and classified database of repetitive element sequences constrains any automated annotation effort. Manual curation of raw repeat libraries is deemed essential due to the frequent incompleteness of automatically generated consensus sequences. However, manual curation and classification are time-consuming processes that offer limited short-term academic rewards and are typically confined to a few research groups where methods are taught through hands-on experience. Crowd sourcing efforts could offer a significant opportunity to bridge the gap between learning the methods of curation effectively and empowering the scientific community with high-quality, reusable repeat libraries. Here, we present an example of such crowd sourcing effort developed through both in-person and online courses built around a collaborative peer-reviewed teaching process that can be used as teaching reference guide for similar projects. The collaborative manual curation of TEs from two tardigrade species, for which there were no TE libraries available, resulted in the successful characterization of hundreds of new and diverse TEs: A hidden treasure awaits discovery within non-model organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peona, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martelossi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almojil, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocharkina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brännström, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco-Valenzuela, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVries, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doellman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elsner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espindola-Hernandez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagorski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hałakuc, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanovska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laumer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bostjancic, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashoodh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzoleni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janke, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potente, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provataris, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardos-Blas, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raut, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sbaffi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symonova, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tahami, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yusuf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecoraro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Teaching transposon classification as a means to crowd source the curation of repeat annotation - a tardigrade perspective]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VPS8D, a CORVET subunit, is required to maintain the contractile vacuole complex in Tetrahymena thermophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contractile vacuole complexes (CVCs) are complex osmoregulatory organelles, with vesicular (bladder) and tubular (spongiome) subcompartments. The mechanisms that underlie their formation and maintenance within the eukaryotic endomembrane network are poorly understood. In the Ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, six differentiated CORVETs (class C core vacuole/endosome tethering complexes), with Vps8 subunits designated A-F, are likely to direct endosomal trafficking. Vps8Dp localizes to both bladder and spongiome. We show by inducible knockdown that VPS8D is essential to CVC organization and function. VPS8D knockdown increased susceptibility to osmotic shock, tolerated in the wildtype but triggering irreversible lethal swelling in the mutant. The knockdown rapidly triggered contraction of the spongiome and lengthened the period of the bladder contractile cycle. More prolonged knockdown resulted in disassembly of both the spongiome and bladder, and dispersal of proteins associated with those compartments. In stressed cells where the normally singular bladder is replaced by numerous vesicles bearing bladder markers, Vps8Dp concentrated conspicuously at long-lived inter-vesicle contact sites, consistent with tethering activity. Similarly, Vps8Dp in cell-free preparations accumulated at junctions formed after vacuoles came into close contact. Also consistent with roles for Vps8Dp in tethering and/or fusion were the emergence in knockdown cells of multiple vacuole-related structures, replacing the single bladder.

SynopsisIn the Ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, VPS8D, which encodes a subunit of a non-conventional CORVET complex, is an essential determinant of the contractile vacuole complex (CVC). VPS8D knockdown results in retraction and dispersal of the spongiome, and disappearance of the bladder, reinforcing the view that CVCs arise from endosomal trafficking. Intermediate knockdown phenotypes and Vps8Dp localization support a role in homotypic tethering.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkewitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.07.566071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VPS8D, a CORVET subunit, is required to maintain the contractile vacuole complex in Tetrahymena thermophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial One-Carbon Metabolism is Required for TGF-β-Induced Glycine Synthesis and Collagen Protein Production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.07.566074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis is the TGF-{beta}-dependent activation of lung fibroblasts, leading to excessive deposition of collagen proteins and progressive scarring. We have previously shown that synthesis of collagen by lung fibroblasts requires de novo synthesis of glycine, the most abundant amino acid in collagen protein. TGF-{beta} upregulates the expression of the enzymes of the de novo serine/glycine synthesis pathway in lung fibroblasts through mTORC1 and ATF4- dependent transcriptional programs. SHMT2, the final enzyme of the de novo serine/glycine synthesis pathway, transfers a one-carbon unit from serine to tetrahydrofolate (THF), producing glycine and 5,10-methylene-THF (meTHF). meTHF is converted back to THF in the mitochondrial one-carbon (1C) pathway through the sequential actions of MTHFD2 (which converts meTHF to 10-formyl-THF), and either MTHFD1L, which produces formate, or ALDH1L2, which produces CO2. It is unknown how the mitochondrial 1C pathway contributes to glycine biosynthesis or collagen protein production in fibroblasts, or fibrosis in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that TGF-{beta} induces the expression of MTHFD2, MTHFD1L, and ALDH1L2 in human lung fibroblasts. MTHFD2 expression was required for TGF-{beta}-induced cellular glycine accumulation and collagen protein production. Combined knockdown of both MTHFD1L and ALDH1L2 also inhibited glycine accumulation and collagen protein production downstream of TGF-{beta}; however knockdown of either protein alone had no inhibitory effect, suggesting that lung fibroblasts can utilize either enzyme to regenerate THF. Pharmacologic inhibition of MTHFD2 recapitulated the effects of MTHFD2 knockdown in lung fibroblasts and ameliorated fibrotic responses after intratracheal bleomycin instillation in vivo. Our results provide insight into the metabolic requirements of lung fibroblasts and provide support for continued development of MTHFD2 inhibitors for the treatment of IPF and other fibrotic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meliton, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetin-Atalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szafran, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, K. W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamaa, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutlu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamanaka, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.07.566074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial One-Carbon Metabolism is Required for TGF-β-Induced Glycine Synthesis and Collagen Protein Production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiota-dependent early life programming of gastrointestinal motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gastrointestinal microbes modulate peristalsis and stimulate the enteric nervous system (ENS), whose development, as in the central nervous system (CNS), continues into the murine postweaning period. Given that adult CNS function depends on stimuli received during critical periods of postnatal development, we hypothesized that adult ENS function, namely motility, depends on microbial stimuli during similar critical periods. We gave fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to germ-free mice at weaning or as adults and found that only the mice given FMT at weaning recovered normal transit, while those given FMT as adults showed limited improvements. RNAseq of colonic muscularis propria revealed enrichments in neuron developmental pathways in mice exposed to gut microbes earlier in life, while mice exposed later - or not at all - showed exaggerated expression of inflammatory pathways. These findings highlight a microbiota-dependent sensitive period in ENS development, pointing to potential roles of the early life microbiome in later life dysmotility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frith, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linden, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriault, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.08.566304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiota-dependent early life programming of gastrointestinal motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human organoid modeling of congenital malformations caused by RFX6 mutations reveal an essential role for this transcription factor in establishing and maintaining duodenal identity upstream of PDX1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract consists of highly specialized organs from the proximal esophagus to the distal colon, each with unique functions. Rare congenital malformations of the GI tract, including organ atresia, agenesis or mis-patterning are linked to gene mutations although the molecular basis of these malformations has been poorly studied due to lack of model systems to study human development. We identified a patient with compound heterozygous mutations in the transcription factor RFX6 with pancreatic agenesis as previously described. In addition, the patient had duodenal mal-rotation and atresia suggesting that establishment of the proximal small intestine was impaired in these patients. To identify the molecular basis of the intestinal malformation we generated induced pluripotent stem cell lines from this patient, and derived human intestinal organoid (HIOs) to identify how mutations in RFX6 impact intestinal patterning and function. We identified that the duodenal identity of HIOs and patient tissues had adopted a more distal small intestinal signature, including expression of SATB2, normally expressed in the ileum and colon. CRISPR-mediated correction of RFX6 restored duodenal identity, including expression of PDX1, which is required for duodenal development. Using transcriptomic approaches in HIOs and Xenopus embryos we identified that PDX1 is a downstream transcriptional target of RFX6 and that PDX1 expression in a RFX6 mutant background was sufficient to rescue duodenal identity. However, RFX6 had a PDX1-independent role in regulating expression of components of WNT, HH, and BMP signaling pathways that are critical for establishing early regional identity in the GI tract. In summary, we have identified that RFX6 is one of the most upstream regulators early intestinal patterning in vertebrates and that it acts by regulating key transcriptional and signaling pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCauley, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kechele, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enriquez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, N.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greeley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letourneau-Friedberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorn, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.566480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human organoid modeling of congenital malformations caused by RFX6 mutations reveal an essential role for this transcription factor in establishing and maintaining duodenal identity upstream of PDX1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modifications in the T arm of tRNA globally determine tRNA maturation, function and cellular fitness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.11.566336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All elongator tRNAs harbor 5-methyluridine 54 and pseudouridine 55 in the T arm, which are generated by the enzymes TrmA and TruB, respectively. Escherichia coli TrmA and TruB both act as tRNA chaperones, and strains lacking trmA or truB are outcompeted by wildtype. Here, we investigate how TrmA and TruB contribute to cellular fitness. Deletion of trmA and truB in E. coli causes a global decrease in aminoacylation and alters other tRNA modification such as acp3U47. Whereas overall protein synthesis is not affected in {Delta}trmA and {Delta}truB strains, the translation of a specific subset of codons is significantly impaired, and the expression of many specific proteins is translationally changed. In conclusion, we demonstrate that universal modifications of the tRNA T arm are critical for global tRNA function by enhancing tRNA maturation, tRNA aminoacylation, and translation, thereby improving cellular fitness and explaining trmA and truB conservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schultz, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katanski, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halucha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahlman, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothe, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.11.566336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modifications in the T arm of tRNA globally determine tRNA maturation, function and cellular fitness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal interpretations of family GWAS in the presence of heterogeneous effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Family-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have emerged as a gold standard for assessing causal effects of alleles and polygenic scores. Notably, family studies are often claimed to provide an unbiased estimate of the average causal effect (or average treatment effect; ATE) of an allele, on the basis of an analogy between the random transmission of alleles from parents to children and a randomized controlled trial. Here, we show that this interpretation does not hold in general. Because Mendelian segregation only randomizes alleles among children of heterozygotes, the effects of alleles in the children of homozygotes are not observable. Consequently, if an allele has different average effects in the children of homozygotes and heterozygotes, as can arise in the presence of gene-by-environment interactions, gene-by-gene interactions, or differences in LD patterns, family studies provide a biased estimate of the average effect in the sample. At a single locus, family-based association studies can be thought of as providing an unbiased estimate of the average effect in the children of heterozygotes (i.e., a local average treatment effect; LATE). This interpretation does not extend to polygenic scores, however, because different sets of SNPs are heterozygous in each family. Therefore, other than under specific conditions, the within-family regression slope of a PGS cannot be assumed to provide an un-biased estimate for any subset or weighted average of families. Instead, family-based studies can be reinterpreted as enabling an unbiased estimate of the extent to which Mendelian segregation at loci in the PGS contributes to the population-level variance in the trait. Because this estimate does not include the between-family variance, however, this interpretation applies to only (roughly) half of the sample PGS variance. In practice, the potential biases of a family-based GWAS are likely smaller than those arising from confounding in a standard, population-based GWAS, and so family studies remain important for the dissection of genetic contributions to phenotypic variation. Nonetheless, the causal interpretation of family-based GWAS estimates is less straightforward than has been widely appreciated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coop, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.13.566950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal interpretations of family GWAS in the presence of heterogeneous effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.566767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Functional Connectivity Encodes Generalizable Representations of Emotional Arousal But Not Valence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.566767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human affective experience varies along the dimensions of valence (positivity or negativity) and arousal (high or low activation). It remains unclear how these dimensions are encoded in the brain and if the representations are shared across different individuals and diverse situational contexts. Here we utilized two publicly available functional MRI datasets of participants watching movies to build predictive models of moment-to-moment valence and arousal from dynamic functional brain connectivity. We tested the models both within and across datasets and identified a generalizable arousal representation characterized by the interaction between multiple large-scale functional networks. The arousal representation generalized to two additional movie-watching datasets. Predictions based on multivariate patterns of activation underperformed connectome-based predictions and did not generalize. In contrast, we found no evidence of a generalizable valence representation. Taken together, our findings reveal a generalizable representation of arousal encoded in patterns of dynamic functional connectivity, revealing an underlying similarity in how arousal is encoded across individuals and situational contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.566767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Functional Connectivity Encodes Generalizable Representations of Emotional Arousal But Not Valence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionarily new genes in humans with disease phenotypes reveal functional enrichment patterns shaped by adaptive innovation and sexual selection. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New genes (or young genes) are genetic novelties pivotal in mammalian evolution. However, their phenotypic impacts and evolutionary patterns over time remain elusive in humans due to the technical and ethical complexities of functional studies. Integrating gene age dating with Mendelian disease phenotyping, our research shows a gradual rise in disease gene proportion as gene age increases. Logistic regression modeling indicates that this increase in older genes may be related to their longer sequence lengths and higher burdens of deleterious de novo germline variants (DNVs). We also find a steady integration of new genes with biomedical phenotypes into the human genome over macroevolutionary timescales ([~]0.07% per million years). Despite this stable pace, we observe distinct patterns in phenotypic enrichment, pleiotropy, and selective pressures across gene ages. Notably, young genes show significant enrichment in diseases related to the male reproductive system, indicating strong sexual selection. Young genes also exhibit disease-related functions in tissues and systems potentially linked to human phenotypic innovations, such as increased brain size, musculoskeletal phenotypes, and color vision. We further reveal a logistic growth pattern of pleiotropy over evolutionary time, indicating a diminishing marginal growth of new functions for older genes due to intensifying selective constraints over time. We propose a "pleiotropy-barrier" model that delineates higher potentials for phenotypic innovation in young genes compared to older genes, a process that is subject to natural selection. Our study demonstrates that evolutionarily new genes are critical in influencing human reproductive evolution and adaptive phenotypic innovations driven by sexual and natural selection, with low pleiotropy as a selective advantage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arsala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atlas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzzetta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.567139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionarily new genes in humans with disease phenotypes reveal functional enrichment patterns shaped by adaptive innovation and sexual selection.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.19.567734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thermodynamic framework for nonequilibrium self-assembly of branched actin networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.19.567734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Branched actin networks are involved in a variety of cellular processes, most notably the formation of lamellipodia in the leading edge of the cell. These systems adapt to varying loads through force dependent assembly rates that allow the network density and material properties to be modulated. Recent experimental work has described growth and force feedback mechanisms in these systems. Here, we consider the role played by energy dissipation in determining the kind of growth-force-morphology curves obtained in experiments. We construct a minimal model of the branched actin network self assembly process incorporating some of the established mechanisms. Our minimal analytically tractable model is able to reproduce experimental trends in density and growth rate. Further, we show how these trends depend crucially on entropy dissipation and change quantitatively if the entropy dissipation is parametrically set to values corresponding to a quasistatic state. Finally, we also identify the potential energy costs of adaptive behavior by branched actin networks, using insights from our minimal models. We suggest that the dissipative cost in the system beyond what is necessary to move the load may be necessary to maintain an adaptive steady state. Our results hence show how constraints from stochastic thermodynamics and non-equilibrium thermodynamics may bound or constrain the structures that result in such force generating processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rennert, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaikuntanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.19.567734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thermodynamic framework for nonequilibrium self-assembly of branched actin networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.19.567761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correlated evolution of beak and braincase morphology is present only in select bird clades 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.19.567761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Complex morphological structures, such as skulls or limbs, are often composed of multiple morphological components (e.g. bones, sets of bones) that may evolve in a covaried manner with one another. Previous research has reached differing conclusions on the number of semi-independent units, or modules, that exist in the evolution of structures and on the strength of the covariation, or integration, between these hypothesized modules. We focus on the avian skull as an example of a complex morphological structure for which highly variable conclusions have been reached in the numerous studies analyzing support for a range of simple to complex modularity hypotheses. We hypothesized that past discrepancies may stem from both the differing densities of data used to analyze support for modularity hypotheses and the differing taxonomic levels of study. To test these hypotheses, we applied a comparative method to 3D geometric morphometric data collected from the skulls of a diverse order of birds (the Charadriiformes) to test support for 11 distinct hypotheses of modular skull evolution. Across all Charadriiformes, our analyses suggested that charadriiform skull evolution has been characterized by the semi-independent, but still correlated, evolution of the beak from the rest of the skull. When we adjusted the density of our morphometric data, this result held, but the strength of the signal varied substantially. Additionally, when we analyzed subgroups within the order in isolation, we found support for distinct hypotheses between subgroups. Taken together, these results suggest that differences in the methodology of past work (i.e. statistical method and data density) as well as clade-specific dynamics may be the reasons past studies have reached varying conclusions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natale, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.19.567761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correlated evolution of beak and braincase morphology is present only in select bird clades]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.563853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The potassium channel subunit KV1.8 (Kcna10) is essential for the distinctive outwardly rectifying conductances of type I and II vestibular hair cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.563853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In amniotes, head motions and tilt are detected by two types of vestibular hair cells (HCs) with strikingly different morphology and physiology. Mature type I HCs express a large and very unusual potassium conductance, gK,L, which activates negative to resting potential, confers very negative resting potentials and low input resistances, and enhances an unusual non-quantal transmission from type I cells onto their calyceal afferent terminals. Following clues pointing to KV1.8 (KCNA10) in the Shaker K channel family as a candidate gK,L subunit, we compared whole-cell voltage-dependent currents from utricular hair cells of KV1.8-null mice and littermate controls. We found that KV1.8 is necessary not just for gK,L but also for fast-inactivating and delayed rectifier currents in type II HCs, which activate positive to resting potential. The distinct properties of the three KV1.8-dependent conductances may reflect different mixing with other KV subunits that are reported to be differentially expressed in type I and II HCs. In KV1.8-null HCs of both types, residual outwardly rectifying conductances include KV7 (KCNQ) channels.

Current clamp records show that in both HC types, KV1.8-dependent conductances increase the speed and damping of voltage responses. Features that speed up vestibular receptor potentials and non-quantal afferent transmission may have helped stabilize locomotion as tetrapods moved from water to land.

Graphical abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lysakowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eatock, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.563853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The potassium channel subunit KV1.8 (Kcna10) is essential for the distinctive outwardly rectifying conductances of type I and II vestibular hair cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.24.567955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The endogenous Mtv8 locus and the immunoglobulin repertoire 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.24.567955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vast diversity of mammalian adaptive antigen receptors allows for robust and efficient immune responses against a wide number of pathogens. The antigen receptor repertoire is built during the recombination and hypermutation of B and T cell receptor (BCR, TCR) loci. V(D)J recombination rearranges these antigen receptor loci, which are organized as an array of separate V, (D), and J gene segments. Transcription activation at the recombining locus leads to changes in the local three-dimensional architecture, which subsequently contributes to which gene segments are utilized for recombination. The endogenous retrovirus (ERV) mouse mammary tumor provirus 8 (Mtv8) resides on mouse chromosome 6 interposed within the large array of light chain kappa V gene segments. As ERVs contribute to changes in genomic architecture by driving high levels of transcription of neighboring genes, it was suggested that Mtv8 could influence the BCR repertoire. We generated Mtv8-deficient mice to determine if the ERV influences V(D)J recombination to test this possibility. We find that Mtv8 does not influence the BCR repertoire.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beilinson, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golovkina, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.24.567955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The endogenous Mtv8 locus and the immunoglobulin repertoire]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.25.568681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reference-Free Germline Immunoglobulin Allele Discovery from B CellReceptor Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.25.568681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are a diverse set of molecules that play a critical role in adaptive immunity. They are generated in a process which begins with the recombination of germline V, D, and J gene segment alleles, and refined by hypermutation of these germline sequences upon antigen exposure. Antibody repertoire analysis often requires the knowledge of the germline V, D, and J alleles to detect hypermutations and understand the phylogenetic relationships of related B cells. However, germline immunoglobulin alleles are remarkably diverse and incompletely annotated, making it necessary to construct personalized databases for every individual. Though several approaches for the detection of germline immunoglobulin variants exist, they often rely on refining existing databases using simplifying assumptions about the relationships of germline alleles in a given organism, or about the form of evolutionary process that shapes antibody repertoires. Here, we present grmlin, an alternative computational approach to detecting germline alleles. Our approach exploits two empirical properties of B cell repertoires: the abundance of germline sequences in antibody repertoires and the enormous diversity of antibody sequence space, to detect germline alleles from B cell receptor sequencing data without reliance on a reference database. As such, it is in principle applicable to non-model organisms. We validate this approach by detecting the germline alleles of 11 pairs of twins and show that it achieves equivalent sensitivity and better specificity than previous methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cvijovic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerison, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.25.568681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reference-Free Germline Immunoglobulin Allele Discovery from B CellReceptor Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The integration of tactile and proprioceptive signals to achieve haptic object perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWStereognosis, the sense of the 3-dimensional shape of objects held in hand, requires the integration of somatosensory signals about local features -such as edges and surface curvature- with proprioceptive signals about the conformation of the fingers on the object. However, the mechanism of this integration remains unknown. Here, we investigated the spatial model that is used to integrate information about the global shape of the object with information about its local features at each point of contact. To this end, human observers judged the dissimilarity of pairs of objects that differed in their global shape, their local features, or both. We then compared the dissimilarity ratings when both global shape and local features changed to ratings when only global shape or only local features changed. We tested this with object sets of different levels of complexity, including spheres of different sizes and surface features to more varied shapes and features. For all object sets, we found that ratings when both global shape and local features changed was approximately an additive combination of the ratings when only global shape or only local features changed. For the majority of subjects, a city-block spatial model best explained their responses. Our results suggest that information about global shape is encoded independently from that about local features during interactions with objects. This implies that the neural representations of object shape and local features, though integrated, are separable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dogruoz, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelchkova, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheets, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenspon, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.27.568836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The integration of tactile and proprioceptive signals to achieve haptic object perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRIBAL: Tree Inference of B cell Clonal Lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
B cells are a critical component of the adaptive immune system, responsible for producing antibodies that help protect the body from infections and foreign substances. Single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has allowed for both profiling of B cell receptor (BCR) sequences and gene expression. However, understanding the adaptive and evolutionary mechanisms of B cells in response to specific stimuli remains a significant challenge in the field of immunology. We introduce a new method, TRIBAL, which aims to infer the evolutionary history of clonally related B cells from scRNA-seq data. The key insight of TRIBAL is that inclusion of isotype data into the B cell lineage inference problem is valuable for reducing phylogenetic uncertainty that arises when only considering the receptor sequences. Consequently, the TRIBAL inferred B cell lineage trees jointly capture the somatic mutations introduced to the B cell receptor during affinity maturation and isotype transitions during class switch recombination. In addition, TRIBAL infers isotype transition probabilities that are valuable for gaining insight into the dynamics of class switching.

Via in silico experiments, we demonstrate that TRIBAL infers isotype transition probabilities with the ability to distinguish between direct versus sequential switching in a B cell population. This results in more accurate B cell lineage trees and corresponding ancestral sequence and class switch reconstruction compared to competing methods. Using real-world scRNA-seq datasets, we show that TRIBAL recapitulates expected biological trends in a model affinity maturation system. Furthermore, the B cell lineage trees inferred by TRIBAL were equally plausible for the BCR sequences as those inferred by competing methods but yielded lower entropic partitions for the isotypes of the sequenced B cell. Thus, our method holds the potential to further advance our understanding of vaccine responses, disease progression, and the identification of therapeutic antibodies.

AvailabilityTRIBAL is available at https://github.com/elkebir-group/tribal
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weber, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roddur, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Kebir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.27.568874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRIBAL: Tree Inference of B cell Clonal Lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signaling ligand heterogeneities in the peduncle complex of the cephalopod mollusc Octopus bimaculoides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.27.568875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The octopus peduncle complex is an agglomeration of neural structures with remarkably diverse functional roles. The complex rests on the optic tract, between the optic lobe and the central brain, and comprises the peduncle lobe proper, the olfactory lobe, and the optic gland. The peduncle lobe regulates visuomotor behaviors, the optic glands control sexual maturation and maternal death, and the olfactory lobe is thought to receive input from the olfactory organ. Recent transcriptomic and metabolomic studies have identified candidate peptide and steroid ligands in the Octopus bimaculoides optic gland. With gene expression for these ligands and their biosynthetic enzymes, we show that optic gland neurochemistry extends beyond the traditional optic gland secretory tissue and into lobular territories. A key finding is that the classically defined olfactory lobe is itself a heterogenous territory and includes steroidogenic territories that overlap with cells expressing molluscan neuropeptides and the synthetic enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragsdale, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.27.568875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signaling ligand heterogeneities in the peduncle complex of the cephalopod mollusc Octopus bimaculoides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.568989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ChemXTree: A Tree-enhanced Classification Approach to Small-molecule Drug Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.568989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid advancement of machine learning, particularly deep learning, has propelled significant strides in drug discovery, offering novel methodologies for molecular property prediction. However, despite these advancements, existing approaches often face challenges in effectively extracting and selecting relevant features from molecular data, which is crucial for accurate predictions. Our work introduces ChemXTree, a novel graph-based model that integrates tree-based algorithms to address these challenges. By incorporating a Gate Modulation Feature Unit (GMFU) for refined feature selection and a differentiable decision tree in the output layer. Extensive evaluations on benchmark datasets, including MoleculeNet and eight additional drug databases, have demonstrated ChemXTrees superior performance, particularly in feature optimization. Permutation experiments and ablation studies further validate the effectiveness of GMFU, positioning ChemXTree as a significant advancement in molecular informatics, capable of rivaling state-of-the-art models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.568989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ChemXTree: A Tree-enhanced Classification Approach to Small-molecule Drug Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of transient, persistent, and resurgent sodium currents on excitability and spike regularity in vestibular ganglion neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vestibular afferent neurons occur as two populations with differences in spike timing regularity that are independent of rate. The more excitable regular afferents have lower current thresholds and sustained spiking responses to injected currents, while irregular afferent neurons have higher thresholds and transient responses. Differences in expression of low-voltage-activated potassium (KLV) channels are emphasized in models of spiking regularity and excitability in these neurons, leaving open the potential contributions of the voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels responsible for the spike upstroke. We investigated the impact of different NaV current modes (transient, persistent, and resurgent) with whole-cell patch clamp experiments in mouse vestibular ganglion neurons (VGNs), the cultured and dissociated cell bodies of afferents. All VGNs had transient NaV current, many had a small persistent (non-inactivating) NaV current, and a few had resurgent current, which flows after the spike peak when NaV channels that were blocked are unblocked. NaV1.6 channels conducted most or all of each NaV current mode, and a NaV1.6-selective blocker decreased spike rate and altered spike waveforms in both sustained and transient VGNs. A NaV channel agonist enhanced persistent current and increased spike rate and regularity. We hypothesized that persistent and resurgent currents have different effects on sustained (regular) VGNs vs. transient (irregular) VGNs. Lacking blockers specific for the different current modes, we used modeling to isolate their effects on spiking of simulated transient and sustained VGNs, driven by simulated current steps and noisy trains of simulated EPSCs. In all simulated neurons, increasing transient NaV current increased spike rate and rate-independent regularity. In simulated sustained VGNs, adding persistent current increased both rate and rate-independent regularity, while adding resurgent current had limited impact. In transient VGNs, adding persistent current had little impact, while adding resurgent current increased both rate and rate-independent irregularity by enhancing sensitivity to synaptic noise. These experiments show that the small NaV current modes may enhance the differentiation of afferent populations, with persistent currents selectively making regular afferents more regular and resurgent currents selectively making irregular afferents less regular.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baeza Loya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eatock, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of transient, persistent, and resurgent sodium currents on excitability and spike regularity in vestibular ganglion neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BCG vaccination impacts the epigenetic landscape of progenitor cells in human bone marrow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is used to prevent tuberculosis, it also offers protection against a diverse range of non-mycobacterial infections. However, the underlying protective mechanisms in humans are not yet fully understood. Here, we surveyed at single-cell resolution the gene expression and chromatin landscape of human bone marrow, aspirated before and 90 days after BCG vaccination or placebo administration. We show that BCG vaccination significantly alters both the gene expression and epigenetic profiles of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Changes in gene expression occur primarily on the most uncommitted stem cells and are reflective of a persistent myeloid bias. In contrast, BCG-induced changes in chromatin accessibility are most prevalent within differentiated progenitor cells at sites influenced by Kruppel-like factor (KLF)/SP and EGR transcription factors (TFs). These TFs are also activated in the most uncommitted stem cells, indicating that activated TFs, which drive persistent changes in HSC gene expression, likely also drive chromatin dynamics appearing within downstream progenitor cells. This perspective contests the prevailing notion that epigenetic modifications linked to innate immune memory transfer directly from stem cells to their differentiated derivatives. Finally, we show that alterations in gene expression and chromatin accessibility in HSPCs due to BCG vaccination were highly correlated (r>0.8) with the IL-1{beta} secretion capacity of paired PBMCs upon secondary immune challenge. Overall, our findings shed light on BCG vaccinations profound and lasting effects on HSPCs and its influence on innate immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre-Gamboa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bree, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumaine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joosten, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divangahi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netea, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BCG vaccination impacts the epigenetic landscape of progenitor cells in human bone marrow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct catecholaminergic pathways projecting to hippocampal CA1 transmit contrasting signals during behavior and learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuromodulatory inputs to the hippocampus play pivotal roles in modulating synaptic plasticity, shaping neuronal activity, and influencing learning and memory. Recently it has been shown that the main sources of catecholamines to the hippocampus, ventral tegmental area (VTA) and locus coeruleus (LC), may have overlapping release of neurotransmitters and effects on the hippocampus. Therefore, to dissect the impacts of both VTA and LC circuits on hippocampal function, a thorough examination of how these pathways might differentially operate during behavior and learning is necessary. We therefore utilized 2-photon microscopy to functionally image the activity of VTA and LC axons within the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus in head-fixed male mice navigating linear paths within virtual reality (VR) environments. We found that within familiar environments some VTA axons and the vast majority of LC axons showed a correlation with the animals running speed. However, as mice approached previously learned rewarded locations, a large majority of VTA axons exhibited a gradual ramping-up of activity, peaking at the reward location. In contrast, LC axons displayed a pre-movement signal predictive of the animals transition from immobility to movement. Interestingly, a marked divergence emerged following a switch from the familiar to novel VR environments. Many LC axons showed large increases in activity that remained elevated for over a minute, while the previously observed VTA axon ramping-to-reward dynamics disappeared during the same period. In conclusion, these findings highlight distinct roles of VTA and LC catecholaminergic inputs in the dorsal CA1 hippocampal region. These inputs encode unique information, with reward information in VTA inputs and novelty and kinematic information in LC inputs, likely contributing to differential modulation of hippocampal activity during behavior and learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heer, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, M. E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.569214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct catecholaminergic pathways projecting to hippocampal CA1 transmit contrasting signals during behavior and learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diagnostic images for mild cognitive impairment reveal biomarker status and abnormal scene processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.30.569265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Research on the impairment of episodic memory in Alzheimers disease often focuses on the processes of memory rather than the content of the specific images being remembered. We recently showed that patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Stage 3 of Alzheimers disease, can memorize certain images quite well, suggesting that episodic memory is not uniformly impaired. Certain images, on the other hand, could not be memorized by MCI patients and were instead diagnostic for distinguishing MCI from healthy older adults. In this study, we investigate whether poor memory for diagnostic images is related to impaired neural processing in specific brain regions due to Alzheimers biomarker pathology. 64 healthy controls and 48 MCI participants in the DELCODE dataset performed a visual scene memory task during fMRI, with CSF Alzheimers disease biomarker data collected (i.e., amyloid and tau biomarkers). We found that diagnostic images have larger behavior-biomarker correlations for total tau, phospho-tau, A{beta}42/A{beta}40, A{beta}42/phospho-tau compared to non-diagnostic images, suggesting that memory for these specific images are more affected by Alzheimers disease pathology. The fMRI data revealed an interaction effect between group membership (healthy control / MCI) and image diagnosticity (diagnostic / non-diagnostic scene images), with MCI participants having higher activation in scene processing regions (parahippocampal place area, retrosplenial cortex and occipital place area) for diagnostic images than non-diagnostic images. In contrast, healthy controls showed no differences in processing between diagnostic and non-diagnostic images. These results suggest that MCI individuals may engage in inefficiently heightened encoding activation for these diagnostic images. Our results show that special "diagnostic" images exist that can reveal amyloid and tau pathology and differences in neural activity in scene regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freiesleben, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenski, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spruth, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fliessbach, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiltfang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartels, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rostamzadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glanz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teipel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilimann, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laske, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munk, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spottke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy-Kluth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosseron, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frommann, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luesebrink, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dechent, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakupov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jessen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duezel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bainbridge, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.30.569265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diagnostic images for mild cognitive impairment reveal biomarker status and abnormal scene processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain network dynamics predict moments of surprise across contexts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We experience surprise when reality conflicts with our expectations. When we encounter such expectation violations in psychological tasks and daily life, are we experiencing completely different forms of surprise? Or is surprise a fundamental psychological process with shared neural bases across contexts? To address this question, we identified a brain network model, the surprise edge-fluctuation-based predictive model (EFPM), whose regional interaction dynamics measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) predicted surprise in an adaptive learning task. The same model generalized to predict surprise as a separate group of individuals watched suspenseful basketball games and as a third group watched videos violating psychological expectations. The surprise EFPM also uniquely predicts surprise, capturing expectation violations better than models built from other brain networks, fMRI measures, and behavioral metrics. These results suggest that shared neurocognitive processes underlie surprise across contexts and that distinct experiences can be translated into the common space of brain dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain network dynamics predict moments of surprise across contexts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A female-biased gene expression signature of dominance in cooperatively breeding meerkats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dominance is a primary determinant of social dynamics and resource access in social animals. Recent studies show that dominance is also reflected in the gene regulatory profiles of peripheral immune cells. However, the strength and direction of this relationship differs across the species and sex combinations investigated, potentially due to variation in the predictors and energetic consequences of dominant status. To test this possibility, we investigated the association between social status and gene expression in the blood of wild meerkats (Suricata suricatta; n=113 unique individuals), including in response to lipopolysaccharide, Gardiquimod, and glucocorticoid stimulation. Meerkats are cooperatively breeding social carnivores in which breeding females physically outcompete other females to suppress reproduction, resulting in high reproductive skew. They therefore present an opportunity to disentangle the effects of social dominance from those of sex per se. We identify a sex-specific signature of dominance, including 1,045 differentially expressed genes in females but none in males. Dominant females exhibit elevated activity in innate immune pathways and an exacerbated response to LPS challenge. In this respect, female meerkats resemble wild male baboons (for which similar data are available), where physical competition is also central to determining rank hierarchies and mating effort is high. However, they differ from female primates in which social status is nepotistically determined. Our results support the hypothesis that the gene regulatory signature of social status depends on the determinants and energetic costs of social dominance. They also support potential life history trade-offs between investment in reproduction versus somatic maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiratori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clutton-Brock, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A female-biased gene expression signature of dominance in cooperatively breeding meerkats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell dissection of developmental origins and transcriptional heterogeneity in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sequencing of bulk tumor populations has improved genetic classification and risk assessment of B-ALL, but does not directly examine intratumor heterogeneity or infer leukemia cellular origins. We profiled 89 B-ALL samples by single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) and compared them to a reference map of normal human B-cell development established using both functional and molecular assays. Intra-sample heterogeneity was driven by cell cycle, metabolism, differentiation, and inflammation transcriptional programs. By inference of B lineage developmental state composition, nearly all samples possessed a high abundance of pro-B cells, with variation between samples mainly driven by sub-populations. However, ZNF384-r and DUX4- r B-ALL showed composition enrichment of hematopoietic stem cells, BCR::ABL1 and KMT2A-r ALL of Early Lymphoid progenitors, MEF2D-r and TCF3::PBX1 of Pre-B cells. Enrichment of Early Lymphoid progenitors correlated with high-risk clinical features. Understanding variation in transcriptional programs and developmental states of B-ALL by scRNA-seq refines existing clinical and genomic classifications and improves prediction of treatment outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iacobucci, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, A. G. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Prat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baviskar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murison, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voisin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan-Seng-Yue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lear, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witkowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaldivar Peraza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangwani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Advani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luger, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litzow, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paietta, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullighan, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.569954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell dissection of developmental origins and transcriptional heterogeneity in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An evolution-based framework for describing human gut bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human gut microbiome contains many bacterial strains of the same species ( strain-level variants). Describing strains in a biologically meaningful way rather than purely taxonomically is an important goal but challenging due to the genetic complexity of strain-level variation. Here, we measured patterns of co-evolution across >7,000 strains spanning the bacterial tree-of-life. Using these patterns as a prior for studying hundreds of gut commensal strains that we isolated, sequenced, and metabolically profiled revealed widespread structure beneath the phylogenetic level of species. Defining strains by their co-evolutionary signatures enabled predicting their metabolic phenotypes and engineering consortia from strain genome content alone. Our findings demonstrate a biologically relevant organization to strain-level variation and motivate a new schema for describing bacterial strains based on their evolutionary history.

One Sentence SummaryDescribing bacterial strains in the human gut by a statistical model that captures their evolutionary history provides insight into their biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doran, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giba, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behera, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.569969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An evolution-based framework for describing human gut bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.570014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulated Repeat Element Viral-like Immune Response in Hepatocellular Carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.570014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal malignancy driven by complex interactions between cancer cells, immune cells, and additional stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The LINE1 retrotransposon is a ubiquitous repeat RNA whose de-repression leads to significant cancer cell-intrinsic and TME changes that promote aggressive tumor characteristics. We leveraged single cell spatial transcriptomic profiling to characterize the relationship between LINE1 and differences in the heterogeneous HCC TME.

Experimental DesignWe applied our profiling methodology to a cohort of 23 tissue specimens collected from patients who had undergone liver resection or transplantation and validated it in a partially-overlapping similar cohort of 39 specimens using RNA in-situ hybridization (RNA-ISH).

ResultsWe found that LINE1-high tumors and LINE1-high single HCC cells exhibited a de-differentiated, stem-like, and inflammatory phenotype. Furthermore, within individual tumors, LINE1 high cancer cells associated spatially with one another and excluded the larger, organized immune cell conglomerates seen in LINE1 low tumors. Finally, we found that LINE1 RNA expression correlated with worse overall survival in the larger expanded retrospective cohort.

ConclusionsOur study is the first to show a clearly disorganized immune TME in HCC driven by LINE1 expression, and this observation correlated with poor survival for patients whose tumors expressed large amounts of the LINE1 repeat RNA. These results provide further evidence of how effective anti-tumor immune responses contribute to cures after definitive surgery and may lead to novel biomarkers or drug targets in HCC.

TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCEThe viral-like LINE1 retrotransposon is known to influence tumor cell state and the immune response in a variety of cancer. Here, we have used single cell spatial transcriptomic profiling to resolve repeat and coding gene RNA expression in a cohort of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. LINE1 RNA expression in HCC tumor cells was correlated with an undifferentiated stem-like cancer state and a disorganized, sparse immune infiltrate. Using in situ hybridization on an expanded validation cohort, we noted significantly worsened survival in the LINE1 high group. Altogether, LINE1 repeat RNA is a tumor intrinsic biomarker of more aggressive features that can be used for risk stratification and a potential biomarker for response to immunotherapies that merits further investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coley, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankaj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmett, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chougule, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieman, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aryee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrone, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franses, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.570014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulated Repeat Element Viral-like Immune Response in Hepatocellular Carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.570110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cue-Invariant Geometric Structure of the Population Codes in Macaque V1 and V2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.570110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWOur ability to recognize objects and scenes, whether they appear in photographs, cartoons, or simple line drawings, is striking. Studies have shown that infants, members of isolated Stone Age tribes, and non-human primates can readily identify objects from line drawings. These findings suggest that the brain may inherently generate neural representations that align across different rendering cues, enabling abstraction. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the representational invariance of complex patterns of surface boundaries found in natural scenes. We tested whether individual neurons in V1 and V2 of the macaque monkey responded similarly to the presentation of these patterns across different renderings (i.e., as contours, luminance-defined patches, and segments of natural images). We found that individual neurons exhibit some degree of tuning invariance, stronger in V1 than in V2. At the population level, as a means to assess cue-invariant abstract representation, we measured decoding accuracy across cues ( cue-transfer decoding). We found that this decoding is greatly enhanced when a geometric transformation (Procrustes Transformation) is first performed to align the population activities across cues. It is also effective when applied to different populations of neurons within or across visual areas. These results were compared with populations of artificial neurons from models of the ventral visual streams, further indicating that cue-invariance stabilizes with population size. In summary, we found that while individual neurons exhibit some cue-invariance properties, the stability of the population geometry emerges as a more robust candidate for supporting a cue-invariant representation of visual information in the early visual areas.

SIGNIFICANT STATEMENTHow can we easily recognize objects and scenes in a wide range of renderings, such as photographs, cartoons, or line drawings? One possibility is that our visual system processes information using an invariant representation. To investigate this hypothesis, we designed a stimulus set made of boundary patterns extracted from natural scenes, and displayed using three distinct renderings. We found that, while the tuning preference of individual V1 and V2 neurons displayed some correlation across renderings, a more robust invariant representation could be achieved when analyzing neural population geometry. Overall, we found that a cue-invariant representation of visual elements in the early visual areas may rest primarily on the geometry of the population responses, rather than individual neurons tuning characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Massot, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockwell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papandreou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuille, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.05.570110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cue-Invariant Geometric Structure of the Population Codes in Macaque V1 and V2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synchrotron-source micro-x-ray computed tomography for examining butterfly eyes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1. Comparative anatomy is an important tool for investigating evolutionary relationships amongst species, but the lack of scalable imaging tools and stains for rapidly mapping the microscale anatomies of related species poses a major impediment to using comparative anatomy approaches for identifying evolutionary adaptations.

2. We describe a method using synchrotron source micro-x-ray computed tomography (syn-{micro}XCT) combined with machine learning algorithms for high-throughput imaging of Lepidoptera (i.e., butterfly and moth) eyes. Our pipeline allows for imaging at rates of [~] 15 min/mm3 at 600 nm3 resolution. Image contrast is generated using standard electron microscopy labeling approaches (e.g., osmium tetroxide) that unbiasedly labels all cellular membranes in a species independent manner thus removing any barrier to imaging any species of interest.

3. To demonstrate the power of the method, we analyzed the 3D morphologies of butterfly crystalline cones, a part of the visual system associated with acuity and sensitivity and found significant variation within six butterfly individuals. Despite this variation, a classic measure of optimization, the ratio of interommatidial angle to resolving power of ommatidia, largely agrees with early work on eye geometry across species.

4. We show that this method can successfully be used to determine compound eye organization and crystalline cone morphology. Our novel pipeline provides for fast, scalable visualization and analysis of eye anatomies that can be applied to any arthropod species, enabling new questions about evolutionary adaptations of compound eyes and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paukner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildenberg, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badalamente, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littlewood, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronforst, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.08.570583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synchrotron-source micro-x-ray computed tomography for examining butterfly eyes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATAT: Automated Tissue Alignment and Traversal in Spatial Transcriptomics with Self-Supervised Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics (ST) has enhanced RNA analysis in tissue biopsies, but interpreting these data is challenging without expert input. We present Automated Tissue Alignment and Traversal (ATAT), a novel computational framework designed to enhance ST analysis in the context of multiple and complex tissue architectures and morphologies, such as those found in biopsies of the gastrointestinal tract. ATAT utilizes self-supervised contrastive learning on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained images to automate the alignment and traversal of ST data. This approach addresses a critical gap in current ST analysis methodologies, which rely heavily on manual annotation and pathologist expertise to delineate regions of interest for accurate gene expression modeling. Our framework not only streamlines the alignment of multiple ST samples, but also demonstrates robustness in modeling gene expression transitions across specific regions. Additionally, we highlight the ability of ATAT to traverse complex tissue topologies in real-world cases from various individuals and conditions. Our method successfully elucidates differences in immune infiltration patterns across the intestinal wall, enabling the modeling of transcriptional changes across histological layers. We show that ATAT achieves comparable performance to the state-of-the-art method, while alleviating the burden of manual annotation and enabling alignment of tissue samples with complex morphologies.

AvailabilityATAT is available at: https://github.com/StevenSong/tissue-alignment
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohsin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznetsov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.08.570839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATAT: Automated Tissue Alignment and Traversal in Spatial Transcriptomics with Self-Supervised Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.09.569604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-Wide Profiling of tRNA Using an Unexplored Reverse Transcriptase with High Processivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.09.569604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monitoring the dynamic changes of cellular tRNA pools is challenging, due to the extensive post-transcriptional modifications of individual species. The most critical component in tRNAseq is a processive reverse transcriptase (RT) that can read through each modification with high efficiency. Here we show that the recently developed group-II intron RT Induro has the processivity and efficiency necessary to profile tRNA dynamics. Using our Induro-tRNAseq, simpler and more comprehensive than the best methods to date, we show that Induro progressively increases readthrough of tRNA over time and that the mechanism of increase is selective removal of RT stops, without altering the misincorporation frequency. We provide a parallel dataset of the misincorporation profile of Induro relative to the related TGIRT RT to facilitate the prediction of non-annotated modifications. We report an unexpected modification profile among human proline isoacceptors, absent from mouse and lower eukaryotes, that indicates new biology of decoding proline codons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakano, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamper, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuigan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharjan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yigit, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccirilli, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleiner, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.09.569604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-Wide Profiling of tRNA Using an Unexplored Reverse Transcriptase with High Processivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.09.569632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-Transcriptional Methylation of Mitochondrial-tRNA Differentially Contributes to Mitochondrial Pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.09.569632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human mitochondrial tRNAs (mt-tRNAs), critical for mitochondrial biogenesis, are frequently associated with pathogenic mutations. These mt-tRNAs have unusual sequence motifs and require post-transcriptional modifications to stabilize their fragile structures. However, whether a modification that stabilizes a wild-type (WT) mt-tRNA structure would also stabilize its pathogenic variants is unknown. Here we show that the N1-methylation of guanosine at position 9 (m1G9) of mt-Leu(UAA), while stabilizing the WT tRNA, has an opposite and destabilizing effect on variants associated with MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes). This differential effect is further demonstrated by the observation that demethylation of m1G9, while damaging to the WT tRNA, is beneficial to the major pathogenic variant, improving its structure and activity. These results have new therapeutic implications, suggesting that the N1-methylation of mt-tRNAs at position 9 is a determinant of pathogenicity and that controlling the methylation level is an important modulator of mt-tRNA-associated diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maharjan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamper, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henley, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccirilli, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanunu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifert, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.09.569632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-Transcriptional Methylation of Mitochondrial-tRNA Differentially Contributes to Mitochondrial Pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.12.571316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A scalable and robust variance components method reveals insights into the architecture of gene-environment interactions underlying complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.12.571316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the contribution of gene-environment interactions (GxE) to complex trait variation can provide insights into mechanisms underlying disease risk, explain sources of heritability, and improve the accuracy of genetic risk prediction. While biobanks that collect genetic and deep phenotypic data over large numbers of individuals offer the promise of obtaining novel insights into GxE, our understanding of the architecture of GxE in complex traits remains limited. We introduce a method that can estimate the proportion of trait variance explained by GxE (GxE heritability) and additive genetic effects (additive heritability) across the genome and within specific genomic annotations. We show that our method is accurate in simulations and computationally efficient for biobank-scale datasets.

We applied our method to{approx} 500, 000 common array SNPs (MAF[&ge;] 1%), fifty quantitative traits, and four environmental variables (smoking, sex, age, and statin usage) measured across{approx} 300, 000 unrelated white British individuals in the UK Biobank. We found 69 trait-environmental variable pairs with significant genome-wide GxE heritability (p < 0.05/200 correcting for the number of trait-E pairs tested) with an average ratio of GxE to additive heritability{approx} 6.8% that include BMI with smoking (ratio of GxE to additive heritability = 6.3 {+/-} 1.1%), WHR (waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI) with sex (ratio = 19.6 {+/-} 2%), LDL cholesterol with age (ratio = 9.8 {+/-} 3.9%), and HbA1c with statin usage (ratio = 11 {+/-} 2%). Analyzing nearly 8 million common and low-frequency imputed SNPs (MAF[&ge;] 0.1%), we document an increase in genome-wide GxE heritability of about 28% on average over array SNPs. We partitioned GxE heritability across minor allele frequency (MAF) and local linkage disequilibrium values (LD score) of each SNP to observe that analogous to the relationship that has been observed for additive allelic effects, the magnitude of GxE allelic effects tends to increase with decreasing MAF and LD. Testing whether GxE heritability is enriched around genes that are highly expressed in specific tissues, we find significant tissue-specific enrichments that include brain-specific enrichment for BMI and Basal Metabolic Rate in the context of smoking, adipose-specific enrichment for WHR in the context of sex, and cardiovascular tissue-specific enrichment for total cholesterol in the context of age. Our analyses provide detailed insights into the architecture of GxE underlying complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pazokitoroudi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosset, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankararaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.12.571316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A scalable and robust variance components method reveals insights into the architecture of gene-environment interactions underlying complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.13.571566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ROR2 regulates cellular plasticity in pancreatic neoplasia and adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.13.571566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular plasticity is a hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) starting from the conversion of normal cells into precancerous lesions to the progression of carcinoma subtypes associated with aggressiveness and therapeutic response. We discovered that normal acinar cell differentiation, maintained by the transcription factor Pdx1, suppresses a broad gastric cell identity that is maintained in metaplasia, neoplasia, and the classical subtype of PDAC in mouse and human. We have identified the receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 as marker of a gastric metaplasia (SPEM)-like identity in the pancreas. Ablation of Ror2 in a mouse model of pancreatic tumorigenesis promoted a switch to a gastric pit cell identity that largely persisted through progression to the classical subtype of PDAC. In both human and mouse pancreatic cancer, ROR2 activity continued to antagonize the gastric pit cell identity, strongly promoting an epithelial to mesenchymal transition, conferring resistance to KRAS inhibition, and vulnerability to AKT inhibition.

SignificanceWe discovered the receptor tyrosine kinase ROR2 as an important regulator of cellular identity in pancreatic precancerous lesions and pancreatic cancer. ROR2 drives an aggressive PDAC phenotype and confers resistance to Kras inhibitors, suggesting that targeting ROR2 will enhance sensitivity to this new generation of targeted therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steep, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, U. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuithey, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loveless, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwernik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louw, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rempinski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas-Escabillas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brender, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bednar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.13.571566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ROR2 regulates cellular plasticity in pancreatic neoplasia and adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.14.571769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potassium dependent structural changes in the selectivity filter of HERG potassium channels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.14.571769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fine tuning of biological electrical signaling is mediated by variations in the rates of opening and closing of gates that control ion flux through different ion channels. Human ether-a-go-go related gene (HERG) potassium channels have uniquely rapid inactivation kinetics which are critical to the role they play in regulating cardiac electrical activity. Here, we have exploited the K+ sensitivity of HERG inactivation to determine structures of both a conductive and non-conductive selectivity filter structure of HERG. We propose that inactivation is the result of a high propensity for flipping of the selectivity filter valine carbonyl oxygens. Molecular dynamics simulations point to a low energy barrier, and hence rapid kinetics, for flipping of the valine 625 carbonyl oxygens facilitated by a previously unrecognized interaction between S620 and Y616 that stabilizes the transition state between conducting and non-conducting structures. Our model represents a new mechanism by which ion channels fine tune their activity that explains the uniquely rapid inactivation kinetics of HERG.

HighlightsStructures of a conductive and non-conductive HERG selectivity filter have been determined.

Reduced potassium causes flipping of selectivity filter valine carbonyl oxygens.

The sidechain of S620 on the pore helix coordinates distinct sets of interactions between conductive, non-conductive, and transition states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lau, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flood, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams-Noonan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouwer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perozo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenberg, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.14.571769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potassium dependent structural changes in the selectivity filter of HERG potassium channels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.16.571868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiac afferent signals can facilitate visual dominance in binocular rivalry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.16.571868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory signals from the bodys visceral organs (e.g. the heart) can robustly influence the perception of exteroceptive sensations. This interoceptive-exteroceptive interaction has been argued to underlie self-awareness by situating ones perceptual awareness of exteroceptive stimuli in the context of ones internal state, but studies probing cardiac influences on visual awareness have yielded conflicting findings. In this study, we presented separate grating stimuli to each of subjects eyes as in a classic binocular rivalry paradigm - measuring the duration for which each stimulus dominates in perception. However, we caused the gratings to "pulse" at specific times relative to subjects real-time electrocardiogram, manipulating whether pulses occurred during cardiac systole, when baroreceptors signal to the brain that the heart has contracted, or in diastole when baroreceptors are silent. The influential "Baroreceptor Hypothesis" predicts the effect of baroreceptive input on visual perception should be uniformly suppressive. In contrast, we observed that dominance durations increased for systole-entrained stimuli, inconsistent with the Baroreceptor Hypothesis. Further, we show that this cardiac-dependent rivalry effect is preserved in subjects who are at-chance discriminating between systole-entrained and diastole-presented stimuli in a separate interoceptive awareness task, suggesting that our results are not dependent on conscious access to heartbeat sensations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veillette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusbaum, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.16.571868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiac afferent signals can facilitate visual dominance in binocular rivalry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.571948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JASPER: fast, powerful, multitrait association testing in structured samples gives insight on pleiotropy in gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.571948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Joint association analysis of multiple traits with multiple genetic variants can provide insight into genetic architecture and pleiotropy, improve trait prediction and increase power for detecting association. Furthermore, some traits are naturally high-dimensional, e.g., images, networks or longitudinally measured traits. Assessing significance for multitrait genetic association can be challenging, especially when the sample has population sub-structure and/or related individuals. Failure to adequately adjust for sample structure can lead to power loss and inflated type 1 error, and commonly used methods for assessing significance can work poorly with a large number of traits or be computationally slow. We developed JASPER, a fast, powerful, robust method for assessing significance of multitrait association with a set of genetic variants, in samples that have population sub-structure, admixture and/or relatedness. In simulations, JASPER has higher power, better type 1 error control, and faster computation than existing methods, with the power and speed advantage of JASPER increasing with the number of traits. JASPER is potentially applicable to a wide range of association testing applications, including for multiple disease traits, expression traits, image-derived traits and microbiome abundances. It allows for covariates, ascertainment and rare variants and is robust to phenotype model misspecification. We apply JASPER to analyze gene expression in the Framingham Heart Study, where, compared to alternative approaches, JASPER finds more significant associations, including several that indicate pleiotropic effects, some of which replicate previous results, while others have not previously been reported. Our results demonstrate the promise of JASPER for powerful multitrait analysis in structured samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mbatchou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPeek, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.571948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JASPER: fast, powerful, multitrait association testing in structured samples gives insight on pleiotropy in gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning Image Memorability with Feedback-Based Training 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.18.572187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memorability, or the likelihood that an image is later remembered, is an intrinsic stimulus property that is remarkably consistent across viewers. Despite this consistency in what people remember and forget, previous findings suggest a lack of consistency in what individuals subjectively believe to be memorable and forgettable. We aimed to improve the ability of participants to judge memorability using a feedback-based training paradigm containing face images (Experiment 1) or scene images (Experiment 2 and its replication and control experiments). Overall, participants were fairly accurate at categorizing the memorability of images. In response to the training, participants were able to improve their memorability judgments of scenes, but not faces. Those who used certain strategies to perform the task, namely relying on characteristic features of the scenes, showed greater learning. Although participants improved slightly over time, they never reached the level of ResMem, the leading DNN for estimating image memorability. These results suggest that with training, human participants can better their understanding of image memorability, but may be unable to access its full variance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Revsine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bainbridge, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.572187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning Image Memorability with Feedback-Based Training]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.19.572369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase diversity-based wavefront sensing for fluorescence microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.19.572369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescence microscopy is an invaluable tool in biology, yet its performance is compromised when the wavefront of light is distorted due to optical imperfections or the refractile nature of the sample. Such optical aberrations can dramatically lower the information content of images by degrading image contrast, resolution, and signal. Adaptive optics (AO) methods can sense and subsequently cancel the aberrated wavefront, but are too complex, inefficient, slow, or expensive for routine adoption by most labs. Here we introduce a rapid, sensitive, and robust wavefront sensing scheme based on phase diversity, a method successfully deployed in astronomy but underused in microscopy. Our method enables accurate wavefront sensing to less than {lambda}/35 root mean square (RMS) error with few measurements, and AO with no additional hardware besides a corrective element. After validating the method with simulations, we demonstrate calibration of a deformable mirror > 100-fold faster than comparable methods (corresponding to wavefront sensing on the ~100 ms scale), and sensing and subsequent correction of severe aberrations (RMS wavefront distortion exceeding {lambda}/2), restoring diffraction-limited imaging on extended biological samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khuon, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiser, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.19.572369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase diversity-based wavefront sensing for fluorescence microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/203661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New Insights into the Conformational Activation of Full-Length Integrin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/203661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrin binding to extracellular matrix proteins is regulated by conformational transitions from closed, low affinity states to open, high affinity states. However, the pathways of integrin conformational activation remain incompletely understood. Here, by combining all-atom molecular dynamics simulation, coarse-graining, heterogeneous elastic network modeling, and experimental ligand binding measurements, we test the effect of integrin {beta} mutations that destabilize the closed conformation. Our results support a "deadbolt" model of integrin activation, where extension of the headpiece is not coupled to leg separation, consistent with recent cryo-EM reconstructions of integrin intermediates. Moreover, our results are inconsistent with a "switchblade-like" mechanism. The data show that locally correlated atomistic motions are likely responsible for extension of integrin headpiece before separation of transmembrane legs, without persistence of these correlations across the entire protein. By combining modeling and simulation with experiment, this study provides new insight into the structural basis of full-length integrin activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bidone, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durumeric, A. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwamoto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderwood, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/203661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New Insights into the Conformational Activation of Full-Length Integrin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cooperative recruitment of Yan to paired high affinity ETS sites organizes repression to confer specificity and robustness to cardiac cell fate specification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/205724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cis regulatory elements (CREs) are defined by unique combinations of transcription factor binding sites. Emerging evidence suggests that the number, affinity and organization of sites play important roles in regulating enhancer output and ultimately gene expression. Here, we investigate how the cis-regulatory logic of a tissue-specific CRE responsible for even-skipped (eve) induction during cardiogenesis organizes the competing inputs of two ETS members, the activator Pointed (Pnt) and the repressor Yan. Using a combination of reporter gene assays and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, we show that Yan and Pnt have distinct preferences for affinity of sites. Not only does Yan prefer high affinity sites, but a tandem pair of such sites is necessary and sufficient for Yan to tune Eve expression levels in newly specified cardioblasts and to block ectopic Eve induction and cell fate specification in surrounding progenitors. Mechanistically, the cooperative Yan recruitment promoted by this conserved high affinity ETS pair not only biases Yan-Pnt competition at the specific CRE, but also organizes Yan repressive complexes in 3D across the eve locus. Taken together our results uncover a novel mechanism by which differential interpretation of CRE syntax by a competing repressor-activator pair can confer both specificity and robustness to developmental transitions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boisclair Lachance, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webber, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebay, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/205724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cooperative recruitment of Yan to paired high affinity ETS sites organizes repression to confer specificity and robustness to cardiac cell fate specification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vulnerabilities of transcriptome-wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) integrate GWAS and gene expression datasets to find gene-trait associations. In this Perspective, we explore properties of TWAS as a potential approach to prioritize causal genes, using simulations and case studies of literature-curated candidate causal genes for schizophrenia, LDL cholesterol and Crohns disease. We explore risk loci where TWAS accurately prioritizes the likely causal gene, as well as loci where TWAS prioritizes multiple genes, some of which are unlikely to be causal, because they share the same variants as eQTLs. We illustrate that TWAS is especially prone to spurious prioritization when using expression data from tissues or cell types that are less related to the trait, due to substantial variation in both expression levels and eQTL strengths across cell types. Nonetheless, TWAS prioritizes candidate causal genes at GWAS loci more accurately than simple baselines based on proximity to lead GWAS variant and expression in trait-related tissue. We discuss current strategies and future opportunities for improving the performance of TWAS for causal gene prioritization. Our results showcase the strengths and limitations of using expression variation across individuals to determine causal genes at GWAS loci and provide guidelines and best practices when using TWAS to prioritize candidate causal genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wainberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnott-Armstrong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ermel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruusalepp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quertermous, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkegren, J. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/206961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vulnerabilities of transcriptome-wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha-band oscillations track the retrieval of precise spatial representations from long-term memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of episodic memory is the phenomenon of mentally re-experiencing the details of past events, and a well-established concept is that the neuronal activity that mediates encoding is reinstated at retrieval. Evidence for reinstatement has come from multiple modalities, including functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG). These EEG studies have shed light on the time-course of reinstatement, but have been limited to distinguishing between a few categories and/or limited measures of memory strength. The goal of this work was to investigate whether recently developed experimental and technical approaches, namely an inverted encoding model applied to alpha oscillatory power in conjunction with sensitive tests of memory retrieval in a continuous space, can track and reconstruct memory retrieval of specific spatial locations. In Experiment 1, we establish that an inverted encoding model applied to multivariate alpha topography can track retrieval of precise spatial memories. In Experiment 2, we demonstrate that the pattern of multivariate alpha activity at study is similar to the pattern observed during retrieval. Finally, we observe that these encoding models predict memory retrieval behavior, including the accuracy and latency of recall. These findings highlight the broad potential for using encoding models to characterize long-term memory retrieval.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sutterer, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/207860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha-band oscillations track the retrieval of precise spatial representations from long-term memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Energy demand and the context-dependent effects of genetic interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/209510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic effects are often context dependent, with the same genotype differentially affecting phenotypes across environments, life stages, and sexes. We used an environmental manipulation designed to increase energy demand during development to investigate energy demand as a general physiological explanation for context-dependent effects of mutations, particularly for those mutations that affect metabolism. We found that increasing the photoperiod during which Drosophila larvae are active during development phenocopies a temperature-dependent developmental delay in a mitochondrial-nuclear genotype with disrupted metabolism. This result indicates that the context-dependent fitness effects of this genotype are not specific to the effects of temperature and may generally result from variation in energy demand. The effects of this genotype also differ across life stages and between the sexes. The mitochondrial-nuclear genetic interaction disrupts metabolic rate in growing larvae, but not in adults, and compromises female, but not male, reproductive fitness. These patterns are consistent with a model where context-dependent genotype-phenotype relationships may generally arise from differences in energy demand experienced by individuals across environments, life stages, and sexes.nnIMPACT SUMMARYGenetic effects on traits are often context dependent, such that a genotype that improves fitness under one context may have no effect or even a deleterious effect in another context. The external environment is a common context that affects the degree to which a genotype determines a phenotype, but the internal environment of an organism (e.g., its genetic background, sex or life stage) also provides an important context that may modify the phenotypic expression of a genotype. Here we combine new data on the phenotypic effects of a well-characterized genetic interaction between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of the fruit fly Drosophila with prior observations to support a model of energy demand as a general explanation for context-dependent genetic effects, particularly for mutations that affect metabolism. We show that the magnitude of fitness effects of this genetic interaction correlates positively with the degree of energy demand among developmental treatments that accelerate growth rate, across developmental stages that differ in the cost of growth, and between sexes with potentially different costs of reproduction. These internal and external contexts create variable demands on energy metabolism that will impact the efficacy of natural selection acting on metabolic mutations in populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoekstra, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julick, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mika, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montooth, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/209510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Energy demand and the context-dependent effects of genetic interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Global Forest Reforestation Potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Executive SummaryForests are important determinants of the carbon cycle, and they provide countless ecosystem services to support billions of people worldwide. Global-scale forest restoration is one of our most effective weapons in the fight against biodiversity loss, rural poverty and climate change. In this report, we generate a spatial map of tree density within the potential forest restoration areas delineated by the IUCN/WRIs "Atlas of Forest Landscape Restoration Opportunities" to estimate the potential number of trees that could be restored at a global scale. We also estimate the number of trees that might be saved by avoiding deforestation in currently forested areas.nnWe show that the restoration areas have the capacity to support a total of 1.33 trillion trees. However, given that a considerable proportion of these areas already contain forests, we estimate that 589 billion new trees (larger than 10 cm diameter) could be restored within these areas, which would have the potential to store 65-91 Gigatonnes of carbon after reaching forest maturation. These values will increase marginally over time, as deforestation is responsible for the removal of living trees within the restoration areas. However, if only 50% or 25% of the mosaic areas (the largest of the designated restoration types) are available for reforestation, this total number will fall to approximately 360, or 246 billion trees, respectively, with corresponding decreases in potential carbon storage. Given that anthropogenic carbon emissions are currently in the order of 9-12 Gigatonnes per year, effective global-scale restoration might potentially have a valuable impact on global-scale climate mitigation over the rest of this century.nnThis report was produced with funding from WWF-UK as part of the Trillion Trees programme with the Wildlife Conservation Society and BirdLife International
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crowther, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley-Cantello, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Global Forest Reforestation Potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An evolutionary switch in the specificity of an endosomal CORVET tether underlies formation of regulated secretory vesicles in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the endocytic pathway of animals, two related complexes, called CORVET (Class C Core Vacuole/Endosome Transport) and HOPS (Homotypic fusion and protein sorting), act as both tethers and fusion factors for early and late endosomes, respectively. Mutations in CORVET or HOPS lead to trafficking defects and contribute to human disease including immune dysfunction. HOPS and CORVET are conserved throughout eukaryotes but remarkably, in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, the HOPS-specific subunits are absent while CORVET-specific subunits have proliferated. VPS8 (Vacuolar Protein Sorting), a CORVET subunit, expanded to 6 paralogs in Tetrahymena. This expansion correlated with loss of HOPS within a ciliate subgroup including the Oligohymenophorea, which contains Tetrahymena. As uncovered via forward genetics, a single VPS8 paralog in Tetrahymena (VPS8A) is required to synthesize prominent secretory granules called mucocysts. More specifically,{triangleup} vps8a cells fail to deliver a subset of cargo proteins to developing mucocysts, instead accumulating that cargo in vesicles also bearing the mucocyst sorting receptor, Sor4p. Surprisingly, although this transport step relies on CORVET, it does not appear to involve early endosomes. Instead, Vps8a associates with the late endosomal/lysosomal marker Rab7, indicating target specificity switching occurred in CORVET subunits during the evolution of ciliates. Mucocysts belong to a markedly diverse and understudied class of protist secretory organelles called extrusomes. Our results underscore that biogenesis of mucocysts depends on endolysosomal trafficking, revealing parallels with invasive organelles in apicomplexan parasites and suggesting that a wide array of secretory adaptations in protists, like in animals, depend on mechanisms related to lysosome biogenesis.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sparvoli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osakada, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwamoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kontur, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourland, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haraguchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dacks, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkewitz, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An evolutionary switch in the specificity of an endosomal CORVET tether underlies formation of regulated secretory vesicles in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heritable plant phenotypes track light and herbivory levels at fine spatial scales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/210765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biotic and the abiotic environment play a major role in shaping plant phenotypes and their geographic distributions. However, little is known about the extent to which plant phenotypes match local patterns of herbivory across fine-grained habitat mosaics, despite the strong effect of herbivory on plant fitness. Through a reciprocal transplant-common garden experiment with clonally propagated rhizomes, we tested for local phenotypic differentiation in bittercress (Brassicaceae: Cardamine cordifolia) plants collected across an ecotonal habitat mosaic. We found that bittercress in sunny meadows (high herbivory) and shaded understories (low herbivory) have diverged in heritable growth and herbivore resistance phenotypes. The expression of these differences was habitat dependent, mirroring patterns of adaptive divergence in phenotypic plasticity between plant populations in meadow and understory habitats at broader geographic scales, and showed no evidence for a constraint imposed by growth-defense tradeoffs. Most notably, plants derived from shade habitats exhibited a weaker shade-induced elongation response (i.e., shade avoidance syndrome, SAS) and reduced resistance to herbivory, relative to plants derived from sun habitats, when both were grown in shade common gardens. Greenhouse experiments revealed that divergent SAS phenotypes in shade conditions were expressed in offspring grown from seed as well. Finally, we observed partially non-overlapping flowering phenology between habitat-types in the field, which may be at least one factor that helps to reinforce habitat-specific phenotypic divergence. Altogether, our study illuminates how a native plant may cope with overlapping biotic and abiotic stressors across a fine-grained habitat mosaic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson-Dittrich, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faries, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/210765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heritable plant phenotypes track light and herbivory levels at fine spatial scales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determining the genetic basis of anthracycline-cardiotoxicity by molecular response QTL mapping in induced cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (ACT) is a key limiting factor in setting optimal chemotherapy regimes for cancer patients, with almost half of patients expected to ultimately develop congestive heart failure given high drug doses. However, the genetic basis of sensitivity to anthracyclines such as doxorubicin remains unclear. To begin addressing this, we created a panel of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from 45 individuals and performed RNA-seq after 24h exposure to varying levels of doxorubicin. The transcriptomic response to doxorubicin is substantial, with the majority of genes being differentially expressed across treatments of different concentrations and over 6000 genes showing evidence of differential splicing. Overall, our observations indicate that splicing fidelity decreases in the presence of doxorubicin. We detect 376 response-expression QTLs and 42 response-splicing QTLs, i.e. genetic variants that modulate the individual transcriptomic response to doxorubicin in terms of expression and splicing changes respectively. We show that inter-individual variation in transcriptional response is predictive of cell damage measured in vitro using a cardiac troponin assay, which in turn is shown to be associated with in vivo ACT risk. Finally, the molecular QTLs we detected are enriched in lower ACT GWAS p-values, further supporting the in vivo relevance of our map of genetic regulation of cellular response to anthracyclines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrows, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blischak, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/212381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determining the genetic basis of anthracycline-cardiotoxicity by molecular response QTL mapping in induced cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene network analysis identifies a central post-transcriptional regulator of cellular stress survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells adapt to shifts in their environment by remodeling transcription. Measuring changes in transcription at the genome scale is now routine, but defining the functional significance of individual genes within large gene expression datasets remains a major challenge. We applied a network-based algorithm to interrogate publicly available transcription data to predict genes that serve major functional roles in Caulobacter crescentus stress survival. This approach identified GsrN, a conserved small RNA that is directly controlled by the general stress sigma factor, {sigma}{tau}, and functions as a potent post-transcriptional regulator of survival under multiple stress conditions. GsrN expression is both necessary and sufficient to protect cells from hydrogen peroxide, where it functions by base pairing with the leader of katG mRNA and promoting catalase/peroxidase expression. We conclude that GsrN convenes a post-transcriptional layer of gene expression that serves a central functional role in stress physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tien, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/212902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene network analysis identifies a central post-transcriptional regulator of cellular stress survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B-1a cells acquire their unique characteristics by bypassing the pre-BCR selection stage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/214908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
B-1a cells are long-lived, self-renewing innate like B cells that predominantly inhabit the peritoneal and pleural cavities. In contrast to conventional B-2 cells they have a receptor repertoire that is biased towards bacterial and self-antigens, promoting a rapid response to infection and clearing of apoptotic cells. Although B-1a cells are known to primarily originate from fetal tissues the mechanisms by which they arise has been a topic of debate for many years. Here we show that in the fetal liver (FL) versus bone marrow (BM) environment, reduced IL-7R/STAT5 levels promote immunoglobulin kappa (Igk) recombination at the early pro-B cell stage. As a result, B cells can directly generate a mature B cell receptor (BCR) and bypass the requirement for a pre-BCR and pairing with surrogate light chain (SLC). This  alternate pathway of development enables the production of B cells with self reactive, skewed specificity receptors that are peculiar to the B-1a compartment. Together our findings connect seemingly opposing models of B-1a cell development and explain how these cells acquire their unique properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heltemes-Harris, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajewsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koralov, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrar, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skok, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/214908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B-1a cells acquire their unique characteristics by bypassing the pre-BCR selection stage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Panaconda: Application of pan-synteny graph models to genome content analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationWhole-genome alignment and pan-genome analysis are useful tools in understanding the similarities and differences of many genomes in an evolutionary context. Here we introduce the concept of pan-synteny graphs, an analysis method that combines elements of both to represent conservation and change of multiple prokaryotic genomes at an architectural level. Pan-synteny graphs represent a reference free approach for the comparison of many genomes and allows for the identification of synteny, insertion, deletion, replacement, inversion, recombination, missed assembly joins, evolutionary hotspots, and reference based scaffolding.nnResultsWe present an algorithm for creating whole genome multiple sequence comparisons and a model for representing the similarities and differences among sequences as a graph of syntenic gene families. As part of the pan-synteny graph creation, we first create a de Bruijn graph. Instead of the alphabet of nucleotides commonly used in genome assembly, we use an alphabet of gene families. This de Bruijn graph is then processed to create the pan-synteny graph. Our approach is novel in that it explicitly controls how regions from the same sequence and genome are aligned and generates a graph in which all sequences are fully represented as paths. This method harnesses previous computation involved in protein family calculation to speed up the creation of whole genome alignment for many genomes. We provide the software suite Panaconda, for the calculation of pan-synteny graphs given annotation input, and an implementation of methods for their layout and visualization.nnAvailabilityPanaconda is available at https://github.com/aswarren/pangenome_graphs and datasets used in examples are available at https://github.com/aswarren/pangenome_examplesnnContactAndrew Warren anwarren@vt.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warren, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wattam, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setubal, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/215988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Panaconda: Application of pan-synteny graph models to genome content analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in the genetic architecture of obsessive-compulsive disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a highly heritable complex phenotype, demonstrates sexual dimorphism in age of onset and clinical presentation, suggesting a possible sex difference in underlying genetic architecture. We present the first genome-wide characterization of the sex-specific genetic architecture of OCD, utilizing the largest set of OCD cases and controls available from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. We assessed evidence for several mechanisms that may contribute to sexual-dimorphism including a sexually dimorphic liability threshold, the presence of individual sex-specific risk variants on the autosomes and the X chromosome, genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, and sex-specific pleiotropic effects. We observed a strong genetic correlation between male and female OCD and no evidence for a sexually dimorphic liability threshold model. While we did not detect any sex-specific genome-wide associations, we observed that the SNPs with sexually dimorphic effects showed an enrichment of regulatory variants influencing expression of genes in immune tissues. Furthermore, top sex-specific genome-wide associations were enriched for regulatory variants in different tissues, suggesting evidence for potential sex difference in the biology underlying risk for OCD. These findings suggest that future studies with larger sample sizes hold great promise for the identification of sex-specific risk factors for OCD, significantly advancing our understanding of the differences in the genetic basis of sexually dimorphic neuropsychiatric traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khramtsova, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heldman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derks, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TS/OCD Psychiatric Genomics Disorders Workgroup,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/219170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in the genetic architecture of obsessive-compulsive disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal gene inference by multivariate mediation analysis in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing the intermediate phenotypes, such as gene expression, that mediate genetic effects on complex diseases is a fundamental problem in human genetics. Existing methods utilize genotypic data and summary statistics to identify putative disease genes, but cannot distinguish pleiotropy from causal mediation and are limited by overly strong assumptions about the data. To overcome these limitations, we develop Causal Multivariate Mediation within Extended Linkage disequilibrium (CaMMEL), a novel Bayesian inference framework to jointly model multiple mediated and unmediated effects relying only on summary statistics. We show in simulation that CaMMEL accurately distinguishes between mediating and pleiotropic genes unlike existing methods. We applied CaMMEL to Alzheimers disease (AD) and found 206 causal genes in sub-threshold loci (p < 10-4). We prioritized 21 genes which mediate at least 5% of local genetic variance, disrupting innate immune pathways in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davilla-Velderrain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/219428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal gene inference by multivariate mediation analysis in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene expression imputation across multiple brain regions reveals schizophrenia risk throughout development. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptomic imputation approaches offer an opportunity to test associations between disease and gene expression in otherwise inaccessible tissues, such as brain, by combining eQTL reference panels with large-scale genotype data. These genic associations could elucidate signals in complex GWAS loci and may disentangle the role of different tissues in disease development. Here, we use the largest eQTL reference panel for the dorso-lateral pre-frontal cortex (DLPFC), collected by the CommonMind Consortium, to create a set of gene expression predictors and demonstrate their utility. We applied these predictors to 40,299 schizophrenia cases and 65,264 matched controls, constituting the largest transcriptomic imputation study of schizophrenia to date. We also computed predicted gene expression levels for 12 additional brain regions, using publicly available predictor models from GTEx. We identified 413 genic associations across 13 brain regions. Stepwise conditioning across the genes and tissues identified 71 associated genes (67 outside the MHC), with the majority of associations found in the DLPFC, and of which 14/67 genes did not fall within previously genome-wide significant loci. We identified 36 significantly enriched pathways, including hexosaminidase-A deficiency, and multiple pathways associated with porphyric disorders. We investigated developmental expression patterns for all 67 non-MHC associated genes using BRAINSPAN, and identified groups of genes expressed specifically pre-natally or post-natally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardinas, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Als, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girdhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boocock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domenici, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CommonMind Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Gen,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>iPSYCH-GEMS Schizophrenia Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demontis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borglum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donovan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieberts, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/222596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene expression imputation across multiple brain regions reveals schizophrenia risk throughout development.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic Imputation of Bipolar Disorder and Bipolar subtypes reveals 29 novel associated genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder presenting with episodic mood disturbances. In this study we use a transcriptomic imputation approach to identify novel genes and pathways associated with bipolar disorder, as well as three diagnostically and genetically distinct subtypes. Transcriptomic imputation approaches leverage well-curated and publicly available eQTL reference panels to create gene-expression prediction models, which may then be applied to "impute" genetically regulated gene expression (GREX) in large GWAS datasets. By testing for association between phenotype and GREX, rather than genotype, we hope to identify more biologically interpretable associations, and thus elucidate more of the genetic architecture of bipolar disorder.nnWe applied GREX prediction models for 13 brain regions (derived from CommonMind Consortium and GTEx eQTL reference panels) to 21,488 bipolar cases and 54,303 matched controls, constituting the largest transcriptomic imputation study of bipolar disorder (BPD) to date. Additionally, we analyzed three specific BPD subtypes, including 14,938 individuals with subtype 1 (BD-I), 3,543 individuals with subtype 2 (BD-II), and 1,500 individuals with schizoaffective subtype (SAB).nnWe identified 125 gene-tissue associations with BPD, of which 53 represent independent associations after FINEMAP analysis. 29/53 associations were novel; i.e., did not lie within 1Mb of a locus identified in the recent PGC-BD GWAS. We identified 37 independent BD-I gene-tissue associations (10 novel), 2 BD-II associations, and 2 SAB associations. Our BPD, BD-I and BD-II associations were significantly more likely to be differentially expressed in post-mortem brain tissue of BPD, BD-I and BD-II cases than we might expect by chance. Together with our pathway analysis, our results support long-standing hypotheses about bipolar disorder risk, including a role for oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, the post-synaptic density, and an enrichment of circadian rhythm and clock genes within our results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFadden, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domenici, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CommonMind Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bipolar Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>iPSYCH Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demontis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borglum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieberts, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/222786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic Imputation of Bipolar Disorder and Bipolar subtypes reveals 29 novel associated genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental evidence that female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) perceive variation in male facial masculinity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Among many primate species, face shape is sexually dimorphic, and male facial masculinity has been proposed to influence female mate choice and male-male competition by signalling competitive ability. However, whether conspecifics pay attention to facial masculinity has only been assessed in humans. In a study of free-ranging rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, we used a two-alternative look-time experiment to test whether females perceive male facial masculinity. We presented 107 females with pairs of images of male faces - one with a more masculine shape and one more feminine - and recorded their looking behaviour. Females looked at the masculine face longer than at the feminine face in more trials than predicted by chance. Although there was no overall difference in average look-time between masculine and feminine faces across all trials, females looked significantly longer at masculine faces in a subset of trials for which the within-pair difference in masculinity was most pronounced. Additionally, the proportion of time subjects looked toward the masculine face increased as the within-pair difference in masculinity increased. This study provides evidence that female macaques perceive variation in male facial shape, a necessary condition for intersexual selection to operate on such a trait. It also highlights the potential impact of perceptual thresholds on look-time experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenfield, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semple, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestripieri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HIgham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubuc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/222810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental evidence that female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) perceive variation in male facial masculinity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/223081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting past and ongoing natural selection among ethnically Tibetan women at high altitude in Nepal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/223081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive evolution in humans has rarely been characterized for its whole set of components, i.e. selective pressure, adaptive phenotype, beneficial alleles and realized fitness differential. We combined approaches for detecting selective sweeps and polygenic adaptations and for mapping the genetic bases of physiological and fertility phenotypes in approximately 1000 indigenous ethnically Tibetan women from Nepal, adapted to high altitude. We performed genome-wide association analysis and tests for polygenic adaptations which showed evidence of positive selection for alleles associated with more pregnancies and live births and evidence of negative selection for those associated with higher offspring mortality. Lower hemoglobin level did not show clear evidence for polygenic adaptation, despite its strong association with an EPAS1 haplotype carrying selective sweep signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witonsky, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basnyat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neupane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beall, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Childs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Rienzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/223081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting past and ongoing natural selection among ethnically Tibetan women at high altitude in Nepal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/224147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence against tetrapod-wide digit identities and for a limited frame shift in bird wings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/224147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In crown group tetrapods, individual digits are homologized in relation to a pentadactyl ground plan. However, testing hypotheses of digit homology is challenging because it is unclear whether digits develop with distinct and conserved gene regulatory states. Here we show dramatic evolutionary dynamism in the gene expression profiles of digits, challenging the notion that five digit identities are conserved across amniotes. Transcriptomics of developing limbs shows diversity in the patterns of genetic differentiation of digits, although the anterior-most digit of the pentadactyl limb has a unique, conserved expression profile. Further, we identify a core set of transcription factors that are differentially expressed among the digits of amniote limbs; their spatial expression domains, however, vary between species. In light of these results, we reevaluate the frame shift hypothesis of avian wing evolution and conclude that only the identity of the anterior-most digit has shifted position, suggesting a 1,3,4 digit identity in the bird wing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stewart, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noonan, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/224147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence against tetrapod-wide digit identities and for a limited frame shift in bird wings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/224253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal resonance in the theta (4-10 Hz) frequency range is modulated by dynamic changes in the input resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/224253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most neurons of the mammalian brain display intrinsic resonance with frequency selectivity (fR) for inputs within the theta-range (4-10 Hz). Variations in network oscillation along this range depend on the animal behavior; however, whether neurons can dynamically tune their fR has not been addressed. Using slice electrophysiology, dynamic clamping and computer modeling we studied three types of cortical neurons, finding that the input resistance (Rin) inversely sets fR into the theta range, following a power law. We demonstrate that physiological changes in Rin modulate fR and response phase, serving as a mechanism that instantaneously tunes oscillatory responses. Moreover, these modulations are translated into spiking regimes, modifying spike frequency and timing. Since synaptic inputs reduce Rin, this modulation provides a mean for adjusting the frequency and timing of firing of individual neurons in interplay with the network fluctuations. This might be a widespread property among resonant neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynaert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacigalupo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanhueza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/224253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal resonance in the theta (4-10 Hz) frequency range is modulated by dynamic changes in the input resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new sequence logo plot to highlight enrichment and depletion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSequence logo plots have become a standard graphical tool for visualizing sequence motifs in DNA, RNA or protein sequences. However standard logo plots primarily highlight enrichment of symbols, and may fail to highlight interesting depletions. Current alternatives that try to highlight depletion often produce visually cluttered logos.nnResultsWe introduce a new sequence logo plot, the EDLogo plot, that highlights both enrichment and depletion, while minimizing visual clutter. We provide an easy-to-use and highly customizable R package Logolas to produce a range of logo plots, including EDLogo plots. This software also allows elements in the logo plot to be strings of characters, rather than a single character, extending the range of applications beyond the usual DNA, RNA or protein sequences. We illustrate our methods and software on applications to transcription factor binding site motifs, protein sequence alignments and cancer mutation signature profiles.nnConclusionOur new EDLogo plots, and flexible software implementation, can help data analysts visualize both enrichment and depletion of characters (DNA sequence bases, amino acids, etc) across a wide range of applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dey, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/226597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new sequence logo plot to highlight enrichment and depletion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid evolution of gained essential developmental functions of a young gene via interactions with other essential genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/226936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New genes originated relatively recently and are only present in a subset of species in a phylogeny. Accumulated evidence suggests that new genes, like old genes that are conserved across species, can also take on important functions and be essential for the survival and reproductive success of organisms. While there are detailed analyses of the mechanisms underlying gained fertility functions by new genes, how new genes rapidly became essential for viability remains unclear. We focused on a young retro-duplicated gene (CG7804, which we named Cocoon) in Drosophila that originated three million years ago. We found that, unlike its evolutionarily conserved and broadly expressed parental gene, Cocoon has evolved rapidly under positive selection since its birth and accumulates many amino acid divergences at functional sites from the parental gene. Despite its young age, Cocoon is essential for the survival of D. melanogaster at multiple developmental stages, including the critical embryonic stage, and its expression is essential in different tissues from its parental gene. Functional genomic analyses found that Cocoon gained multiple DNA binding targets, which regulates the expression of genes that have other essential functions and/or have multiple gene-gene interactions. Our observations suggest that Cocoon acquired essential function to survival through forming interactions that have large impacts on the gene interaction network. Our study is an important step towards deciphering the evolutionary trajectory by which new genes functionally diverge from the parental gene and become essential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/226936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid evolution of gained essential developmental functions of a young gene via interactions with other essential genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene regulatory network rewiring by an adaptively evolving microRNA cluster in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New miRNAs are evolutionarily important but their impact on existing biological networks remains unclear. We report the evolution of a microRNA cluster, mir-972C, that arose de novo and the subsequently rewired gene regulatory networks in Drosophila. Molecular evolution analyses revealed that mir-972C originated in the common ancestor of Drosophila where it comprises five old miRNAs. It subsequently recruited five new members in the melanogaster subgroup after conservative evolution for at least 50 million years. Population genetics analyses reveal that young and old mir-972C miRNAs evolved rapidly under positive selection in both seed and non-seed regions. Combining target prediction and cell transfection experiments, we find that sequence changes in individual mir-972C members resulted in extensive gene regulatory network divergence among D. melanogaster, D. simulans, and D. virilis, whereas the target pool of the cluster as a whole remains relatively conserved. Our results suggest that clustering of young and old miRNAs at the same locus broadens target repertoires, resulting in the gain of new targets without losing many old ones. This may facilitate the establishment of new miRNAs within existing regulatory networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liufu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/227314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene regulatory network rewiring by an adaptively evolving microRNA cluster in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-based detection and analysis of introgressed Neanderthal ancestry in modern humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/227660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic evidence has revealed that the ancestors of modern human populations outside of Africa and their hominin sister groups, notably the Neanderthals, exchanged genetic material in the past. The distribution of these introgressed sequence-tracts along modern-day human genomes provides insight into the ancient structure and migration patterns of these archaic populations. Furthermore, it facilitates studying the selective processes that lead to the accumulation or depletion of introgressed genetic variation. Recent studies have developed methods to localize these introgressed regions, reporting long regions that are depleted of Neanderthal introgression and enriched in genes, suggesting negative selection against the Neanderthal variants. On the other hand, enriched Neanderthal ancestry in hair- and skin-related genes suggests that some introgressed variants facilitated adaptation to new environments. Here, we present a model-based method called diCal-admix and apply it to detect tracts of Neanderthal introgression in modern humans. We demonstrate its efficiency and accuracy through extensive simulations. We use our method to detect introgressed regions in modern human individuals from the 1000 Genomes Project, using a high coverage genome from a Neanderthal individual from the Altai mountains as reference. Our introgression detection results and findings concerning their functional implications are largely concordant with previous studies, and are consistent with weak selection against Neanderthal ancestry. We find some evidence that selection against Neanderthal ancestry was due to higher genetic load in Neanderthals, resulting from small effective population size, rather than Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities. Finally, we investigate the role of the X-chromosome in the divergence between Neanderthals and modern humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinrücken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamm, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wieczorek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/227660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-based detection and analysis of introgressed Neanderthal ancestry in modern humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NuMA is a negative regulator of 53BP1 in DNA double-strand break repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulation of 53BP1 at DNA breaks determines DNA repair pathway choice and promotes checkpoint activation. Here, we show regulation of 53BP1 beyond repair foci. 53BP1 movements are constrained in the nucleoplasm and increase in response to DNA damage. 53BP1 interacts with the structural protein NuMA, which controls 53BP1 diffusion. This interaction, and colocalization between the two proteins in vitro and in breast tissues, is reduced after DNA damage. In cell lines and breast carcinoma, NuMA prevents 53BP1 accumulation at DNA breaks and high NuMA expression predicts better patient outcomes. Manipulating NuMA expression alters PARP inhibitor sensitivity of BRCA1-null cells, end-joining activity, and immunoglobulin class switching that rely on 53BP1. We propose a new mechanism that involves the sequestration of 53BP1 by NuMA in the absence of DNA damage. Such mechanism may have evolved to disable repair functions and may be a decisive factor for tumor responses to genotoxic treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salvador-Moreno, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lelievre, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidi, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/230706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NuMA is a negative regulator of 53BP1 in DNA double-strand break repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome wide association study of behavioral, physiological and gene expression traits in a multigenerational mouse intercross 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/230920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The LG/J x SM/J advanced intercross line of mice (LG x SM AIL) is a multigenerational outbred population. High minor allele frequencies, a simple genetic background, and the fully sequenced LG and SM genomes make it a powerful population for genome-wide association studies. Here we use 1,063 AIL mice to identify 126 significant associations for 50 traits relevant to human health and disease. We also identify thousands of cis- and trans-eQTLs in the hippocampus, striatum, and prefrontal cortex of [~]200 mice. We replicate an association between locomotor activity and Csmd1, which we identified in an earlier generation of this AIL, and show that Csmd1 mutant mice recapitulate the locomotor phenotype. Our results demonstrate the utility of the LG x SM AIL as a mapping population, identify numerous novel associations, and shed light on the genetic architecture of mammalian behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Cordero, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Pierre, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Distler, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canzar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionikas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/230920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome wide association study of behavioral, physiological and gene expression traits in a multigenerational mouse intercross]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Female mate choice is a reproductive isolating barrier in Heliconius butterflies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In sexually reproducing organisms, speciation involves the evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms that decrease gene flow. Premating reproductive isolation, often the result of mate choice, is a major obstacle to gene flow between species because it acts earlier in the life cycle than other isolating barriers. While female choice is often considered the default mode in animal species, research in the butterfly genus Heliconius, a frequent subject of speciation studies, has focused on male mate choice. We studied mate choice by H. cydno females by pairing them with either conspecific males or males of the closely related species H. pachinus. Significantly more intraspecific trials than interspecific trials resulted in mating. Because male courtship rates did not differ between the species when we excluded males that never courted, we attribute this difference to female choice. Females also performed more acceptance behaviours towards conspecific males. Premating isolation between these two species thus entails both male and female mate choice, and female choice may be an important factor in the origin of Heliconius species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Southcott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronforst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/233270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Female mate choice is a reproductive isolating barrier in Heliconius butterflies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic landscapes reveal how human genetic diversity aligns with geography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Geographic patterns in human genetic diversity carry footprints of population history1,2 and provide insights for genetic medicine and its application across human populations3,4. Summarizing and visually representing these patterns of diversity has been a persistent goal for human geneticists5-10, and has revealed that genetic differentiation is frequently correlated with geographic distance. However, most analytical methods to represent population structure11-15 do not incorporate geography directly, and it must be considered post hoc alongside a visual summary. Here, we use a recently developed spatially explicit method to estimate "effective migration" surfaces to visualize how human genetic diversity is geographically structured (the EEMS method16). The resulting surfaces are "rugged", which indicates the relationship between genetic and geographic distance is heterogenous and distorted as a rule. Most prominently, topographic and marine features regularly align with increased genetic differentiation (e.g. the Sahara desert, Mediterranean Sea or Himalaya at large scales; the Adriatic, interisland straits in near Oceania at smaller scales). In other cases, the locations of historical migrations and boundaries of language families align with migration features. These results provide visualizations of human genetic diversity that reveal local patterns of differentiation in detail and emphasize that while genetic similarity generally decays with geographic distance, there have regularly been factors that subtly distort the underlying relationship across space observed today. The fine-scale population structure depicted here is relevant to understanding complex processes of human population history and may provide insights for geographic patterning in rare variants and heritable disease risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peter, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petkova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/233486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic landscapes reveal how human genetic diversity aligns with geography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association analysis of lifetime cannabis use (N=184,765) identifies new risk loci, genetic overlap with mental health, and a causal influence of schizophrenia on cannabis use 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cannabis use is a heritable trait [1] that has been associated with adverse mental health outcomes. To identify risk variants and improve our knowledge of the genetic etiology of cannabis use, we performed the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis for lifetime cannabis use (N=184,765) to date. We identified 4 independent loci containing genome-wide significant SNP associations. Gene-based tests revealed 29 genome-wide significant genes located in these 4 loci and 8 additional regions. All SNPs combined explained 10% of the variance in lifetime cannabis use. The most significantly associated gene, CADM2, has previously been associated with substance use and risk-taking phenotypes [2-4]. We used S-PrediXcan to explore gene expression levels and found 11 unique eGenes. LD-score regression uncovered genetic correlations with smoking, alcohol use and mental health outcomes, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Mendelian randomisation analysis provided evidence for a causal positive influence of schizophrenia risk on lifetime cannabis use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pasman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verweij, K. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerring, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treur, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdellaoui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivard, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baselmans, B. M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ip, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Zee, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartels, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKillop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International Cannabis Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derringer, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branje, S. J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Lier, P. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, P. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeus, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldehinkel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pausova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos-Quiroga, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribases, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaprio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boks, M. P. M</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/234294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association analysis of lifetime cannabis use (N=184,765) identifies new risk loci, genetic overlap with mental health, and a causal influence of schizophrenia on cannabis use]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacological manipulation of olfactory bulb granule cell excitability modulates beta oscillations: Testing a model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian olfactory bulb (OB) generates gamma (40 - 100 Hz) and beta (15 - 30 Hz) oscillations of the local field potential (LFP). Gamma oscillations arise at the peak of inhalation supported by dendrodendritic interactions between glutamatergic mitral cells (MCs) and GABAergic granule cells (GCs). Beta oscillations occur in response to odorants in learning or odor sensitization paradigms, but their generation mechanism and function are still poorly understood. When centrifugal inputs to the OB are blocked, beta oscillations disappear, but gamma oscillations persist. Centrifugal input targets primarily GABAergic interneurons in the GC layer (GCL) and regulates GC excitability, which suggests a causal link between beta oscillations and GC excitability. Previous modeling work from our laboratory predicted that convergence of excitatory/inhibitory inputs onto MCs and centrifugal inputs onto GCs can increase GC excitability sufficiently to drive beta oscillations primarily through voltage dependent calcium channel (VDCC) mediated GABA release, independently of NMDA channels. We test this model by examining the influence of NMDA and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on GC excitability and beta oscillations. Intrabulbar scopolamine (muscarinic antagonist) infusion decreased or completely suppressed odor-evoked beta in response to a strong stimulus, but increased beta power in response to a weak stimulus, as predicted by our model. Piriform cortex (PC) beta power was unchanged. Oxotremorine (muscarinic agonist) tended to suppress all oscillations, probably from over-inhibition. APV, an NMDA receptor antagonist, suppressed gamma oscillations selectively (in OB and PC), lending support to the models prediction that beta oscillations can be supported by VDCC mediated currents.nnNew and NoteworthyO_LIOlfactory bulb beta oscillations rely on granule cell excitability.nC_LIO_LIReducing granule cell excitability with scopolamine reduces high volatilityinduced beta power but increases low volatility-induced beta power.nC_LIO_LIPiriform cortex beta oscillations maintain power when olfactory bulb beta power is low, and the system maintains beta band coherence.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osinski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/234625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacological manipulation of olfactory bulb granule cell excitability modulates beta oscillations: Testing a model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/238345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional triplet motifs underlie accurate predictions of single-trial responses in populations of tuned and untuned V1 neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/238345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual stimuli are encoded in the activity patterns of neocortical neuronal populations. Trial-averaged neuronal activity is selectively modulated by particular visual stimulus parameters, such as the direction of a moving bar of light, resulting in well-defined tuning properties. However, a large number of neurons in visual cortex remain unmodulated by any given stimulus parameter, and the role of this untuned population is not well understood. Here, we use two-photon calcium imaging to record, in an unbiased manner, from large populations of layer 2/3 excitatory neurons in mouse primary visual cortex to describe co-varying activity on single trials in populations consisting of tuned and untuned neurons. Specifically, we summarize pairwise covariability with an asymmetric partial correlation coefficient, allowing us to analyze the population correlation structure with graph theory. Using the graph neighbors of a neuron, we find that the local population, including tuned and untuned neurons, are able to predict individual neuron activity on a single trial basis and recapitulate average tuning properties of tuned neurons. We also find that a specific functional triplet motif in the graph results in the best predictions, suggesting a signature of informative correlations in these populations. Variance explained in total population activity scales with the number of neurons imaged, suggesting larger sample sizes are required to fully capture local network interactions. In summary, we show that unbiased sampling of the local population can explain single trial response variability as well as trial-averaged tuning properties in V1, and the ability to predict responses is tied to the occurrence of a functional triplet motif.nnAuthor summaryV1 populations have historically been characterized by single cell response properties and pairwise co-variability. Many cells, however, do not show obvious dependencies to a given stimulus or behavioral task, and have consequently gone unanalyzed. We densely record from V1 populations to measure how trial-to-trial response variability relates to these previously understudied neurons. We find that individual neurons, regardless of response properties, are inextricably dependent on the population in which they are embedded. By studying patterns of correlations between groups of neurons, we identify a specific triplet motif that predicts this dependence on local population activity. Only by studying large populations simultaneously were we able to find an emergent property of this information. These results imply that understanding how the visual system operates with substantial trial-to-trial variability will necessitate a network perspective that accounts for both visual stimuli and activity in the local population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dechery, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/238345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional triplet motifs underlie accurate predictions of single-trial responses in populations of tuned and untuned V1 neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conditioning nausea in a laboratory setting: A pilot study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/243121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer patients can experience nausea as they approach the place where they have received chemotherapy treatment. This nausea is likely the result of Pavlovian conditioning, where the previously neutral environment acquires conditioned properties, in this case conditioned nausea, because its association with feeling ill. To investigate this phenomenon under controlled conditions, we studied the acquisition of conditioned nausea using a distinct environment paired with an emetic drug in healthy young adults. We measured two indices of conditioning: i) conditioned place aversion, and ii) conditioned drug-like (nausea) responses. Healthy volunteers (N=32) first rated their preference for two testing rooms, and then underwent four conditioning sessions in which they received either syrup of ipecac (5 ml) or placebo. A Paired Group (PG; N=17) always received ipecac in their initially preferred room and placebo in the other, while an Unpaired Group (UG; N=15) received ipecac and placebo in both rooms. Conditioned responses were assessed with i) time spent in each room, ii) room liking and preference, and iii) feelings of nausea in each room. There was no evidence of conditioned place aversion as measured by either time spent or ratings of room liking. However, the PG did report a small increase in nausea in the ipecac-paired room. Although the conditioned responses in this study were not robust, this procedure is a first step towards studying conditioned aversive drug responses in humans, which will enable development of future studies to prevent or treat anticipatory nausea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Hedger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavallo, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/243121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conditioning nausea in a laboratory setting: A pilot study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/244657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Agricultural Pollution Risks Influence Microbial Ecology in Honghu Lake 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/244657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAgricultural activities, such as stock-farming, planting industry, and fish aquaculture, can influence the physicochemistry and biology of freshwater lakes. However, the extent to which these agricultural activities, especially those that result in eutrophication and antibiotic pollution, effect water and sediment-associated microbial ecology, remains unclear.nnMethodsWe performed a geospatial analysis of water and sediment associated microbial community structure, as well as physicochemical parameters and antibiotic pollution, across 18 sites in Honghu lake, which range from impacted to less-impacted by agricultural pollution. Furthermore, the co-occurrence network of water and sediment were built and compared accorded to the agricultural activities.nnResultsPhysicochemical properties including TN, TP, NO3--N, and NO2--N were correlated with microbial compositional differences in water samples. Likewise, in sediment samples, Sed-OM and Sed-TN correlated with microbial diversity. Oxytetracycline and tetracycline concentration described the majority of the variance in taxonomic and predicted functional diversity between impacted and less-impacted sites in water and sediment samples, respectively. Finally, the structure of microbial co-associations was influenced by the eutrophication and antibiotic pollution.nnConclusionThese analyses of the composition and structure of water and sediment microbial communities in anthropologically-impacted lakes are imperative for effective environmental pollution monitoring. Likewise, the exploration of the associations between environmental variables (e.g. physicochemical properties, and antibiotics) and community structure is important in the assessment of lake water quality and its ability to sustain agriculture. These results show agricultural practices can negatively influence not only the physicochemical properties, but also the biodiversity of microbial communities associated with the Honghu lake ecosystem. And these results provide compelling evidence that the microbial community can be used as a sentinel of eutrophication and antibiotics pollution risk associated with agricultural activity; and that proper monitoring of this environment is vital to maintain a sustainable environment in Honghu lake.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dsouza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/244657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Agricultural Pollution Risks Influence Microbial Ecology in Honghu Lake]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An ancient fecundability-associated polymorphism creates a new GATA2 binding site in a distal enhancer of HLA-F 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in female reproductive traits such as fertility, fecundity, and fecundability are heritable in humans, but identifying and functionally characterizing genetic variants associated with these traits has been challenging. Here we explore the functional significance and evolutionary history of a G/A polymorphism of SNP rs2523393, which we have previously shown is an eQTL for the HLA-F gene and significantly associated with fecundability (time to pregnancy). We replicated the association between rs2523393 genotype and HLA-F expression using GTEx data and demonstrate that HLA-F is up-regulated in the endometrium during the window of implantation and by progesterone in decidual stromal cells. Next, we show that the rs2523393 A allele creates a new GATA2 binding site in a progesterone responsive distal enhancer that loops to the HLA-F promoter. Remarkably, we found that the A allele is derived in the human lineage, that G/A polymorphism arose before the divergence of modern and archaic humans, and is segregating at intermediate to high frequencies across human populations. Remarkably, the derived A is also has been identified in a GWAS as a risk allele for multiple sclerosis. These data suggests that the polymorphism is maintained by antagonistic pleiotropy and a reproduction-health tradeoff in human evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mika, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMayo, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/245043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An ancient fecundability-associated polymorphism creates a new GATA2 binding site in a distal enhancer of HLA-F]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Septal Secretion of Protein A in Staphylococcus aureus Requires SecA and Lipoteichoic Acid Synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus are secreted across septal membranes for assembly into the bacterial cross-wall. This localized secretion requires the YSIRK/GXXS motif signal peptide, however the mechanisms supporting precursor trafficking are not known. We show here that the signal peptide of staphylococcal protein A (SpA) is cleaved at the YSIRK/GXXS motif. A signal peptide mutant defective for cleavage can be crosslinked to SecA, SecDF and LtaS. SecA depletion blocks precursor targeting to septal membranes, whereas deletion of secDF diminishes SpA secretion into the cross-wall. Depletion of LtaS blocks lipoteichoic acid synthesis and promotes precursor trafficking to peripheral membranes. We propose a model whereby SecA directs SpA precursors to lipoteichoic acid-rich septal membranes for YSIRK/GXXS motif cleavage and secretion into the cross-wall.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Missiakas, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneewind, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/245522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Septal Secretion of Protein A in Staphylococcus aureus Requires SecA and Lipoteichoic Acid Synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic architecture of gene expression traits across diverse populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/245761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For many complex traits, gene regulation is likely to play a crucial mechanistic role. How the genetic architectures of complex traits vary between populations and subsequent effects on genetic prediction are not well understood, in part due to the historical paucity of GWAS in populations of non-European ancestry. We used data from the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) cohort to characterize the genetic architecture of gene expression within and between diverse populations. Genotype and monocyte gene expression were available in individuals with African American (AFA, n=233), Hispanic (HIS, n=352), and European (CAU, n=578) ancestry. We performed expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping in each population and show genetic correlation of gene expression depends on shared ancestry proportions. Using elastic net modeling with cross validation to optimize genotypic predictors of gene expression in each population, we show the genetic architecture of gene expression for most predictable genes is sparse. We found the best predicted gene, TACSTD2, was the same across populations with R2 > 0.86 in each population. However, we identified a subset of genes that are well-predicted in one population, but poorly predicted in another. We show these differences in predictive performance are due to allele frequency differences between populations. Using genotype weights trained in MESA to predict gene expression in independent populations showed that a training set with ancestry similar to the test set is better at predicting gene expression in test populations, demonstrating an urgent need for diverse population sampling in genomics. Our predictive models and performance statistics in diverse cohorts are made publicly available for use in transcriptome mapping methods at .nnAuthor summaryMost genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted in populations of European ancestry leading to a disparity in understanding the genetics of complex traits between populations. For many complex traits, gene regulation is critical, given the consistent enrichment of regulatory variants among trait-associated variants. However, it is still unknown how the effects of these key variants differ across populations. We used data from MESA to study the underlying genetic architecture of gene expression by optimizing gene expression prediction within and across diverse populations. The populations with genotype and gene expression data available are from individuals with African American (AFA, n=233), Hispanic (HIS, n=352), and European (CAU, n=578) ancestry. After calculating the prediction performance, we found that there are many genes that were well predicted in one population are poorly predicted in another. We further show that a training set with ancestry similar to the test set resulted in better gene expression predictions, demonstrating the need to incorporate diverse populations in genomic studies. Our gene expression prediction models and performance statistics are publicly available to facilitate future transcriptome mapping studies in diverse populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mogil, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andaleon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badalamenti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/245761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic architecture of gene expression traits across diverse populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/246777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into circovirus host range from the genomic fossil record. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/246777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A diverse range of DNA sequences derived from circoviruses (family Circoviridae) have been identified in samples obtained from humans and domestic animals, often in association with pathological conditions. In the majority of cases, however, little is known about the natural biology of the viruses from which these sequences are derived. Endogenous circoviral elements (CVe) are DNA sequences derived from circoviruses that occur in animal genomes and provide a useful source of information about circovirus-host relationships. In this study we screened genome assemblies of 675 animal species and identified numerous circovirus-related sequences, including the first examples of CVe derived from cycloviruses. We confirmed the presence of these CVe in the germline of the elongate twig ant (Pseudomyrmex gracilis), thereby establishing that cycloviruses infect insects. We examined the evolutionary relationships between CVe and contemporary circoviruses, showing that CVe from ants and mites group relatively closely with cycloviruses in phylogenies. Furthermore, the relatively random interspersal of CVe from insect genomes with cyclovirus sequences recovered from vertebrate samples, suggested that contamination might be an important consideration in studies reporting these viruses. Our study demonstrates how endogenous viral sequences can inform metagenomics-based virus discovery. In addition, it raises doubts about the role of cycloviruses as pathogens of humans and other vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dennis, T. P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Souza, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/246777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into circovirus host range from the genomic fossil record.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small interfering RNAs based on huntingtin trinucleotide repeats are highly toxic to cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trinucleotide repeat (TNR) expansions in the genome cause a number of degenerative diseases. A prominent TNR expansion involves the triplet CAG in the huntingtin (HTT) gene responsible for Huntingtons disease (HD). Pathology is caused by protein and RNA generated from the TNR regions including small siRNA-sized repeat fragments. An inverse correlation between the length of the repeats in HTT and cancer incidence has been reported for HD patients. We now show that siRNAs based on the CAG TNR are toxic to cancer cells by targeting genes that contain long reverse complimentary TNRs in their open reading frames. Of the 60 siRNAs based on the different TNRs, the 6 members in the CAG/CUG family of related TNRs are the most toxic to both human and mouse cancer cells. siCAG/CUG TNR-based siRNAs induce cell death in vitro in all tested cancer cell lines and slow down tumor growth in a preclinical mouse model of ovarian cancer with no signs of toxicity to the mice. We propose to explore TNR-based siRNAs as a novel form of anti-cancer reagents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murmann, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Q. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putzbach, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartom, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridgeman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaxton, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/247429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small interfering RNAs based on huntingtin trinucleotide repeats are highly toxic to cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/251033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human local adaptation of the TRPM8 cold receptor along a latitudinal cline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/251033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ambient temperature is a critical environmental factor for all living organisms. It was likely an important selective force as modern humans recently colonized temperate and cold Eurasian environments. Nevertheless, as of yet we have limited evidence of local adaptation to ambient temperature in populations from those environments. To shed light on this question, we exploit the fact that humans are a cosmopolitan species that inhabits territories under a wide range of temperatures. Focusing on cold perception - which is central to thermoregulation and survival in cold environments-- we show evidence of recent local adaptation on TRPM8. This gene encodes for a cation channel that is, to date, the only temperature receptor known to mediate an endogenous response to moderate cold. The upstream variant rs10166942 shows extreme population differentiation, with frequencies that range from 5% in Nigeria to 88% in Finland (placing this SNP in the 0.02% tail of the FST empirical distribution). When all populations are jointly analysed, allele frequencies correlate with latitude and temperature beyond what can be explained by shared ancestry and population substructure. Using a Bayesian approach, we infer that the allele originated and evolved neutrally in Africa, while positive selection raised its frequency to different degrees in Eurasian populations, resulting in allele frequencies that follow a latitudinal cline. We infer strong positive selection, in agreement with ancient DNA showing high frequency of the allele in Europe 3,000 to 8,000 years ago. rs10166942 is important phenotypically because its ancestral allele is protective of migraine. This debilitating disorder varies in prevalence across human populations, with highest prevalence in individuals of European descent -precisely the population with the highest frequency of rs10166942 derived allele. We thus hypothesize that local adaptation on previously neutral standing variation may have contributed to the genetic differences that exist in the prevalence of migraine among human populations today.nnAuthor SummarySome human populations were likely under strong pressure to adapt biologically to cold climates during their colonization of non-African territories in the last 50,000 years. Such putative adaptations required genetic variation in genes that could mediate adaptive responses to cold. TRPM8 is potentially one such gene, being the only known receptor for the sensation of moderate cold temperature. We show that a likely regulatory genetic variant nearby TRPM8 has several signatures of positive selection rising its frequency in Eurasian populations during the last 25,000 years. While the genetic variant was and is rare in Africa, it is now common outside of Africa, with frequencies that strongly correlate with latitude and are highest in northern European populations. Interestingly, this same genetic variant has previously been strongly associated with migraine. This suggests that adaptation to cold has potentially contributed to the variation in migraine prevalence that exists among human groups today.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Key, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdul-Aziz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D Amato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andres, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/251033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human local adaptation of the TRPM8 cold receptor along a latitudinal cline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/251942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular control of gene expression by Brucella BaaR, an IclR-family repressor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/251942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Brucella abortus general stress response sigma factor, {sigma}E1, directly and indirectly regulates the transcription of dozens of genes that influence stress survival and host infection. Characterizing the functions of {sigma}E1 regulated genes therefore contributes to understanding of B. abortus physiology and infection biology. Transcription of the IclR family regulator, Bab2_0215, is indirectly activated by {sigma}E1 but its function remains undefined. We present a structural and functional characterization of Bab2_0215, which we have named Brucella adipic acid activated regulator (BaaR). BaaR adopts a classic IclR-family fold and directly regulates the transcription of two operons with predicted roles in carboxylic acid oxidation. BaaR binds two sites on chromosome II between baaR and a divergently transcribed hydratase/dehydrogenase (acaD2), and represses transcription. We identified three carboxylic acids (adipic acid tetradecanedioic acid, {varepsilon}-aminocaproic acid) and a lactone ({varepsilon}-caprolactone) that enhance transcription from the baaR and acaD2 promoters. However, neither the activating acids nor caprolactone enhance transcription by binding directly to BaaR. Induction of baaR transcription by adipic acid requires the gene bab2_0213, which encodes a major facilitator superfamily transporter, suggesting that Bab2_0213 transports adipic acid across the inner membrane. We conclude that a set of structurally related organic molecules activate transcription of genes repressed by BaaR. Our study provides molecular-level understanding of a gene expression program regulated downstream of {sigma}E1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czyc, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babnigg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/251942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular control of gene expression by Brucella BaaR, an IclR-family repressor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-ancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liability to alcohol dependence (AD) is heritable, but little is known about its complex polygenic architecture or its genetic relationship with other disorders. To discover loci associated with AD and characterize the relationship between AD and other psychiatric and behavioral outcomes, we carried out the largest GWAS to date of DSM - IV diagnosed AD. Genome - wide data on 14,904 individuals with AD and 37,944 controls from 28 case / control and family - based studies were meta - analyzed, stratified by genetic ancestry (European, N = 46,568; African; N = 6,280). Independent, genome - wide significant effects of different ADH1B variants were identified in European (rs1229984; p = 9.8E - 13) and African ancestries (rs2066702; p = 2.2E - 9). Significant genetic correlations were observed with schizophrenia, ADHD, depression, and use of cigarettes and cannabis. There was only modest genetic correlation with alcohol consumption and inconsistent associations with problem drinking. The genetic underpinnings of AD only partially overlap with those for alcohol consumption, underscoring the genetic distinction between pathological and non - pathological drinking behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walters, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliev, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacanu, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batzler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertelsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biernacka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigdeli, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, T.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degenhardt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Docherty, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giegling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hack, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>-,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartz, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilmann-Heimbach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herms, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgkinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hottenga, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alanne-Kinnunen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahti-Pulkkinen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ligthart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loukola, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbarek, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQueen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milaneschi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palviainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/257311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-ancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine Binding Proteins Negatively Regulate HIV-1 Infectivity and Viral Production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe internal N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of cellular mRNA regulates post-transcriptional gene expression. The YTH domain family proteins (YTHDF1-3, or Y1-3) bind to m6A-modified cellular mRNA and modulate its metabolism and processing, thereby affecting protein translation in cells. We previously reported that HIV-1 RNA contains m6A modification and that Y1-3 proteins inhibit HIV-1 infection by decreasing HIV-1 reverse transcription. Here we extended our studies to further understand the mechanisms of Y1-3-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 infection and viral production.nnResultsOverexpression of Y1-3 proteins in HIV-1 target cells decreased viral genome RNA (gRNA) levels and inhibited early and late reverse transcription. Purified recombinant Y1-3 proteins preferentially bound to the m6A-modified 5 leader sequence of gRNA compared with its unmodified RNA counterpart, consistent with the strong binding of Y1-3 to HIV-1 gRNA in infected cells. HIV-1 mutants with two altered m6A modification sites in the 5 leader sequence of gRNA demonstrated significantly lower infectivity compared with wild-type HIV-1, confirming that these sites are important for viral infection. HIV-1 produced from cells with knockdown of endogenous Y1, Y3, or Y1-3 proteins together showed increased viral infectivity compared with HIV-1 produced from control cells. Interestingly, we found that Y1-3 proteins and HIV-1 Gag formed a complex with RNA in HIV-1-infected target cells.nnConclusionsOur results suggest the inhibitory effects of Y1-3 proteins on HIV-1 infection and provide new insight into the mechanisms of m6A modification of HIV-1 RNA in regulating viral replication, which clarify some discrepancies in the previously published studies in this area.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirumuru, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koneru, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kvaratskhelia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/257410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N6-methyladenosine Binding Proteins Negatively Regulate HIV-1 Infectivity and Viral Production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BDQC: a general-purpose analytics tool for domain-blind validation of Big Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translational biomedical research is generating exponentially more data: thousands of whole-genome sequences (WGS) are now available; brain data are doubling every two years. Analyses of Big Data, including imaging, genomic, phenotypic, and clinical data, present qualitatively new challenges as well as opportunities. Among the challenges is a proliferation in ways analyses can fail, due largely to the increasing length and complexity of processing pipelines. Anomalies in input data, runtime resource exhaustion or node failure in a distributed computation can all cause pipeline hiccups that are not necessarily obvious in the output. Flaws that can taint results may persist undetected in complex pipelines, a danger amplified by the fact that research is often concurrent with the development of the software on which it depends. On the positive side, the huge sample sizes increase statistical power, which in turn can shed new insight and motivate innovative analytic approaches. We have developed a framework for Big Data Quality Control (BDQC) including an extensible set of heuristic and statistical analyses that identify deviations in data without regard to its meaning (domain-blind analyses). BDQC takes advantage of large sample sizes to classify the samples, estimate distributions and identify outliers. Such outliers may be symptoms of technology failure (e.g., truncated output of one step of a pipeline for a single genome) or may reveal unsuspected " signal" in the data (e.g., evidence of aneuploidy in a genome). We have applied the framework to validate real-world WGS analysis pipelines. BDQC successfully identified data outliers representing various failure classes, including genome analyses missing a whole chromosome or part thereof, hidden among thousands of intermediary output files. These failures could then be resolved by reanalyzing the affected samples. BDQC both identified hidden flaws as well as yielded new insights into the data. BDQC is designed to complement quality software development practices. There are multiple benefits from the application of BDQC at all pipeline stages. By verifying input correctness, it can help avoid expensive computations on flawed data. Analysis of intermediary and final results facilitates recovery from aberrant termination of processes. All these computationally inexpensive verifications reduce cryptic analytical artifacts that could seriously preclude clinical-grade genome interpretation. BDQC is available at https://github.com/ini-bdds/bdqc.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ames, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Arcy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heavner, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesselman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madduri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muruganujan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepehrband, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toga, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Horn, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glusman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/258822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BDQC: a general-purpose analytics tool for domain-blind validation of Big Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Use of an individual-based model of pneumococcal carriage for planning a randomized trial of a vaccine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, asymptomatic carriage is more common and longer in duration than disease, and hence is often a more convenient endpoint for clinical trials of vaccines against these bacteria. However, using a carriage endpoint entails specific challenges. Carriage is almost always measured as prevalence, whereas the vaccine may act by reducing incidence or duration. Thus, to determine sample size requirements, its impact on prevalence must first be estimated. The relationship between incidence and prevalence (or duration and prevalence) is convex, saturating at 100% prevalence. For this reason, the proportional effect of a vaccine on prevalence is typically less than its proportional effect on incidence or duration. This relationship is further complicated in the presence of multiple pathogen strains. In addition, host immunity to carriage accumulates rapidly with frequent exposures in early years of life, creating potentially complex interactions with the vaccines effect. We conducted a simulation study to predict the impact of an inactivated whole cell pneumococcal vaccine--believed to reduce carriage duration--on carriage prevalence in different age groups and trial settings. We used an individual-based model of pneumococcal carriage that incorporates relevant immunological processes, both vaccine-induced and naturally acquired. Our simulations showed that for a wide range of vaccine efficacies, sampling time and age at vaccination are important determinants of sample size. There is a window of favorable sampling times during which the required sample size is relatively low, and this window is prolonged with a younger age at vaccination, and in a trial setting with lower transmission intensity. These results illustrate the ability of simulation studies to inform the planning of vaccine trials with carriage endpoints, and the methods we present here can be applied to trials evaluating other pneumococcal vaccine candidates or comparing alternative dosing schedules for the existing conjugate vaccines.nnAuthor SummaryStreptococcus pneumoniae, a bacterium carried in the nasopharynx of many healthy people, is also a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, sepsis, and ear infections in children aged five years and younger. Vaccines targeting select strains of S. pneumoniae have been effective, and the development of new vaccines, particularly those that target all strains, can further lower disease burden. For clinical trials of these vaccines, the number of study participants needed depends on the expected effect of the vaccine on a conveniently measured outcome: asymptomatic carriage. The most economical way to test a vaccine for its effect on carriage is by measuring prevalence at a specific time, and comparing vaccinated to unvaccinated participants. The relationship between incidence (or duration) and prevalence is complex, and changes with time as children develop natural immunity. We explored this relationship using a mathematical model. Given a vaccine efficacy, our computer simulations predict that fewer study participants are needed if they are vaccinated at a younger age, taken from a population with intermediate levels of transmission, and sampled for carriage at a certain time window: 9 to 18 months after vaccination. Our study illustrates how simulation studies can help plan more efficient vaccine trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fussell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobey, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipsitch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/258871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Use of an individual-based model of pneumococcal carriage for planning a randomized trial of a vaccine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Laminin heparin-binding peptides promiscuously bind growth factors and enhance diabetic wound healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/259481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Laminin, as a key component of the basement membrane extracellular matrix (ECM), regulates tissue morphogenesis. We show that multiple laminin isoforms promiscuously bind to growth factors (GFs) with high affinity, through their heparin binding domains (HBDs) located in the a chain LG domains. Interestingly, these domains also bind to syndecan cell-surface receptors, promoting attachment of fibroblasts and endothelial cells. We next explore application of these multifunctional laminin HBDs in skin healing in the type 2 diabetic mouse. We demonstrate that covalent incorporation of laminin HBDs into fibrin matrix enables the slow-release of GFs. Incorporation of the 33043-3067 laminin HBD significantly enhances in vivo wound-healing efficacy of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF)-A165 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, under conditions where the GFs alone in fibrin are inefficacious. This laminin HBD peptide may be clinically useful by improving biomaterials as both GF reservoirs and cell scaffolds, leading to effective tissue regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ishihara, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishihara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukunaga, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briquez, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/259481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Laminin heparin-binding peptides promiscuously bind growth factors and enhance diabetic wound healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261081v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide study identifies 611 loci associated with risk tolerance and risky behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261081v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans vary substantially in their willingness to take risks. In a combined sample of over one million individuals, we conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of general risk tolerance, adventurousness, and risky behaviors in the driving, drinking, smoking, and sexual domains. We identified 611 approximately independent genetic loci associated with at least one of our phenotypes, including 124 with general risk tolerance. We report evidence of substantial shared genetic influences across general risk tolerance and risky behaviors: 72 of the 124 general risk tolerance loci contain a lead SNP for at least one of our other GWAS, and general risk tolerance is moderately to strongly genetically correlated ([Formula] to 0.50) with a range of risky behaviors. Bioinformatics analyses imply that genes near general-risk-tolerance-associated SNPs are highly expressed in brain tissues and point to a role for glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. We find no evidence of enrichment for genes previously hypothesized to relate to risk tolerance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karlsson Linner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biroli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meddens, S. F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wedow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontana, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebreton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdellaoui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammerschlag, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivard, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okbay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rietveld, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timshel, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tino, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trzaskowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vlaming, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zünd, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzdugan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caplin, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eibich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karhunen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lill, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meddens, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muntane, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taskesen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>eQTLgen Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International Cannab</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/261081</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide study identifies 611 loci associated with risk tolerance and risky behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Escherichia coli nitrogen starvation response is important for mutualistic coexistence with Rhodopseudomonas palustris 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/262139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial mutualistic cross-feeding interactions are ubiquitous and can drive important community functions. Engaging in cross-feeding undoubtedly affects the physiology and metabolism of individual species involved. However, the nature in which an individuals physiology is influenced by cross-feeding and the importance of those physiological changes for the mutualism have received little attention. We previously developed a genetically tractable coculture to study bacterial mutualisms. The coculture consists of fermentative Escherichia coli and phototrophic Rhodopseudomonas palustris. In this coculture, E. coli anaerobically ferments sugars into excreted organic acids as a carbon source for R. palustris. In return, a genetically-engineered R. palustris constitutively converts N2 into NH4+, providing E. coli with essential nitrogen. Using RNA-seq and proteomics, we identified transcript and protein levels that differ in each partner when grown in coculture versus monoculture. When in coculture with R. palustris, E. coli gene-expression changes resembled a nitrogen starvation response under the control of the transcriptional regulator NtrC. By genetically disrupting E. coli NtrC, we determined that a nitrogen starvation response is important for a stable coexistence, especially at low R. palustris NH4+ excretion levels. Destabilization of the nitrogen starvation regulatory network resulted in variable growth trends and in some cases, extinction. Our results highlight that alternative physiological states can be important for survival within cooperative cross-feeding relationships.nnImportanceMutualistic cross-feeding between microbes within multispecies communities is widespread. Studying how mutualistic interactions influence the physiology of each species involved is important for understanding how mutualisms function and persist in both natural and applied settings. Using a bacterial mutualism consisting of Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Escherichia coli growing cooperatively through bidirectional nutrient exchange, we determined that an E. coli nitrogen starvation response is important for maintaining a stable coexistence. The lack of an E. coli nitrogen starvation response ultimately destabilized the mutualism and, in some cases, led to community collapse after serial transfers. Our findings thus inform on the potential necessity of an alternative physiological state for mutualistic coexistence with another species compared to the physiology of species grown in isolation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCully, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behringer, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gliessman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilipenko, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazny, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinlay, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/262139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Escherichia coli nitrogen starvation response is important for mutualistic coexistence with Rhodopseudomonas palustris]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The variability of song variability in wild and domesticated zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Birdsong is a classic example of a learned social behavior. Like many traits of interest, however, song production is also influenced by genetic factors and understanding the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences remains a major research goal. In this study we take advantage of genetic variation among captive zebra finch populations to examine variation in a population-level song trait: song variability. We find that zebra finch populations differ in levels of song variability. Domesticated T. g. castanotis populations displayed higher song diversity than more recently wild-derived populations of both zebra finch subspecies T. g. castanotis and T. g. guttata, the Timor zebra finch. To determine whether these differences could have a genetic basis, we cross-fostered domesticated T. g. castanotis and Timor zebra finches to Bengalese finches Lonchura striata domestica. Following cross-fostering, domesticated T. g. castanotis maintained a higher level of song diversity than T. g. guttata. We suggest that the high song variability of domesticated zebra finches may be a consequence of reduced purifying selection acting on song traits. Intraspecific differences in the mechanisms underlying song variability therefore represent an untapped opportunity for probing the mechanisms of song learning and production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lansverk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clayton, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balakrishnan, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/263913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The variability of song variability in wild and domesticated zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/265017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying tissues implicated in Anorexia Nervosa using Transcriptomic Imputation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/265017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex and serious eating disorder, occurring in ~1% of individuals. Despite having the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder, little is known about the aetiology of AN, and few effective treatments exist.nnGlobal efforts to collect large sample sizes of individuals with AN have been highly successful, and a recent study consequently identified the first genome-wide significant locus involved in AN. This result, coupled with other recent studies and epidemiological evidence, suggest that previous characterizations of AN as a purely psychiatric disorder are over-simplified. Rather, both neurological and metabolic pathways may also be involved.nnIn order to elucidate more of the system-specific aetiology of AN, we applied transcriptomic imputation methods to 3,495 cases and 10,982 controls, collected by the Eating Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC-ED). Transcriptomic Imputation (TI) methods approaches use machine-learning methods to impute tissue-specific gene expression from large genotype data using curated eQTL reference panels. These offer an exciting opportunity to compare gene associations across neurological and metabolic tissues. Here, we applied CommonMind Consortium (CMC) and GTEx-derived gene expression prediction models for 13 brain tissues and 12 tissues with potential metabolic involvement (adipose, adrenal gland, 2 colon, 3 esophagus, liver, pancreas, small intestine, spleen, stomach).nnWe identified 35 significant gene-tissue associations within the large chromosome 12 region described in the recent PGC-ED GWAS. We applied forward stepwise conditional analyses and FINEMAP to associations within this locus to identify putatively causal signals. We identified four independently associated genes; RPS26, C12orf49, SUOX, and RDH16. We also identified two further genome-wide significant gene-tissue associations, both in brain tissues; REEP5, in the dorso-lateral pre-frontal cortex (DLPFC; p=8.52x10-07), and CUL3, in the caudate basal ganglia (p=1.8x10-06). These genes are significantly enriched for associations with anthropometric phenotypes in the UK BioBank, as well as multiple psychiatric, addiction, and appetite/satiety pathways. Our results support a model of AN risk influenced by both metabolic and psychiatric factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFadden, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leppa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eating Disorders working group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC-ED),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieberts, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/265017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying tissues implicated in Anorexia Nervosa using Transcriptomic Imputation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reproducible big data science: A case study in continuous FAIRness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/268755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Big biomedical data create exciting opportunities for discovery, but make it difficult to capture analyses and outputs in forms that are findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR). In response, we describe tools that make it easy to capture, and assign identifiers to, data and code throughout the data lifecycle. We illustrate the use of these tools via a case study involving a multi-step analysis that creates an atlas of putative transcription factor binding sites from terabytes of ENCODE DNase I hypersensitive sites sequencing data. We show how the tools automate routine but complex tasks, capture analysis algorithms in understandable and reusable forms, and harness fast networks and powerful cloud computers to process data rapidly, all without sacrificing usability or reproducibility--thus ensuring that big data are not hard-to-(re)use data. We compare and contrast our approach with other approaches to big data analysis and reproducibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madduri, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Arcy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulakhe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heavner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glusman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Horn, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesselman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toga, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/268755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reproducible big data science: A case study in continuous FAIRness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/271072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interhemispheric Integration for Complex Behaviors, Absent the Corpus Callosum in Normal Ontogeny 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/271072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional homotopy, or synchronous spontaneous activity between symmetric, contralateral brain regions, is a fundamental characteristic of the mammalian brains functional architecture(1-6). In mammals, functional homotopy may be predominantly mediated by the corpus callosum (CC), a white matter structure thought to balance the interhemispheric coordination and hemispheric specialization critical for many complex brain functions, including lateralized human language abilities(7, 8). The CC first emerged with the Eutherian (placental) mammals ~160 MYA and is not found in other vertebrates(9, 10). Despite this, other vertebrates also exhibit complex brain functions requiring bilateral integration and lateralization(11). For example, much as humans acquire speech, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) songbird learns to sing from tutors and must balance hemispheric specialization(12) with interhemispheric coordination to successfully learn and produce song(13). We therefore tested whether the zebra finch brain also exhibits functional homotopy despite lacking the CC. Implementing custom resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) functional connectivity (FC) analyses, we demonstrate widespread functional homotopy between pairs of contralateral brain regions required for learned song but which lack direct anatomical projections (i.e., structural connectivity; SC). We believe this is the first demonstration of functional homotopy in a non-Eutherian vertebrate; however, it is unlikely to be the only instance of it. The remarkable congruence between functional homotopy in the zebra finch and Eutherian brains indicates that alternative mechanisms must exist for balanced interhemispheric coordination in the absence of a CC. This insight may have broad implications for understanding complex, bilateral neural processing across phylogeny and how information is integrated between hemispheres.nnSignificance StatementThe mammalian brain exhibits strongly synchronized hemodynamic activity (i.e., functional connectivity) between symmetric, contralateral (i.e., homotopic) brain regions. This pattern is thought to be largely mediated by the corpus callosum (CC), a large white matter tract unique to mammals, which balances interhemispheric coordination and lateralization. Many complex brain functions, including human language, are thought to critically rely upon this balance. Despite lacking the CC, the zebra finch exhibits a song learning process with striking parallels to human speech acquisition, including lateralization and interhemispheric coordination. Using resting-state fMRI, we show that the zebra finch brain exhibits widespread homotopic functional connectivity within a network critical for learned song, suggesting that this symmetrical activity pattern may phylogenetically precede the evolution of the CC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Layden, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schertz, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/271072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interhemispheric Integration for Complex Behaviors, Absent the Corpus Callosum in Normal Ontogeny]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/271650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Methodological Assessment and Characterization of Genetically-Driven Variation in Three Human Phosphoproteomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/271650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of proteins on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues is a ubiquitous post-translational modification that plays a key part of essentially every cell signaling process. It is reasonable to assume that inter-individual variation in protein phosphorylation may underlie phenotypic differences, as has been observed for practically any other molecular regulatory phenotype. However, we do not know much about the extent of inter-individual variation in phosphorylation because it is quite challenging to perform a quantitative high throughput study to assess inter-individual variation in any post-translational modification. To test our ability to address this challenge with current technology, we quantified phosphorylation levels for three genotyped human cell lines within a nested experimental framework, and found that genetic background is the primary determinant of phosphoproteome variation. We uncovered multiple functional, biophysical, and genetic associations with germline driven phosphopeptide variation. Variants affecting protein levels or structure were among these associations, with the latter presenting, on average, a stronger effect. Interestingly, we found evidence that is consistent with a phosphopeptide variability buffering effect endowed from properties enriched within longer proteins. Because the small sample size in this  pilot study may limit the applicability of our genetic observations, we also undertook a thorough technical assessment of our experimental workflow to aid further efforts. Taken together, these results provide the foundation for future work to characterize inter-individual variation in post-translational modification levels and reveal novel insights into the nature of inter-individual variation in phosphorylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engelmann, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blischak, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fourne, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/271650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Methodological Assessment and Characterization of Genetically-Driven Variation in Three Human Phosphoproteomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/274001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SoS Notebook: An Interactive Multi-Language Data Analysis Environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/274001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationComplex bioinformatic data analysis workflows involving multiple scripts in different languages can be difficult to consolidate, share, and reproduce. An environment that streamlines the entire processes of data collection, analysis, visualization and reporting of such multi-language analyses is currently lacking.nnResultsWe developed Script of Scripts (SoS) Notebook, a web-based notebook environment that allows the use of multiple scripting language in a single notebook, with data flowing freely within and across languages. SoS Notebook enables researchers to perform sophisticated bioinformatic analysis using the most suitable tools for different parts of the workflow, without the limitations of a particular language or complications of cross-language communications.nnAvailabilitySoS Notebook is hosted at http://vatlab.github.io/SoS/ and is distributed under a BSD license.nnContactbpeng@mdanderson.org
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakefield, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/274001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SoS Notebook: An Interactive Multi-Language Data Analysis Environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Different inhibitory interneuron cell classes make distinct contributions to visual perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While recent work has revealed how different inhibitory interneurons influence cortical responses to sensory stimuli, little is known about how their activity contributes to sensory perception. Here, we optogenetically stimulated different genetically defined interneurons (parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)) in visual cortex (V1) of mice working at threshold in contrast increment or decrement detection tasks. The visual stimulus was paired with optogenetic stimulation to assess how enhancing V1 inhibitory neuron activity synchronously during cortical responses altered task performance. PV or SST activation impaired, while VIP stimulation improved, contrast increment detection. Notably, PV or SST stimulation also impaired contrast decrement detection, when opsin-evoked inhibition would exaggerate stimulus-evoked decrements in firing rate, and thus might improve performance. The impairment produced by PV or SST stimulation persisted throughout many weeks of testing. In contrast mice learned to reliably detect VIP activation in the absence of natural visual stimulation. Thus, different inhibitory signals make distinct contributions to visual contrast perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cone, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scantlen, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Histed, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maunsell, J. H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/275172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Different inhibitory interneuron cell classes make distinct contributions to visual perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The contribution of parent-to-offspring transmission of telomeres to the heritability of telomere length in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/276030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is a heritable trait with two potential sources of heritability (h2): inherited variation in non-telomeric regions (e.g., SNPs that influence telomere maintenance) and variability in the lengths of telomeres in gametes that produce offspring zygotes (i.e., "direct" inheritance). Prior studies of LTL h2 have not attempted to disentangle these two sources. Here, we use a novel approach for detecting the direct inheritance of telomeres by studying the association between identity-by-descent (IBD) sharing at chromosome ends and phenotypic similarity in LTL. We measured genome-wide SNPs and LTL for a sample of 5,069 Bangladeshi adults with substantial relatedness. For each of the 7,254 relative pairs identified, we used SNPs near the telomeres to estimate the number of chromosome ends shared IBD, a proxy for the number of telomeres shared IBD (Tshared). We then estimated the association between Tshared and the squared pairwise difference in LTL (({Delta}LTL)2) within various classes of relatives (siblings, avuncular, cousins, and distant), adjusting for overall genetic relatedness ({phi}). The association between Tshared and ({Delta}LTL)2 was inverse among all relative pair types. In a meta-analysis including all relative pairs ({phi} >0.05), the association between Tshared and ({Delta}LTL)2 (P=0.002) was stronger than the association between {phi} and ({Delta}LTL)2 (P=0.45). Our results provide strong evidence that telomere length (TL) in parental germ cells impacts TL in offspring cells and contributes to LTL h2 despite telomere "reprogramming" during embryonic development. Applying our method to larger studies will enable robust estimation of LTL h2 attributable to direction transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delgado, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demanelis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinkle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabarinathan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakibuz-Zaman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarwar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahriar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasmine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibriya, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahsan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/276030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The contribution of parent-to-offspring transmission of telomeres to the heritability of telomere length in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning molecular motor transport through cytoskeletal filament network organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interaction of motor proteins with intracellular filaments is required for transport processes and force generation in cells. Within a cell, crosslinking proteins organize cytoskeletal filaments both temporally and spatially to create dynamic, and structurally diverse networks. The architecture of these networks changes both the mechanics as well as the transport dynamics; however, the effects on transport are less well understood. Here, we compare the transport dynamics of myosin II motor proteins moving on model cytoskeletal networks created by common crosslinking proteins. We observe that motor dynamics change predictably based on the microstructure of the underlying networks and discuss how this can be utilized by cells to achieve specific transport goals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scholz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weirich, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/277947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning molecular motor transport through cytoskeletal filament network organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
American Gut: an Open Platform for Citizen-Science Microbiome Research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although much work has linked the human microbiome to specific phenotypes and lifestyle variables, data from different projects have been challenging to integrate and the extent of microbial and molecular diversity in human stool remains unknown. Using standardized protocols from the Earth Microbiome Project and sample contributions from over 10,000 citizen-scientists, together with an open research network, we compare human microbiome specimens primarily from the USA, UK, and Australia to one another and to environmental samples. Our results show an unexpected range of beta-diversity in human stool microbiomes as compared to environmental samples, demonstrate the utility of procedures for removing the effects of overgrowth during room-temperature shipping for revealing phenotype correlations, uncover new molecules and kinds of molecular communities in the human stool metabolome, and examine emergent associations among the microbiome, metabolome, and the diversity of plants that are consumed (rather than relying on reductive categorical variables such as veganism, which have little or no explanatory power). We also demonstrate the utility of the living data resource and cross-cohort comparison to confirm existing associations between the microbiome and psychiatric illness, and to reveal the extent of microbiome change within one individual during surgery, providing a paradigm for open microbiome research and education.nnImportanceWe show that a citizen-science, self-selected cohort shipping samples through the mail at room temperature recaptures many known microbiome results from clinically collected cohorts and reveals new ones. Of particular interest is integrating n=1 study data with the population data, showing that the extent of microbiome change after events such as surgery can exceed differences between distinct environmental biomes, and the effect of diverse plants in the diet which we confirm with untargeted metabolomics on hundreds of samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debelius, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behsaz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRight Goldasicha, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahimipourg, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaffney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogul, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugenholtz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huttenhower, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeste, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knights, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosciolek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marotz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meleshko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnik, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohimani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montassier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navas-Molina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peddada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pevzner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rah</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/277970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[American Gut: an Open Platform for Citizen-Science Microbiome Research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible Learning-Free Segmentation and Reconstruction for Sparse Neuronal Circuit Tracing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imaging is a dominant strategy for data collection in neuroscience, yielding stacks of images that often scale to gigabytes of data for a single experiment. Machine learning algorithms from computer vision can serve as a pair of virtual eyes that tirelessly processes these images, automatically constructing more complete and realistic circuits. In practice, such algorithms are often too error-prone and computationally expensive to be immediately useful. We address these shortcomings with a new fast, flexible, learning-free method for sparse segmentation and reconstruction of neural volumes. Unlike learning methods, our Flexible Learning-free Reconstruction of Imaged Neural volumes (FLoRIN) pipeline exploits structure-specific contextual clues and requires no training. This approach generalizes across different modalities, including serially-sectioned scanning electron microscopy (sSEM) of genetically labeled and contrast enhanced processes, spectral confocal reflectance (SCoRe) microscopy, and high-energy synchrotron X-ray microtomography (CT) of large tissue volumes. We deploy the FLoRIN pipeline on newly published and novel mouse datasets, demonstrating the high biological fidelity of the pipelines reconstructions, which are of sufficient quality for preliminary biological study. Compared to existing supervised learning methods, it is both significantly faster (up to several orders of magnitude) and produces high-quality reconstructions that are robust to noise and artifacts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shahbazi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinnison, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vescovi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jösch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Costa, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grutzendler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheirer, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/278515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible Learning-Free Segmentation and Reconstruction for Sparse Neuronal Circuit Tracing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of Caulobacter crescentus strain fitness at the genomic scale during growth in natural freshwater 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial genomes evolve in complex ecosystems and are best understood in this natural context, but replicating such conditions in the lab is challenging. We used transposon sequencing to define the fitness consequences of gene disruption in the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus grown in natural freshwater, compared to axenic growth in common laboratory media. Gene disruptions in amino acid and nucleotide biosynthesis pathways and in metabolic substrate transport machinery impaired fitness in both lake water and defined minimal medium relative to complex peptone broth. Fitness in lake water was enhanced by insertions in genes required for flagellum biosynthesis and reduced by insertions in genes involved in biosynthesis of the holdfast surface adhesin. We further uncovered numerous hypothetical and uncharacterized genes for which disruption impaired fitness in lake water, defined minimal medium, or both. At the genome scale, the fitness profile of mutants cultivated in lake water was more similar to that in complex peptone broth than in defined minimal medium. Microfiltration of lake water did not significantly affect the terminal cell density or the fitness profile of the transposon mutant pool, suggesting that Caulobacter does not strongly interact with other microbes in this ecosystem on the measured timescale. Fitness of select mutants with defects in cell surface biosynthesis and environmental sensing were significantly more variable in lake water than in defined medium, presumably owing to day-to-day heterogeneity in the lake environment. This study reveals genetic interactions between Caulobacter and a natural freshwater environment, and provides a new avenue to study gene function in complex ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hentchel, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Ruiz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/279711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of Caulobacter crescentus strain fitness at the genomic scale during growth in natural freshwater]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/281550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harnessing Empirical Bayes and Mendelian Segregation for Genotyping Autopolyploids from Messy Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/281550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detecting and quantifying the differences in individual genomes (i.e. genotyping), plays a fundamental role in most modern bioinformatics pipelines. Many scientists now use reduced representation next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches for genotyping. Genotyping diploid individuals using NGS is a well-studied field and similar methods for polyploid individuals are just emerging. However, there are many aspects of NGS data, particularly in polyploids, that remain unexplored by most methods. We provide two main contributions in this paper: (i) We draw attention to, and then model, common aspects of NGS data: sequencing error, allelic bias, overdispersion, and outlying observations. (ii) Many datasets feature related individuals, and so we use the structure of Mendelian segregation to build an empirical Bayes approach for genotyping polyploid individuals. We assess the accuracy of our method in simulations and apply it to a dataset of hexaploid sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas). An R package implementing our method is available at https://github.com/dcgerard/updog.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrao, L. F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/281550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harnessing Empirical Bayes and Mendelian Segregation for Genotyping Autopolyploids from Messy Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/282350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in gene expression in response to ischemia in the human myocardium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/282350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract and KeywordsO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSSex differences exist in the prevalence, presentation, and outcomes of ischemic heart disease. Females have higher risk of heart failure post myocardial infarction relative to males and the female sex is an independent risk factor for hospital and operative mortality after cardiac surgery. However, the mechanisms underlying this sexual dimorphism remain unclear. We examined sex differences in human myocardial gene expression in response to ischemia.nnMethodsLeft ventricular biopsies from 68 male and 46 female patients undergoing aortic valve replacement surgery were obtained at baseline and after a median 74 minutes of cold cardioplegic arrest/ischemia and respective transcriptomes were quantified by RNA-Seq. Sex-specific responses to ischemia were quantified by differential gene expression, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and pathway and functional analysis. Cell-type enrichment analysis. was used to obtain an estimate of the identity and relative proportions of different cell types present in each sample.nnResultsA sex-specific response to ischemia was observed for 271 genes. Functional annotation analysis revealed sex-specific modulation of the oxytocin signaling pathway and common pathway of fibrin clot formation. The eQTL analysis identified variant-by-sex interaction eQTLs at baseline and post-ischemia, indicative of sex differences in the genotypic effects on gene expression, and cell-type enrichment analysis showed sex-bias in proportion of specific cell types.nnConclusionIn response to myocardial ischemia, the human left ventricle demonstrates changes in gene expression that differ between the sexes. These differences provide insight into the sexual dimorphism of ischemic heart disease and may aid in the development of sex-specific therapies that reduce myocardial injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stone, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heydarpour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranki, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Body, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raby, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muehlschlegel, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/282350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in gene expression in response to ischemia in the human myocardium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adipose fin development and its relation to the evolutionary origins of median fins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dorsal, anal and caudal fins of vertebrates are proposed to have originated by the partitioning and transformation of the continuous median fin fold that is plesiomorphic to chordates. Evaluating this hypothesis has been challenging, because it is unclear how the median fin fold relates to the adult median fins of vertebrates. To understand how new median fins originate, here we study the development and diversity of adipose fins. Phylogenetic mapping shows that in all lineages except Characoidei (Characiformes) adipose fins develop from a domain of the larval median fin fold. To inform how the larvas median fin fold contributes to the adipose fin, we study Corydoras aeneus (Siluriformes). As the fin fold reduces around the prospective site of the adipose fin, a fin spine develops in the fold, growing both proximally and distally, and sensory innervation, which appears to originate from the recurrent ramus of the facial nerve and from dorsal rami of the spinal cord, develops in the adipose fin membrane. Collectively, these data show how a plesiomorphic median fin fold can serve as scaffolding for the evolution and development of novel, individuated median fins, consistent with the median fin fold hypothesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stewart, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/283432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adipose fin development and its relation to the evolutionary origins of median fins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/284406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
6mer Seed Toxicity Determines Strand Selection in miRNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/284406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many siRNAs and shRNAs are toxic to cancer cells through a 6mer seed sequence (position 2-7 of the guide strand). A siRNA screen with all 4096 possible 6mer seed sequences in a neutral RNA backbone revealed a preference for guanine in positions 1-3 and a GC content of >80% of the 6mer seed in the most toxic siRNAs. These 6mer seed containing siRNAs exert their toxicity by targeting survival genes which contain GC-rich 3UTRs. The master tumor suppressor miRNA miR-34a was found to be toxic through such a G-rich 6mer seed suggesting that certain tumor suppressive miRNAs use a toxic 6mer seed to kill cancer cells. An analysis of all mature miRNAs suggests that most miRNAs evolved to avoid guanine at the 5' end of the 6mer seed sequence of the predominantly expressed arm. In contrast, for many tumor suppressive miRNAs the predominant arm contains a G-rich toxic 6mer seed, presumably to eliminate cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Q. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putzbach, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murmann, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrosini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartom, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/284406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[6mer Seed Toxicity Determines Strand Selection in miRNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using biological control data to understand host-pathogen dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key assumption of models of infectious disease is that population-scale spread is driven by transmission between host individuals at small scales. This assumption, however, is rarely tested, likely because observing disease transmission between host individuals is non-trivial in many infectious diseases. Quantifying the transmission of insect baculoviruses at a small scale is in contrast straightforward. We fit a disease model to data from baculovirus epizootics (= epidemics in animals) at the scale of whole forests, while using prior parameter distributions constructed from branch-scale experiments. Our experimentally-constrained model fits the large-scale data very well, supporting the role of small-scale transmission mechanisms in baculovirus epizootics. We further compared our experimentally-based model to an unconstrained model that ignores our experimental data, serving as a proxy for models that include large-scale mechanisms. This analysis supports our hypothesis that small-scale mechanisms are important, especially individual variability in host susceptibility to the virus. Comparison of transmission rates in the two models, however, suggests that large-scale mechanisms increase transmission compared to our experimental estimates. Our study shows that small-scale and large-scale mechanisms drive forest-wide epizootics of baculoviruses, and that synthesizing mathematical models with data collected across scales is key to understanding the spread of infectious disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polivka, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehmel, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dukic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/285080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using biological control data to understand host-pathogen dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchy, Morphology, and Adaptive Radiation: a Test of Osborn’s Law in the Carnivora 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWHenry Fairfield Osborns law of adaptive radiation was intended to explain the early proliferation of morphological and functional variation in diversifying clades. Yet, despite much theoretical development and empirical testing, questions remain regarding the taxonomic levels at which adaptive radiation occurs, the traits involved, and its frequency across the tree of life. Here, we evaluate support for this "early burst" model of adaptive radiation in 14 ecomorphological traits plus body mass for the extant mammalian order Carnivora. Strong support for an early burst adaptive radiation is recovered for molar grinding area, a key proxy for diet. However, we find no evidence for early burst-like dynamics in body mass or multivariate trait data, suggesting a decoupling of evolutionary modes among traits driven by dietary specialization. Furthermore, the signal of an early burst is only recovered for Carnivora, and not in family-level clades. The lack of support for the early burst model of morphological adaptive radiation in previous phylogenetic studies may be a consequence of focusing on the wrong traits at the wrong taxonomic levels. Osborns law predicted that adaptive radiation should be hierarchically structured, and the search for its signature and understanding of its prevalence will require a renewed focus on functional traits and their evolution over higher-level clades.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slater, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friscia, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/285700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchy, Morphology, and Adaptive Radiation: a Test of Osborn’s Law in the Carnivora]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/289942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comparative Assessment of Human and Chimpanzee iPSC-derived Cardiomyocytes with Primary Heart Tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/289942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative genomic studies in primates have the potential to reveal the genetic and mechanistic basis for human specific traits. These studies may also help us better understand inter-species phenotypic differences that are clinically relevant. Unfortunately, the obvious limitation on sample collection and experimentation in humans and non-human apes severely restrict our ability to perform dynamic comparative studies in primates. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and their corresponding differentiated cells, may provide a suitable alternative system for dynamic comparative studies. Yet, to effectively use iPSCs and differentiated cells for comparative studies, one must characterize the extent to which these systems faithfully represent biological processes in primary tissues. To do so, we compared gene expression data from primary adult heart tissue and iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from multiple human and chimpanzee individuals. We determined that gene expression in cultured cardiomyocytes from both human and chimpanzee is most similar to that of adult hearts compared to other adult tissues. Using a comparative framework, we found that 50% of gene regulatory differences between human and chimpanzee hearts are also observed between species in cultured cardiomyocytes; conversely, inter-species regulatory differences seen in cardiomyocytes are found significantly more often in hearts than in other primary tissues. Our work provides a detailed description of the utility and limitation of differentiated cardiomyocytes as a system for comparative functional genomic studies in primates.nnData availability and resource sharingGene expression (RNA-seq) data are available at GEO under accession number GSE110471. All human and chimpanzee iPSCs are available upon request without restriction or limitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pavlovic, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavarria, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/289942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comparative Assessment of Human and Chimpanzee iPSC-derived Cardiomyocytes with Primary Heart Tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-Scale Genome-Wide Meta Analysis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Suggests Shared Genetic Architecture for Different Diagnosis Criteria. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction and polycystic ovarian morphology. Affected women frequently have metabolic disturbances including insulin resistance and dysregulation of glucose homeostasis. PCOS is diagnosed with two different sets of diagnostic criteria, resulting in a phenotypic spectrum of PCOS cases. The genetic similarities between cases diagnosed with different criteria have been largely unknown. Previous studies in Chinese and European subjects have identified 16 loci associated with risk of PCOS. We report a meta-analysis from 10,074 PCOS cases and 103,164 controls of European ancestry and characterisation of PCOS related traits. We identified 3 novel loci (near PLGRKT, ZBTB16 and MAPRE1), and provide replication of 11 previously reported loci. Identified variants were associated with hyperandrogenism, gonadotropin regulation and testosterone levels in affected women. Genetic correlations with obesity, fasting insulin, type 2 diabetes, lipid levels and coronary artery disease indicate shared genetic architecture between metabolic traits and PCOS. Mendelian randomization analyses suggested variants associated with body mass index, fasting insulin, menopause timing, depression and male-pattern balding play a causal role in PCOS. Only one locus differed in its association by diagnostic criteria, otherwise the genetic architecture was similar between PCOS diagnosed by self-report and PCOS diagnosed by NIH or Rotterdam criteria across common variants at 13 loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Day, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaderi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laisk-Podar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorleifsson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Tajes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullin, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuckey, B. G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spector, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodarzi, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obermeyer-Pietsch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uitterlinden, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anttila, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvelin, M.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fauser, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalska, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visser, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stener-Victorin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legro, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salumets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin-Papunen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorsteinsdottir, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefansso</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/290502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-Scale Genome-Wide Meta Analysis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Suggests Shared Genetic Architecture for Different Diagnosis Criteria.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Entropic Forces Drive Clustering and Spatial Localization of Influenza A M2 During Viral Budding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/291120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The influenza A matrix 2 (M2) transmembrane protein facilitates virion release from the infected host cell. In particular, M2 plays a role in the induction of membrane curvature and/or in the scission process whereby the envelope is cut upon virion release. Here we show using coarse-grained computer simulations that various M2 assembly geometries emerge due to an entropic driving force, resulting in compact clusters or linearly extended aggregates as a direct consequence of the lateral membrane stresses. Conditions under which these protein assemblies will cause the lipid membrane to curve are explored and we predict that a critical cluster size is required for this to happen. We go on to demonstrate that under the stress conditions taking place in the cellular membrane as it undergoes large-scale membrane remodeling, the M2 protein will in principle be able to both contribute to curvature induction and sense curvature in order to line up in manifolds where local membrane line tension is high. M2 is found to exhibit linactant behavior in liquid-disordered/liquid-ordered phase-separated lipid mixtures and to be excluded from the liquid-ordered phase, in near-quantitative agreement with experimental observations. Our findings support a role for M2 in membrane remodeling during influenza viral budding both as an inducer and a sensor of membrane curvature, and they suggest a mechanism by which localization of M2 can occur as the virion assembles and releases from the host cell, independent of how the membrane curvature is produced.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTFor influenza virus to release from the infected host cell, controlled viral budding must finalize with membrane scission of the viral envelope. Curiously, influenza carries its own protein, M2, which can sever the membrane of the constricted budding neck. Here we elucidate the physical mechanism of clustering and spatial localization of the M2 scission proteins through a combined computational and experimental approach. Our results provide fundamental insights into how M2 clustering and localization interplays with membrane curvature, membrane lateral stresses, and lipid bilayer phase behavior during viral budding in order to contribute to virion release.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madsen, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grime, J. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossman, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/291120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Entropic Forces Drive Clustering and Spatial Localization of Influenza A M2 During Viral Budding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating Predicted Transcriptome From Multiple Tissues Improves Association Detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integration of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies is needed to improve our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying GWAS hits, and our ability to identify therapeutic targets. Gene-level association test methods such as PrediXcan can prioritize candidate targets. However, limited eQTL sample sizes and absence of relevant developmental and disease context restricts our ability to detect associations. Here we propose an efficient statistical method that leverages the substantial sharing of eQTLs across tissues and contexts to improve our ability to identify potential target genes: MulTiXcan. MulTiXcan integrates evidence across multiple panels while taking into account their correlation. We apply our method to a broad set of complex traits available from the UK Biobank and show that we can detect a larger set of significantly associated genes than using each panel separately. To improve applicability, we developed an extension to work on summary statistics: S-MulTiXcan, which we show yields highly concordant results with the individual level version. Results from our analysis as well as software and necessary resources to apply our method are publicly available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pividori, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolae, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/292649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating Predicted Transcriptome From Multiple Tissues Improves Association Detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/296608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Lung Reveals Complex Multicellular Changes During Pulmonary Fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/296608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating disorder that results in the progressive replacement of normal lung tissue with fibrotic scar. Available therapies slow disease progression, but most patients go on to die or require lung transplantation. Single-cell RNA-seq is a powerful tool that can reveal cellular identity via analysis of the transcriptome, but its ability to provide biologically or clinically meaningful insights in a disease context is largely unexplored. Accordingly, we performed single-cell RNA-seq on lung tissue obtained from eight transplant donors and eight recipients with pulmonary fibrosis and one bronchoscopic cryobiospy sample. Integrated single-cell transcriptomic analysis of donors and patients with pulmonary fibrosis identified the emergence of distinct populations of epithelial cells and macrophages that were common to all patients with lung fibrosis. Analysis of transcripts in the Wnt pathway suggested that within the same cell type, Wnt secretion and response are restricted to distinct non-overlapping cells, which was confirmed using in situ RNA hybridization. Single-cell RNA-seq revealed heterogeneity within alveolar macrophages from individual patients, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. These results support the feasibility of discovery-based approaches applying next generation sequencing technologies to clinically obtained samples with a goal of developing personalized therapies.nnOne Sentence SummarySingle-cell RNA-seq applied to tissue from diseased and donor lungs and a living patient with pulmonary fibrosis identifies cell type-specific disease-associated molecular pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyfman, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anekalla, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuattie-Pimentel, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarpour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdala-Valencia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Gonzalez, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soberanes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, K. J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flozak, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrusch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzy, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonham, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bag, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamanaka, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutlu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeldandi, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilatifard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, L. A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sznajder, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinchcliff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argento, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dematt</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/296608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Lung Reveals Complex Multicellular Changes During Pulmonary Fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/305714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circuit mechanisms for the maintenance and manipulation of information in working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/305714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently it has been proposed that information in short-term memory may not always be stored in persistent neuronal activity, but can be maintained in "activity-silent" hidden states such as synaptic efficacies endowed with short-term plasticity (STP). However, working memory involves manipulation as well as maintenance of information in the absence of external stimuli. In this work, we investigated working memory representation using recurrent neural network (RNN) models trained to perform several working memory dependent tasks. We found that STP can support the short-term maintenance of information provided that the memory delay period is sufficiently short. However, in tasks that require actively manipulating information, persistent neuronal activity naturally emerges from learning, and the amount of persistent neuronal activity scales with the degree of manipulation required. These results shed insight into the current debate on working memory encoding, and suggest that persistent neural activity can vary markedly between tasks used in different experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masse, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/305714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circuit mechanisms for the maintenance and manipulation of information in working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/306472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The SERM/SERD Bazedoxifene Disrupts ESR1 Helix 12 to Overcome Acquired Hormone Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/306472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acquired resistance to endocrine therapy remains a significant clinical burden for breast cancer patients. Somatic mutations in the ESR1 (estrogen receptor alpha (ER) gene ligand-binding domain (LBD) represent a recognized mechanism of acquired resistance. Antiestrogens with improved efficacy versus tamoxifen might overcome the resistant phenotype in ER+ breast cancers. Bazedoxifene (BZA) is a potent antiestrogen that is clinically approved for use in hormone replacement therapies. We find BZA possesses improved inhibitory potency against the Y537S and D538G ER mutants compared to tamoxifen and has additional inhibitory activity in combination with the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib. In addition, comprehensive biophysical and structural biology studies show that BZAs selective estrogen receptor degrading (SERD) properties that override the stabilizing effects of the Y537S and D538G ER mutations.nnSignificanceBazedoxifene (BZA) is a potent orally available antiestrogen that is clinically approved for use in hormone replacement therapy (DUAVEE). We explore the efficacy of BZA to inhibit activating somatic mutants of ER that can arise in metastatic breast cancers after prolonged exposure to aromatase inhibitors or tamoxifen therapy. Breast cancer cell line, biophysical, and structural data show that BZA disrupts helix 12 of the ER ligand binding domain to achieve improved potency against Y537S and D538G somatic mutants compared to 4-hydroxytamoxifen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fanning, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeselsohn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharmarajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayne, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchwalter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houtman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toy, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwachukwu, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosfield, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandarlapaty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajkhorshid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nettles, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katzenellenbogen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/306472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The SERM/SERD Bazedoxifene Disrupts ESR1 Helix 12 to Overcome Acquired Hormone Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/306639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic Excitability Increase in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Following Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/306639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebellar learning is canonically thought to rely on synaptic plasticity, particularly at synaptic inputs to Purkinje cells. Recently, however, other complementary mechanisms have been identified. Intrinsic plasticity is one such mechanism, and depends in part on the down-regulation of calcium-dependent SK-type K channels, which is associated with an increase in neuronal excitability. In the hippocampus, SK-mediated intrinsic plasticity has been shown to play a role in trace eyeblink conditioning; however, it is not yet known how intrinsic plasticity contributes to a cerebellar learning task such as delay eyeblink conditioning. Whole cell recordings were obtained from acute cerebellar slices from mice ~48 hours after learning a delay eyeblink conditioning task. Over a period of repeated training sessions mice received either distinctly paired trials of a tone co-terminating with a periorbital shock (conditioned mice) or trials in which these stimuli were presented in an unpaired manner (pseudoconditioned mice). Conditioned mice show a significantly reduced afterhyperpolarization (AHP) following trains of parallel fiber stimuli. Moreover, we find that SK-dependent intrinsic plasticity is occluded in conditioned, but not pseudoconditioned mice. These findings show that excitability is enhanced in Purkinje cells after delay eyeblink conditioning and point toward a downregulation of SK channels as a potential underlying mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Titley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disterhoft, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/306639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic Excitability Increase in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Following Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reverse Engineered Virtual Patient Populations as Surrogates for Real Patient-Level Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesTo demonstrate a new method for generating virtual, individual-level data by testing it on a known clinical trial population.

DesignVirtualization of aggregate data from a clinical trial.

SettingVirtual

Participants936,100 virtual patients

InterventionsNone

Main Outcomes MeasuresOdds ratios for adverse outcomes in virtual patient populations compared to clinical trial participants.

MethodsThe replicate engineered virtual patient populations (RE-ViPPs) method, based on aggregate cross-tabulated categorical population data, does not require access to individual-level data. Using sequential regression combined with randomization, it generates virtual individual patients to comprise populations that, on average, closely resemble the real population in question. The method is validated by applying it to aggregated data from the seminal SPRINT trial, which compared intensive versus standard blood pressure treatment goals on major adverse cardiovascular events.

ResultsThe method yields virtual populations, each with 9361 patients, faithfully mimicking the real SPRINT participants. Multiple logistic regression on 100 such populations shows that factors with the highest odds ratios for the primary event are, in descending order, past clinical cardiovascular disease, age [&ge;] 75, chronic kidney disease, high non-HDL, and smoking history. Intensive blood pressure treatment, the trials intervention, had an odds ratio of 0.74 [0.63-0.87]. On all these measures, the 100 RE-ViPPs mirrored the real SPRINT participants, including the intensive therapy result (actual SPRINT odds ratio: 0.74 [0.62-0.88]).

ConclusionsClinical data dissemination has limitations. The most coveted data is descriptive at the individual level but comes with significant cost, effort, and time. There is potential for privacy breaches, and the open-data movement has progressed slowly due to data-ownership concerns. RE-ViPPs closely matched the true SPRINT population. Applied to trials, registries, and databases, RE-ViPPs could reduce open-data burdens by encouraging dissemination of aggregate cross-tabulated real data that allow investigators to generate and measure virtual patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alenghat, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/308403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reverse Engineered Virtual Patient Populations as Surrogates for Real Patient-Level Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biogenesis of a young, 22-nt microRNA in Phaseoleae species by precursor-programmed uridylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/310920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phased, secondary siRNAs (phasiRNAs) represent a class of small RNAs in plants generated via distinct biogenesis pathways, predominantly dependent on the activity of 22 nt miRNAs. Most 22 nt miRNAs are processed by DCL1 from miRNA precursors containing an asymmetric bulge, yielding a 22/21 nt miRNA/miRNA* duplex. Here we show that miR1510, a soybean miRNA capable of triggering phasiRNA production from numerous NB-LRRs, previously described as 21 nt in its mature form, primarily accumulates as a 22 nt isoform via monouridylation. We demonstrate that in Arabidopsis, this uridylation is performed by HESO1. Biochemical experiments showed that the 3 terminus of miR1510 is only partially 2-O-methylated, because of the terminal mispairing in the miR1510/miR1510* duplex that inhibits HEN1 activity in soybean. miR1510 emerged in the Phaseoleae ~41 to 42 MYA with a conserved precursor structure yielding a 22 nt monouridylated form, yet a variant in mung bean is processed directly in a 22 nt mature form. This analysis of miR1510 yields two observations: (1) plants can utilize post-processing modification to generate abundant 22 nt miRNA isoforms to more efficiently regulate target mRNA abundances; (2) comparative analysis demonstrates an example of selective optimization of precursor processing of a young plant miRNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fei, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldrich, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/310920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biogenesis of a young, 22-nt microRNA in Phaseoleae species by precursor-programmed uridylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/311431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gating Mechanisms during Actin Filament Elongation by Formins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/311431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Formins play an important role in the polymerization of unbranched actin filaments, and particular formins slow elongation by 5-95%. We studied the interactions between actin and the FH2 domains of formins Cdc12, Bni1 and mDia1 to understand the factors underlying their different rates of polymerization. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations revealed two factors that influence actin filament elongation and correlate with the rates of elongation. First, FH2 domains can sterically block the addition of new actin subunits. Second, FH2 domains flatten the helical twist of the terminal actin subunits, making the end less favorable for subunit addition. Coarse-grained simulations over longer time scales support these conclusions. The simulations show that filaments spend time in states that either allow or block elongation. The rate of elongation is a time-average of the degree to which the formin compromises subunit addition rather than the formin-actin complex literally being in  open or  closed states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aydin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtemanche, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/311431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gating Mechanisms during Actin Filament Elongation by Formins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of the error-prone DNA polymerase polκ by oncogenic signaling and its contribution to drug resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/316729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the proofreading domains of the replicative DNA polymerases pol{delta} and pol{varepsilon} are associated with elevated mutation rates in cancer, but the roles of other DNA polymerases in tumorigenesis remain poorly understood. One such polymerase is pol{kappa}, an enzyme that plays a key role in translesion synthesis. pol{kappa} contributes to cell survival in the face of DNA damage but can be highly mutagenic due to lack of a proofreading domain. Here we demonstrate that cancer cells under stress from oncogene inhibition upregulate pol{kappa} and shift its localization from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This effect can be phenocopied by mTOR inhibition or glucose deprivation, analogous to stress-induced mutagenesis in E. coli whereby cell stress and nutrient deprivation can upregulate and activate DinB/pol IV (the bacterial orthologue of pol{kappa}). We find that cancer cells normally sequester pol{kappa} in the cytoplasm via exportin-1, likely to prevent excess mutagenesis from the error-prone nature of this polymerase. Subverting the normal nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling by forced overexpression of nuclear pol{kappa} increases resistance of melanoma cells to the BRAFV600E inhibitor vemurafenib. This data suggests a mechanism by which cancer cells regulate the expression and localization of the error-prone polymerase pol{kappa}, abrogation of which can contribute to drug resistance.nnOne Sentence Summary: Cancer cells under stress from oncogene or mTOR inhibition dysregulate the error-prone DNA polymerase pol{kappa}, which contributes to drug resistance in melanoma cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Temprine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langdon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clapp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/316729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of the error-prone DNA polymerase polκ by oncogenic signaling and its contribution to drug resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PLK1 plays dual roles in centralspindlin regulation during cytokinesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokinesis starts in anaphase with the formation of an actomyosin-based contractile ring at the equatorial cortex, which is governed by the local activation of the small GTPase RhoA. Here we delineated the contributions of PLK1 and Aurora B to RhoA activation and cytokinesis initiation in human cells. Knock-down of PRC1, which disrupts the spindle midzone, revealed the existence of two pathways that can initiate cleavage furrow ingression. One pathway depends on a well-organized spindle midzone and PLK1, while the other depends on Aurora B activity and centralspindlin oligomerization at the equatorial cortex and can operate independently of PLK1. We further show that PLK1 inhibition sequesters centralspindlin onto the spindle midzone making it unavailable for Aurora B-dependent oligomerization at the equatorial cortex. We propose that PLK1 activity promotes the release of centralspindlin from the spindle midzone through inhibition of PRC1, allowing centralspindlin to function as a regulator of spindle midzone formation and as an activator of RhoA at the equatorial cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adriaans, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponsioen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glotzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/317388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PLK1 plays dual roles in centralspindlin regulation during cytokinesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crowdsourced study of children with autism and their typically developing siblings identifies differences in taxonomic and predicted function for stool-associated microbes using exact sequence variant analysis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe existence of a link between the gut microbiome and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is well established in mice, but in human populations efforts to identify microbial biomarkers have been limited due to problems stratifying participants within the broad phenotype of ASD and a lack of appropriately matched controls. To overcome these limitations and investigate the relationship between ASD and the gut microbiome, we ran a crowdsourced study of families 2-7 year old sibling pairs, where one child of the pair had a diagnosis of ASD and the other child did not.nnMethodsParents of age-matched sibling pairs electronically consented and completed study procedures via a secure web portal (microbiome.stanford.edu). Parents collected stool samples from each child, responded to behavioral questionnaires about the ASD childs typical behavior, and whenever possible provided a home video of their ASD childs natural social behavior. We performed DNA extraction and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing on 117 stool samples (60 ASD and 57 NT) that met all study design eligibility criteria. Using DADA2, Exact Sequence Variants (ESVs) were identified as taxonomic units, and three statistical tests were performed on ESV abundance counts: (1) permutation test to determine differences between sibling pairs, (2) differential abundance test using a zero-inflated gaussian mixture model to account for the sparse abundance matrix, and (3) differential abundance test after modeling under a negative binomial distribution. The potential functional gene abundance for each sample was also inferred from the 16S rRNA data, providing KEGG Ortholog (KO), which were analyzed for differential abundance.nnResultsIn total, 21 ESVs had significantly differentially proportions in stool of children with ASD and their neurotypical siblings. Of these 21 ESVs, 11 were enriched in neurotypical children and ten were enriched in children with ASD. ESVs enriched in the ASD cohort were predominantly associated with Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidaceae; while those enriched in controls were more diverse including taxa associated with Bifidobacterium, Porphyromonas, Slackia, Desulfovibrio, Acinetobacter johnsonii, and Lachnospiraceae. Exact Variant Analysis suggested that Lachnospiraceae was specific to the control cohort, while Ruminococcaceae, Tissierellaceae and Bacteroidaceae were significantly enriched in children with ASD. Metabolic gene predictions determined that while both cohorts harbor the butyrogenic pathway, the ASD cohort was more likely to use the 4-aminobutanoate (4Ab) pathway, while the control cohort was more likely to use the pyruvate pathway. The 4Ab pathway releases harmful by-products like ammonia and can shunt glutamate, affecting its availability as an excitatory neurotransmitter. Finally, we observed differences in the carbohydrate uptake capabilities of various ESVs identified between the two cohorts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tataru, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton-Marcell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/319236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crowdsourced study of children with autism and their typically developing siblings identifies differences in taxonomic and predicted function for stool-associated microbes using exact sequence variant analysis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into the cooperative nature of ATP hydrolysis in actin filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/319558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin filaments continually assemble and disassemble within a cell. Assembled filaments "age" as a bound nucleotide ATP within each actin subunit quickly hydrolyzes, followed by a slower release of the phosphate Pi, leaving behind a bound ADP. This subtle change in nucleotide state of actin subunits affects filament rigidity as well as its interactions with binding partners. We present here a systematic multiscale ultra-coarse-graining (UCG) approach that provides a computationally efficient way to simulate a long actin filament undergoing ATP hydrolysis and phosphate release reactions, while systematically taking into account available atomistic details. The slower conformational changes and their dependence on the chemical reactions are simulated with the UCG model by assigning internal states to the coarse-grained sites. Each state is represented by a unique potential surface of a local heterogeneous elastic network. Internal states undergo stochastic transitions that are coupled to conformations of the underlying molecular system. The UCG model reproduces mechanical properties of the filament and allows us to study whether fluctuations in actin subunits produce cooperative aging in the filament. Our model predicts that nucleotide state of neighboring subunit significantly modulates the reaction kinetics, implying cooperativity in ATP hydrolysis and Pi release. We further systematically coarse-grain the system into a Markov state model that incorporates assembly and disassembly, facilitating a direct comparison with previously published models. We find that cooperativity in ATP hydrolysis and Pi release significantly affects the filament growth dynamics only near the critical G-actin monomer concentration, while both cooperative and random mechanisms show similar growth dynamics far from the critical concentration. In contrast, filament composition in terms of the bound nucleotide distribution varies significantly at all monomer concentrations studied. These results provide new insights into the cooperative nature of ATP hydrolysis and Pi release and the implications it has for actin filament properties, providing novel predictions for future experimental studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katkar, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davtyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durumeric, A. E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hocky, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schramm, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La Cruz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/319558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into the cooperative nature of ATP hydrolysis in actin filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/323287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monocyte and Macrophage Subtypes as Paired Cell Biomarkers for Coronary Artery Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/323287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background: Monocytes and macrophages are central to atherosclerosis, but how they mark progression of human coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear. We tested whether patients monocyte subtypes paired with their derived macrophage profiles correlate with extent of CAD.nnMethods: Peripheral blood was collected from 30 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, and patients were categorized as having no significant CAD, single vessel disease, or multivessel disease according to the number of affected coronary arteries. Mononuclear cells were measured for monocyte markers CD14 and CD16 by flow cytometry, and separate monocytes were cultured into macrophages over 7 days and measured for polarization markers CD86 and CD206.nnResults: At baseline, patients with greater CAD burden were older with higher rates of statin use, whereas all other characteristics were similar across the spectrum of coronary disease. Non-classical (CD14loCD16hi) and all CD16+ monocytes were elevated in patients with single vessel and multivessel disease compared to those without significant CAD (8.6% and 10.5% vs. 2.8%, p < 0.05), whereas regulatory M2 macrophages (CD206+) were decreased in patients with single vessel and multivessel disease (0.34% and 0.34% vs. 1.4%, p < 0.05). An inverse relationship between paired CD16+ monocytes and M2 macrophages marked CAD severity. CAD was also found to be more tightly associated with CD16+ cells than age or traditional cardiovascular risk factors on multiple regression analysis of these patients.nnConclusions: CAD extent is correlated directly with CD16+ monocytes and inversely with M2 (CD206+) macrophages, suggesting circulating monocytes may influence downstream polarization of lesional macrophages. These measures of monocyte and macrophage subtypes hold potential as biomarkers in CAD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arnold, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alenghat, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/323287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monocyte and Macrophage Subtypes as Paired Cell Biomarkers for Coronary Artery Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/325050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Absolute pitch can be learned by some adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/325050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Absolute pitch (AP), the rare ability to name any musical note without the aid of a reference note, is thought to develop in an early critical period of development. Although recent research has shown that adults can improve AP abilities in a single training session, the best learners still did not achieve note classification performance comparable to performance of a genuine AP possessor. Here, we demonstrate that genuine AP levels of performance can be trained in eight weeks for some adults, with the best learner passing all measures of AP ability after training and retaining this knowledge for at least four months after training. Alternative explanations of these positive results, such as improving accuracy through adopting a slower, relative pitch strategy, are not supported based on joint analyses of response time and accuracy. The post-training AP assessments were extensive, totaling 204 notes taken from eight different timbres and spanning over seven octaves. These results clearly demonstrate that explicit perceptual training in some adults can lead to AP performance that is behaviorally indistinguishable from AP that results from childhood development. Implications for theories of AP acquisition are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Hedger, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heald, S. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusbaum, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/325050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Absolute pitch can be learned by some adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/327684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inference and visualization of DNA damage patterns using a grade of membership model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/327684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quality control plays a major role in the analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA). One key step in this quality control is assessment of DNA damage: aDNA contains unique signatures of DNA damage that distinguish it from modern DNA, and so analyses of damage patterns can help confirm that DNA sequences obtained are from endogenous aDNA rather than from modern contamination. Predominant signatures of DNA damage include a high frequency of cytosine to thymine substitutions (C-to-T) at the ends of fragments, and elevated rates of purines (A & G) before the 5 strand-breaks. Existing QC procedures help assess damage by simply plotting for each sample, the C-to-T mismatch rate along the read and the composition of bases before the 5 strand-breaks. Here we present a more flexible and comprehensive model-based approach to infer and visualize damage patterns in aDNA, implemented in an R package aRchaic. This approach is based on a "grade of membership" model (also known as "admixture" or "topic" model) in which each sample has an estimated grade of membership in each of K damage profiles that are estimated from the data. We illustrate aRchaic on data from several aDNA studies and modern individuals from 1000 Genomes Project Consortium (2012). Here, aRchaic clearly distinguishes modern from ancient samples irrespective of DNA extraction, lab and sequencing protocols. Additionally, through an in-silico contamination experiment, we show that the aRchaic grades of membership reflect relative levels of exogenous modern contamination. Together, the outputs of aRchaic provide a concise visual summary of DNA damage patterns, as well as other processes generating mismatches in the data. Availability: aRchaic is available for download from https://www.github.com/kkdey/aRchaic.nnContact: halasadi@uchicago.edu, kkdey@uchicago.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Asadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/327684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inference and visualization of DNA damage patterns using a grade of membership model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/327718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Casiopeina II-gly secondary targets through a systems pharmacology approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/327718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Casiopeinas are a group of copper-based compounds designed to be used as less toxic, more efficient chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, we analyzed the in vitro effects of Casiopeina Il-gly on the expression of canonical biological pathways. Using microarray data from HeLa cell lines treated with Casiopeina II-gly, we identified biological pathways that are perturbed after treatment. We present a novel approach integrating pathway analysis and network theory: The Pathway Crosstalk Network. We constructed a network with deregulated pathways, featuring links between those pathways that crosstalk with each other. We identified modules grouping deregulated pathways that are functionally related. Through this approach, we were able to identify three features of Casiopeina treatment: a) Perturbation of signaling pathways, related to induction of apoptosis; b) perturbation of metabolic pathways, and c) activation of immune responses. These findings can be useful to drive new experimental exploration on their role in adverse effects and efficacy of Casiopeinas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Anda-Jauregui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinal-Enriquez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hur, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcala-Corona, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Azuara, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Lemus, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/327718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Casiopeina II-gly secondary targets through a systems pharmacology approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the impact of inoculum dose on host immunity and morbidity to inform model-based vaccine design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundVaccination is an effective method to protect against infectious diseases. An important consideration in any vaccine formulation is the inoculum dose, i.e., amount of antigen or live attenuated pathogen that is used. Higher levels generally lead to better stimulation of the immune response but might cause more severe side effects and allow for less population coverage in the presence of vaccine shortages. Determining the optimal amount of inoculum dose is an important component of rational vaccine design. A combination of mathematical models with experimental data can help determine the impact of the inoculum dose.nnMethodsWe designed mathematical models and fit them to data from influenza A virus (IAV) infection of mice and human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) of cotton rats at different inoculum doses. We used the model to predict the level of immune protection and morbidity for different inoculum doses and to explore what an optimal inoculum dose might be.nnResultsWe show how a framework that combines mathematical models with experimental data can be used to study the impact of inoculum dose on important outcomes such as immune protection and morbidity. We find that the impact of inoculum dose on immune protection and morbidity depends on the pathogen and both protection and morbidity do not always increase with increasing inoculum dose. An intermediate inoculum dose can provide the best balance between immune protection and morbidity, though this depends on the specific weighting of protection and morbidity.nnConclusionsOnce vaccine design goals are specified with required levels of protection and acceptable levels of morbidity, our proposed framework which combines data and models can help in the rational design of vaccines and determination of the optimal amount of inoculum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Handel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawelek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarnitsyna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/328559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the impact of inoculum dose on host immunity and morbidity to inform model-based vaccine design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/330449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional Network Analysis on Brains Reveals a Potential Regulatory Role of PPP1R3F in Autism Spectrum Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/330449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThis study aims at identifying master regulators of transcriptional networks in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).nnResultsWith two sets of independent RNA-Seq data generated on cerebellum from patients with ASDs and control subjects (N=39 and 45 for set 1, N=24 and 38 for set 2, respectively), we carried out a network deconvolution of transcriptomic data, followed by virtual protein activity analysis. We identified PPP1R3F (Protein Phosphatase 1 Regulatory Subunit 3F) as a master regulator affecting a large body of downstream genes that are associated with the disease phenotype. Pathway enrichment analysis on the identified targets of PPP1R3F in both datasets indicated alteration of endocytosis pathway. This exploratory analysis is limited by sample size, but it illustrates a successful application of network deconvolution approaches in the analysis of brain gene expression data and generates a hypotheses that may be further validated by large-scale studies in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doostparast Torshizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/330449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional Network Analysis on Brains Reveals a Potential Regulatory Role of PPP1R3F in Autism Spectrum Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/330720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-specific differences in the dynamics of protective immunity to influenza 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/330720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza A viruses evolve rapidly to escape host immunity, such that individuals can be infected multiple times with the same subtype. The form and duration of protective immunity after each influenza infection are poorly understood. Here, we quantify the dynamics of protective immunity against influenza A virus infections by fitting individual-level mechanistic models to longitudinal serology from children and adults in a household cohort study. We find that most protection in children is explained by antibody titers measured by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. In contrast, in adults, HI antibody titers explain a smaller fraction of protection. Protection against circulating strains wanes to approximately 50% of peak levels 3.5-7 years after infection in both age groups, and wanes faster against influenza A(H3N2) than A(H1N1)pdm09. Protection against H3N2 lasts longer in adults than in children. Our results suggest that the focus of influenza antibody responses changes over time from the highly mutable hemagglutinin head to other epitopes, consistent with the immunological theory of original antigenic sin, and that this change of focus might affect protection. Additionally, we estimate that imprinting, or primary infection with a subtype of one phylogenetic group, has little to no effect on the risk of non-medically attended influenza infections in adults. We also find no evidence of long-term cross-protection between subtypes. This work underscores the need for longitudinal data on multiple components of the immune response to better understand the development of immunity and differences in susceptibility within populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranjeva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ip, D. K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, R. A. P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peiris, J. S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowling, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/330720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-specific differences in the dynamics of protective immunity to influenza]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/330811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quasi-neutral molecular evolution -- When positive and negative selection cancel out 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/330811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the absence of both positive and negative selection, DNA sequences evolve at the neutral rate, R = 1. Due to the prevalence of negative selection, R[~]1 is rarely achieved in organismal evolution. However, when R [~] 1 is observed, it does not necessarily indicate neutral evolution because positive and negative selection could be equally strong but in opposite directions - hereby referred to as quasi-neutrality. We now show that somatic-cell evolution could be the paradigm of quasi-neutral evolution for these reasons: 1) Quasi-neutrality is much more likely in small populations (size N < 50) than in large ones; 2) Stem cell population sizes in single niches of normal tissues, from which tumors likely emerges, have small Ns (usually < 50); 3) the genome-wide evolutionary rate across tissue types is close to R = 1; 4) Relative to the average of R [~] 1, many genes evolve at a much higher or lower rate, thus hinting both positive and negative selection; 5) When N < 50, selection efficacy decreases rapidly as N decreases even when the selection intensity stays constant; 6) Notably, N is smaller in the small intestine (SmI) than in the colon (CO); hence, the [~] 70 fold higher rate of phenotypic evolution (observed as cancer risk) in the latter can be explained by the greater efficacy of selection, which then leads to the fixation of more advantageous mutations and fewer deleterious ones in the CO. Under quasineutrality, positive and negative selection can be measured in the same system as the two forces are simultaneously present or absent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibata, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/330811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quasi-neutral molecular evolution -- When positive and negative selection cancel out]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/333617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive analysis of chromothripsis in 2,658 human cancers using whole-genome sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/333617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromothripsis is a newly discovered mutational phenomenon involving massive, clustered genomic rearrangements that occurs in cancer and other diseases. Recent studies in cancer suggest that chromothripsis may be far more common than initially inferred from low resolution DNA copy number data. Here, we analyze the patterns of chromothripsis across 2,658 tumors spanning 39 cancer types using whole-genome sequencing data. We find that chromothripsis events are pervasive across cancers, with a frequency of >50% in several cancer types. Whereas canonical chromothripsis profiles display oscillations between two copy number states, a considerable fraction of the events involves multiple chromosomes as well as additional structural alterations. In addition to non-homologous end-joining, we detect signatures of replicative processes and templated insertions. Chromothripsis contributes to oncogene amplification as well as to inactivation of genes such as mismatch-repair related genes. These findings show that chromothripsis is a major process driving genome evolution in human cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cortes-Ciriano, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordenin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimczak, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellman, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PCAWG Structural Variation Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/333617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive analysis of chromothripsis in 2,658 human cancers using whole-genome sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/334110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Depolymerized lamins link nuclear envelope breakdown to mitotic transcriptional quiescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/334110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nuclear envelope, a defining feature of eukaryotic cells, restricts DNA-dependent processes including gene transcription to the nucleus. The nuclear lamina is an integral component of the animal nuclear envelope, composed of polymers of nuclear lamin proteins1,2. Upon mitosis, the nuclear lamina disassembles, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and transcription becomes quiescent3,4. We report here a direct molecular link between nuclear lamina disassembly and mitotic transcriptional quiescence. We found that, at the G2 cell-cycle phase immediately preceding mitosis, nuclear lamin A/C (LMNA) became phosphorylated at Ser22 and depolymerized from the nuclear lamina. Depolymerized LMNA accumulated in the nuclear interior and physically associated with active cis-regulatory elements genome-wide. Depolymerized LMNA-associated sites were overrepresented near genes repressed by LMNA, suggesting that depolymerized LMNA participates in transcriptional repression at G2. Consistently, depolymerized LMNA-target genes underwent a steep expression decline from S to G2/M. Furthermore, LMNA deletion caused inappropriate RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) accumulation downstream of Pol II pause sites at promoters and enhancers genome-wide, leading to inappropriate and excessive transcriptional elongation. A subset of depolymerized LMNA-target genes were upregulated in fibroblasts of patients with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria, a premature aging disorder caused by LMNA mutations5, raising the possibility that defects in depolymerized LMNA-mediated mitotic transcriptional quiescence contribute to progeria pathogenesis. These observations support a model in which depolymerized LMNA targets active regulatory elements to promote RNA Pol II pausing preceding mitosis, coupling nuclear envelope breakdown to mitotic transcriptional quiescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ikegami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Secchia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieb, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/334110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Depolymerized lamins link nuclear envelope breakdown to mitotic transcriptional quiescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/335166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Speciation with gene flow via cycles of isolation and migration: Insights from multiple mangrove taxa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/335166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allopatric speciation requiring an unbroken period of geographical isolation has been the standard model of neo-Darwinism. While doubts have been repeatedly raised, strict allopatry without any gene flow remains a plausible mechanism in most cases. To rigorously reject strict allopatry, genomic sequences superimposed on the geological records of a well-delineated geographical barrier will be necessary. The Strait of Malacca, narrowly connecting the Pacific and Indian Ocean coasts, serves at different times either as a geographical barrier or a conduit of gene flow for coastal/marine species. We surveyed 1,700 plants from 29 populations of five common mangrove species by large scale DNA sequencing and added several whole-genome assemblies. Speciation between the two oceans is driven by cycles of isolation and gene flow due to the fluctuations in sea level leading to the opening/closing of the Strait to ocean currents. Because the time required for speciation in mangroves is longer than the isolation phases, speciation in these mangroves has proceeded through many cycles of mixing-isolation-mixing, or MIM cycles. The MIM mechanism, by relaxing the condition of no gene flow, can promote speciation in many more geographical features than strict allopatry can. Finally, the MIM mechanism of speciation is also efficient, potentially yielding mn (m>1) species after n cycles.nnSignificance statementMechanisms of species formation have always been a conundrum. Speciation between populations that are fully geographically isolated, or allopatric speciation, has been the standard solution in the last 50 years. Complete geographical isolation with no possibility of gene flow, however, is often untenable and is inefficient in generating the enormous biodiversity. By studying mangroves on the Indo-Malayan coasts, a global hotspot of coastal biodiversity, we were able to combine genomic data with geographical records on the Indo-Pacific barrier that separates Pacific and Indian Ocean coasts. We discovered a novel mechanism of speciation, that we call mixing-isolation-mixing (MIM) cycles. By permitting intermittent gene flow during speciation, MIM can potentially generate species at an exponential rate, thus combining speciation and biodiversity in a unified framework.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duke, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/335166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Speciation with gene flow via cycles of isolation and migration: Insights from multiple mangrove taxa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/336164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Force localization modes in dynamic epithelial colonies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/336164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collective cell behaviors, including tissue remodeling, morphogenesis and cancer metastasis rely on dynamics between cells, their neighbors and the extracellular matrix. The lack of quantitative models precludes understanding of how cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions regulate tissue-scale force transmission to guide morphogenic processes. We integrate biophysical measurements on model epithelial tissues and computational modelling to explore how cell-level dynamics alter mechanical stress organization at multicellular scales. We show that traction stress distribution in epithelial colonies can vary widely for identical geometries. For colonies with peripheral localization of traction stresses, we recapitulate previously described mechanical behavior of cohesive tissues with a continuum model. By contrast, highly motile cells within colonies produce traction stresses that fluctuate in space and time. To predict the traction force dynamics, we introduce an Active Adherent Vertex Model (AAVM) for epithelial monolayers. AAVM predicts that increased cellular motility and reduced intercellular mechanical coupling localize traction stresses in the colony interior, in agreement with our experimental data. Furthermore, the model captures a wide spectrum of localized stress production modes that arise from individual cell activities including cell division, rotation, and polarized migration. This approach provides a robust quantitative framework to study how cell-scale dynamics influence force transmission in epithelial tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaumann, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staddon, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/336164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Force localization modes in dynamic epithelial colonies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma human organoids share structural and genetic features with primary tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/338897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patient-derived pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) organoid systems show great promise for understanding the biological underpinnings of disease and advancing therapeutic precision medicine. Despite the increased use of organoids, the fidelity of molecular features, genetic heterogeneity, and drug response to the tumor of origin remain important unanswered questions limiting their utility. To address this gap in knowledge, we created primary tumor- and PDX-derived organoids, and 2D cultures for in-depth genomic and histopathological comparisons to the primary tumor. Histopathological features and PDAC representative protein markers showed strong concordance. DNA and RNA sequencing of single organoids revealed patient-specific genomic and transcriptomic consistency. Single-cell RNAseq demonstrated that organoids are primarily a clonal population. In drug response assays, organoids displayed patient-specific sensitivities. Additionally, we examined the in vivo PDX response to FOLFIRINOX and Gemcitabine/Abraxane treatments, which was recapitulated in vitro by organoids. The patient-specific molecular and histopathological fidelity of organoids indicate that they can be used to understand the etiology of the patients tumor and the differential response to therapies and suggests utility for predicting drug responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romero Calvo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirby, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandi, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparrow, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ugolkov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunetti, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kindler, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rzhetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazar, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buschmann, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weichselbaum, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogin, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/338897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pancreatic adenocarcinoma human organoids share structural and genetic features with primary tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/340109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Associations between Afrotropical bats, parasites, and microbial symbionts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/340109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bats are among the most diverse animals on the planet and harbor numerous bacterial, viral, and eukaryotic symbionts. The interplay between bacterial community composition and parasitism in bats is not well understood and may have important implications for studies of similar systems. Here we present a comprehensive survey of dipteran and haemosporidian parasites, and characterize the gut, oral, and skin microbiota of Afrotropical bats. We identify significant correlations between bacterial community composition of the skin and dipteran ectoparasite prevalence across four major bat lineages, as well as links between the oral microbiome and malarial parasitism, suggesting a potential mechanism for host selection and vector-borne disease transmission in bats. In contrast to recent studies of host-microbe phylosymbiosis in mammals, we find no correlation between chiropteran phylogenetic distances and bacterial community dissimilarity across the three anatomical sites, suggesting that host environment is more important than shared ancestry in shaping the composition of bat-associated bacterial communities.nnSIGNIFICANCEAnimals rely on bacterial symbionts for numerous biological functions, such as digestion and immune system development. Increasing evidence suggests that host-associated microbes may play a role in mediating parasite burden. This study is the first to provide a comprehensive survey of bacterial symbionts from multiple anatomical sites across a broad taxonomic range of Afrotropical bats, demonstrating significant associations between the bat microbiome and parasite prevalence. This study provides a framework for future approaches to systems biology of host-symbiont interactions across broad taxonomic scales, emphasizing the interdependence between microbial symbionts and vertebrate health in the study of wild organisms and their natural history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lutz, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webala, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babyesiza, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerbis Peterhans, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demos, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/340109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Associations between Afrotropical bats, parasites, and microbial symbionts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/340869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A promoter interaction map for cardiovascular disease genetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/340869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 500 genetic loci have been associated with risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), however most loci are located in gene-distal non-coding regions and their target genes are not known. Here, we generated high-resolution promoter capture Hi-C (PCHi-C) maps in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) to provide a resource for identifying and prioritizing the functional targets of CVD associations. We validate these maps by demonstrating that promoters preferentially contact distal sequences enriched for tissue-specific transcription factor motifs and are enriched for chromatin marks that correlate with dynamic changes in gene expression. Using the CM PCHi-C map, we linked 1,999 CVD-associated SNPs to 347 target genes. Remarkably, more than 90% of SNP-target gene interactions did not involve the nearest gene, while 40% of SNPs interacted with at least two genes, demonstrating the importance of considering long-range chromatin interactions when interpreting functional targets of disease loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montefiori, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobreira, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakabe, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aneas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joslin, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozek, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobrega, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/340869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A promoter interaction map for cardiovascular disease genetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/340984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple optic gland signaling pathways implicated in octopus maternal behaviors and death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/340984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
0. Summary statementOctopus optic glands employ a multiplex progression of signaling molecules to regulate maternal behaviors.nn1. AbstractPost-reproductive life in the female octopus is characterized by an extreme pattern of maternal care: the mother cares for her clutch of eggs without feeding until her death. These maternal behaviors are completely eradicated if the optic glands, the octopus analog of the vertebrate pituitary gland, are removed from brooding females. Despite the optic glands importance in regulating maternal behavior, the molecular features underlying optic gland function are unknown. Here, we identify major signaling systems of the Octopus bimaculoides optic gland. Through behavioral analyses and transcriptome sequencing, we report that the optic gland undergoes remarkable molecular changes that coincide with transitions between behavioral stages. These include the dramatic up- and down-regulation of catecholamine, steroid, insulin, and feeding peptide pathways. Transcriptome analyses in other tissues demonstrate that these molecular changes are not generalized markers of aging and senescence, but instead, specific features of the optic glands. Our results provide strong evidence for the functional conservation of signaling molecules across evolutionarily distant species. For example, elevated levels of insulin growth factor binding proteins are associated with cachexia-like tissue wasting in flies, humans, and, reported here, octopuses. Our study expands the classic optic gland-pituitary gland analogy and indicates that, rather than a single "self-destruct" hormone, the maternal optic glands employ multiple pathways as systemic hormonal signals of behavioral control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragsdale, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/340984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple optic gland signaling pathways implicated in octopus maternal behaviors and death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Novel Common Breast Cancer Risk Variants in Latinas at the 6q25 Locus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background: Breast cancer is a partially heritable trait and over 180 common genetic variants have been associated with breast cancer in genome wide association studies (GWAS). We have previously performed breast cancer GWAS in Latinas and identified a strongly protective single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at 6q25 with the protective minor allele originating from Indigenous American ancestry. Here we report on additional GWAS and replication in Latinas.nnMethods: We performed GWAS in 2385 cases and 7342 controls who were either U.S. Latinas or Mexican women. We replicated 2412 cases and 1620 controls of U.S Latina, Mexican, and Colombian women. In addition, we replicated the top novel variants in study of African American and African women and in one study of Chinese women. In each dataset we used logistic regression models to test the association between SNPs and breast cancer risk and corrected for genetic ancestry using either principal components or genetic ancestry inferred from ancestry informative markers using a model based approach.nnResults: We identified 3 SNPs (p=1.9x10-8 - 2.8x10-8) at 6q25 locus not in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with variants previously reported at this locus. These SNPs were in high LD with each other, with the top SNP, rs3778609, associated with breast cancer with an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 0.75 (0.68-0.83). In a replication in women of Latin American origin, we also observed a consistent effect (OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78-0.99; p=0.037). Since the minor allele was common in East Asians and African American but not European ancestry populations, we replicated in a meta-analysis of those populations and also observed a consistent effect (OR 0.94; 95% CI: 0.91 - 0.97; p=0.013).nnConclusion: The effect size of this variant is relatively large compared to other common variants associated with breast cancer and adds to evidence about the importance of the 6q25 locus for breast cancer susceptibility. Our finding also highlights the utility of performing additional searches for genetic variants for breast cancer in non-European populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fejerman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunstman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Mejia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitzel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuhausen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lott, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>COLUMBUS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvajal-Carmona, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burchard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olopade, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/343806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Novel Common Breast Cancer Risk Variants in Latinas at the 6q25 Locus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/344457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parent of origin gene expression in a founder population identifies two new imprinted genes at known imprinted regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/344457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic imprinting is the phenomena that leads to silencing of one copy of a gene inherited from a specific parent. Mutations in imprinted regions have been involved in diseases showing parent of origin effects. Identifying genes with evidence of parent of origin expression patterns in family studies allows the detection of more subtle imprinting. Here, we use allele specific expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines from 306 Hutterites related in a single pedigree to provide formal evidence for parent of origin effects. We take advantage of phased genotype data to assign parent of origin to RNA-seq reads in individuals with gene expression data. Our approach identified known imprinted genes, two putative novel imprinted genes, and 14 genes with asymmetrical parent of origin gene expression. We used gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) to validate our findings, and then confirmed imprinting control regions (ICRs) using DNA methylation levels in the PBLs.nnAuthor SummaryLarge scale gene expression studies have identified known and novel imprinted genes through allele specific expression without knowing the parental origins of each allele. Here, we take advantage of phased genotype data to assign parent of origin to RNA-seq reads in 306 individuals with gene expression data. We identified known imprinted genes as well as two novel imprinted genes in lymphoblastoid cell line gene expression. We used gene expression in PBLs to validate our findings, and DNA methylation levels in PBLs to confirm previously characterized imprinting control regions that could regulate these imprinted genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mozaffari, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnaye, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolae, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/344457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parent of origin gene expression in a founder population identifies two new imprinted genes at known imprinted regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/344820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coherent feedforward regulation of gene expression by Caulobacter σT and GsrN during hyperosmotic stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/344820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GsrN is a conserved small RNA that is under transcriptional control of the general stress sigma factor, {sigma}T, and that functions as a post-transcriptional regulator of Caulobacter crescentus survival under multiple stress conditions. We have defined features of GsrN structure that determine survival under hyperosmotic stress, and have applied transcriptomic and proteomic methods to identify regulatory targets of GsrN under hyperosmotic conditions. The 5 end of GsrN, which includes a conserved cytosine-rich stem loop structure, is necessary for cell survival after osmotic upshock. GsrN both activates and represses gene expression in this stress condition. Expression of an uncharacterized open reading frame predicted to encode a glycine-zipper protein, osrP, is strongly activated by GsrN. Our data support a model in which GsrN physically interacts with osrP mRNA through its 5 C-rich stem loop to enhance OsrP protein expression. We conclude that sigT, gsrN, and osrP form a coherent feedforward loop in which {sigma}T activates gsrN and osrP transcription during stress, and GsrN activates OsrP protein expression at the post-transcriptional level. This study delineates transcriptional and post-transcriptional layers of Caulobacter gene expression control during hyperosmotic stress, uncovers a new regulatory target of GsrN, and defines a coherent feedforward motif in the Caulobacter GSR regulatory network.nnImportanceBacteria inhabit diverse niches, and must adapt their physiology to constant environmental fluctuations. A major response to environmental perturbation is to change gene expression. Caulobacter and other alphaproteobacteria initiate a complex gene expression program known as the general stress response (GSR) under conditions including oxidative stress, osmotic stress, and nutrient limitation. The GSR enables cell survival in these environments. Understanding how bacteria survive stress requires that we dissect gene expression responses, such as the GSR, at the molecular level. This study is significant as it defines transcriptional and post-transcriptional layers of gene expression regulation in response to hyperosmotic stress. We further provide evidence that coherent feedforward motifs influence the system properties of the Caulobacter GSR pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tien, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/344820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coherent feedforward regulation of gene expression by Caulobacter σT and GsrN during hyperosmotic stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recombination between co-infecting herpesviruses occurs where replication compartments coales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homologous recombination (HR) is considered a major driving force of evolution since it generates and expands genetic diversity. Evidence of HR between co-infecting herpesvirus DNA genomes can be found frequently, both in vitro and in clinical isolates. Each herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication compartment (RC) derives from a single incoming genome and maintains a specific territory within the nucleus. This raises intriguing questions about where and when co-infecting viral genomes interact. To study the spatiotemporal requirements for inter-genomic recombination, we developed an assay with dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization which enables detection of HR between different pairs of co-infecting HSV-1 genomes. Our results revealed that when viral RCs enlarge towards each other, there is detectable overlap between territories of genomes from each virus. Infection with paired viruses that allow visualization of HR correlates with increased overlap of RCs. Further, inhibition of RC movement reduces the rate of HR events among co-infecting viruses. Taken together, these findings suggest that inter-genomic HR events take place during replication of HSV-1 DNA and are mainly confined to the periphery of RCs when they coalesce. Our observations have implications on understanding the recombination restrictions of other DNA viruses and cellular DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drayman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afriaat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitzman, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaritsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobiler, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/345918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recombination between co-infecting herpesviruses occurs where replication compartments coales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Re-evaluating the salty divide: phylogenetic specificity of transitions between marine and freshwater systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine and freshwater microbial communities are phylogenetically distinct and transitions between habitat types are thought to be infrequent. We compared the phylogenetic diversity of marine and freshwater microorganisms and identified specific lineages exhibiting notably high or low similarity between marine and freshwater ecosystems using a meta-analysis of 16S rRNA gene tag-sequencing datasets. As expected, marine and freshwater microbial communities differed in the relative abundance of major phyla and contained habitat-specific lineages; at the same time, however, many shared taxa were observed in both environments. Betaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria sequences had the highest similarity between marine and freshwater sample pairs. Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria contained the highest number of Minimum Entropy Decomposition nodes shared by marine and freshwater samples. Shared nodes included lineages of the abundant alphaproteobacterial group SAR11 that have not previously been reported in 16S rRNA gene surveys of freshwater lakes. Our results suggest that shared taxa are numerous, but tend to occur sporadically and at low relative abundance in one habitat type, leading to an underestimation of transition frequency between marine and freshwater habitats. Lineages with a high degree of shared taxa or habitat-specific diversification represent targets for genome-scale investigations into microbial adaptations and evolutionary innovations. Rare taxa with abundances near or below detection, including lineages that appear to have crossed the salty divide relatively recently, may have novel adaptations enabling them to exploit opportunities for niche expansion when environments are disturbed or conditions change.nnImportanceThe distribution of microbial diversity across environments yields insight into processes that create and maintain this diversity as well as potential to infer how communities will respond to future environmental changes. We integrated datasets from dozens of freshwater lake and marine samples to compare diversity across open water habitats differing in salinity. Our novel combination of sequence-based approaches revealed phyla and proteobacterial classes inferred to include more or less recent transitions across habitat types as well as specific lineages that are shared by marine and freshwater environments at the level of 16S rRNA sequence types. Our findings contribute to understanding the ecological and evolutionary controls on microbial distributions, and open up new questions regarding the plasticity and adaptability of particular lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paver, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratore, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/347021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Re-evaluating the salty divide: phylogenetic specificity of transitions between marine and freshwater systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting the neural focus of attention reveals distinct processes for spatial attention and object-based storage in visual working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Complex cognition relies on both online representations in working memory (WM) said to reside in the focus of attention, and passive offline representations of related information. Here, we dissect the focus of attention by showing that distinct neural signals index the online storage of objects and sustained spatial attention. We recorded EEG activity during two tasks that employed identical stimulus displays while the relative demands for object storage and spatial attention varied. We found distinct delay-period signatures for an attention task (which only required spatial attention) and WM task (which invoked both spatial attention and object storage). Although both tasks required active maintenance of spatial information, only the WM task elicited robust contralateral delay activity that was sensitive to mnemonic load. Thus, we argue that the focus of attention is maintained via a collaboration between distinct processes for covert spatial orienting and object-based storage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hakim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, K. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunseli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/347518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting the neural focus of attention reveals distinct processes for spatial attention and object-based storage in visual working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/349217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of gene death in the Red Queen race revealed by the analysis of de novo microRNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/349217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prevalence of de novo coding genes is controversial due to the length and coding constraints. Non-coding genes, especially small ones, are freer to evolve de novo by comparison. The best examples are microRNAs (miRNAs), a large class of regulatory molecules ~22 nt in length. Here, we study 6 de novo miRNAs in Drosophila which, like most new genes, are testis-specific. We ask how and why de novo genes die because gene death must be sufficiently frequent to balance the many new births. By knocking out each miRNA gene, we could analyze their contributions to each of the 9 components of male fitness (sperm production, length, competitiveness etc.). To our surprise, the knockout mutants often perform better in some components, and slightly worse in others, than the wildtype. When two of the younger miRNAs are assayed in long-term laboratory populations, their total fitness contributions are found to be essentially zero. These results collectively suggest that adaptive de novo genes die regularly, not due to the loss of functionality, but due to the canceling-out of positive and negative fitness effects, which may be characterized as "quasi-neutrality". Since de novo genes often emerge adaptively and become lost later, they reveal ongoing period-specific adaptations, reminiscent of the "Red-Queen" metaphor for long term evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, G.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liufu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/349217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of gene death in the Red Queen race revealed by the analysis of de novo microRNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two-step binding kinetics of tRNAGly by the glyQS T-box riboswitch and its regulation by T-box structural elements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/350413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T-box riboswitches are cis-regulatory RNA elements that regulate mRNAs encoding for aminoacyl tRNA synthetases or proteins involved in amino acid biosynthesis and transport. Rather than using small molecules as their ligands, as do most riboswitches, T-box riboswitches uniquely bind tRNA and sense their aminoacylated state. Whereas the anticodon and elbow regions of the tRNA interact with Stem I, located in the 5 portion of the T-box, sensing of the aminoacylation state involves direct binding of the NCCA sequence at the tRNA 3 end to the anti-terminator sequence located in the 3 portion of the T-box. However, the kinetic trajectory that describes how each of these interactions are established temporally during tRNA binding remains unclear. Using singlemolecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET), we demonstrate that tRNA binds to the riboswitch in a two-step process, first with anticodon recognition followed by NCCA binding, with the second step accompanied by an inward motion of the 3 portion of the T-box riboswitch relative to Stem I. By using site-specific mutants, we further show that the T-loop region of the T-box significantly contributes to the first binding step, and that the K-turn region of the T-box influences both binding steps, but with a more dramatic effect on the second binding step. Our results set up a kinetic framework describing tRNA binding by T-box riboswitches and highlight the important roles of several T-box structural elements in regulating each binding step.nnSIGNIFICANCEBacteria commonly use riboswitches, cis-regulatory RNA elements, to regulate the transcription or translation of the mRNAs upon sensing signals. Unlike small molecule binding riboswitches, T-box riboswitches bind tRNA and sense their aminoacylated state. T-box modular structural elements that recognize different parts of a tRNA have been identified, however, how each of these interactions is established temporally during tRNA binding remains unclear. Our study reveals that tRNA binds to the riboswitch in a two-step mechanism, with anticodon recognition first, followed by binding to the NCCA sequence at the 3 end of the tRNA with concomitant conformational changes in the T-box. Our results also highlight the importance of the modular structural elements of the T-box in each of the binding steps.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetnani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cormack, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondragon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/350413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two-step binding kinetics of tRNAGly by the glyQS T-box riboswitch and its regulation by T-box structural elements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/352690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Connectivity Tracks Effects of Chemotherapy Separately from Behavioral Measures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/352690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several studies in cancer research have suggested that cognitive dysfunction following chemotherapy, referred to in lay terms as "chemobrain", is a serious problem. At present, the changes in integrative brain function that underlie such dysfunction remains poorly understood. Recent developments in neuroimaging suggest that patterns of functional connectivity can provide a broadly applicable neuromarker of cognitive performance and other psychometric measures. The current study used multivariate analysis methods to identify patterns of disruption in resting state functional connectivity of the brain due to chemotherapy and the degree to which the disruptions can be linked to behavioral measures of distress and cognitive performance. Sixty two women (22 healthy control, 18 patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, and 22 treated without chemotherapy) were evaluated with neurocognitive measures followed by self-report questionnaires and open eyes resting-state fMRI scanning at three time points: diagnosis (M0, pre-adjuvant treatment), at least 1 month (M1), and 7 months (M7) after treatment. The results indicated deficits in cognitive health of breast cancer patients immediately after chemotherapy that improved over time. This psychological trajectory was paralleled by a disruption and later recovery of resting-state functional connectivity, mostly in the parietal and frontal brain regions. The functional connectivity alteration pattern seems to be a separable treatment symptom from the decreased cognitive health. More targeted support for patients should be developed to ameliorate these multi-faceted side effects of chemotherapy treatment on neural functioning and cognitive health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kardan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reuter-Lorenz, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchill, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askren, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimprich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/352690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Connectivity Tracks Effects of Chemotherapy Separately from Behavioral Measures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical transitions in malaria transmission models are consistently generated by superinfection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The history of infectious disease modelling essentially begins with the papers by Ross on malaria [1-5]. These models assume that the dynamics of malaria can most simply be characterized by two equations that describe the prevalence of malaria in the human and mosquito hosts. This structure has formed the central core of models for malaria and most other vector-borne diseases for the last century with occasional additions acknowledging important aetiological details. We partially add to this tradition by describing a malaria model that provides for vital dynamics in the vector and the possibility of super-infection in the human host; reinfection of asymptomatic hosts before they have cleared a prior infection. These key features of malaria aetiology create the potential for break points in the prevalence of infected hosts, sudden transitions that seem to characterize malarias response to control in different locations. We show that this potential for critical transitions is a general and underappreciated feature of any model for vector borne diseases with incomplete immunity and asymptomatic patients, including the canonical Ross-McDonald model. Ignoring these details of the hosts immune response to infection can potentially lead to serious misunderstanding in the interpretation of malaria distribution patterns and the design of control schemes for other vector-borne diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>alonso, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/355420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical transitions in malaria transmission models are consistently generated by superinfection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Career Choice, Gender, and Mentor Impact: Results of the U.S. National Postdoc Survey 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The postdoctoral community is an essential component of the academic and scientific workforce. As economic and political pressures impacting these enterprises continue to change, the postdoc experience has evolved from short, focused periods of training into often multidisciplinary, extended positions with less clear outcomes. As efforts are underway to amend U.S. federally funded research policies, the paucity of postdoc data has made evaluating the impact of policy recommendations challenging. Here we present comprehensive survey results from over 7,600 postdocs based at 351 academic and non-academic U.S. institutions in 2016. In addition to demographic and salary information, we present multivariate analyses on the factors that influence postdoc career plans and mentorship satisfaction in this population. We further analyze gender dynamics and expose wage disparities and career choice differences. Academic research positions remain the predominant career choice of postdocs in the U.S., although unequally between postdocs based on gender and residency status. Receiving mentorship training during the postdoctoral period has a large, positive effect on postdoc mentorship satisfaction. Strikingly, the quality of and satisfaction with postdoc mentorship appears to also heavily influence career choice. The data presented here are the most comprehensive data on the U.S. postdoc population to date. These results provide an evidence basis for informing government and institutional policies, and establish a critical cornerstone for quantifying the effects of future legislation aimed at the academic and scientific workforce.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McConnell, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerman, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckler, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/355511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Career Choice, Gender, and Mentor Impact: Results of the U.S. National Postdoc Survey]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurofeedback helps to reveal a relationship between context reinstatement and memory retrieval 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/355727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theories of mental context and memory posit that successful mental context reinstatement enables better retrieval of memories from the same context, at the expense of memories from other contexts. To test this hypothesis, we had participants study lists of words, interleaved with task-irrelevant images from one category (e.g., scenes). Following encoding, participants were cued to mentally reinstate the context associated with a particular list, by thinking about the images that had appeared between the words. We measured context reinstatement with fMRI, and related this to performance on a free recall test that followed immediately afterwards. To increase sensitivity, we used a closed-loop neurofeedback procedure, whereby higher levels of context reinstatement (measured neurally) elicited increased visibility of the images from the studied context onscreen. Our goal was to create a positive feedback loop that amplified small fluctuations in mental context reinstatement, making it easier to experimentally detect a relationship between context reinstatement and recall. As predicted, we found that higher levels of neural context reinstatement were associated with better recall of words from the reinstated context, and worse recall of words from a different context. In a second experiment, we assessed the role of neurofeedback in identifying this brain-behavior relationship by presenting context images again but manipulating whether their visibility depended on neural context reinstatement. When neurofeedback was removed, the relationship between context reinstatement and memory retrieval disappeared. Together, these findings demonstrate a clear effect of context reinstatement on memory recall and suggest that neurofeedback can be a useful tool for characterizing brain-behavior relationships.nnAbbreviated titleNeurofeedback context
]]></description>
<dc:creator>deBettencourt, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk-Browne, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/355727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurofeedback helps to reveal a relationship between context reinstatement and memory retrieval]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/356592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RPA resolves conflicting activities of accessory proteins during reconstitution of Dmc1-mediated meiotic recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/356592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dmc1 catalyzes homology search and strand exchange during meiotic recombination in budding yeast and many other organisms including humans. Here we reconstitute Dmc1 recombination in vitro using six purified proteins including Dmc1 and its accessory proteins RPA, Rad51, Rdh54/Tid1, Mei5-Sae3, and Hop2-Mnd1 to promote D-loop formation between ssDNA and dsDNA substrates. Each accessory protein contributed to Dmc1s activity, with the combination of all six proteins yielding optimal activity. The ssDNA binding protein RPA plays multiple roles in stimulating Dmc1s activity including by overcoming inhibitory effects of ssDNA secondary structure on D-loop reactions, and by stabilizing and elongating D-loops. In addition, we demonstrate that RPA limits inhibitory interactions of Hop2-Mnd1 and Rdh54/Tid1 that otherwise occur during assembly of Dmc1-ssDNA nucleoprotein filaments. Finally, we report interactions between the proteins employed in the biochemical reconstitution including a direct interaction between Rad51 and Dmc1 that is enhanced by Mei5-Sae3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/356592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RPA resolves conflicting activities of accessory proteins during reconstitution of Dmc1-mediated meiotic recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of genetic components of population differentiation in UK Biobank traits reveals signals of polygenic selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/357483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic architecture of most human complex traits is highly polygenic, motivating efforts to detect polygenic selection involving a large number of loci. In contrast to previous work relying on top GWAS loci, we developed a method that uses genome-wide association statistics and linkage disequilibrium patterns to estimate the genome-wide genetic component of population differentiation of a complex trait along a continuous gradient, enabling powerful inference of polygenic selection. We analyzed 43 UK Biobank traits and focused on PC1 and North-South and East-West birth coordinates across 337K unrelated British-ancestry samples, for which our method produced close to unbiased estimates of genetic components of population differentiation and high power to detect polygenic selection in simulations across different trait architectures. For PC1, we identified signals of polygenic selection for height (74.5{+/-}16.7% of 9.3% total correlation with PC1 attributable to genome-wide genetic effects; P = 8.4x10-6) and red hair pigmentation (95.9{+/-}24.7% of total correlation with PC1 attributable to genome-wide genetic effects; P = 1.1x10-4); the bulk of the signal remained when removing genome-wide significant loci, even though red hair pigmentation includes loci of large effect. We also detected polygenic selection for height, systolic blood pressure, BMI and basal metabolic rate along North-South birth coordinate, and height and systolic blood pressure along East-West birth coordinate. Our method detects polygenic selection in modern human populations with very subtle population structure and elucidates the relative contributions of genetic and non-genetic components of trait population differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, P.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoech, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/357483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of genetic components of population differentiation in UK Biobank traits reveals signals of polygenic selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heritability Estimation and Differential Analysis with Generalized Linear Mixed Models in Genomic Sequencing Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationGenomic sequencing studies, including RNA sequencing and bisulfite sequencing studies, are becoming increasingly common and increasingly large. Large genomic sequencing studies open doors for accurate molecular trait heritability estimation and powerful differential analysis. Heritability estimation and differential analysis in sequencing studies requires the development of statistical methods that can properly account for the count nature of the sequencing data and that are computationally efficient for large data sets.nnResultsHere, we develop such a method, PQLseq (Penalized Quasi-Likelihood for sequencing count data), to enable effective and efficient heritability estimation and differential analysis using the generalized linear mixed model framework. With extensive simulations and comparisons to previous methods, we show that PQLseq is the only method currently available that can produce unbiased heritability estimates for sequencing count data. In addition, we show that PQLseq is well suited for differential analysis in large sequencing studies, providing calibrated type I error control and more power compared to the standard linear mixed model methods. Finally, we apply PQLseq to perform gene expression heritability estimation and differential expression analysis in a large RNA sequencing study in the Hutterites.nnAvailability and implementationPQLseq is implemented as an R package with source code freely available at www.xzlab.org/software.html and https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/PQLseq/index.html.nnContactXZ (xzhousph@umich.edu)nnSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozaffari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/359265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heritability Estimation and Differential Analysis with Generalized Linear Mixed Models in Genomic Sequencing Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-enzymatic roles of human RAD51 at stalled replication forks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The central recombination enzyme RAD51 has been implicated in replication fork processing and restart in response to replication stress. Here, we use a separation-of-function allele of RAD51 that retains DNA binding, but not strand exchange activity, to reveal mechanistic aspects of RAD51s roles in the response to replication stress. We find that cells lacking RAD51 strand exchange activity protect replication forks from MRE11-dependent degradation, as expected from previous studies. Unexpectedly we find that RAD51s strand exchange activity is not required to convert stalled forks to a form that can be degraded by DNA2. Such conversion was shown previously to require replication fork reversal, supporting a model in which fork reversal depends on a non-enzymatic function of RAD51. We also show RAD51 promotes replication restart by both strand exchange-dependent and strand exchange-independent mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mason, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weichselbaum, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/359380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-enzymatic roles of human RAD51 at stalled replication forks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A total synthetic approach to CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and homology directed repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/359984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR/Cas9 has become a powerful tool for genome editing in zebrafish that permits the rapid generation of loss of function mutations and the knock-in of specific alleles using DNA templates and homology directed repair (HDR). We compared synthetic, chemically modified sgRNAs to in vitro transcribed sgRNAs and demonstrate the increased activity of synthetic sgRNAs in combination with recombinant Cas9 protein. We developed an in vivo genetic assay to measure HDR efficiency and we utilized this assay to optimize the design of synthetic DNA templates to promote HDR. Utilizing these principles, we successfully performed knock-in of fluorophores at multiple genomic loci and demonstrate transmission through the germline at high efficiency. We demonstrate that synthetic HDR templates can be used to knock-in bacterial nitroreductase (ntr) to facilitate lineage ablation of specific cell types. Collectively, our data demonstrate the utility of combining synthetic sgRNAs and dsDNA templates to perform homology directed repair and genome editing in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DiNapoli, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-McFaline, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribbin, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balgobin, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mailhiot, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonnell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jong, J. L. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houvras, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/359984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A total synthetic approach to CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and homology directed repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/361097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ATPase activity of E. coli RecA prevents accumulation of toxic complexes formed by erroneous binding to undamaged double strand DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/361097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The E. coli RecA protein catalyzes the central step of homologous recombination using its homology search and strand exchange activity. RecA is a DNA-dependent ATPase, but its homology search and strand exchange activities are independent of its ATPase activity. ATP hydrolysis converts a high affinity DNA binding form, RecA-ATP, to a low affinity form RecA-ADP, thereby supporting an ATP hydrolysis-dependent dynamic cycle of DNA binding and dissociation. We provide evidence for a novel function of RecAs dynamic behavior; RecAs ATPase activity prevents accumulation of toxic complexes caused by direct binding of RecA to undamaged regions of dsDNA. We show that a mutant form of RecA, RecA-K250N, previously shown to be toxic to E. coli, is a loss-of-function ATPase-defective mutant. We use a new method for detecting RecA complexes involving nucleoid surface spreading and immunostaining. The method allows detection of damage-induced RecA foci; STED microscopy revealed these to typically be between 50 and 200 nm in length. RecA-K250N, and other toxic variants of RecA, form spontaneous DNA-bound complexes that are independent of replication and of accessory proteins required to load RecA onto tracts of ssDNA in vivo, supporting the hypothesis that RecAs expenditure of ATP serves an error correction function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gataulin, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/361097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ATPase activity of E. coli RecA prevents accumulation of toxic complexes formed by erroneous binding to undamaged double strand DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/365049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social status alters chromatin accessibility and the gene regulatory response to glucocorticoid stimulation in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/365049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low social status is an important predictor of disease susceptibility and mortality risk in humans and other social mammals. These effects are thought to stem in part from dysregulation of the glucocorticoid (GC)-mediated stress response. However, the molecular mechanisms that connect low social status and GC dysregulation to downstream health outcomes remain elusive. Here, we used an in vitro glucocorticoid challenge to investigate the consequences of experimentally manipulated social status (i.e., dominance rank) for immune cell gene regulation in female rhesus macaques, using paired control and GC-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples. We show that social status not only influences immune cell gene expression, but also chromatin accessibility at hundreds of regions in the genome. Social status effects on gene expression were less pronounced following GC treatment than under control conditions. In contrast, social status effects on chromatin accessibility were stable across conditions, resulting in an attenuated relationship between social status, chromatin accessibility, and gene expression post-GC exposure. Regions that were more accessible in high status animals and regions that become more accessible following GC treatment were enriched for a highly concordant set of transcription factor binding motifs, including motifs for the glucocorticoid receptor co-factor AP-1. Together, our findings support the hypothesis that social status alters the dynamics of GC-mediated gene regulation, and identify chromatin accessibility as a mechanism involved in social stress-driven GC resistance. More broadly, they emphasize the context-dependent nature of social status effects on gene regulation and implicate epigenetic remodeling of chromatin accessibility as a contributing factor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voyles, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pique-Regi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/365049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social status alters chromatin accessibility and the gene regulatory response to glucocorticoid stimulation in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/365536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating recent migration and population size surfaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/365536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many species a fundamental feature of genetic diversity is that genetic similarity decays with geographic distance; however, this relationship is often complex, and may vary across space and time. Methods to uncover and visualize such relationships have widespread use for analyses in molecular ecology, conservation genetics, evolutionary genetics, and human genetics. While several frameworks exist, a promising approach is to infer maps of how migration rates vary across geographic space. Such maps could, in principle, be estimated across time to reveal the full complexity of population histories. Here, we take a step in this direction: we present a method to infer separate maps of population sizes and migration rates for different time periods from a matrix of genetic similarity between every pair of individuals. Specifically, genetic similarity is measured by counting the number of long segments of haplotype sharing (also known as identity-by-descent tracts). By varying the length of these segments we obtain parameter estimates for qualitatively different time periods. Using simulations, we show that the method can reveal time-varying migration rates and population sizes, including changes that are not detectable when ignoring haplotypic structure. We apply the method to a dataset of contemporary European individuals (POPRES), and provide an integrated analysis of recent population structure and growth over the last ~3,000 years in Europe. Software implementing the methods is available at https://github.com/halasadi/MAPS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Asadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petkova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/365536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating recent migration and population size surfaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-based analysis of positive selection significantly expands the list of cancer driver genes, including RNA methyltransferases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying driver genes is a central problem in cancer biology, and many methods have been developed to identify driver genes from somatic mutation data. However, existing methods either lack explicit statistical models, or rely on very simple models that do not capture complex features in somatic mutations of driver genes. Here, we present driverMAPS (Model-based Analysis of Positive Selection), a more comprehensive model-based approach to driver gene identification. This new method explicitly models, at the single-base level, the effects of positive selection in cancer driver genes as well as highly heterogeneous background mutational process. Its selection model captures elevated mutation rates in functionally important sites using multiple external annotations, as well as spatial clustering of mutations. Its background mutation model accounts for both known covariates and unexplained local variation. Simulations under realistic evolutionary models demonstrate that driverMAPS greatly improves the power of driver gene detection over state-of-the-art approaches. Applying driverMAPS to TCGA data across 20 tumor types identified 159 new potential driver genes. Cross-referencing this list with data from external sources strongly supports these findings. The novel genes include the mRNA methytransferases METTL3-METTL14, and we experimentally validated METTL3 as a potential tumor suppressor gene in bladder cancer. Our results thus provide strong support to the emerging hypothesis that mRNA modification is an important biological process underlying tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cicek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoblauch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/366823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-based analysis of positive selection significantly expands the list of cancer driver genes, including RNA methyltransferases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer eQTLs can be determined from heterogeneous tumor gene expression data by modeling variation in tumor purity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) identified using tumor gene expression data could affect gene expression in cancer cells, tumor-associated normal cells, or both. Here, we demonstrate a method to identify eQTLs affecting expression in cancer cells by modeling the statistical interaction between genotype and tumor purity. Only one-third of breast cancer risk variants, identified as eQTLs from a conventional analysis, could be confidently attributed to cancer cells. The remaining variants could affect cells of the tumor microenvironment, such as immune cells and fibroblasts. Deconvolution of tumor eQTLs will help determine how inherited polymorphisms influence cancer risk, development, and treatment response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geeleher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seoighe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/366922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer eQTLs can be determined from heterogeneous tumor gene expression data by modeling variation in tumor purity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/368316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CorShrink : Empirical Bayes shrinkage estimation of correlations, with applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/368316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estimation of correlation matrices and correlations among variables is a ubiquitous problem in statistics. In many cases - especially when the number of observations is small relative to the number of variables - some kind of shrinkage or regularization is necessary to improve estimation accuracy. Here, we propose an Empirical Bayes shrinkage approach, CorShrink, which adaptively learns how much to shrink correlations by combining information across all pairs of variables. One key feature of CorShrink, which distinguishes it from most existing methods, is its flexibility in dealing with missing data. Indeed, CorShrink explicitly accounts for varying amounts of missingness among pairs of variables. Numerical studies suggest CorShrink is competitive with other popular correlation shrinkage methods, even when there is no missing data. We illustrate CorShrink on gene expression data from GTEx project, which suffers from extensive missing observations, and where existing methods struggle. We also illustrate its flexibility by applying it to estimate cosine similarities between word vectors from word2vec models, thereby generating more accurate word similarity rankings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>dey, k. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/368316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CorShrink : Empirical Bayes shrinkage estimation of correlations, with applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide analysis in UK Biobank identifies over 100 QTLs associated with muscle mass variability in middle age individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Muscle bulk in adult healthy humans is highly variable even after accounting for height, age and sex. Low muscle mass, due to fewer and/or smaller constituent muscle fibers, would exacerbate the impact of muscle loss occurring in aging or disease. Genetic variability substantially influences muscle mass differences, but causative genes remain largely unknown. In a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on appendicular lean mass (ALM) in a population of 85,750 middle-age (38-49 years) individuals from the UK Biobank (UKB) we found 182 loci associated with ALM (P<5x10-8). We replicated associations for 78% of these loci (P<5x10-8) with ALM in a population of 181,862 elderly (60-74 years) individuals from UKB. We also conducted a GWAS on hindlimb skeletal muscle mass of 1,867 mice from an advanced intercross between two inbred strains (LG/J and SM/J) which identified 23 quantitative trait loci. 38 positional candidates distributed across 5 loci overlapped between the two species. In vitro studies of positional candidates confirmed CPNE1 and STC2 as modifiers of myogenesis. Collectively, these findings shed light on the genetics of muscle mass variability in humans and identify targets for the development of interventions for treatment of muscle loss. The overlapping results between humans and the mouse model GWAS point to shared genetic mechanisms across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hernandez Cordero, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionikas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/370312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide analysis in UK Biobank identifies over 100 QTLs associated with muscle mass variability in middle age individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolically activated macrophages in mammary adipose tissue link obesity to triple-negative breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is associated with increased incidence and severity of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC); however, mechanisms underlying this relationship are incompletely understood. Macrophages, which accumulate in adipose tissue and are activated during obesity, are an attractive mechanistic link. Here, we show that, during obesity, murine and human mammary adipose tissue macrophages adopt a pro-inflammatory, metabolically- activated (MMe) macrophage phenotype that promotes TNBC stem-like markers and functions, including increased tumorsphere growth in vitro and tumor-initiating potential in vivo. We demonstrate that MMe macrophages release cytokines in an NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)-dependent manner that signal through glycoprotein 130 (GP130) on TNBC cells to promote their stem-like properties. Accordingly, deleting Nox2 in myeloid cells or depleting GP130 in TNBC cells attenuates the ability of obesity to drive TNBC tumor formation. Our studies implicate MMe macrophage accumulation in mammary adipose tissue during obesity as a mechanism for promoting TNBC stemness and tumorigenesis.nnHIGHLIGHTS Obesity promotes TNBC tumor formation and stemness.nMammary adipose tissue macrophages are metabolically activated (MMe) in obese mice and humans.nMMe macrophages in mammary adipose tissue contribute to obesity-induced stemness.nMMe macrophages promote TNBC stemness through GP130 signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenfelt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/370627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolically activated macrophages in mammary adipose tissue link obesity to triple-negative breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Applying Inter-rater Reliability to Improve Consistency in Classifying PhD Career Outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the past year, there has been an exciting groundswell of national efforts to integrate multiple taxonomies for the transparent dissemination and analysis of PhD career outcomes. In this study, we leveraged the unique resources of the Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training Consortium to examine the reliability of the three-tiered Unified Career Outcomes Taxonomy (UCOT v.2017) that was collaboratively developed at a meeting convened by Rescuing Biomedical Research in August 2017. Using an amended version of the UCOT v.2017 (UCOT v.2017-rev1) and a new Supplementary Guidance document, we categorized over 570 PhD alumni records from three different universities. Utilizing Krippendorffs alpha to measure the interrater reliability from nine different individuals, we determined moderate to robust reproducibility within the first two tiers of the taxonomy (Workforce Sector and Career Type); however, the reliability for the third tier (Job Function) did not meet established standards. The team identified significant sources of error, revised category definitions, improved coder training materials and processes, and tested for improved reliability through coding 219 PhD alumni records using the revised taxonomy, UCOT v.2017-rev2. Our results revealed that the changes introduced in UCOT v.2017-rev2 improved inter-rater reliability in all three tiers, and either met or exceeded the acceptable standards for reliability. A final set of clarifications were made to UCOT v.2017-rev2, resulting in UCOT v.2018 and a Finalized Guidance document. Our findings underscore the importance of carefully developing guidance documents to aid coders in the reliable and consistent categorization of alumni career outcomes. We propose periodic assessment of the UCOT v.2018 to address the natural evolution of PhD careers in the global workforce. Ultimately, we hope that UCOT v.2018 will aid in the classification and dissemination of alumni career outcomes that is essential to educating trainees, institutions, and agencies about the diversity of career options for PhDs, and therein empower all PhDs to pursue the careers of their choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stayart, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrie, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Kim, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuhrmann, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monsalve, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/370783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Applying Inter-rater Reliability to Improve Consistency in Classifying PhD Career Outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The structural basis for activation of voltage sensor domains in an ion channel TPC1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage sensing domains (VSDs) couple changes in transmembrane electrical potential to conformational changes that regulate ion conductance through a central channel. Positively charged amino acids inside each sensor cooperatively respond to changes in voltage. Our previous structure of a TPC1 channel captured the first example of a resting-state VSD in an intact ion channel. To generate an activated state VSD in the same channel we removed the luminal inhibitory Ca2+-binding site (Cai2+), that shifts voltage-dependent opening to more negative voltage and activation at 0 mV. Cryo-EM reveals two coexisting structures of the VSD, an intermediate state 1 that partially closes access to the cytoplasmic side, but remains occluded on the luminal side and an intermediate activated state 2 in which the cytoplasmic solvent access to the gating charges closes, while luminal access partially opens. Activation can be thought of as moving a hydrophobic insulating region of the VSD from the external side, to an alternate grouping on the internal side. This effectively moves the gating charges from the inside potential to that of the outside. Activation also requires binding of Ca2+ to a cytoplasmic site (Caa2+). An X-ray structure with Caa2+ removed and a near-atomic resolution cryo-EM structure with Cai2+ removed define how dramatic conformational changes in the cytoplasmic domains may communicate with the VSD during activation. Together four structures provide a basis for understanding the voltage dependent transition from resting to activated state, the tuning of VSD by thermodynamic stability, and this channels requirement of cytoplasmic Ca2+-ions for activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kintzer, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominik, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armache, J.-p.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deneka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroud, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/373860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The structural basis for activation of voltage sensor domains in an ion channel TPC1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor extracellular vesicles are required for tumor-associated macrophage programming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/375022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are highly infiltrated by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that promote tumor growth, survival, metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Although cytokines such as CCL5 have been implicated in TAM recruitment to TNBC tumors, the mechanism by which tumor cells educate TAMs is not understood. Here we show that tumor EVs are both necessary and sufficient for programming TAMs toward a pro-metastatic phenotype. The mechanism involves CCL5 regulation of tumor extracellular vesicles (EVs), which activate TLR2 and TLR3, leading to secretion of a common set of cytokines that further stimulate tumor cell invasion and metastasis as well as alter the tumor microenvironment. Cytokine expression is significantly correlated to CCL5 expression and up-regulated in TNBC patient tumors. These results demonstrate for the first time that tumor EVs are key mediators of TAM education, phenocopy the pro-metastatic and drug resistant state of the tumors to TAMs, and illustrate the potential clinical relevance of these findings to TNBC patients.nnHighlightsO_LITumor extracellular vesicles (EVs) are required for pro-metastatic programming of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)nC_LIO_LITumor CCL5 and macrophage TLR signaling mediate tumor EV programming of TAMs in TNBCsnC_LIO_LITumor EVs mediate drug resistance in TAMs and alter recruitment of regulatory T-cells.nC_LIO_LICytokines expressed by EV-educated TAMs are enriched and correlate with CCL5 in human TNBC patients.nC_LInneTOCChemokines such as CCL5 recruit tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that are required for metastasis, but TAM programming is not understood. Rabe et al. show that tumor extracellular vesicles (EVs) are required for programming TAMs via Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) to phenocopy the tumor, rewire the microenvironment, drive metastasis and promote immune cell evasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rabe, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustandy, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/375022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor extracellular vesicles are required for tumor-associated macrophage programming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Commonly-used FRET fluorophores promote collapse of an otherwise disordered protein. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/376632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dimensions that unfolded proteins, including intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), adopt at low or no denaturant remains controversial. We recently developed an innovative analysis procedure for small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) profiles and found that even relatively hydrophobic IDPs remain nearly as expanded as the chemically denatured ensemble, rendering them significantly more expanded than generally inferred using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements. We show here that fluorophores typical of those employed in FRET can contribute to this discrepancy. Specifically, we find that addition of Alexa488 to a normally expanded IDP causes contraction of its ensemble. In parallel, we also tested the recent suggestion that FRET and SAXS results can be reconciled if, in contrast to homopolymers, the radius of gyration (Rg) of an unfolded protein chain can vary independently from its end-to-end distance (Ree). To do so, we developed an analysis procedure that can accurately extract both Rg and Ree from SAXS profiles even if they are decoupled. Using this procedure, we find that Rg and Ree remain tightly coupled even for heteropolymeric IDPs. We thus conclude that, when combined with improved analysis procedures for both SAXS and FRET, fluorophore-driven interactions are sufficient to explain the preponderance of existing data regarding the nature of polypeptide chains unfolded in the absence of denaturant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riback, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zmyslowski, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaxco, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/376632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Commonly-used FRET fluorophores promote collapse of an otherwise disordered protein.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/377549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genetic variant at coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke locus 1p32.2 regulates endothelial responses to hemodynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/377549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomechanical cues dynamically control major cellular processes but whether genetic variants actively participate in mechano-sensing mechanisms remains unexplored. Vascular homeostasis is tightly regulated by hemodynamics. Exposure to disturbed blood flow at arterial sites of branching and bifurcation causes constitutive activation of vascular endothelium contributing to atherosclerosis, the major cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic stroke (IS). Conversely, unidirectional flow promotes quiescent endothelium. Genome-wide association studies have identified chromosome 1p32.2 as one of the most strongly associated loci with CAD/IS; however, the causal mechanism related to this locus remains unknown. Employing statistical analyses, ATAC-seq, and H3K27ac/H3K4me2 ChIP-Seq in human aortic endothelium (HAEC), our results demonstrate that rs17114036, a common noncoding polymorphism at the 1p32.2, is located in an endothelial enhancer dynamically regulated by hemodynamics. CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing shows that rs17114036-containing region promotes endothelial quiescence under unidirectional flow by regulating phospholipid phosphatase 3 (PLPP3). Chromatin accessibility quantitative trait locus mapping using HAECs from 56 donors, allelic imbalance assay from 7 donors, and luciferase assays further demonstrate that CAD/IS protective allele at rs17114036 in PLPP3 intron 5 confers an increased endothelial enhancer activity. ChIPPCR and luciferase assays show that CAD/IS protective allele at rs17114036 creates a binding site for transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 2, which increases the enhancer activity under unidirectional flow. These results demonstrate for the first time that a human single-nucleotide polymorphism contributes to critical endothelial mechanotransduction mechanisms and suggest that human haplotypes and related cisregulatory elements provide a previously unappreciated layer of regulatory control in cellular mechano-sensing mechanisms.nnSignificance StatementBiomechanical stimuli control major cellular functions and play critical roles in the pathogenesis of diverse human diseases. Although recent studies have implicated genetic variation in regulating key biological processes, whether human genetic variants contribute to the cellular mechano-sensing mechanisms remains unclear. This study provides the first line of evidence supporting an underappreciated role of genetic predisposition in cellular mechanotransduction mechanisms. Employing epigenomic profiling, genome-editing, and latest human genetics approaches, our data demonstrate that rs17114036, a common noncoding polymorphism implicated in coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke by genome-wide association studies, dynamically regulates endothelial responses to blood flow (hemodynamics) related to atherosclerosis via regulation of an intronic enhancer. The results provide new molecular insights linking disease-associated genetic variants to cellular mechanobiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krause, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shentu, T.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whalen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolze, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Rienzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Civelek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanoski, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/377549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genetic variant at coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke locus 1p32.2 regulates endothelial responses to hemodynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/380782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using machine learning to predict antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations and associated genomic features for nontyphoidal Salmonella 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/380782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nontyphoidal Salmonella species are the leading bacterial cause of food-borne disease in the United States. Whole genome sequences and paired antimicrobial susceptibility data are available for Salmonella strains because of surveillance efforts from public health agencies. In this study, a collection of 5,278 nontyphoidal Salmonella genomes, collected over 15 years in the United States, were used to generate XGBoost-based machine learning models for predicting minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for 15 antibiotics. The MIC prediction models have average accuracies between 95-96% within {+/-} 1 two-fold dilution factor and can predict MICs with no a priori information about the underlying gene content or resistance phenotypes of the strains. By selecting diverse genomes for training sets, we show that highly accurate MIC prediction models can be generated with fewer than 500 genomes. We also show that our approach for predicting MICs is stable over time despite annual fluctuations in antimicrobial resistance gene content in the sampled genomes. Finally, using feature selection, we explore the important genomic regions identified by the models for predicting MICs. To date, this is one of the largest MIC modeling studies to be published. Our strategy for developing whole genome sequence-based models for surveillance and clinical diagnostics can be readily applied to other important human pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/380782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using machine learning to predict antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations and associated genomic features for nontyphoidal Salmonella]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/381905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic prehistory of the Andean highlands 7,000 Years BP though European contact 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/381905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The peopling of the Andean highlands above 2500m in elevation was a complex process that included cultural, biological and genetic adaptations. Here we present a time series of ancient whole genomes from the Andes of Peru, dating back to 7,000 calendar years before present (BP), and compare them to 64 new genome-wide genetic variation datasets from both high and lowland populations. We infer three significant features: a split between low and high elevation populations that occurred between 9200-8200 BP; a population collapse after European contact that is significantly more severe in South American lowlanders than in highland populations; and evidence for positive selection at genetic loci related to starch digestion and plausibly pathogen resistance after European contact. Importantly, we do not find selective sweep signals related to known components of the human hypoxia response, which may suggest more complex modes of genetic adaptation to high altitude.nnOne Sentence SummaryAncient DNA from the Andes reveals a complex picture of human adaptation from early settlement to the colonial period.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moraga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdugo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llave, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witonsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warinner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldenderfer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Rienzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/381905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic prehistory of the Andean highlands 7,000 Years BP though European contact]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Static kinks or flexible hinges: conformational distributions of bent DNA bound to integration host factor mapped by fluorescence lifetime measurements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulation depends on proteins that bind to specific DNA sites. Such specific recognition often involves severe DNA deformations including sharp kinks. It has been unclear how rigid or flexible these protein-induced kinks are. Here, we investigated the dynamic nature of DNA in complex with integration host factor (IHF), a nucleoid-associated architectural protein known to bend one of its cognate sites (35 base pair H) into a U-turn by kinking DNA at two sites. We utilized fluorescence lifetime based FRET spectroscopy to map the distribution of bent conformations in various IHF-DNA complexes. Our results reveal a surprisingly dynamic specific complex: while 80% of the IHF-H population exhibited FRET efficiency consistent with the crystal structure, 20% exhibited FRET efficiency indicative of unbent or partially bent DNA. This conformational flexibility is modulated by sequence variations in the cognate site. In another site (H1) that lacks an A-tract of H on one side of the binding site, the population in the fully U-bent conformation decreased to 36%, as did the extent of bending. A similar decrease in the U-bent population was observed with a single base mutation in H in a consensus region on the other side. Taken together, these results provide important insights into the finely tuned interactions between IHF and its cognate sites that keep the DNA bent (or not), and yield quantitative data on the dynamic equilibrium between different DNA conformations (kinked or not kinked) that depend sensitively on DNA sequence and deformability. Notably, the difference in dynamics between IHF-H and IHF-H1 reflects the different roles of these complexes in their natural context, in the phage lambda "intasome" (the complex that integrates phage lambda into the E. coli chromosome).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Connolly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zvoda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbach, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/382655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Static kinks or flexible hinges: conformational distributions of bent DNA bound to integration host factor mapped by fluorescence lifetime measurements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Item-specific delay activity demonstrates concurrent storage of multiple items in working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractA longstanding view holds that information is maintained in working memory (WM) via persistent neural activity that encodes the content of WM. Recent work, however, has challenged the view that all items stored in WM are actively maintained. Instead, "activity-silent" models propose that items can be maintained in WM without the need for persistent neural activity, raising the possibility that only a subset of items - perhaps just a single item - may be actively represented at a given time. While past studies have successfully decoded multiple items stored in WM, these studies cannot rule out an active switching account in which only a single item is actively represented at a time. Here, we directly tested whether multiple representations can be held concurrently in an active state. We tracked spatial representations in WM using alpha-band (8-12 Hz) activity, which encodes spatial positions held in WM. Human observers (male and female) remembered one or two positions over a short delay while we recorded EEG. Using a spatial encoding model, we reconstructed stimulus-specific working memory representations (channel tuning functions, CTFs) from the scalp distribution of alphaband power. Consistent with past work, we found the selectivity of spatial CTFs was lower when two items were stored than when one item was stored. Critically, data-driven simulations revealed that the selectivity of spatial representations in the two-item condition could not be explained by models restricting storage to a single item at a time. Thus, our findings provide robust evidence for the concurrent storage of multiple items in visual working memory.nnAuthor SummaryWorking memory (WM) is a mental workspace where we temporarily hold information "online" in pursuit of our current goals. However, recent activity-silent models of WM have challenged the view that all items are held in an "online" state, instead proposing that only a subset of representations in WM - perhaps just one item - are represented by persistent activity at a time. To directly test a single-item model of persistent activity, we used a spatial encoding model to read out the strength of two representations from alpha-band (8-12 Hz) power in the human EEG signal. We provide direct evidence that both locations were maintained concurrently, ruling out the possibility that declines in stimulus-specific activity are due to storing one of two items in an activity-silent state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sutterer, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, K. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/382879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Item-specific delay activity demonstrates concurrent storage of multiple items in working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inter-species differences in response to hypoxia in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from humans and chimpanzees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite anatomical similarities, there appear to be differences in susceptibility to cardiovascular disease between primates. For example, humans are prone to ischemia-induced myocardial infarction unlike chimpanzees, which tend to suffer from fibrotic disease. However, it is challenging to determine the relative contributions of genetic and environmental effects to complex disease phenotypes within and between primates. The ability to differentiate cardiomyocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), now allows for direct inter-species comparisons of the gene regulatory response to disease-relevant perturbations. A consequence of ischemia is oxygen deprivation. Therefore, in order to understand human-specific regulatory adaptations in the heart, and to potentially gain insight into the evolution of disease susceptibility and resistance, we developed a model of hypoxia in human and chimpanzee cardiomyocytes. We differentiated eight human and seven chimpanzee iPSC lines into cardiomyocytes under normoxic conditions, and subjected these cells to 6 hours of hypoxia, followed by 6 or 24 hours of re-oxygenation. We collected genome-wide gene expression data as well as measurements of cellular stress at each time-point. The overall cellular and transcriptional response to hypoxic stress is generally conserved across species. Supporting the functional importance of precise regulatory response to hypoxia, we found that genes that respond to hypoxic stress in both species are depleted for association with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in the heart, and cardiovascular-related genes. We also identified hundereds of inter-species regulatory differences in our study. In particular, RASD1, which is associated with coronary artery disease, is up-regulated specifically in humans following hypoxia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/382895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inter-species differences in response to hypoxia in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from humans and chimpanzees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ena/VASP processive elongation is modulated by avidity on actin filaments bundled by the filopodia crosslinker fascin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/386961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ena/VASP are tetrameric assembly factors that bind F-actin barbed ends continuously while increasing their elongation rate within dynamic bundled networks such as filopodia. We used single-molecule TIRFM and developed a kinetic model to dissect Ena/VASPs processive mechanism on bundled filaments. Notably, Ena/VASPs processive run length increases with the number of both bundled filaments and Ena arms, revealing avidity facilitates enhanced processivity. Moreover, Ena tetramers form more filopodia than mutant dimer and trimers in Drosophila culture cells. Finally, enhanced processivity on trailing barbed ends of bundled filaments is an evolutionarily conserved property of Ena/VASP homologs and is specific to fascin-bundled filaments. These results demonstrate that Ena tetramers are tailored for enhanced processivity on fascin bundles and avidity of multiple arms associating with multiple filaments is critical for this process. Furthermore, we discovered a novel regulatory mechanism whereby bundle size and bundling protein specificity control activities of a processive assembly factor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harker, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katkar, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidone, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Applewhite, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/386961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ena/VASP processive elongation is modulated by avidity on actin filaments bundled by the filopodia crosslinker fascin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study, replication, and mega-analysis using a dense marker panel in a multi-generational mouse advanced intercross line 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication is considered to be critical for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in humans, but is not routinely performed in model organisms. We explored replication using an advanced intercross line (AIL) which is the simplest possible multigenerational intercross. We re-genotyped a previously published cohort of LG/J x SM/J AIL mice (F34; n=428) using a denser marker set and also genotyped a novel cohort of AIL mice (F39-43; n=600) for the first time. We identified 110 significant loci in the F34 cohort, 36 of which were new discoveries attributable to the denser marker set; we also identified 27 novel significant loci in the F39-43 cohort. For traits measured in both cohorts (locomotor activity, body weight, and coat color), the genetic correlations were high, although, the F39-43 cohort showed systematically lower SNP-heritability estimates. We then attempted to replicate loci identified in either F34 or F39-43 in the other cohort. Albino coat color was robustly replicated; we observed only partial replication of associations for locomotor activity and body weight. Finally, we performed a mega-analysis of locomotor activity and body weight by combining F34 and F39-43 cohorts (n=1,028), which identified four novel loci. The incomplete replication was inconsistent with simulations we performed to estimate our power to replicate. This may reflect: 1) false positives errors in the discovery cohort, 2) environmental or genetic heterogeneity between the two samples, or 3) the systematic over estimation of the effect sizes at significant loci ("Winners Curse"). Our results demonstrate that it is difficult to replicate GWAS results even when using similarly sized discovery and replication cohorts drawn from the same population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Pierre, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitre, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokoloff, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/387613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study, replication, and mega-analysis using a dense marker panel in a multi-generational mouse advanced intercross line]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homing and egg discrimination in the Western Slimy Salamander, Plethodon albagula (Caudata: Plethodontidae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/388249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In some species of vertebrates egg brooding is a costly form of parental care. Therefore, misdirection of parental care can significantly lower a females fitness. Because of the maternal investment and increased survivorship to offspring from egg guarding, a brooding female should home to her nest site after being displaced a short distance and discriminate between her own eggs and eggs from other females. In this study, we experimentally tested, in the field, alternative hypotheses concerning homing ability and egg discrimination in a population of nesting western slimy salamanders (Plethodon albagula). Fourteen brooding females were displaced 1 m to the left or right of their nest sites (determined randomly) for the homing experiment. Furthermore, brooding females (n = 13) were presented with their own clutches, which were displaced 50 cm to the left or right (determined randomly), and unfamiliar egg clutches at their original nest sites. The females were released at an equal distance from both egg clutches. After 24 hours, 12 displaced females (86%) had returned to their own nest sites and were brooding their egg clutches. Also, after 24 hours, nine test females had returned to their own nest sites and were brooding the unfamiliar egg clutches. No control or test females were present at the other new nest site locations. Therefore, we suggest that brooding female P. albagula do home to their nest sites and exhibit indirect egg discrimination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jordan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milanovich, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCallum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trauth, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/388249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homing and egg discrimination in the Western Slimy Salamander, Plethodon albagula (Caudata: Plethodontidae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latent Structure of Risk Perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Risk-taking behavior affects many aspects of life, including maladaptive behaviors such as illicit substance use, unsafe driving, and risky sexual behavior. Risk-taking has been measured using both self-report measures and behavioral tasks designed for the purpose, but there is little consensus in the associations among measures and our understanding of the latent constructs underlying different forms of risk is limited. In the present study we examined the construct of risk using data from over 1000 young adults who completed measures of risk-taking, including self-reports of perception of risk, propensity to engage in risky behaviors and performance on behavioral tasks designed to measure risk. To examine the latent structure of risk preferences, we conducted a principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA revealed a latent structure of three distinct components of risk-taking behavior: "Lifestyle Risk Sensitivity", "Financial Risk Sensitivity", and "Behavioral Risk Sensitivity", which consisted only of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART; Lejuez et al., 2002). As expected, risk-taking and perception of risk differed in men and women. Yet, the PCA components were similar in men and women. Future work utilizing additional measures of risk-taking behavior in more heterogeneous samples will help to identify the true biobehavioral constructs underlying these behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pabon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKillop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/389890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latent Structure of Risk Perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expected patterns of local ancestry in a hybrid zone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1The initial drivers of reproductive isolation between species are poorly characterized. In cases where partial reproductive isolation exists, genomic patterns of variation in hybrid zones may provide clues about the barriers to gene flow which arose first during the early stages of speciation. Purifying selection against incompatible substitutions that reduce hybrid fitness has the potential to distort local patterns of ancestry relative to background patterns across the genome. The magnitude and qualitative properties of this pattern are dependent on several factors including migration history and the relative fitnesses for different combinations of incompatible alleles. We present a model which may account for these factors and highlight the potential for its use in verifying the action of natural selection on candidate loci implicated in reducing hybrid fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payseur, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/389924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expected patterns of local ancestry in a hybrid zone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/392381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-Dimensional Histology of Whole Zebrafish by Sub-Micron Synchrotron X-ray Micro-Tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/392381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histological studies providing cellular insights into tissue architecture have been central to biological discovery and remain clinically invaluable today. Extending histology to three dimensions would be transformational for research and diagnostics. However, three-dimensional histology is impractical using current techniques. We have customized sample preparation, synchrotron X-ray tomographic parameters, and three-dimensional image analysis to allow for complete histological phenotyping using whole larval and juvenile zebrafish. The resulting digital zebrafish can be virtually sectioned and visualized in any plane. Whole-animal reconstructions at subcellular resolution also enable computational characterization of the zebrafish nervous system by region-specific detection of cell nuclei and quantitative assessment of individual phenotypic variation. Three-dimensional histological phenotyping has potential use in genetic and chemical screens, and in clinical and toxicological tissue diagnostics.nnOne Sentence SummarySynchrotron X-ray micro-tomography can be used to rapidly create 3-dimensional images of fixed and stained specimens without sectioning, enabling computational histological phenotyping at cellular resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanselow, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakovlev, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copper, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canfield, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Carlo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rossum, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/392381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-Dimensional Histology of Whole Zebrafish by Sub-Micron Synchrotron X-ray Micro-Tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Total lung capacity without plethysmography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAmong the most basic measures of respiratory function is the total lung capacity (TLC). TLC is the pulmonary gas volume at maximal lung inflation, which is the sum of the volume of gas that can be exhaled -the vital capacity (VC)- and the volume of gas that cannot -the residual volume (RV). Determination of VC requires only spirometry whereas determination of RV or TLC requires body plethysmography, gas dilution or washout, or thoracic imaging, each of which is more complex than spirometry, and none of which is suited to routine office practice, population screening, or community medicine. To fill this gap, we describe here a new approach to determine TLC without plethysmography.nnMethodsIn a heterogeneous population of 434 volunteers (265 male, 169 female; 201 healthy, 170 with airflow obstruction, and 63 with ventilatory restriction), we determined TLC in the standard fashion using conventional body plethysmography (TLCpleth). In the same individuals, we also determined TLC in a novel fashion using the MiniBox  (TLCMB). To obtain TLCMB, population-based data from traditional spirometry together with flow-interruption transients were subjected to data mining and machine-learning to create for each individual subject an unbiased statistical determination of TLC.nnResultsFor the combined heterogeneous population, we found TLCpleth = 1.02TLCMB -0.091 L, adjusted r2=0.824. For the heterogeneous population as a whole, and for each subpopulation, TLCMB closely tracked TLCpleth. For 26 healthy subjects measured on different days, the coefficient of variation for repeated measurements in was 3.3% for TLCpleth versus 1.6% for TLCMB.nnConclusionsThese results establish the validity and potential utility of a new method for rapid, accurate, and repeatable determination of TLC in a heterogeneous patient population, but without the need of a plethysmograph.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adam, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, W.-k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiner, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calverley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peles, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaPrad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagan, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solway, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fredberg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/395160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Total lung capacity without plethysmography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GBAT: a gene-based association method for robust trans-gene regulation detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/395970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of trans-eQTLs has been limited by a heavy multiple testing burden, read-mapping biases, and hidden confounders. To address these issues, we developed GBAT, a powerful gene-based method that allows robust detection of trans gene regulation. Using simulated and real data, we show that GBAT drastically increases detection of trans-gene regulation over standard trans-eQTL analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mefford, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/395970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GBAT: a gene-based association method for robust trans-gene regulation detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/397356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relaxed constraint and thermal desensitization of the cold-sensing ion channel TRPM8 in mammoths 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/397356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unlike the living elephants, which live in warm tropical and subtropical habitats, mammoths lived in extreme cold environments where average winter temperatures ranged from -30{degrees} to -50{degrees}C. Like other cold adapted and artic species, mammoths evolved of suite of morphological and molecular adaptations that facilitated life in the cold. Here we reanalyze mammoth genomes and find that genes with mammoth-specific amino acid substitutions are enriched in functions related to temperature sensation. Among the genes with mammoth-specific amino acid substitutions is TRPM8, which mediates sensitivity to nonnoxious cool temperatures from 25- 28{degrees}C and cooling sensations induced by the chemical agonists menthol and icilin. We find that TRPM8 evolved rapidly in the mammoth stem-lineage, likely because of an episode of relaxed purifying selection. Functional characterization of resurrected mammoth and ancestral TRPM8 indicates that the mammoth TRPM8 is desensitized to cold but maintains sensitivity to menthol and icilin. These data suggest that as mammoths evolved into a cold tolerant species they lost the need for a cold-sensitive TRPM8.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chigurapati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/397356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relaxed constraint and thermal desensitization of the cold-sensing ion channel TRPM8 in mammoths]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/397851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TCF7L2 Regulation of GATA6-dependent and -Independent Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Plasticity and Intimal Hyperplasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/397851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variations in Wnt-coreceptor LRP6 and Wnt-regulated transcription factor TCF7L2 have been among the strongest genetic signals for type2 diabetes (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD). Mice with a CAD-linked LRP6 mutation exhibit obstructive coronary artery disease characterized by reduced TCF7L2 expression and dedifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). While TCF7L2 maintains stemness and promotes proliferation in embryonic tissues and adult stem cells, its role and mechanisms of action in VSMC differentiation is not understood. Using multiple mouse models, we demonstrate here that TCF7L2 promotes differentiation and inhibits proliferation of VSMCs. TCF7L2 accomplishes these effects by stabilization of GATA6 and upregulation of SM-MHC and cell cycle inhibitors. Accordingly, TCF7L2 haploinsufficient mice exhibited increased susceptibility to, while mice overexpressing TCF7L2 were protected against injury-induced intimal hyperplasia compared to wildtype littermates. Consequently, the overexpression of TCF7L2 in LRP6 mutant mice rescued the injury induced intimal hyperplasia. These novel findings imply cell type-specific functional role of TCF7L2 and provide critical insight into poorly understood mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of intimal hyperplasia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteghamat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeniran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geirsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobrega, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolyan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/397851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TCF7L2 Regulation of GATA6-dependent and -Independent Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Plasticity and Intimal Hyperplasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/398248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut microbial features can predict host phenotype response to protein deficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/398248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malnutrition remains a major health problem in low and middle income countries. During low protein intake, < 0.67 g/kg/day, there is a loss of nitrogen (N2) balance, due to the unavailability of amino acid for metabolism and unbalanced protein catabolism results. However, there are individuals, who consume the same low protein intake, and preserve N2 balance for unknown reasons. A novel factor, the gut microbiota, may account for these N2 balance differences. To investigate this, we correlated gut microbial profiles with the growth of four murine strains (C57Bl6/J, CD-1, FVB, and NIH-Swiss) on protein deficient (PD) diet. Results show that a PD diet exerts a strain-dependent impact on growth and N2 balance as determined through analysis of urinary urea, ammonia and creatinine excretion. Bacterial alpha diversity was significantly (p < 0.05, FDR) lower across all strains on a PD diet compared to normal chow (NC). Multi-group analyses of the composition of microbiomes (ANCOM) revealed significantly differential microbial signatures between the four strains independent of diet. However, mice on a PD diet demonstrated differential enrichment of bacterial genera including, Allobaculum (C57Bl6/J), Parabacteroides (CD-1), Turicibacter (FVB), and Mucispirillum (NIH-Swiss) relative to NC. Additionally, statistical model fitting revealed that the relative abundance of genera such as Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus, and Lactobacillus were significantly positively correlated with body weight, while Anaerofustis, Roseburia, and Bilophila were significantly positively correlated with ammonia excretion. Taken together, these results suggest a potential relationship between the specific gut microbiota, N2 balance and animal response to malnutrition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Navarro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugas, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrester, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layden, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/398248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut microbial features can predict host phenotype response to protein deficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/399147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinpute: Using identity by descent to improve genotype imputation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/399147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1MotivationGenotype imputation, though generally accurate, often results in many genotypes being poorly imputed, particularly in studies where the individuals are not well represented by standard reference panels. When individuals in the study share regions of the genome identical by descent (IBD), it is possible to use this information in combination with a study specific reference panel (SSRP) to improve the imputation results. Kinpute uses IBD information--due to either recent, familial relatedness or distant, unknown ancestors-- in conjunction with the output from linkage disequilibrium (LD) based imputation methods to compute more accurate genotype probabilities. Kinpute uses a novel method for IBD imputation, which works even in the absence of a pedigree, and results in substantially improved imputation quality.

ResultsGiven initial estimates of average IBD between subjects in the study sample, Kinpute uses a novel algorithm to select an optimal set of individuals to sequence and use as an SSRP. Kinpute is designed to use as input both this SSRP and the genotype probabilities output from other LD based imputation software, and uses a new method to combine the LD imputed genotype probabilities with IBD configurations to substantially improve imputation. We tested Kinpute on a human population isolate where 98 individuals have been sequenced. In half of this sample, whose sequence data was masked, we used Impute2 to perform LD based imputation and Kinpute was used to obtain higher accuracy genotype probabilities. Measures of imputation accuracy improved significantly, particularly for those genotypes that Impute2 imputed with low certainty.

AvailabilityKinpute is an open-source and freely available C++ software package that can be downloaded from https://github.com/markabney/Kinpute/releases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Sherbiny, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/399147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinpute: Using identity by descent to improve genotype imputation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hemagglutinin stalk-reactive antibodies interfere with influenza virus neuraminidase activity by steric hindrance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractHemagglutinin (HA) stalk-reactive antibodies are the basis of several current "one-shot" universal influenza vaccine efforts because they protect against a wide spectrum of influenza virus strains. The appreciated mechanism of protection by HA-stalk antibodies is to inhibit HA stalk reconfiguration, blocking viral fusion and entry. This study shows that HA stalk-reactive antibodies also inhibit neuraminidase (NA) enzymatic activity, prohibiting viral egress. NA inhibition (NI) is evident for an attached substrate but not for unattached small molecule cleavage of sialic acid. This suggests that the antibodies inhibit NA enzymatic activity through steric hindrance, thus limiting NA access to sialic acids when adjacent to HA on whole virions. Consistently, F(ab)2 fragments that occupy reduced area without loss of avidity or disrupted HA/NA interactions show significantly reduced NI activity. Notably, HA stalk binding antibodies lacking NI activity were unable to neutralize viral infection via microneutralization assays. This work suggests that NI activity is an important component of HA-stalk antibody mediated protection.nnSummaryThis study reports a new mechanism of protection that is mediated by influenza hemagglutinin-stalk reactive antibodies: inhibition of neuraminidase activity by steric hindrance, blocking access of neuraminidase to sialic acids when it is abutted next to hemagglutinin on whole virions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, L. Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/400036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hemagglutinin stalk-reactive antibodies interfere with influenza virus neuraminidase activity by steric hindrance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-organizing motors divide active liquid droplets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cytoskeleton is a collection of protein assemblies that dynamically impose spatial structure in cells and coordinate processes such as cell division and mechanical regulation. Biopolymer filaments, cross-linking proteins, and enzymatically active motor proteins collectively self-organize into various precise cytoskeletal assemblies critical for specific biological functions. An outstanding question is how the precise spatial organization arises from the component macromolecules. We develop a new system to investigate simple physical mechanisms of self-organization in biological assemblies. Using a minimal set of purified proteins, we create droplets of cross-linked biopolymer filaments. Through the addition of enzymatically active motor proteins we construct composite assemblies, evocative of cellular structures such as spindles, where the inherent anisotropy drives motor self-organization and droplet deformation. These results suggest that simple physical principles underlie the self-organization in complex biological assemblies and inform bio-inspired materials design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weirich, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasbiswas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witten, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaikuntanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/403121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-organizing motors divide active liquid droplets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition for hosts modulates vast antigenic diversity to generate persistent strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In their competition for hosts, parasites with antigens that are novel to host immunity will be at a competitive advantage. The resulting frequency-dependent selection can structure parasite populations into strains of limited genetic overlap. For Plasmodium falciparum-the causative agent of malaria-in endemic regions, the high recombination rates and associated vast diversity of its highly antigenic and multicopy var genes preclude such clear clustering; this undermines the definition of strains as specific, temporally-persisting gene variant combinations. We use temporal multilayer networks to analyze the genetic similarity of parasites in both simulated data and in an extensively and longitudinally sampled population in Ghana. When viewed over time, populations are structured into modules (i.e., groups) of parasite genomes whose var gene combinations are more similar within, than between, the modules, and whose persistence is much longer than that of the individual genomes that compose them. Comparison to neutral models that retain parasite population dynamics but lack competition reveals that the selection imposed by host immunity promotes the persistence of these modules. The modular structure is in turn associated with a slower acquisition of immunity by individual hosts. Modules thus represent dynamically generated niches in host immune space, which can be interpreted as strains. Negative frequency-dependent selection therefore shapes the organization of the var diversity into parasite genomes, leaving a persistence signature over ecological time scales. Multilayer networks extend the scope of phylodynamics analyses by allowing quantification of temporal genetic structure in organisms that generate variation via recombination or other non-bifurcating processes. A strain structure similar to the one described here should apply to other pathogens with large antigenic spaces that evolve via recombination. For malaria, the temporal modular structure should enable the formulation of tractable epidemiological models that account for parasite antigenic diversity and its influence on intervention outcomes.nnSignificanceMany pathogens, including the causative agent of malaria Plasmodium falciparum, use antigenic variation, obtained via recombination, as a strategy to evade the human immune system. The vast diversity and multiplicity of genes encoding antigenic variation in high transmission regions challenge the notion of the existence of distinct strains: temporally-persistent and specific combinations of genes relevant to epidemiology. We examine the role of human immune selection in generating such genetic population structure in the major blood-stage antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. We show, using simulated and empirical data, that immune selection generates and maintains  modules of genomes with higher genetic similarity within, than between, these groups. Selection further promotes the persistence of these modules for much longer times than those of their constituent genomes. Simulations show that the temporal modular structure reduces the speed at which hosts acquire immunity to the parasite. We argue that in P. falciparum modules can be viewed as dynamic strains occupying different niches in human immune space; they are thus relevant to formulating transmission models that encompass the antigenic diversity of the parasite. Our analyses may prove useful to understand the interplay between temporal genetic structure and epidemiology in other pathogens of human and wildlife importance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pilosof, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiedje, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruybal-Pesantez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/406546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition for hosts modulates vast antigenic diversity to generate persistent strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mTADA: a framework for analyzing de novo mutations in multiple traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Joint analysis of multiple traits can result in the identification of associations not found through the analysis of each trait in isolation. In addition, approaches that consider multiple traits can aid in the characterization of shared genetic etiology among those traits. In recent years, parent-offspring trio studies have reported an enrichment of de novo mutations (DNMs) in neuropsychiatric disorders. The analysis of DNM data in the context of neuropsychiatric disorders has implicated multiple putatively causal genes, and a number of reported genes are shared across disorders. However, a joint analysis method designed to integrate de novo mutation data from multiple studies has yet to be implemented. We here introduce multi pi e-trait TAD A (mTADA) which jointly analyzes two traits using DNMs from non-overlapping family samples. mTADA uses two single-trait analysis data sets to estimate the proportion of overlapping risk genes, and reports genes shared between and specific to the relevant disorders. We applied mTADA to >13,000 trios for six disorders: schizophrenia (SCZ), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), developmental disorders (DD), intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy (EPI), and congenital heart disease (CHD). We report the proportion of overlapping risk genes and the specific risk genes shared for each pair of disorders. A total of 153 genes were found to be shared in at least one pair of disorders. The largest percentages of shared risk genes were observed for pairs of DD, ID, ASD, and CHD (>20%) whereas SCZ, CHD, and EPI did not show strong overlaps In risk gene set between them. Furthermore, mTADA identified additional SCZ, EPI and CHD risk genes through integration with DD de novo mutation data. For CHD, using DD information, 31 risk genes with posterior probabilities > 0.8 were identified, and 20 of these 31 genes were not in the list of known CHD genes. We find evidence that most significant CHD risk genes are strongly expressed in prenatal stages of the human genes. Finally, we validated our findings for CHD and EPI in independent cohorts comprising 1241 CHD trios, 226 CHD singletons and 197 EPI trios. Multiple novel risk genes identified by mTADA also had de novo mutations in these independent data sets. The joint analysis method introduced here, mTADA, is able to identify risk genes shared by two traits as well as additional risk genes not found through single-trait analysis only. A number of risk genes reported by mTADA are identified only through joint analysis, specifically when ASD, DD, or ID are one of the two traits examined. This suggests that novel genes for the trait or a new trait might converge to a core gene list of the three traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/406868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mTADA: a framework for analyzing de novo mutations in multiple traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social integration predicts mitochondrial DNA copy number in rhesus macaques 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many social mammals, social adversity predicts compromised health and reduced fitness. These effects are thought to be driven in part by chronic social stress, but their molecular underpinnings are not well understood. Recent work suggests that chronic stress can affect mitochondrial copy number, heteroplasmy rates, and function. Here, we tested the first two possibilities, for the first time in nonhuman primates. We manipulated dominance rank in captive female rhesus macaques (n=45), where low rank induces chronic social stress, and measured mitochondrial DNA copy number and heteroplasmy in five peripheral blood mononuclear cell types from each study subject. We found no effect of dominance rank on either mtDNA copy number or heteroplasmy rates. However, grooming rates, a measure of affiliative social behavior predicted by high social status, was positively associated with mtDNA copy number in B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and monocytes. Our results suggest that social interactions can influence mtDNA regulation in immune cells. Further, they indicate the importance of considering both affiliative and competitive interactions in investigating this relationship.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Debray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/408849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social integration predicts mitochondrial DNA copy number in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Information content of downwelling skylight for non-imaging visual systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/408989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Light-sensitive proteins (opsins) are expressed in non-imaging tissues like the brain, dermis and reproductive organs of most animals. Such tissues have been shown to sense the intensity and spectrum of light over time. Functional links to circadian and reproductive rhythms have been speculated but remain uncertain. Here we use information theory to quantify the  natural scene for non-imaging opsins, i.e., spectral patterns in downwelling skylight. Our approach synthesizes measurements of natural downwelling spectra, atmospheric distortions, and weather, with the biophysical constraints of opsins and biochemical clocks, while minimizing assumptions about how organisms process such information. We find that tissues expressing multiple opsins could use twilight to extract significant information about lunar phase and time of day in many climates. In contrast, information in light intensity is far less robust to atmospheric perturbations. Thus our work quantifies circalunar and circadian regularities in the spectrum of downwelling radiance salient to non-imaging opsins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thiermann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/408989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Information content of downwelling skylight for non-imaging visual systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The contribution of psychiatric risk alleles to a general liability to psychopathology in early life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPsychiatric disorders show phenotypic as well as genetic overlaps. Factor analyses of child and adult psychopathology have found that phenotypic overlaps largely can be explained by a latent general "p" factor that reflects general liability to psychopathology. We investigated whether shared genetic liability across disorders would be reflected in associations between multiple different psychiatric polygenic risk scores (PRS) and a  general psychopathology factor in childhood.nnMethodsThe sample was a UK, prospective, population-based cohort (ALSPAC), including data on psychopathology at age 7 (N=8161) years. PRS were generated from large published genome-wide association studies.nnOutcomesThe general psychopathology factor was associated with both schizophrenia PRS and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) PRS, whereas there was no strong evidence of association with major depressive disorder and autism spectrum disorder PRS. Schizophrenia PRS was also associated with a specific "emotional" problems factor.nnInterpretationOur findings suggest that genetic liability to schizophrenia and ADHD may contribute to shared genetic risks across childhood psychiatric diagnoses at least partly via the  general psychopathology factor. However, the pattern of observations could not be explained by a general "p" factor on its own.nnFundingThis work was supported by the Wellcome Trust (204895/Z/16/Z).Introduction
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riglin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thapar, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leppert, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anney, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey Smith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stergiakouli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahey, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donovan, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collishaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thapar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/409540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The contribution of psychiatric risk alleles to a general liability to psychopathology in early life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-Wide Control of Population Structure and Relatedness in Genetic Association Studies via Linear Mixed Models with Orthogonally Partitioned Structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Linear mixed models (LMMs) have become the standard approach for genetic association testing in the presence of sample structure. However, the performance of LMMs has primarily been evaluated in relatively homogeneous populations of European ancestry, despite many of the recent genetic association studies including samples from worldwide populations with diverse ancestries. In this paper, we demonstrate that existing LMM methods can have systematic miscalibration of association test statistics genome-wide in samples with heterogenous ancestry, resulting in both increased type-I error rates and a loss of power. Furthermore, we show that this miscalibration arises due to varying allele frequency differences across the genome among populations. To overcome this problem, we developed LMM-OPS, an LMM approach which orthogonally partitions diverse genetic structure into two components: distant population structure and recent genetic relatedness. In simulation studies with real and simulated genotype data, we demonstrate that LMM-OPS is appropriately calibrated in the presence of ancestry heterogeneity and outperforms existing LMM approaches, including EMMAX, GCTA, and GEMMA. We conduct a GWAS of white blood cell (WBC) count in an admixed sample of 3,551 Hispanic/Latino American women from the Womens Health Initiative SNP Health Association Resource where LMM-OPS detects genome-wide significant associations with corresponding p-values that are one or more orders of magnitude smaller than those from competing LMM methods. We also identify a genome-wide significant association with regulatory variant rs2814778 in the DARC gene on chromosome 1, which generalizes to Hispanic/Latino Americans a previous association with reduced WBC count identified in African Americans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPeek, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/409953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-Wide Control of Population Structure and Relatedness in Genetic Association Studies via Linear Mixed Models with Orthogonally Partitioned Structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prioritizing risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders using pathway information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trio family and case-control studies of next-generation sequencing data have proven integral to understanding the contribution of rare inherited and de novo single-nucleotide variants to the genetic architecture of complex disease. Ideally, such studies should identify individual risk genes of moderate to large effect size to generate novel treatment hypotheses for further follow-up. However, due to insufficient power, gene set enrichment analyses have come to be relied upon for detecting differences between cases and controls, implicating sets of hundreds of genes rather than specific targets for further investigation. Here, we present a Bayesian statistical framework, termed gTADA, that integrates gene-set membership information with gene-level de novo and rare inherited case-control counts, to prioritize risk genes with excess rare variant burden within enriched gene sets. Applying gTADA to available whole-exome sequencing datasets for several neuropsychiatric conditions, we replicated previously reported gene set enrichments and identified novel risk genes. For epilepsy, gTADA prioritized 40 risk genes (posterior probabilities > 0.95), 6 of which replicate in an independent whole-genome sequencing study. In addition, 30/40 genes are novel genes. We found that epilepsy genes had high protein-protein interaction (PPI) network connectivity, and show specific expression during human brain development. Some of the top prioritized EPI genes were connected to a PPI subnetwork of immune genes and show specific expression in prenatal microglia. We also identified multiple enriched drug-target gene sets for EPI which included immunostimulants as well as known antiepileptics. Immune biology was supported specifically by case-control variants from familial epilepsies rather than do novo mutations in generalized encephalitic epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skene, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hjerling-Leffler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/410100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prioritizing risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders using pathway information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/411348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influenza incidence prediction for the United States: an update for the 2018-2019 season 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/411348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionSeasonal influenza causes a high disease burden every year in the United States and worldwide. Anticipating epidemic size ahead of season can contribute to preparedness and more targetted control and prevention of seasonal influenza.nnMethodsA recently developed process-based epidemiological model that incorporates evolutionary change of the virus and generates incidence forecasts for the H3N2 subtype ahead of the season, was previously validated by several statistical criteria, including an accurate real-time prediction for the 2016-2017 influenza season. With this model, a new forecast is generated here for the upcoming 2018-2019 season. The accuracy of predictions published for the 2017-2018 season is also retrospectively evaluated.nnResultsFor 2017-2018, the model correctly predicted the dominance of the H3N2 subtype and its higher than average incidence. Based on surveillance and sequence data up to June 2018, the new forecast for the upcoming 2018-2019 season indicates low levels for H3N2, and suggests an H1N1 dominant season with low incidence of influenza B.nnDiscussionReal-time forecasts, those generated with a model that was parameterized based on data preceding the predicted season, allows valuable evaluation of the approach. Anticipating the dominant subtype and the size of the upcoming epidemic ahead of season informs disease control. Further studies are needed to promote more accurate ahead-of-season forecasts and extend the approach to multiple subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/411348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influenza incidence prediction for the United States: an update for the 2018-2019 season]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population structure, genetic connectivity, and adaptation in the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) along the west coast of North America 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective management of threatened and exploited species requires an understanding of both the genetic connectivity among populations and local adaptation. The Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida), patchily distributed from Baja California to the central coast of Canada, has a long history of population declines due to anthropogenic stressors. For such coastal marine species, population structure could follow a continuous isolation-by-distance model, contain regional blocks of genetic similarity separated by barriers to gene flow, or be consistent with a null model of no population structure. To distinguish between these hypotheses in O. lurida, 13,444 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to characterize rangewide population structure, genetic connectivity, and adaptive divergence. Samples were collected across the species range on the west coast of North America, from southern California to Vancouver Island. A conservative approach for detecting putative loci under selection identified 288 SNPs across 129 GBS loci, which were functionally annotated and analyzed separately from the remaining neutral loci. While strong population structure was observed on a regional scale in both neutral and outlier markers, neutral markers had greater power to detect fine-scale structure. Geographic regions of reduced gene flow aligned with known marine biogeographic barriers, such as Cape Mendocino, Monterey Bay, and the currents around Cape Flattery. The outlier loci identified as under putative selection included genes involved in developmental regulation, sensory information processing, energy metabolism, immune response, and muscle contraction. These loci are excellent candidates for future research and may provide targets for genetic monitoring programs. Beyond specific applications for restoration and management of the Olympia oyster, this study lends to the growing body of evidence for both population structure and adaptive differentiation across a range of marine species exhibiting the potential for panmixia. Computational notebooks are available to facilitate reproducibility and future open-sourced research on the population structure of O. lurida.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silliman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/414623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population structure, genetic connectivity, and adaptation in the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) along the west coast of North America]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient intracellular acidification regulates the core transcriptional heat shock response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heat shock induces a conserved transcriptional program regulated by heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) in eukaryotic cells. Activation of this heat-shock response is triggered by heat-induced misfolding of newly synthesized polypeptides, and so has been thought to depend on ongoing protein synthesis. Here, using the the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we report the discovery that Hsf1 can be robustly activated when protein synthesis is inhibited, so long as cells undergo cytosolic acidification. Heat shock has long been known to cause transient intracellular acidification which, for reasons which have remained unclear, is associated with increased stress resistance in eukaryotes. We demonstrate that acidification is required for heat shock response induction in translationally inhibited cells, and specifically affects Hsf1 activation. Physiological heat-triggered acidification also increases population fitness and promotes cell cycle reentry following heat shock. Our results uncover a previously unknown adaptive dimension of the well-studied eukaryotic heat shock response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Triandafillou, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katanski, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/414706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient intracellular acidification regulates the core transcriptional heat shock response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unsupervised learning of persistent and sequential activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two strikingly distinct types of activity have been observed in various brain structures during delay periods of delayed response tasks: Persistent activity (PA), in which a sub-population of neurons maintains an elevated firing rate throughout an entire delay period; and Sequential activity (SA), in which sub-populations of neurons are activated sequentially in time. It has been hypothesized that both types of dynamics can be  learned by the relevant networks from the statistics of their inputs, thanks to mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. However, the necessary conditions for a synaptic plasticity rule and input statistics to learn these two types of dynamics in a stable fashion are still unclear. In particular, it is unclear whether a single learning rule is able to learn both types of activity patterns, depending on the statistics of the inputs driving the network. Here, we first characterize the complete bifurcation diagram of a firing rate model of multiple excitatory populations with an inhibitory mechanism, as a function of the parameters characterizing its connectivity. We then investigate how an unsupervised temporally asymmetric Hebbian plasticity rule shapes the dynamics of the network. Consistent with previous studies, we find that for stable learning of PA and SA, an additional stabilization mechanism, such as multiplicative homeostatic plasticity, is necessary. Using the bifurcation diagram derived for fixed connectivity, we study analytically the temporal evolution and the steady state of the learned recurrent architecture as a function of parameters characterizing the external inputs. Slow changing stimuli lead to PA, while fast changing stimuli lead to SA. Our network model shows how a network with plastic synapses can stably and flexibly learn PA and SA in an unsupervised manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pereira, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/414813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unsupervised learning of persistent and sequential activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies of impulsive personality traits (BIS-11 and UPPSP) and drug experimentation in up to 22,861 adult research participants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundImpulsive personality traits are complex heritable traits that are governed by frontal-subcortical circuits and are associated with numerous neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly drug abuse.nnMethodsIn collaboration with the genetics company 23andMe, Inc., we performed several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on measures of impulsive personality traits (the short version of the UPPSP Impulsive Behavior Scale, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale [BIS-11]) and drug experimentation (the number of drug classes an individual has tried in their lifetime) in up to 22,861 male and female adult research participants of European ancestry.nnResultsImpulsive personality traits and drug experimentation showed SNP-heritabilities that ranged from 5 to 11%. Genetic variants in the CADM2 locus were significantly associated with the UPPSP Sensation Seeking subscale (P = 8.3 x 10-9, rs139528938) and showed a suggestive association with drug experimentation (P = 3.0 x 10-7, rs2163971; r2 = 0.68 with rs139528938); CADM2 has been previously associated with measures of risky behaviors and self-reported risk tolerance, cannabis initiation, alcohol consumption, as well as information speed processing, body mass index (BMI) variation and obesity. Furthermore, genetic variants in the CACNA1I locus were significantly associated with the UPPSP Negative Urgency subscale (P = 3.8 x 10-8, rs199694726). Multiple subscales from both UPPSP and BIS showed strong genetic correlations (>0.5) with drug experimentation and other substance use traits measured in independent cohorts, including smoking initiation, and lifetime cannabis use. Several UPPSP and BIS subscales were genetically correlated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (rg = 0.30-0.51, p < 8.69 x 10-3), supporting their validity as endophenotypes.nnConclusionsOur findings demonstrate a role for common genetic contributions to individual differences in impulsivity. Furthermore, our study is the first to provide a genetic dissection of the relationship between different types of impulsive personality traits and various psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKillop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/414854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association studies of impulsive personality traits (BIS-11 and UPPSP) and drug experimentation in up to 22,861 adult research participants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aβ Fibrils Can Act as Aqueous Pores: a Molecular Dynamics Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aggregation of A{beta} peptides is important in the etiology of Alzheimers Disease (AD), an increasingly prevalent neurodegenerative disease. We ran multiple [~] 300 ns all-atom explicit solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations starting from three NMR-based structural models of A{beta}(1-40 residues) fibrils having 2-fold (pdb code 2LMN) or 3-fold rotational symmetry (2LMP, and 2M4J). The 2M4J structure is based on an AD brain-seeded fibril whereas 2LMP and 2LMN represent two all-synthetic fibrils. Fibrils are constructed to contain either 6 or an infinite number of layers made using periodic images. The 6 layer fibrils partially unravel over the simulation time, mainly at their ends, while infinitely long fibrils do not. Once formed, the D23-K28 salt bridges are very stable and form within and between chains. Fibrils tend to retain (2LMN and 2LMP) or develop (2M4J) a "stagger" or register shift of {beta}-strands along the fibril axis. The brain-seeded fibril rapidly develops gaps at the sides of the fibril, which allows bidirectional flow of water and ions from the bulk phase in and out the central longitudinal core of the fibril. Similar but less marked changes were also observed for the 2LMP fibrils. The residues defining the gaps largely coincide with those demonstrated to have relatively rapid Hydrogen-Deuterium exchange in solid state NMR studies. These observations suggest that A{beta}(1-40 residues) fibrils may act as aqueous pores that might disrupt water and ion fluxes if inserted into a cell membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haddadian, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachleben, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freed, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/418137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aβ Fibrils Can Act as Aqueous Pores: a Molecular Dynamics Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery and characterization of variance QTLs in human induced pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantification of gene expression levels at the single cell level has revealed that gene expression can vary substantially even across a population of homogeneous cells. However, it is currently unclear what genomic features control variation in gene expression levels, and whether common genetic variants may impact gene expression variation. Here, we take a genome-wide approach to identify expression variance quantitative trait loci (vQTLs). To this end, we generated single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from 53 Yoruba individuals. We collected data for a median of 95 cells per individual and a total of 5,447 single cells, and identified 241 mean expression QTLs (eQTLs) at 10% FDR, of which 82% replicate in bulk RNA-seq data from the same individuals. We further identified 14 vQTLs at 10% FDR, but demonstrate that these can also be explained as effects on mean expression. Our study suggests that dispersion QTLs (dQTLs) which could alter the variance of expression independently of the mean can have larger fold changes, but explain less phenotypic variance than eQTLs. We estimate 424 individuals as a lower bound to achieve 80% power to detect the strongest dQTLs in iPSCs. These results will guide the design of future studies on understanding the genetic control of gene expression variance.nnAuthor summaryCommon genetic variation can alter the level of average gene expression in human tissues, and through changes in gene expression have downstream consequences on cell function, human development, and human disease. However, human tissues are composed of many cells, each with its own level of gene expression. With advances in single cell sequencing technologies, we can now go beyond simply measuring the average level of gene expression in a tissue sample and directly measure cell-to-cell variance in gene expression. We hypothesized that genetic variation could also alter gene expression variance, potentially revealing new insights into human development and disease. To test this hypothesis, we used single cell RNA sequencing to directly measure gene expression variance in multiple individuals, and then associated the gene expression variance with genetic variation in those same individuals. Our results suggest that effects on gene expression variance are smaller than effects on mean expression, relative to how much the phenotypes vary between individuals, and will require much larger studies than previously thought to detect.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blischak, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/424192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery and characterization of variance QTLs in human induced pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424416v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transsynaptic interactions between IgSF proteins DIP-α and Dpr10 are required for motor neuron targeting specificity in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424416v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Drosophila larval neuromuscular system provides an ideal context in which to study synaptic partner choice, because it contains a small number of pre- and postsynaptic cells connected in an invariant pattern. The discovery of interactions between two subfamilies of IgSF cell surface proteins, the Dprs and the DIPs, provided new candidates for cellular labels controlling synaptic specificity. Here we show that DIP- is expressed by two identified motor neurons, while its binding partner Dpr10 is expressed by postsynaptic muscle targets. Removal of either DIP- or Dpr10 results in loss of specific axonal branches and NMJs formed by one motor neuron, MNISN-1s, while other branches of the MNISN-1s axon develop normally. The temporal and spatial expression pattern of dpr10 correlates with muscle innervation by MNISN-1s during embryonic development. We propose a model whereby DIP- and Dpr10 on opposing synaptic partners interact with each other to generate proper motor neuron connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorrentino, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarkar-Jaiswal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/424416</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transsynaptic interactions between IgSF proteins DIP-α and Dpr10 are required for motor neuron targeting specificity in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deeply conserved susceptibility in a multi-host, multi-parasite system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in susceptibility is ubiquitous in multi-host, multi-parasite assemblages, and can have profound implications for ecology and evolution. The extent to which susceptibility is phylogenetically conserved among hosts is poorly understood and has rarely been appropriately tested. We screened for haemosporidian parasites in 3983 birds representing 40 families and 523 species, spanning ~4500 meters elevation in the tropical Andes. To quantify the influence of host phylogeny on infection status, we applied Bayesian phylogenetic multilevel models that included a suite of environmental, spatial, temporal, life history, and ecological predictors. We found evidence of deeply-conserved susceptibility across the avian tree; host phylogeny explained substantial variation in infection rate, and results were robust to phylogenetic uncertainty. Our study suggests that susceptibility is governed, in part, by conserved, latent aspects of anti-parasite defense. This demonstrates the importance of deep phylogeny for understanding the outcomes of present-day ecological interactions.nnStatement of authorshipLNB, SMM, NM, and CCW designed the study; SMM, SCG, HLL, HS, TV, JDW, and CCW collected the data; LNB and NM analyzed the data; LNB, NM, and CCW wrote the paper with input from all authors.nnData accessibility statementSpecimen information is available from the Arctos database (arctosdb.org) and in supplementary tables (Appendix S1). Files used for analysis will be archived in Dryad. DOI: XXX.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrow, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNew, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galen, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skeen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valqui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weckstein, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/424549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deeply conserved susceptibility in a multi-host, multi-parasite system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
5-Hydroxymethylcytosines from Circulating Cell-free DNA as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lack of highly sensitive and specific diagnostic biomarkers is a major contributor to the poor outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the second-most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. We sought to develop a clinically convenient and minimally-invasive approach that can be deployed at scale for the sensitive, specific, and highly reliable diagnosis of HCC, and to evaluate the potential prognostic value of this approach. The study cohort comprised of 2,728 subjects, including HCC patients (n = 1,208), controls (n = 965) (572 healthy individuals and 393 patients with benign lesions), as well as patients with chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB) (n =291), liver cirrhosis (LC) (n = 110), and cholangiocarcinoma (CCC) (n = 154), was recruited from three major liver cancer hospitals in Shanghai, China, from July 2016 to November 2017. Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) were collected from plasma samples from these individuals before surgery or any radical treatment. Applying our 5hmC-Seal technique, the summarized 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) profiles in cfDNA were obtained. Molecular annotation analysis suggested that the profiled 5hmC loci in cfDNA were enriched with liver tissue-derived regulatory markers (e.g., H3K4me1). We showed that a weighted diagnostic score (wd-score) based on 117 genes detected using the summarized 5hmC profiles in cfDNA accurately distinguished HCC patients from controls (AUC = 95.1%; 95% CI, 93.6-96.5%) in the validation set, markedly outperformed -fetoprotein (AFP) with superior sensitivity. The wd-scores, which not only detected early BCLC stages (e.g., Stage 0: AUC = 96.2%; 95% CI,94.1-98.4%) and small tumors (e.g., < 2 cm: AUC = 95.7%; 95% CI: 93.6-97.7%), also showed high capacity for distinguishing HCC from non-cancer patients with CHB/LC (AUC = 80.2%; 95% CI, 75.8-84.6%). Moreover, the prognostic value of 5hmC markers in cfDNA was evaluated for HCC recurrence, showing that a weighted prognostic score (wp-score) based on 16 marker genes predicted the recurrence risk (HR = 6.67; 95% CI, 2.81-15.82, p < 0.0001) in 555 patients who have been followed up after surgery. In conclusion, we have developed and validated a robust 5hmC-based diagnostic model that can be applied routinely with clinically feasible amount of cfDNA (e.g., from ~2-5 mL of plasma). Applying this new approach in the clinic could significantly improve the clinical outcomes of HCC patients, for example by early detection of those patients with surgically resectable tumors or as a convenient disease surveillance tool for recurrence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, B. C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/424978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[5-Hydroxymethylcytosines from Circulating Cell-free DNA as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans effects on gene expression can drive omnigenic inheritance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early genome-wide association studies (GWAS) led to the surprising discovery that, for typical complex traits, the most significant genetic variants contribute only a small fraction of the estimated heritability. Instead, it has become clear that a huge number of common variants, each with tiny effects, explain most of the heritability. Previously, we argued that these patterns con[fl]ict with standard conceptual models, and that new models are needed. Here we provide a formal model in which genetic contributions to complex traits can be partitioned into direct effects from core genes, and indirect effects from peripheral genes acting as trans-regulators. We argue that the central importance of peripheral genes is a direct consequence of the large contribution of trans-acting variation to gene expression variation. In particular, we propose that if the core genes for a trait are co-regulated - as seems likely - then the effects of peripheral variation can be amplified by these co-regulated networks such that nearly all of the genetic variance is driven by peripheral genes. Thus our model proposes a framework for understanding key features of the architecture of complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/425108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans effects on gene expression can drive omnigenic inheritance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential expression and homotypic enrichment of a classic Cadherin directs tissue-level contractile asymmetry during neural tube closure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryos pattern force generation at tissue boundaries during morphogenesis, but how they do so remains poorly understood. Here we show how tissue-specific expression of the type II cadherin, Cadherin2 (hereafter Cad2), patterns actomyosin contractility along the neural/epidermal (Ne/Epi) boundary to drive zippering and neural tube closure in the basal chordate, Ciona robusta. Cad2 is differentially expressed and homotypically enriched in neural cells along the Ne/Epi boundary, where RhoA and Myosin are activated during zipper progression. Equalizing Cad2 expression across the Ne/Epi boundary inhibits RhoA/Myosin activation and zipper progression, while creating ectopic Cad2 expression boundaries is sufficient to direct RhoA/Myosin activity to those boundaries. We show that Cad2 polarizes RhoA activity by sequestering the Rho GTPase activating protein, Gap21/23, to homotypic junctions, which in turn redirects RhoA/Myosin activity to heterotypic Ne/Epi junctions. By activating Myosin II along Ne/Epi junctions ahead of zipper and inhibiting Myosin II at new Ne/Ne junctions behind zipper, Cad2 promotes tissue level contractile asymmetry to drive zipper progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hashimoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/425165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential expression and homotypic enrichment of a classic Cadherin directs tissue-level contractile asymmetry during neural tube closure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Markers for Pancreatic Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/425983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVESRobust biomarkers for pancreatic cancer (PaC) early detection/prognosis are critical for improved patient survival. Our goal was to explore the biomarker potential of 5-hydroxymethylcytosines (5hmC), an epigenetic marker with a distinct role in cancer pathobiology, yet under-investigated due largely to technical constraints.nnMETHODSWe used the TAB-Array assay, a state-of-the-art technology to directly profile 5hmC at single base resolution with the Illumina EPIC array (>850,000 CpG sites) in 17 pairs of tumor/adjacent tissue samples from US patients.nnRESULTSWe demonstrated distinctive distributions of 5hmC in tissues, and substantial differences between tumor and adjacent tissues, suggesting their diagnostic/prognostic value of for PaC.nnCONCLUSIONThis study established the potential of 5hmC as a novel epigenetic biomarker for PaC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, B. C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/425983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Markers for Pancreatic Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gata4 drives Hh-signaling for second heart field migration and outflow tract development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dominant mutations of Gata4, an essential cardiogenic transcription factor (TF), cause outflow tract (OFT) defects in both human and mouse. We investigated the molecular mechanism underlying this requirement. Gata4 happloinsufficiency in mice caused OFT defects including double outlet right ventricle (DORV) and conal ventricular septum defects (VSDs). We found that Gata4 is required within Hedgehog (Hh)-receiving second heart field (SHF) progenitors for normal OFT alignment. Increased Pten-mediated cell-cycle transition, rescued atrial septal defects but not OFT defects in Gata4 heterozygotes. SHF Hh-receiving cells failed to migrate properly into the proximal OFT cushion in Gata4 heterozygote embryos. We find that Hh signaling and Gata4 genetically interact for OFT development. Gata4 and Smo double heterozygotes displayed more severe OFT abnormalities including persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA) whereas restoration of Hedgehog signaling rescued OFT defects in Gata4-mutant mice. In addition, enhanced expression of the Gata6 was observed in the SHF of the Gata4 heterozygotes. These results suggested a SHF regulatory network comprising of Gata4, Gata6 and Hh-signaling for OFT development. This study indicates that Gata4 potentiation of Hh signaling is a general feature of Gata4-mediated cardiac morphogenesis and provides a model for the molecular basis of CHD caused by dominant transcription factor mutations.nnAuthor SummaryGata4 is an important protein that controls the development of the heart. Human who possess a single copy of Gata4 mutation display congenital heart defects (CHD), including the double outlet right ventricle (DORV). DORV is an alignment problem in which both the Aorta and Pulmonary Artery originate from the right ventricle, instead of originating from the left and the right ventricles, respectively. To study how Gata4 mutation causes DORV, we used a Gata4 mutant mouse model, which displays DORV. We showed that Gata4 is required in the cardiac precursor cells for the normal alignment of the great arteries. Although Gata4 mutation inhibits the rapid increase in number of the cardiac precursor cells, rescuing this defects does not recover the normal alignment of the great arteries. In addition, there is a movement problem of the cardiac precursor cells when migrating toward the great arteries during development. We further showed that a specific molecular signaling, Hh-signaling, is responsible to the Gata4 action in the cardiac precursor cells. Importantly, over-activating the Hh-signaling rescues the DORV in the Gata4 mutant embryos. This study provides an explanation for the ontogeny of CHD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/427336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gata4 drives Hh-signaling for second heart field migration and outflow tract development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared and distinct genetic risk factors for childhood onset and adult onset asthma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundChildhood and adult onset asthma differ with respect to severity and co-morbidities. Whether they also differ with respect to genetic risk factors has not been previously investigated.nnMethodsWe used data from the UK Biobank to conduct genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in 9,433 childhood onset asthma (onset before age 12) and 21,564 adult onset asthma (onset between ages 26 and 65) cases, each compared to 318,237 non-asthmatic controls (older than age 38), and for age of onset in 37,846 asthma cases. Enrichment studies determined the tissues in which genes at GWAS loci were most highly expressed, and PrediXcan, a transcriptome-wide gene-based test, was used to identify candidate risk genes.nnFindingsWe detected 61 independent asthma loci: 23 were childhood onset specific, one was adult onset specific, and 37 were shared. Nineteen loci were associated with age of asthma onset. Genes at the childhood onset loci were most highly expressed in skin, blood and small intestine; genes at the adult onset loci were most highly expressed in lung, blood, small intestine and spleen. PrediXcan identified 113 unique candidate genes at 22 of the 61 GWAS loci.nnInterpretationGenetic risk factors for adult onset asthma are largely a subset of the genetic risk for childhood onset asthma but with overall smaller effects, suggesting a greater role for non-genetic risk factors in adult onset asthma. In contrast, the onset of disease in childhood is associated with additional genes with relatively large effect sizes. Combined with gene expression and tissue enrichment patterns, we suggest that the establishment of disease in children is driven more by allergy and epithelial barrier dysfunction whereas the etiology of adult onset asthma is more lung-centered, with immune mediated pathways driving disease progression in both children and adults.nnFundingThis work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grants R01 MH107666 and P30 DK20595 to H.K.I., R01 HL129735, R01 HL122712, P01 HL070831, and UG3 OD023282 to C.O.; N.S. was supported by T32 HL007605.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pividori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoettler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolae, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/427427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared and distinct genetic risk factors for childhood onset and adult onset asthma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427542v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Untangling the dynamics of persistence and colonization in microbial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/427542v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central goal of community ecology is to infer biotic interactions from observed distributions of co-occurring species. Evidence for biotic interactions, however, can be obscured by shared environmental requirements, posing a challenge for statistical inference. Here we introduce a dynamic statistical model that quantifies the effects of spatial and temporal covariance in longitudinal co-occurrence data. We separate the fixed pairwise effects of species occurrences on persistence and colonization rates, a potential signal of direct interactions, from latent pairwise correlations in occurrence, a potential signal of shared environmental responses. We apply our modeling approach to a pressing epidemiological question by examining how human papillomavirus (HPV) types coexist. Our results suggest that while HPV types respond similarly to common host traits, direct interactions are sparse and weak, so that HPV type diversity depends largely on shared environmental drivers. Our modeling approach is widely applicable to microbial communities and provides valuable insights that should lead to more directed hypothesis testing and mechanistic modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranjeva, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giuliano, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/427542</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Untangling the dynamics of persistence and colonization in microbial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/430512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional initiation and mechanically driven self-propagation of a tissue contractile wave during axis elongation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/430512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue morphogenesis emerges from coordinated cell shape changes driven by actomyosin contraction1, 2. Spatial patterns of gene expression regionalize and polarize cell behaviours, such as apical constriction in the ventral mesoderm and cell intercalation in the lateral ectoderm of Drosophila3. Thus, tissue dynamics is largely governed genetically. Actomyosin contractile networks drive cell and tissue-level shape changes and can respond to mechanical stimuli 4-9. However how genetic information and mechanical control drive tissue-level morphogenesis is not well understood.

Here we report two phases and modalities of Rho1 and non-muscle MyosinII (MyoII) activation in the Drosophila posterior endoderm. First, Rho1/MyoII are induced apically in a spatially restricted primordium region via localized transcription of the GPCR ligand Fog. Second, a tissue-scale travelling wave of Rho1/MyoII activation and cell invagination progresses anteriorly across the dorsal epithelium at a constant speed of 1 cell every 3 minutes. Remarkably, the MyoII wave does not require sustained gene transcription, and is also insensitive to perturbations in the level and pattern of Fog expression. Thus, while fog transcription initiates Rho1/MyoII activation in the primordium, Fog delivery does not govern wave dynamics. Instead, perturbing the mechanical environment of the endoderm impaired MyoII wave dynamics. MyoII inhibition blocked acute Rho1 activation and propagation, suggesting that MyoII contractility provides both local feedback amplification and spatial coupling necessary for wave progression. Finally, we identify a cycle of 3D cell deformations that link MyoII activation and invagination in one row of cells to vitelline membrane attachment, apical spreading, MyoII activation and invagination in the next row, to drive anterior progression of the invagination wave. Thus endoderm morphogenesis emerges from local transcriptional initiation and a mechanically driven travelling cycle of cell contraction and deformation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bailles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collinet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippe, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenne, P.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecuit, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/430512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional initiation and mechanically driven self-propagation of a tissue contractile wave during axis elongation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discrete stepping and nonlinear ramping dynamics underlie spiking responses of LIP neurons during decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in macaque area LIP exhibit gradual ramping in their trial-averaged spike responses during sensory decision-making. However, recent work has sparked debate over whether single-trial LIP spike trains are better described by discrete "stepping" or continuous drift-diffusion ("ramping") dynamics. Here we address this controversy using powerful model-based analyses of LIP spike responses. We extended latent dynamical models of LIP spike trains to incorporate non-Poisson spiking, baseline firing rates, and various nonlinear relationships between the latent variable and firing rate. Moreover, we used advanced model-comparison methods, including cross-validation and a fully Bayesian information criterion, to evaluate and compare models. These analyses revealed that when non-Poisson spiking was incorporated into existing stepping and ramping models, a majority of neurons remained better described by stepping dynamics, even when conditioning on evidence level or choice. However, an extended ramping model with a non-zero baseline and a compressive output nonlinearity accounted for roughly as many neurons as the stepping model. The latent dynamics inferred under this model exhibited high diffusion variance for many neurons, making them qualitatively different than slowly-evolving continuous dynamics. These findings generalized to alternative tasks, suggesting that a robust fraction of LIP neurons are better described by each model class.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zoltowski, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latimer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huk, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillow, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/433458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discrete stepping and nonlinear ramping dynamics underlie spiking responses of LIP neurons during decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TCR-pMHC bond length controls TCR ligand discrimination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/433938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T-cell receptors (TCRs) detect specifically and sensitively a small number of agonist peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs) from an ocean of structurally similar self-pMHCs to trigger antigen-specific adaptive immune responses1-4. Despite intense efforts, the mechanism underlying TCR ligand discrimination remains a major unanswered question in immunology. Here we show that a TCR discriminates between closely related peptides by forming TCR-pMHC bonds with different lengths, which precisely control the accessibility of CD3{zeta} immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) for phosphorylation. Using in situ fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)3,5, we measured the intermolecular length of single TCR-pMHC bonds and the intramolecular distance of individual TCR-CD3{zeta} complexes at the membrane of live primary T cells. We found that an agonist forms a short TCR-pMHC bond to pull the otherwise sequestered CD3{zeta} off the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, leading to full exposure of its ITAMs for strong phosphorylation. By contrast, a structurally similar weaker peptide forms a longer bond with the TCR, resulting in partial dissociation of CD3{zeta} from the membrane and weak phosphorylation. Furthermore, we found that TCR-pMHC bond length determines 2D TCR binding kinetics and affinity, T-cell calcium signaling and T-cell proliferation, governing the entire process of signal reception, transduction and regulation. Thus, our data reveal the fundamental mechanism by which a TCR deciphers the structural differences between foreign antigens and self-peptides via TCR-pMHC bond length to initiate different TCR signaling for ligand discrimination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sasmal, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/433938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TCR-pMHC bond length controls TCR ligand discrimination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/439661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Existence and implications of population variance structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/439661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying the genetic and environmental factors underlying phenotypic differences between populations is fundamental to multiple research communities. To date, studies have focused on the relationship between population and phenotypic mean. Here we consider the relationship between population and phenotypic variance, i.e., "population variance structure." In addition to gene-gene and gene-environment interaction, we show that population variance structure is a direct consequence of natural selection. We develop the ancestry double generalized linear model (ADGLM), a statistical framework to jointly model population mean and variance effects. We apply ADGLM to several deeply phenotyped datasets and observe ancestry-variance associations with 12 of 44 tested traits in ~113K British individuals and 3 of 14 tested traits in ~3K Mexican, Puerto Rican, and African-American individuals. We show through extensive simulations that population variance structure can both bias and reduce the power of genetic association studies, even when principal components or linear mixed models are used. ADGLM corrects this bias and improves power relative to previous methods in both simulated and real datasets. Additionally, ADGLM identifies 17 novel genotype-variance associations across six phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Musharoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galanter, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntsman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burchard, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayroles, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/439661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Existence and implications of population variance structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple microbiome in esophagus and gills of the European common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The European common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, is used extensively in biological and biomedical research yet its microbiome remains poorly characterized. We analyzed the microbiota of the digestive tract, gills, and skin in mariculture-raised S. officinalis using a combination of 16s rRNA amplicon sequencing and fluorescence spectral imaging. Sequencing revealed a highly simplified microbiota consisting largely of two single bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) of Vibrionaceae and Piscirickettsiaceae. The esophagus was dominated by a single ASV of the genus Vibrio. Imaging revealed a striking organization of bacteria distributed in a discrete layer that lines the esophagus. Imaging with specific probes confirmed the identity of these bacteria as Vibrionaceae. This Vibrio was also abundant in the microbiota of the stomach, cecum, and intestine, but occurred at lower density and in the lumen rather than in a discrete layer; it was present in only trace proportions in tank water and in the microbiome of shrimp that were used as feed for the cuttlefish. These Vibrio were resilient to treatment of animals with the commonly-used antibiotic, enrofloxacin. The gills were colonized by a single ASV in the family Piscirickettsiaceae, which imaging visualized as small clusters of cells. We conclude that bacteria belonging to the Gammaproteobacteria, especially Vibrionaceae, are the major symbionts of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis cultured from eggs in captivity, and that the esophagus and gills are major colonization sites.nnIMPORTANCEMicrobes can play critical roles in the physiology of their animal hosts, as evidenced in cephalopods by the role of Vibrio (Aliivibrio) fischeri in the light organ of the bobtail squid and the role of Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria in the reproductive system and egg defense in a variety of cephalopods. We sampled the cuttlefish microbiome throughout the digestive tract, gills, and skin and found dense colonization of an unexpected site, the esophagus, by a microbe of the genus Vibrio, as well as colonization of gills by Piscirickettsiaceae. We found these associations to be resilient to the treatment of animals with a common antibiotic, enrofloxacin. This finding expands the range of organisms and body sites known to be associated with Vibrio and is of potential significance for understanding host-symbiont associations as well as for understanding and maintaining the health of cephalopods in mariculture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lutz, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Puebla, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlundt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjaarda, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanlon, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark Welch, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/440677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple microbiome in esophagus and gills of the European common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periplasmic protein EipA determines envelope stress resistance and virulence in Brucella abortus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular components of the Brucella abortus cell envelope play a major role in its ability to infect, colonize and survive inside mammalian host cells. In this study, we have defined a role for a conserved gene of unknown function in B. abortus envelope stress resistance and infection. Expression of this gene, which we name eipA, is directly activated by the essential cell cycle regulator, CtrA. eipA encodes a soluble periplasmic protein that adopts an unusual eight-stranded {beta}-barrel fold. Deletion of eipA attenuates replication and survival in macrophage and mouse infection models, and results in sensitivity to treatments that compromise the integrity of the cell envelope. Transposon disruption of genes required for LPS O-polysaccharide biosynthesis is synthetically lethal with eipA deletion. This genetic connection between O-polysaccharide and eipA is corroborated by our discovery that eipA is essential in Brucella ovis, a naturally rough species that harbors mutations in several genes required for O-polysaccharide production. Conditional depletion of eipA expression in B. ovis results in a cell chaining phenotype, providing evidence that eipA directly or indirectly influences cell division in Brucella. We conclude that EipA is a molecular determinant of Brucella virulence that functions to maintain cell envelope integrity and influences cell division.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varesio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czyz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ultee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briegel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigelow, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babnigg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/442541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periplasmic protein EipA determines envelope stress resistance and virulence in Brucella abortus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial and Metabolic Succession on Common Building Materials Under High Humidity Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite considerable efforts to characterize the ecology of bacteria and fungi in the built environment (BE), the metabolic mechanisms underpinning their colonization and successional dynamics remain unclear. Here, we applied bacterial/viral particle counting, qPCR, 16S and ITS rRNA amplicon sequencing, and metabolomics to longitudinally characterize the ecological dynamics of four commonly used building materials maintained at high humidity conditions (~94% RH). We varied the natural inoculum provided to each material by placing them in different occupied spaces, and we wet the surface of half of the samples of each material to simulate a flooding event. As expected, different materials showed different bacterial and viral particle abundance, with wet materials having higher growth rates and lower alpha diversity compared to non-wetted materials. Wetting described the majority of the variance in bacterial, fungal and metabolite structure, and material type only influenced bacterial and metabolic diversity, while location of inoculation was only weakly associated with bacterial and fungal beta diversity. Metabolites indicative of microbial activity were identified, as were those that were native to the surface material. Glucose-phosphate was abundant on all materials (except mold-free gypsum) and was correlated with Enterobacteriaceae, which could indicate a potential bacterial nutrient source. A compound consistent with scopoletin, a plant metabolite with antimicrobial activity, was significantly negatively correlated with Bacillus and positively correlated with Pseudomonas and enriched in medium density fiberboard (MDF) materials. In wet samples, the alkaloids nigragillin and fumigaclavine C, both with antimicrobial properties, were significantly positively correlated with the fungal phylum Ascomycota. Nigragillin, was also negatively correlated with Bacillus and Pseudomonas abundance. Thiabendazole and azoxystrobin (anti-fungal compounds) were highly abundant on mold-resistant gypsum wallboard and likely directly influenced the decreased fungal growth observed on this material. The mold-resistant gypsum material also showed a significant increase in bacterial alpha diversity, and bacterial and viral particle abundance, as well as a decrease in metabolite diversity, likely a result of reduced fungal growth. Penicillium taxa were positively correlated with thiabendazole, which suggested the persistence of resistant strains. Also, specific to the wet samples, Bacillus abundance was positively correlated with the azoxystrobin, suggesting bi-directional competitive adaptation, and positively correlated with metabolites known to interfere with Pseudomonas biofilm formation, which could explain the anti-correlation between these taxa. As expected, high moisture conditions enabled faster growth of inoculating microorganisms, whose composition, chemistry, and competition was shaped by surface material, suggesting that both fungal and bacterial growth need to be considered when determining the impact of dampness in built environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lax, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardona, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winton, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodney, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/444521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial and Metabolic Succession on Common Building Materials Under High Humidity Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoarchitecture and Layer Estimation in High-Resolution Neuroanatomical Images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/445742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Robust methods for characterizing the cellular architecture (cytoarchitecture) of the brain are needed to differentiate brain areas, identify neurological diseases, and model architectural differences across species. Current methods for mapping the cytoarchitecture and, in particular, identifying laminar (layer) divisions in tissue samples require the expertise of trained neuroanatomists to manually annotate the various regions-of-interest and cells within an image. However, as neuroanatomical datasets grow in volume, manual annotations become inefficient, impractical, and risk the potential of biasing results. In this paper, we propose an automated framework for cellular detection and density estimation that enables the detection of laminar divisions within retinal and neocortical histology datasets. Our approach for layer detection uses total variation minimization to find a small number of change points in the density that signify the beginning and end of each layer. We apply these methods to micron-scale histology images from a variety of cortical areas of the mouse brain and retina, as well as synthetic datasets. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using automation to reveal the cytoarchitecture of neurological samples in high-resolution images.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaGrow, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/445742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoarchitecture and Layer Estimation in High-Resolution Neuroanatomical Images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Morphology of Endurance Swimming Performance and Gait Transition Strategies in Balistoid Fishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triggerfishes and filefishes (Balistoidea) use balistiform locomotion to power slow steady swimming with their dorsal and anal fins and transition to a gait dominated by body and caudal fin (BCF) kinematics at high speeds. Fin and body shapes are predicted to be strong determinants of swimming performance and the biomechanics of gait transitions. The goal of this study was to combine morphometrics and critical swimming tests to explore relationships between balistoid fin and body shapes and swimming performance in a phylogenetic context in order to understand the evolution and diversification of the balistiform swimming mode. Among the 13 species of balistoid fishes examined, fishes with high aspect ratio fins tended to achieve higher critical swimming speeds than fishes with low aspect ratio fins. Species with long, large median fins and wide caudal peduncles tended to use the balistiform gait alone for a larger percentage of their total critical swimming speed than fishes with short, small median fins and narrow caudal peduncles. Fishes on both ends of the aspect ratio spectrum achieved higher swimming speeds using the balistiform gait alone than fishes with median fins of intermediate aspect ratios. Each species is specialized for taking advantage of one gait, with balistiform specialists possessing long, large median fins capable of the large power requirements of swimming at high speeds using the median fins alone, while BCF specialists possess short, small median fins, ill-suited for powering high-speed balistiform locomotion, but narrow caudal peduncles capable of efficient caudal fin oscillations to power high-speed locomotion.nnSummary StatementGeometric morphometrics reveal that fin and body shapes are good predictors of endurance swimming performance and gait transition strategies of triggerfishes and filefishes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>George, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westneat, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/446526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Morphology of Endurance Swimming Performance and Gait Transition Strategies in Balistoid Fishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-wide analysis of adhesion in Caulobacter crescentus identifies new regulatory and biosynthetic components for holdfast assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to their intimate physical interactions with the environment, surface polysaccharides are critical determinants of fitness for bacteria. Caulobacter crescentus produces a specialized structure at one of its cell poles called the holdfast that enables attachment to surfaces. Previous studies have shown that the holdfast is a carbohydrate-based material and identified a number of genes required for holdfast development. However, incomplete information about its chemical structure, biosynthetic genes and regulatory principles has limited progress in understanding the mechanism of holdfast synthesis. We have leveraged the adhesive properties of the holdfast to perform a saturating screen for genes affecting attachment to cheesecloth over a multi-day time course. Using similarities in the temporal profiles of mutants in a transposon library, we defined discrete clusters of genes with related effects on cheesecloth colonization. Holdfast synthesis, flagellar motility, type IV pilus assembly and smooth lipopolysaccharide (SLPS) production represented key classes of adhesion determinants. Examining these clusters in detail allowed us to predict and experimentally define the functions of multiple uncharacterized genes in both the holdfast and SLPS pathways. In addition, we showed that the pilus and flagellum control holdfast synthesis separately by modulating the holdfast inhibitor hfiA. This study defines a set of genes contributing to adhesion that includes newly discovered genes required for holdfast biosynthesis and attachment. Our data provide evidence that the holdfast contains a complex polysaccharide with at least four monosaccharides in the repeating unit and underscore the central role of cell polarity in mediating attachment of C. crescentus to surfaces.nnImportanceBacteria routinely encounter biotic and abiotic materials in their surrounding environments, and they often enlist specific behavioral programs to colonize these materials. Adhesion is an early step in colonizing a surface. Caulobacter crescentus produces a structure called the holdfast, which allows this organism to attach to and colonize surfaces. To understand how the holdfast is produced, we performed a genome-wide search for genes that contribute to adhesion by selecting for mutants that could not attach to cheesecloth. We discovered complex interactions between genes that mediate surface contact and genes that contribute to holdfast development. Our genetic selection identified what likely represents a comprehensive set of genes required to generate a holdfast, laying the groundwork for a detailed characterization of the enzymes that build this specialized adhesin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hershey, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/446781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-wide analysis of adhesion in Caulobacter crescentus identifies new regulatory and biosynthetic components for holdfast assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/447367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unraveling the polygenic architecture of complex traits using blood eQTL meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/447367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryWhile many disease-associated variants have been identified through genome-wide association studies, their downstream molecular consequences remain unclear.nnTo identify these effects, we performed cis- and trans-expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis in blood from 31,684 individuals through the eQTLGen Consortium.nnWe observed that cis-eQTLs can be detected for 88% of the studied genes, but that they have a different genetic architecture compared to disease-associated variants, limiting our ability to use cis-eQTLs to pinpoint causal genes within susceptibility loci.nnIn contrast, trans-eQTLs (detected for 37% of 10,317 studied trait-associated variants) were more informative. Multiple unlinked variants, associated to the same complex trait, often converged on trans-genes that are known to play central roles in disease etiology.nnWe observed the same when ascertaining the effect of polygenic scores calculated for 1,263 genome-wide association study (GWAS) traits. Expression levels of 13% of the studied genes correlated with polygenic scores, and many resulting genes are known to drive these traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vosa, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claringbould, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westra, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonder, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deelen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsten, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreuzhuber, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pervjakova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvaes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fave, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agbessi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiansen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seppälä, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schramm, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verlouw, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaghootkar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sönmez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukushkina, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalnapenkis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rüeger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porcu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronberg-Guzman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kettunen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arindrarto, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BIOS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brugge, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>i2QTL Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmitrieva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elansary, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairfax, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georges, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/447367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unraveling the polygenic architecture of complex traits using blood eQTL meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cyclical environments drive variation in life history strategies: a general theory of cyclical phenology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cycles, such as seasons or tides, characterize many systems in nature. Overwhelming evidence shows that climate change-driven alterations to environmental cycles--such as longer seasons-- are associated with phenological shifts around the world, suggesting a deep link between environmental cycles and life cycles. However, general mechanisms of life history evolution in cyclical environments are still not well understood. Here I build a demographic framework and ask how life history strategies optimize fitness when the environment perturbs a structured population cyclically, and how strategies should change as cyclicality changes. I show that cycle periodicity alters optimality predictions of classic life history theory because repeated cycles have rippling selective consequences over time and generations. Notably, fitness landscapes that relate environmental cyclicality and life history optimality vary dramatically depending on which trade-offs govern a given species. The model tuned with known life history trade-offs in a marine intertidal copepod T. californicus successfully predicted the shape of life history variation across natural populations spanning a gradient of tidal periodicities. This framework shows how environmental cycles can drive life history variation--without complex assumptions of individual responses to cues such as temperature--thus expanding the range of life history diversity explained by theory and providing a basis for adaptive phenology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/450387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cyclical environments drive variation in life history strategies: a general theory of cyclical phenology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/451187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-dimensional representation of texture in the somatosensory cortex of primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/451187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the somatosensory nerves, the tactile perception of texture is driven by spatial and temporal patterns of activation distributed across three populations of afferents. These disparate streams of information must then be integrated centrally to achieve a unified percept of texture. To investigate the representation of texture in somatosensory cortex, we scanned a wide range of natural textures across the fingertips of Rhesus macaques and recorded the responses evoked in Brodmann's areas 3b, 1, and 2. We found that texture identity is reliably encoded in the idiosyncratic responses of populations of cortical neurons, giving rise to a high-dimensional representation of texture. Cortical neurons fall along a continuum in their sensitivity to fine vs. coarse texture, and neurons at the extrema of this continuum seem to receive their major input from different afferent populations. Finally, we show that cortical responses can account for several aspects of texture perception in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lieber, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/451187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-dimensional representation of texture in the somatosensory cortex of primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/451377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Permutation methods for assessing significance in binary trait association mapping with structured samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/451377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In genetic association analysis of complex traits, permutation testing can be a valuable tool for assessing significance when the distribution of the test statistic is unknown or not well-approximated. This commonly arises, e.g, in tests of gene-set, pathway or genome-wide significance, or when the statistic is formed by machine learning or data adaptive methods. Existing applications include eQTL mapping, association testing with rare variants, inclusion of admixed individuals in genetic association analysis, and epistasis detection among many others. For genetic association testing in samples with population structure and/or relatedness, use of naive permutation can lead to inflated type 1 error. To address this in quantitative traits, the MVNpermute method was developed. However, for association mapping of a binary trait, the relationship between the mean and variance makes both naive permutation and the MVNpermute method invalid. We propose BRASS, a permutation method for binary traits, for use in association mapping in structured samples. In addition to modeling structure in the sample, BRASS allows for covariates, ascertainment and simultaneous testing of multiple markers, and it accommodates a wide range of test statistics. In simulation studies, we compare BRASS to other permutation and resampling-based methods in a range of scenarios that include population structure, familial relatedness, ascertainment and phenotype model misspecification. In these settings, we demonstrate the superior control of type 1 error by BRASS compared to the other 6 methods considered. We apply BRASS to assess genome-wide significance for association analyses in domestic dog for elbow dysplasia (ED) and idiopathic epilepsy (IE). For both traits we detect previously identified associations, and in addition, for ED, we detect significant association with a SNP on chromosome 35 that was not detected by previous analyses, demonstrating the potential of the method.

Author summaryTo determine whether genetic association with a trait is significant, permutation methods are an attractive and popular approach when analytic methods based on distributional assumptions are not available, e.g., when applying machine learning or data adaptive methods, or when performing a multiple testing correction, e.g., to assess region-wide or genome-wide significance in association mapping studies. Existing applications include eQTL mapping, association testing with rare variants, inclusion of admixed individuals in genetic association analysis, and detection of genetic interaction among many others. However, when there is population structure in the sample, naive permutation of the data can lead to inflated significance of the association results. For continuous traits, linear mixed-model based approaches have been proposed for permutation-based tests that can also adjust for sample structure; however, these do not remain valid when applied to binary traits, as key features of binary data are not well accounted for. We propose BRASS, a permutation-based testing method for binary data that incorporates important characteristics of binary data in the trait model, can accommodate relevant covariates and ascertainment, and adjusts for the presence of structure in the sample. In simulations, we demonstrate the superior control of type 1 error by BRASS compared to other methods, and we apply BRASS in the context of correcting for multiple testing in two genome-wide association studies in domestic dog: one for elbow dysplasia and one for idiopathic epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mbatchou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPeek, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/451377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Permutation methods for assessing significance in binary trait association mapping with structured samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ddx3x regulates B-cell development and light chain recombination in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/452086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The X chromosome gene, DDX3X, is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase with roles in transcription, splicing, nuclear export, and translation. Loss of function mutations in DDX3X are linked to a variety of neoplasms, including B-cell lymphoma. We find that conditional homozygous deletion (Mb1-Cre) of Ddx3x in developing mouse B cells in female mice results in a complete absence of mature peripheral B cells associated with an absolute block at the pro-B cell stage of development in the bone marrow. In male mice with Vav1-Cre or Mb1-Cre mediated hemizygous deletion of Ddx3x, there are less severe reductions in peripheral B-cell frequencies with skewing towards the marginal zone lineage, suggesting that the Y chromosome homolog Ddx3y or other male factors may partially compensate for loss of Ddx3x. Loss of Ddx3x in male mice is associated with perturbations at developmental time points linked to cell cycle arrest and immunoglobulin chain rearrangement. Mechanistically, loss of Ddx3x in pre-B cells is associated with reduced expression of the histone reader Brwd1, failure to curtail proliferation, and defective Igk rearrangement, which skews the peripheral B cell receptor repertoire toward lambda light chain usage. These data reveal that Ddx3x plays an essential role in B-cell development by supporting proliferative and epigenetic changes necessary for rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuazon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karmele, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlot, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foong-Sobis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karns, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynaud, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scofield, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penninger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waggoner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/452086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ddx3x regulates B-cell development and light chain recombination in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) prompts transcriptomic and metabolic plasticity in glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and lethal tumor types. Evidence continues to accrue indicating that the complex relationship between GBM and the brain microenvironment contributes to this malignant phenotype. However, the interaction between GBM and neurotransmitters, signaling molecules involved in neuronal communication, remains incompletely understood. Here we examined, in both sexes of humans and mice, how the monoamine dopamine influences GBM cells. We demonstrate that GBM cells express DRD2, with elevated expression in the glioma-initiating cell (GIC) population. Stimulation of DRD2 caused neuron-like depolarization exclusively in GICs. In addition, long-term activation of DRD2 heightened the sphere-forming capacity of GBM cells as well as tumor engraftment efficiency. Mechanistic investigation revealed that DRD2 signaling activates the hypoxia response and functionally alters metabolism. Finally, we found that GBM cells synthesize and secrete dopamine themselves, suggesting a potential autocrine mechanism. These results identify dopamine signaling as a potential therapeutic target in GBM and further highlight neurotransmitters as a key feature of the pro-tumor microenvironment.nnSignificance StatementThis work offers critical insight into the role of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the progression of GBM. We show that dopamine induces specific changes in the state of tumor cells, augmenting their growth and shifting them to a more stem-cell like state. Further, we show that dopamine can alter the metabolic behavior of GBM cells, increasing glycolysis. Finally, we show that GBM cells, including tumor samples from patients, can synthesize and secrete dopamine, suggesting an autocrine signaling process underlying these results. These results describe a novel connection between neurotransmitters and brain cancer, further highlighting the critical influence of the brain milieu on GBM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caragher, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shireman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baisiwala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saathoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesniak, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tryba, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/454389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) prompts transcriptomic and metabolic plasticity in glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An ancient role for Collier/Olf/Ebf (COE)-type transcription factors in axial motor neuron development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/454926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMammalian motor circuits display remarkable cellular diversity with hundreds of motor neuron (MN) subtypes innervating hundreds of different muscles. Extensive research on limb muscle-innervating MNs has begun to elucidate the genetic programs that control animal locomotion. In striking contrast, the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of axial muscle-innervating MNs, which control breathing and spinal alignment, are poorly studied.nnMethodsOur previous studies indicated that the function of the Collier/Olf/Ebf (COE) family of transcription factors (TFs) in axial MN development may be conserved from nematodes to simple chordates. Here, we examine the expression pattern of all four mouse COE family members (mEbf1-mEbf4) in spinal MNs and employ genetic approaches in both nematodes and mice to investigate their function in axial MN development.nnResultsWe report that mEbf1 and mEbf2 are expressed in distinct MN clusters (termed "columns") that innervate different axial muscles. Mouse Ebf1 is expressed in MNs of the hypaxial motor column (HMC), which is necessary for breathing, while mEbf2 is expressed in MNs of the medial motor column (MMC) that control spinal alignment. Our characterization of Ebf2 knock-out mice revealed a requirement for Ebf2 in the differentiation of a subset of MMC MNs, indicating molecular diversity within MMC neurons. Intriguingly, transgenic expression of mEbf1 or mEbf2 can rescue axial MN differentiation and locomotory defects in nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) lacking unc-3, the sole C. elegans ortholog of the COE family, suggesting functional conservation among mEbf1, mEbf2 and nematode UNC-3.nnConclusionsThese findings support the hypothesis that the genetic programs controlling axial MN development are deeply conserved across species, and further advance our understanding of such programs by revealing an essential role for Ebf2 in mouse axial MNs. Because human mutations in COE ortholgs lead to neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by motor developmental delay, our findings may advance our understanding of these human conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Catela, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aburas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consalez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/454926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An ancient role for Collier/Olf/Ebf (COE)-type transcription factors in axial motor neuron development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A diallel of the mouse Collaborative Cross founders reveals strong strain-specific maternal effects on litter size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reproductive success in the eight founder strains of the Collaborative Cross (CC) was measured using a diallel-mating scheme. Over a 48-month period we generated 4,448 litters, and 24,782 weaned pups were used across 16 different published experiments. We identified factors that affect the average litter size in a cross by estimating the overall contribution of parent-of-origin, heterosis, inbred, and epistatic effects using a Bayesian zero-truncated overdispersed Poisson mixed model. The phenotypic variance of litter size has a substantial contribution (79%) from unexplained and environmental sources, but no detectable effect of seasonality. Most of the explained variance was due to additive effects (9.2%) and parental sex (maternal vs paternal strain; 5.8%), with epistasis accounting for 3.4%. Within the parental effects, the effect of the dams strain explained more than the sires strain (13.2% vs. 1.8%), and the dams strain effects account for 74.2% of total variation explained. Dams from strains C57BL/6J and NOD/ShiLtJ increased the expected litter size by a mean of 1.66 and 1.79 pups, whereas dams from strains WSB/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, and CAST/EiJ reduced expected litter size by a mean of 1.51, 0.81, and 0.90 pups. Finally, there was no strong evidence for strain-specific effects on sex ratio distortion. Overall, these results demonstrate that strains vary substantially in their reproductive ability depending on their genetic background and that litter size is largely determined by dam.strain rather than sire.strain effects, as expected. This analysis adds to our understanding of factors that influence litter size in mammals, and also helps to explain breeding successes and failures in the extinct lines and surviving CC strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shorter, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurizio, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooch, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdar, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo-Manuel de Villena, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/458877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A diallel of the mouse Collaborative Cross founders reveals strong strain-specific maternal effects on litter size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/459396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
White Matter Microstructure Correlates of General and Specific Second-Order Factors of Psychopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/459396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing data indicate that prevalent forms of psychopathology can be organized into second-order dimensions based on their correlations, including a general factor of psychopathology that explains the common variance among all disorders and specific second-order externalizing and internalizing factors. Despite this organization, and high levels of comorbidity between diagnoses, most existing studies on the neural correlates of psychopathology employ case-control designs that treat diagnoses as independent categories. Thus, for instance, although perturbations in white matter microstructure have been identified across a range of disorders, the majority of such studies have used case-control designs, leaving it unclear whether observed relations reflect disorder specific characteristics, or transdiagnostic patterns. Using a representative community twin sample of 410 young adults, we tested the hypothesis that some relations between white matter microstructure properties in major tracts are related to second-order factors of psychopathology. We examined fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD). White matter correlates of all second-order factors were identified after controlling for multiple tests, including the general factor (FA in the body of the corpus callosum), specific internalizing (AD in the fornix), and specific externalizing (AD in the splenium of the corpus callosum, sagittal stratum, anterior corona radiata, and internal capsule). These findings suggest that features of white matter within specific tracts are associated with broad transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology rather than being restricted to individual diagnostic categories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinton, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahey, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalta-Gil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, F. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chodes, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Applegate, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hulle, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zald, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/459396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[White Matter Microstructure Correlates of General and Specific Second-Order Factors of Psychopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Does batrachotoxin autoresistance co-evolve with toxicity in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toxicity is widespread among living organisms, and evolves as a multimodal phenotype. Part of this phenotype is the ability to avoid self-intoxication (autoresistance). Evolving toxin resistance can involve fitness tradeoffs, so autoresistance is often expected to evolve gradually and in tandem with toxicity, resulting in a correlation between the degrees of toxicity and autoresistance among toxic populations. We investigate this correlation in Phyllobates poison frogs, notorious for secreting batrachotoxin (BTX), a potent neurotoxin that targets sodium channels, using ancestral sequence reconstructions of BTX-sensing areas of the muscular voltage-gated sodium channel. Reconstructions suggest that BTX resistance arose at the root of Phyllobates, coinciding with the evolution of BTX secretion. After this event little or no further evolution of autoresistance seems to have occurred, despite large increases in toxicity throughout the history of these frogs. Our results therefore provide no evidence in favor of an evolutionary correlation between toxicity and autoresistance, which conflicts with previous work. Future research on the functional costs and benefits of mutations putatively involved in BTX resistance, as well as their prevalence in natural populations should shed light on the evolutionary mechanisms driving the relationship between toxicity and autoresistance in Phyllobates frogs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marquez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Castaneda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amezquita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/460865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Does batrachotoxin autoresistance co-evolve with toxicity in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/461095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid Geometric Feature Signaling In The Spiking Activity Of A Complete Population Of Tactile Nerve Fibers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/461095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tactile feature extraction is essential to guide the dexterous manipulation of objects. The longstanding theory is that geometric features at each location of contact between hand and object are extracted from the spatial layout of the response of populations of tactile nerve fibers. However, recent evidence suggests that some features (edge orientation, e.g.) are extracted very rapidly (<200ms), casting doubt that this information relies on a spatial code, which ostensibly requires integrating responses over time. An alternative hypothesis is that orientation is conveyed in precise temporal spiking patterns. Here, we simulate, using a recently developed and validated model, the responses of tactile fibers from the entire human fingertip ([~]800 afferents) to edges indented into the skin. We show that edge orientation can be quickly (<50 ms) and accurately (<3{degrees}) decoded from the spatial pattern of activation across the afferent population, starting with the very first spike. Next, we implement a biomimetic decoder of edge orientation, consisting of a bank of oriented Gabor filters, designed to mimic the documented responses of cortical neurons. We find that the biomimetic approach leads to orientation decoding performance that approaches the limit set by optimal decoders and is actually more robust to changes in other stimulus features. Finally, we show that orientation signals, measured from single units in non-human primate cortex (2 macaque monkeys, 1 female), follow a time course consistent with that of their counterparts in the nerve. We conclude that a spatial code is fast and accurate enough to support object manipulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delhaye, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/461095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid Geometric Feature Signaling In The Spiking Activity Of A Complete Population Of Tactile Nerve Fibers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/461517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinguishing multiple-merger from Kingman coalescence using two-site frequency spectra 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/461517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Demographic inference methods in population genetics typically assume that the ancestry of a sample can be modeled by the Kingman coalescent. A defining feature of this stochastic process is that it generates genealogies that are binary trees: no more than two ancestral lineages may coalesce at the same time. However, this assumption breaks down under several scenarios. For example, pervasive natural selection and extreme variation in offspring number can both generate genealogies with "multiple-merger" events in which more than two lineages coalesce instantaneously. Therefore, detecting multiple mergers (and other violations of the Kingman assumptions) is important both for understanding which forces have shaped the diversity of a population and for avoiding fitting misspecified models to data. Current methods to detect multiple mergers in genomic data rely primarily on the site frequency spectrum (SFS). However, the signatures of multiple mergers in the SFS are also consistent with a Kingman coalescent with a time-varying population size. Here, we present a new statistical test for determining whether the Kingman coalescent with any population size history is consistent with population data. Our approach is based on information contained in the two-site joint frequency spectrum (2-SFS) for pairs of linked sites, which has a different dependence on the topologies of genealogies than the SFS. Our statistical test is global in the sense that it can detect when the genome-wide genetic diversity is inconsistent with the Kingman model, rather than detecting outlier regions, as in selection scan methods. We validate this test using simulations, and then apply it to demonstrate that genomic diversity data from Drosophila melanogaster is inconsistent with the Kingman coalescent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rice, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/461517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinguishing multiple-merger from Kingman coalescence using two-site frequency spectra]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/462036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new family of neural wiring receptors across bilaterians defined by phylogenetic, biochemical and structural evidence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/462036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of complex nervous systems was accompanied by the expansion of groups of protein families, most notably cell adhesion molecules, surface receptors and their ligands. These proteins mediate axonal guidance, synapse targeting, and other neuronal wiring-related functions. Recently, members of a set of thirty interacting cell surface proteins belonging to two newly defined families of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) in fruit flies were discovered to label different subsets of neurons in the brain and ventral nerve cord. They have been shown to be involved in synaptic targeting and morphogenesis, retrograde signaling, and neuronal survival. Here we show that these proteins, denoted as Dprs and DIPs, belong to a family of two and three-Ig domain molecules in bilaterians generally known for neuronal wiring functions. In protostomes, the ancestral Dpr/DIP gene has duplicated to form heterophilic partners, such as Dprs and DIPs, while in deuterostomes, they have evolved to create the IgLON family of neuronal receptors. In support of this phylogeny, we show that IgLONs interact with each other, and that their complexes can be broken by mutations designed using homology models based on Dpr and DIP structures. Similarly, the nematode orthologs ZIG-8 and RIG-5 can form heterophilic and homophilic complexes structurally matching Dpr-DIP and DIP-DIP complexes. The evolutionary, biochemical and structural relationships we demonstrate here provides insights into neural development and the rise of complexity in metazoans.nnSignificance StatementCell surface receptors assign and display unique identities to neurons, and direct proper and robust wiring of neurons to create functional neural circuits. Recent work has identified two new classes of receptors in fruit flies, called the Dpr and DIP families with 30 members, which interact in 38 pairwise combinations. These proteins are implicated in neural identity, wiring and survival in many parts of the fly nervous system. Here, using evolutionary, biochemical and structural evidence, we show that Dprs and DIPs are members of an ancient bilaterian family of receptors. Members of this family share functional roles relevant to wiring across species, and are likely crucial in the emergence of the bilaterian nervous systems common to vertebrate and invertebrate animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurleto, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/462036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new family of neural wiring receptors across bilaterians defined by phylogenetic, biochemical and structural evidence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/462937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The spermidine acetyltransferase SpeG regulates transcription of the small RNA RprA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/462937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spermidine N-acetyltransferase (SpeG) acetylates and thus neutralizes toxic polyamines. Studies indicate that SpeG plays an important role in virulence and pathogenicity of many bacteria, which have evolved SpeG-dependent strategies to control polyamine concentrations and survive in their hosts. In Escherichia coli, the two-component response regulator RcsB is reported to be subject to N{varepsilon}-acetylation on several lysine residues, resulting in reduced DNA binding affinity and reduced transcription of the small RNA rprA; however, the physiological acetylation mechanism responsible for this behavior has not been fully determined. Here, we performed an acetyltransferase screen and found that SpeG inhibits rprA promoter activity in an acetylation-independent manner. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that SpeG can physically interact with the DNA-binding carboxyl domain of RcsB. We hypothesize that SpeG interacts with the DNA-binding domain of RcsB and that this interaction might be responsible for SpeG-dependent inhibition of RcsB-dependent rprA transcription. This work provides a model for SpeG as a modulator of E. coli transcription through its ability to interact with the transcription factor RcsB. This is the first study to provide evidence that an enzyme involved in polyamine metabolism can influence the function of the global regulator RcsB, which integrates information concerning envelope stresses and central metabolic status to regulate diverse behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filippova, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pshenychnyi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryukhina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/462937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The spermidine acetyltransferase SpeG regulates transcription of the small RNA RprA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/463216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proprioceptive neurons of larval Drosophila melanogaster show direction selective activity requiring the mechanosensory channel TMC. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/463216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drosophila Transmembrane channel-like (Tmc) is a protein that functions in larval proprioception. The closely related TMC1 protein is required for mammalian hearing, and is a pore forming subunit of the hair cell mechanotransduction channel. In hair cells, TMC1 is gated by small deflections of microvilli that produce tension on extracellular tip-links that connect adjacent villi. How Tmc might be gated in larval proprioceptors, which are neurons having a morphology that is completely distinct from hair cells, is unknown. Here, we have used high-speed confocal microscopy to both measure displacements of proprioceptive sensory dendrites during larval movement, and to optically measure neural activity of the moving proprioceptors. Unexpectedly, the pattern of dendrite deformation for distinct neurons was unique and differed depending on the direction of locomotion: ddaE neuron dendrites were strongly curved by forward locomotion while the dendrites of ddaD were more strongly deformed by backward locomotion. Furthermore, GCaMP6f calcium signals recorded in the proprioceptive neurons during locomotion indicated tuning to the direction of movement. ddaE showed strong activation during forward locomotion while ddaD showed responses that were strongest during backwards locomotion. Peripheral proprioceptive neurons in animals mutant for Tmc showed a near complete loss of movement related calcium signals. As the strength of the responses of wild type animals was correlated with dendrite curvature, we propose that Tmc channels may be activated by membrane curvature in dendrites that are exposed to strain. Our findings begin to explain how distinct cellular systems rely on a common molecular pathway for mechanosensory responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulyanon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihovilovic Skanata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagyozov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckscher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tschekpenakis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/463216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proprioceptive neurons of larval Drosophila melanogaster show direction selective activity requiring the mechanosensory channel TMC.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The association between weight at birth and breast cancer risk revisited using Mendelian randomisation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Observational studies suggest that higher birth weight (BW) is associated with increased risk of breast cancer in adult life. We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) study to assess whether this association is causal. Sixty independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) known to be associated at P < 5 x 10-8 with BW were used to construct (1) a 41-SNP instrumental variable (IV) for univariable MR after removing SNPs with pleiotropic associations with other breast cancer risk factors and (2) a 49-SNP IV for multivariable MR after filtering SNPs for data availability. BW predicted by the 41-SNP IV was not associated with overall breast cancer risk in inverse-variance weighted (IVW) univariable MR analysis of genetic association data from 122,977 breast cancer cases and 105,974 controls (odds ratio = 0.86 per 500 g higher BW; 95% confidence interval: 0.73--1.01). Sensitivity analyses using four alternative methods and three alternative IVs, including an IV with 59 of the 60 BW-associated SNPs, yielded similar results. Multivariable MR adjusting for the effects of the 49-SNP IV on birth length, adult height, adult body mass index, age at menarche, and age at menopause using IVW and MR-Egger methods provided estimates consistent with univariable analyses. Results were also similar when all analyses were repeated after restricting to estrogen receptor-positive or -negative breast cancer cases. Point estimates of the odds ratios from most analyses performed indicated an inverse relationship between genetically-predicted BW and breast cancer. Thus, there is little evidence from MR to suggest that the previously observed association between higher BW and increased risk of breast cancer in adult life is causal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kar, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrulis, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang-Claude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Considine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gago-Dominguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaaks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lophatananon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milne, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Punie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radice, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamimi, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Nieuwenhuysen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pharoah, P. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/464115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The association between weight at birth and breast cancer risk revisited using Mendelian randomisation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol predicted by HMGCR genetic variants and breast cancer risk may be mediated by body mass index 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orho-Melander et al. recently reported that lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) as predicted by the T-allele of the variant rs12916 in HMGCR is associated with a decreased risk of developing breast cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 0.89; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.82-0.96].1 This analysis was embedded in a wider Mendelian randomization (MR) study performed using genotype data from a prospective cohort of 26,589 individuals that included 16,022 women and 1176 incident breast cancer cases. HMGCR encodes 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, the enzyme inhibited by statins. The T-allele of rs12916 is associated with reduced HMGCR expression and therefore, in principle, its effects should be analogous to the effects of lifelong statin administration starting at birth.2 The MR study of Orho-Melander et al. also found that a genome-wide LDLC score based on 32 independent LDLC-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was not associated with breast cancer. In light of this finding, they suggest that the protective effect of the rs12916 T-allele on breast cancer may either be specific to LDLC lowering via genetic inhibition of HMGCR or be the result of a distinct mechanism that is regulated by rs12916 and HMGCR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kar, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milne, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rennert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pharoah, P. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/464446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol predicted by HMGCR genetic variants and breast cancer risk may be mediated by body mass index]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic architecture and introgression shape a butterfly radiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We here pioneer a low-cost assembly strategy for 20 Heliconiini genomes to characterize the evolutionary history of the rapidly radiating genus Heliconius. A bifurcating tree provides a poor fit to the data, and we therefore explore a reticulate phylogeny for Heliconius. We probe the genomic architecture of gene flow, and develop a new method to distinguish incomplete lineage sorting from introgression. We find that most loci with non-canonical histories arose through introgression, and are strongly underrepresented in regions of low recombination and high gene density. This is expected if introgressed alleles are more likely to be purged in such regions due to tighter linkage with incompatibility loci. Finally, we identify a hitherto unrecognized inversion, and show it is a convergent structural rearrangement that captures a known color pattern switch locus within the genus. Our multi-genome assembly approach enables an improved understanding of adaptive radiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edelman, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frandsen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyagi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clavijo, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Accinelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Belleghem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neafsey, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Challis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chouteau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Counterman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaxter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasmahapatra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronforst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiggins, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillan, W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di-Palma, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakeley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/466292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic architecture and introgression shape a butterfly radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread conservation of chromatin accessibility patterns and transcription factor binding in human and chimpanzee induced pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in gene regulation have been shown to contribute to phenotypic differences between closely related species, most notably in primates. It is likely that a subset of inter-species regulatory differences can be explained by changes in chromatin accessibility and transcription factor binding, yet there is a paucity of comparative data sets with which to investigate this. Using ATAC-seq, we profiled genome-wide chromatin accessibility in a matched set of 6 human and 6 chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes, our closest living relative) induced pluripotent stem cells from which we have previously collected gene expression data. We examined chromatin accessibility patterns near 20,745 orthologous transcriptions start sites and used a footprinting algorithm to predict transcription factor binding activity in each species. We found that the majority of chromatin accessibility patterns and transcription factor activity are conserved between these two closely related species. Interestingly, interspecies divergence in chromatin accessibility and transcription factor binding in pluripotent cells appear to contribute not to differences in the pluripotent state, but to downstream developmental processes. Put together, our findings suggest that the pluripotent state is extremely stable and potentially subject to stronger evolutionary constraint than other somatic tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallego Romero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/466631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread conservation of chromatin accessibility patterns and transcription factor binding in human and chimpanzee induced pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/468835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenome-wide investigation of health outcomes associated with genetic predisposition to loneliness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/468835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWHumans are social animals that experience intense suffering when they perceive a lack of social connection. Modern societies are experiencing an epidemic of loneliness. While the experience of loneliness is universally human, some people report experiencing greater loneliness than others. Loneliness is more strongly associated with mortality than obesity, emphasizing the need to understand the nature of the relationship between loneliness and health. While it is intuitive that circumstantial factors such as marital status and age influence loneliness, there is also compelling evidence of a genetic predisposition towards loneliness. To better understand the genetic architecture of loneliness and its relationship with associated outcomes, we conducted a genome-wide association (GWAS) meta-analysis of loneliness (N=475,661), report 12 associated loci (two novel) and significant genetic correlations with 34 other complex traits. The polygenic basis for loneliness was significantly enriched for evolutionary constrained genes and genes expressed in specific brain tissues: (frontal) cortex, cerebellum, anterior cingulate cortex, and substantia nigra. We built polygenic scores based on this GWAS meta-analysis to explore the genetic association between loneliness and health outcomes in an independent sample of 18,498 individuals for whom electronic health records were available. A genetic predisposition towards loneliness predicted cardiovascular, psychiatric, and metabolic disorders, and triglycerides and high-density lipoproteins. Mendelian randomization analyses showed evidence of a causal, increasing, effect of body fat on loneliness, and a similar weaker causal effect of BMI. Our results provide a framework for ongoing studies of the genetic basis of loneliness and its role in mental and physical health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdellaoui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treur, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The 23andme Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivard, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ip, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Zee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baselmans, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hottenga, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willemsen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Duijn, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szilagyi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiemeier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verweij, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cacioppo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cacioppo, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/468835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenome-wide investigation of health outcomes associated with genetic predisposition to loneliness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of Mycolactone Toxin Membrane Permeation: Atomistic vs Coarse-Grained MARTINI Simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycolactone, a cytotoxic and immunosuppressive macrolide produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans, is the central virulent factor in the skin disease Buruli ulcer. This multifunctional cytotoxin affects fundamental cellular processes such as cell adhesion, immune response and cell death by targeting various cellular structures. Developing effective diagnostics that target mycolactone has been challenging, potentially due to suspected interactions with lipophilic architectures, including membranes. To better understand the pathogenesis of Buruli ulcer disease, aid in the development of diagnostics, and learn how amphiphiles in general use lipid trafficking to navigate the host environment, we seek to understand the nature of mycolactone-membrane interactions. Herein we characterize how the two dominant isomers of mycolactone (A and B) interact with and permeate DPPC membranes with all-atom molecular dynamics simulations employing transition tempered metadynamics, and compare these results with those obtained by MARTINI coarse-grained simulations. Our all-atom simulations reveal that both isomers have a strong preference to associate with the membrane, although their mechanisms and energetics of membrane permeation differ slightly. Water molecules are found to play an important role in the permeation process. Although the MARTINI coarse-grained simulations give the correct free energy of membrane association, they fail to capture the mechanism of permeation and role of water during permeation as seen in all-atom simulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aydin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, J. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/470807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of Mycolactone Toxin Membrane Permeation: Atomistic vs Coarse-Grained MARTINI Simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imputed gene associations identify replicable trans-acting genes enriched in transcription pathways and complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of gene expression is an important mechanism through which genetic variation can affect complex traits. A substantial portion of gene expression variation can be explained by both local (cis) and distal (trans) genetic variation. Much progress has been made in uncovering cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL), but trans-eQTL have been more difficult to identify and replicate. Here we take advantage of our ability to predict the cis component of gene expression coupled with gene mapping methods such as PrediXcan to identify high confidence candidate trans-acting genes and their targets. That is, we correlate the cis component of gene expression with observed expression of genes in different chromosomes. Leveraging the shared cis-acting regulation across tissues, we combine the evidence of association across all available GTEx tissues and find 2356 trans-acting/target gene pairs with high mappability scores. Reassuringly, trans-acting genes are enriched in transcription and nucleic acid binding pathways and target genes are enriched in known transcription factor binding sites. Interestingly, trans-acting genes are more significantly associated with selected complex traits and diseases than target or background genes, consistent with percolating trans effects. Our scripts and summary statistics are publicly available for future studies of trans-acting gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ploch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siahpirani, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/471748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imputed gene associations identify replicable trans-acting genes enriched in transcription pathways and complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insect egg size and shape evolve with ecology, not developmental rate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1The evolution of organism size is hypothesized to be predicted by a combination of development, morphological constraints, and ecological pressures. However, tests of these predictions using phylogenetic methods have been limited by taxon sampling. To overcome this limitation, we generated a database of more than ten thousand observations of insect egg size and shape from the entomological literature and combined them with published genetic and novel life-history datasets. This enabled us to perform phylogenetic tests of long-standing predictions in size evolution across hexapods. Here we show that across eight orders of magnitude in egg volume variation, the relationship between egg shape and size itself evolves, such that predicted universal patterns of scaling do not adequately explain egg shape diversity. We test the hypothesized relationship between size and development, and show that egg size is not correlated with developmental rate across insects, and that for many insects egg size is not correlated with adult body size either. Finally, we show that the evolution of parasitism and aquatic oviposition both help to explain the diversification of egg size and shape across the insect evolutionary tree. Our study challenges assumptions about the evolutionary constraints on egg morphology, suggesting that where eggs are laid, rather than universal mathematical allometric constants, underlies egg size and shape evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Church, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoughe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Medeiros, B. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Extavour, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/471946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insect egg size and shape evolve with ecology, not developmental rate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A database of egg size and shape from more than 6,700 insect species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/471953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Offspring size is a fundamental trait in disparate biological fields of study. This trait can be measured as the size of plant seeds, animal eggs, or live young, and it influences ecological interactions, organism fitness, maternal investment, and embryonic development. Although multiple evolutionary processes have been predicted to drive the evolution of offspring size, the phylogenetic distribution of this trait remains poorly understood, due to the difficulty of reliably collecting and comparing offspring size data from many species. Here we present a database of 10,449 morphological descriptions of insect eggs, with records for 6,706 unique insect species and representatives from every extant hexapod order. The dataset includes eggs whose volumes span more than eight orders of magnitude. We created this database by partially automating the extraction of egg traits from the primary literature. In the process, we overcame challenges associated with large-scale phenotyping by designing and employing custom bioinformatic solutions to common problems. We matched the taxa in this database to the currently accepted scientific names in taxonomic and genetic databases, which will facilitate the use of this data for testing pressing evolutionary hypotheses in offspring size evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Church, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoughe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Medeiros, B. A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Extavour, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/471953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A database of egg size and shape from more than 6,700 insect species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/474684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Annotations capturing cell-type-specific TF binding explain a large fraction of disease heritability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/474684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is widely known that regulatory variation plays a major role in complex disease and that cell-type-specific binding of transcription factors (TF) is critical to gene regulation, but genomic annotations from directly measured TF binding information are not currently available for most cell-type-TF pairs. Here, we construct cell-type-specific TF binding annotations by intersecting sequence-based TF binding predictions with cell-type-specific chromatin data; this strategy addresses both the limitation that identical sequences may be bound or unbound depending on surrounding chromatin context, and the limitation that sequence-based predictions are generally not cell-type-specific. We evaluated different combinations of sequence-based TF predictions and chromatin data by partitioning the heritability of 49 diseases and complex traits (average N=320K) using stratified LD score regression with the baseline-LD model (which is not cell-type-specific). We determined that 100bp windows around MotifMap sequenced-based TF binding predictions intersected with a union of six cell-type-specific chromatin marks (imputed using ChromImpute) performed best, with an 58% increase in heritability enrichment compared to the chromatin marks alone (11.6x vs 7.3x; P = 9 x 10-14 for difference) and a 12% increase in cell-type-specific signal conditional on annotations from the baseline-LD model (P = 8 x 10-11 for difference). Our results show that intersecting sequence-based TF predictions with cell-type-specific chromatin information can help refine genome-wide association signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van de Geijn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finucane, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormozdiari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amariuta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, P.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reshef, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kichaev, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychauduri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/474684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Annotations capturing cell-type-specific TF binding explain a large fraction of disease heritability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/474841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reorganization of 3D Genome Structure May Contribute to Gene Regulatory Evolution in Primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/474841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing body of evidence supports the notion that variation in gene regulation plays a crucial role in both speciation and adaptation. However, a comprehensive functional understanding of the mechanisms underlying regulatory evolution remains elusive. In primates, one of the crucial missing pieces of information towards a better understanding of regulatory evolution is a comparative annotation of interactions between distal regulatory elements and promoters. Chromatin conformation capture technologies have enabled genome-wide quantifications of such distal 3D interactions. However, relatively little comparative research in primates has been done using such technologies. To address this gap, we used Hi-C to characterize 3D chromatin interactions in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from humans and chimpanzees. We also used RNA-sequencing to collect gene expression data from the same lines. We generally observed that lower-order, pairwise 3D genomic interactions are conserved in humans and chimpanzees, but higher order genomic structures, such as TADs, are not as conserved. Inter-species differences in 3D genomic interactions are often associated with gene expression differences between the species. To provide additional functional context to our observations, we considered previously published chromatin data from human iPSCs. We found that inter-species differences in 3D genomic interactions, which are also associated with gene expression differences between the species, are enriched for both active and repressive marks. Overall, our data demonstrates that, as expected, an understanding of 3D genome reorganization is key to explaining regulatory evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eres, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/474841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reorganization of 3D Genome Structure May Contribute to Gene Regulatory Evolution in Primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/475517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T cells instruct dendritic cells to produce inflammasome independent IL-1β causing systemic inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/475517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While IL-1{beta} is critical for anti-microbial host defense, it is also a key mediator of autoimmune inflammation. Inflammasome activation following pathogenic insults is known to result in IL-1{beta} production. However, the molecular events that produce IL-1{beta} during T cell driven autoimmune diseases remain unclear. Here, we have discovered an inflammasome-independent pathway of IL-1{beta} production that is triggered upon cognate interactions between dendritic cells and effector CD4 T cells. Analogous to inflammasome activation, this "T cell-instructed IL-1{beta} also relies on two independent signaling events. TNF produced by activated CD4 T cells engages TNFR signaling on DCs leading to pro-IL-1{beta} synthesis. Subsequently, FasL, also expressed by effector CD4 T cells, engages Fas on DCs leading to caspase-8 dependent pro-IL-1{beta} cleavage. Remarkably, this two-step mechanism is completely independent of pattern recognition receptor activation. IL-1{beta} produced upon cognate DC-effector CD4 T cell interaction causes wide spread leukocyte infiltration, a hallmark of systemic inflammation as well as autoimmune pathology. This study has uncovered a novel feature of DC-T cell cross-talk that allows for active IL-1{beta} secretion independent of innate sensing pathways and provides a mechanistic explanation for IL-1{beta} production and its downstream consequences in CD4 T cell driven autoimmune pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irizarry-Caro, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chawla, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chervonsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasare, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/475517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T cells instruct dendritic cells to produce inflammasome independent IL-1β causing systemic inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/475715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological networks: Pursuing the shortest path, however narrow and crooked 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/475715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Representing data as networks cuts across all sub-disciplines in ecology and evolutionary biology. Besides providing a compact representation of the interconnections between agents, network analysis allows the identification of especially important nodes, according to various metrics that often rely on the calculation of the shortest paths connecting any two nodes. While the interpretation of a shortest paths is straightforward in binary, unweighted networks, whenever weights are reported, the calculation could yield unexpected results. We analyzed 129 studies of ecological networks published in the last decade and making use of shortest paths, and discovered a methodological inaccuracy related to the edge weights used to calculate shortest paths (and related centrality measures), particularly in interaction networks. Specifically, 49% of the studies do not report sufficient information on the calculation to allow their replication, and 61% of the studies on weighted networks may contain errors in how shortest paths are calculated. Using toy models and empirical ecological data, we show how to transform the data prior to calculation and illustrate the pitfalls that need to be avoided. We conclude by proposing a five-point check-list to foster best-practices in the calculation and reporting of centrality measures in ecology and evolution studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Costa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Gonzalez, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guizien, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doglioli, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allesina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/475715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological networks: Pursuing the shortest path, however narrow and crooked]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/478768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Size, shape and structure of insect wings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/478768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The size, shape and structure of insect wings are intimately linked to their ability to fly. However, there are few systematic studies of the variability of the natural patterns in wing morphology across insects. We assemble a comprehensive dataset of insect wings and analyze their morphology using topological and geometric notions in terms of i) wing size and contour shape, ii) vein geometry and topology, and iii) shape and distribution of wing membrane domains. These morphospaces are a first-step in defining the diversity of wing patterns across insect orders and set the stage for investigating their functional consequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salcedo, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoughe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadevan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/478768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Size, shape and structure of insect wings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel genes for autism implicate both excitatory and inhibitory cell lineages in risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present the largest exome sequencing study to date focused on rare variation in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n=35,584). Integrating de novo and case-control variation with an enhanced Bayesian framework incorporating evolutionary constraint against mutation, we implicate 99 genes in ASD risk at a false discovery rate (FDR) [&le;] 0.1. Of these 99 risk genes, 46 show higher frequencies of disruptive de novo variants in individuals ascertained for severe neurodevelopmental delay, while 50 show higher frequencies in individuals ascertained for ASD, and comparing ASD cases with disruptive mutations in the two groups shows differences in phenotypic presentation. Expressed early in brain development, most of the risk genes have roles in neuronal communication or regulation of gene expression, and 12 fall within recurrent copy number variant loci. In human cortex single-cell gene expression data, expression of the 99 risk genes is also enriched in both excitatory and inhibitory neuronal lineages, implying that disruption of these genes alters the development of both neuron types. Together, these insights broaden our understanding of the neurobiology of ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Satterstrom, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmicki, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Rubeis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulhern, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artomov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerges, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaduri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleksic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anney, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bybjerg-Grauholm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carracedo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, M. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiocchetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuccaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalla Bernardina, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domenici, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallerini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Prieto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrero, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitag,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/484113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel genes for autism implicate both excitatory and inhibitory cell lineages in risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/487207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural selection contributed to immunological differences between human hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/487207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The shift from a hunter-gatherer (HG) to an agricultural (AG) mode of subsistence is believed to have been associated with profound changes in the burden and diversity of pathogens across human populations. Yet, the extent to which the advent of agriculture may have impacted the evolution of the human immune system remains unknown. Here we present a comparative study of variation in the transcriptional responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to bacterial and viral stimuli between Batwa rainforest hunter-gatherers and Bakiga agriculturalists from Uganda. We observed increased divergence between hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists in the transcriptional response to viruses compared to that for bacterial stimuli. We demonstrate that a significant fraction of these transcriptional differences are under genetic control, and we show that positive natural selection has helped to shape population differences in immune regulation. Across the set of genetic variants underlying inter-population immune response differences, however, the signatures of positive selection were disproportionately observed in the rainforest hunter-gatherers. This result is counter to expectations based on the popularized notion that shifts in pathogen exposure due to the advent of agriculture imposed radically heightened selective pressures in agriculturalist populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrison, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulais, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mina, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenier, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumaine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yotova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergey, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elledge, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schurr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana-Murci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/487207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural selection contributed to immunological differences between human hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/487413v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparison of gene expression and DNA methylation patterns across tissues and species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/487413v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previously published comparative functional genomic data sets from primates using frozen tissue samples, including many data sets from our own group, were collected and analyzed using non-optimal study designs and analysis approaches. In addition, when samples from multiple tissues were studied in a comparative framework, individual and tissue were confounded. We designed a multi-tissue comparative study of gene expression and DNA methylation in primates that minimizes confounding effects by using a balanced design with respect to species, tissues, and individuals. We also developed a comparative analysis pipeline that minimizes biases due to sequence divergence. We thus present the most comprehensive catalog of similarities and differences in gene expression and methylation levels between livers, kidneys, hearts, and lungs, in humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. We estimate that overall, only between 7 to 11% (depending on the tissue) of inter-species differences in gene expression levels can be accounted for by corresponding differences in promoter DNA methylation. However, gene expression divergence in conserved tissue-specific genes can be explained by corresponding inter-species methylation changes more often. We end the paper by providing recommendations for effective study design and best practices for meta-data recording for comparative functional genomic studies in primates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blake, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernando-Herraez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Perez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eres, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavarria, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques-Bonet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/487413</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparison of gene expression and DNA methylation patterns across tissues and species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into impact of DNA copy number alteration and methylation on the proteogenomic landscape of human ovarian cancer via a multi-omics integrative analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this work, we propose iProFun, an integrative analysis tool to screen for Proteogenomic Functional traits perturbed by DNA copy number alterations (CNA) and DNA methylations. The goal is to characterize functional consequences of DNA copy number and methylation alterations in tumors and to facilitate screening for cancer drivers contributing to tumor initiation and progression. Specifically, we consider three functional molecular quantitative traits: mRNA expression levels, global protein abundances, and phosphoprotein abundances. We aim to identify those genes whose CNAs and/or DNA methylations have cis-associations with either some or all three types of molecular traits. In comparison with analyzing each molecular trait separately, the joint modeling of multi-omics data enjoys several benefits: iProFun experienced enhanced power for detecting significant cis-associations shared across different omics data types; and it also achieved better accuracy in inferring cis-associations unique to certain type(s) of molecular trait(s). For example, unique associations of CNA/methylations to global/phospho protein abundances may imply post-translational regulations.nnWe applied iProFun to ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma tumor data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium, and identified CNAs and methylations of 500 and 122 genes, respectively, affecting the cis-functional molecular quantitative traits of the corresponding genes. We observed substantial power gain via the joint analysis of iProFun. For example, iProFun identified 130 genes whose CNAs were associated with phosphoprotein abundances by leveraging mRNA expression levels and global protein abundances. By comparison, analyses based on phosphoprotein data alone identified none. A group of these 130 genes clustered in a small region on Chromosome 14q, harboring the known oncogene, AKT1. In addition, iProFun identified one gene, CANX, whose DNA methylation has a cis-association with its global protein abundances but not its mRNA expression levels These and other genes identified by iProFun could serve as potential drug targets for ovarian cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleason, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martignetti, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/488833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into impact of DNA copy number alteration and methylation on the proteogenomic landscape of human ovarian cancer via a multi-omics integrative analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/489732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune potentiator for increased safety and improved protection of vaccines by NF-kB modulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/489732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many modern vaccines include adjuvants that activate the immune system and provide an enhanced humoral or cellular response. Current approved adjuvants are unable to provide desired responses against some pathogens (e.g. HIV or dengue). Many new adjuvants have been developed and demonstrate promising results, but side effects from the inflammatory response induced by these adjuvants have resulted in limited FDA approvals. No adjuvants yet possess the capability to independently modulate inflammation and protection. Here we demonstrate a method to limit inflammation and side effects associated with vaccination while retaining the protective responses using a variety of promising adjuvants. To accomplish this, we combined a selective NF-kB inhibitor with the immune adjuvant. The resulting vaccines reduce systemic inflammation and boost antibody responses. In an influenza challenge model, we demonstrate that this approach enhances protection. This method is generalizable across a broad range of adjuvants and antigens. We anticipate these studies will lead to a novel approach to vaccine formulation design that may prove general across a wide range of adjuvants, enabling their greater use in the public realm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moser, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinhardt, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escalante-Buendia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolt, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGonnigal, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser-Kahn, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/489732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune potentiator for increased safety and improved protection of vaccines by NF-kB modulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncovering the role admixture in health disparity: characterization of hepatocyte gene expression and DNA methylation in African-Americans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/491225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAfrican Americans (AAs) are an admixed population with portions of their genome derived from West Africans and Europeans. In AAs, the proportion of West African ancestry (WAA) can vary widely and may explain the genetic drivers of disease, specifically those that disproportionately affect this understudied population. To examine the relationship between the proportion of WAA and gene expression, we used high dimensional data obtained from AA primary hepatocytes, a tissue important in disease and drug response.

MethodsRNA sequencing (Illumina HiSeq Platform) was conducted on 60 AA-derived primary hepatocytes, with methylation profiling (Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip) of 44 overlapping samples. WAA for each sample was calculated using fastSTRUCTURE and correlated to both gene expression and DNA methylation. The GTEx consortium (n = 15) was used for replication and a second cohort (n = 206) was using used for validation using differential gene expression between AAs and European-Americans.

ResultsWe identified 131 genes associated with WAA (FDR< 0.1), of which 28 gene expression traits were replicated (FDR<0.1) and enriched in angiogenesis and inflammatory pathways (FDR<0.1). These 28 replicated gene expression traits represented 257 GWAS catalog phenotypes. Among the PharmGKB pharmacogenes, VDR, PTGIS, ALDH1A1, CYP2C19 and P2RY1 were associated with WAA (p < 0.05) with replication of CYP2C19 and VDR in GTEx. Association of DNA methylation with WAA identified 1037 differentially methylated regions (FDR<0.05), with hypomethylated genes enriched in drug response pathways. Overlapping of differentially methylated regions with the 131 significantly correlated gene expression traits identified 5 genes with concordant directions of effect: COL26A1, HIC1, MKNK2, RNF135, SNAI1 and TRIM39.

ConclusionsWe conclude that WAA contributes to variability in hepatic gene expression and DNA methylation with identified genes indicative of diseases disproportionately affecting AAs. Specifically, WAA-associated genes were linked to previously identified loci in cardiovascular disease (PTGIS, PLAT), renal disease (APOL1) and drug response (CYP2C19).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhoug, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smithberger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alarcon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/491225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncovering the role admixture in health disparity: characterization of hepatocyte gene expression and DNA methylation in African-Americans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of microenvironmental metabolites in murine cancer models reveals determinants of tumor nutrient availability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cell metabolism is heavily influenced by microenvironmental factors, including nutrient availability. Therefore, knowledge of microenvironmental nutrient levels is essential to understand tumor metabolism. To measure the extracellular nutrient levels available to tumors, we developed a quantitative metabolomics method to measure the absolute concentrations of >118 metabolites in plasma and tumor interstitial fluid, the extracellular fluid that perfuses tumors. Comparison of nutrient levels in tumor interstitial fluid and plasma revealed that the nutrients available to tumors differ from those present in circulation. Further, by comparing interstitial fluid nutrient levels between autochthonous and transplant models of murine pancreatic and lung adenocarcinoma, we found that tumor type, anatomical location and animal diet affect local nutrient availability. These data provide a comprehensive characterization of the nutrients present in the tumor microenvironment of widely used models of lung and pancreatic cancer and identify factors that influence metabolite levels in tumors.nnImpact StatementNutrient availability is an important tumor microenvironmental factor that impacts cancer cell biology; we developed methods to measure nutrients available to tumor cells and characterized factors that influence tumor nutrient availability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danai, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gui, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunchok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennstedt, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Heiden, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/492652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of microenvironmental metabolites in murine cancer models reveals determinants of tumor nutrient availability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/493841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical and kinetic factors drive sorting of F-actin crosslinkers on bundles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/493841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In cells, actin binding proteins (ABPs) sort to different regions in order to establish F-actin networks with diverse functions, including filopodia used for cell migration, or contractile rings required for cell division. Recent experimental work uncovered a passive mechanism that may facilitate spatial localization of ABPs: binding of a short crosslinker protein to two actin filaments promotes the binding of other short crosslinkers and inhibits the binding of longer crosslinkers (and vice versa). We hypothesize this sorting arises because F-actin is semiflexible and cannot bend over short distances. We develop a mathematical theory and a kinetic Monte Carlo simulation encompassing the most important physical parameters for this process, and use simulations of a coarse-grained but molecularly explicit model to characterize and test our predictions about the interplay of mechanical and kinetic parameters. Our theory and data predict an explicit dependence of crosslinker separation on bundle polymerization rate. We perform experiments that confirm a dependence on polymerization rate, but in an unanticipated non-monotonic manner. We use simulations to show that this non-monotonic behavior can arise in situations where crosslinkers have equal bundling affinity at equilibrium, but differing microscopic binding rates to filaments. This dependence of sorting on actin polymerization rate is a non-equilibrium effect, qualitatively similar to non-equilibrium domain formation in materials growth. Thus our results reveal an avenue by which cells can organize molecular material to drive biological processes, and can also guide the choice and design of crosslinkers for engineered protein-based materials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freedman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkelman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hocky, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/493841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical and kinetic factors drive sorting of F-actin crosslinkers on bundles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imputation of single-cell gene expression with an autoencoder neural network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSingle-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a rapidly evolving technology that enables measurement of gene expression levels at an unprecedented resolution. Despite the explosive growth in the number of cells that can be assayed by a single experiment, scRNA-seq still has several limitations, including high rates of dropouts, which result in a large number of genes having zero read count in the scRNA-seq data, and complicate downstream analyses.nnMethodsTo overcome this problem, we treat zeros as missing values and develop nonparametric deep learning methods for imputation. Specifically, our LATE (Learning with AuToEncoder) method trains an autoencoder with random initial values of the parameters, whereas our TRANSLATE (TRANSfer learning with LATE) method further allows for the use of a reference gene expression data set to provide LATE with an initial set of parameter estimates.nnResultsOn both simulated and real data, LATE and TRANSLATE outperform existing scRNA-seq imputation methods, achieving lower mean squared error in most cases, recovering nonlinear gene-gene relationships, and better separating cell types. They are also highly scalable and can efficiently process over 1 million cells in just a few hours on a GPU.nnConclusionsWe demonstrate that our nonparametric approach to imputation based on autoencoders is powerful and highly efficient.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badsha, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/504977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imputation of single-cell gene expression with an autoencoder neural network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/511394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WDR76 promotes MLL-rearranged leukemia via selective recognition of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/511394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although rare, the distribution of the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) modification in mammalian DNA is tissue- and gene-specific, yet distinct from its transcriptionally-repressive methylcytosine (mC) precursor, suggesting unique signaling potential. To examine this possibility, we fractionated mammalian brain extracts to discover binding partners specific for oxidized states of mC. We demonstrate that one such factor, WDR76, is a highly hmC-specific binding protein that modulates gene expression within chromosomal regions enriched in hmC where it binds. We demonstrate direct transcriptional activation of several target genes in mouse embryonic stem cells as a function of hmC levels and contingent upon WDR76. In human cell lines and mouse models, WDR76 recruitment by hmC is critical for the initiation and maintenance of MLL-rearranged leukemias. Beyond its canonical role as an intermediate in mC remediation, we show that hmC can be an epigenetic mark whose recognition drives leukemogenesis, portending analogous signaling pathways for other rare DNA modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malecek, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kokontis, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruthenburg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/511394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WDR76 promotes MLL-rearranged leukemia via selective recognition of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/513598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer transcription identifies cis-regulatory elements for photoreceptor cell types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/513598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of the cis-regulatory elements (CREs) that regulate gene expression in specific cell types is critical for defining the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that control normal physiology and disease states. We previously utilized non-coding RNA (ncRNA) profiling to define CREs that comprise a GRN in the adult mouse heart1. Here, we applied ncRNA profiling to the mouse retina in the presence and absence of Nrl, a rod photoreceptor-specific transcription factor required for rod versus cone photoreceptor cell fate. Differential expression of Nrl-dependent ncRNAs positively correlated with differential expression of Nrl-dependent local genes. Two distinct Nrl-dependent regulatory networks were discerned in parallel: Nrl-activated ncRNAs were enriched for accessible chromatin in rods but not cones whereas Nrl-repressed ncRNAs were enriched for accessible chromatin in cones but not rods. Furthermore, differential Nrl-dependent ncRNA expression levels quantitatively correlated with photoreceptor cell type-specific ATAC-seq read density. Direct assessment of Nrl-dependent ncRNA-defined loci identified functional cone photoreceptor CREs. This work supports differential ncRNA profiling as a platform for identifying context-specific regulatory elements and provides insight into the networks that define photoreceptor cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadadur, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Cervantes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonfat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, A. E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cepko, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/513598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer transcription identifies cis-regulatory elements for photoreceptor cell types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/515171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RegSNPs-Intron: A Computational Framework For Prioritizing Intronic Single Nucleotide Variants in Human Genetic Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/515171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A large number of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in the human genome are known to be responsible for inherited disease. An even larger number of SNVs, particularly those located in introns, have yet to be investigated for their pathogenic potential. Using known pathogenic and neutral intronic SNVs (iSNVs), we developed the regSNPs-intron algorithm based on a random forest classifier that integrates RNA splicing, protein structure and evolutionary conservation features. regSNPs-intron showed high accuracy in computing disease-causing probabilities of iSNVs. Using a high-throughput functional reporter assay called ASSET-seq (ASsay for Splicing using ExonTrap and sequencing), we validated regSNPs-intron predictions by measuring the impact of iSNVs on splicing outcome. Together, regSNPs-intron and ASSET-seq enable effective prioritization of iSNVs for disease pathogenesis. regSNPs-intron is available at https://regsnps-intron.ccbb.iupui.edu.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hargreaves, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiter, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mort, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eadon, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolan, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/515171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RegSNPs-Intron: A Computational Framework For Prioritizing Intronic Single Nucleotide Variants in Human Genetic Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-mapping of 150 breast cancer risk regions identifies 178 high confidence target genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies have identified breast cancer risk variants in over 150 genomic regions, but the mechanisms underlying risk remain largely unknown. These regions were explored by combining association analysis with in silico genomic feature annotations. We defined 205 independent risk-associated signals with the set of credible causal variants (CCVs) in each one. In parallel, we used a Bayesian approach (PAINTOR) that combines genetic association, linkage disequilibrium, and enriched genomic features to determine variants with high posterior probabilities (HPPs) of being causal. Potentially causal variants were significantly over-represented in active gene regulatory regions and transcription factor binding sites. We applied our INQUSIT pipeline for prioritizing genes as targets of potentially causal variants, using gene expression (eQTL), chromatin interaction and functional annotations. Known cancer drivers, transcription factors and genes in the developmental, apoptosis, immune system and DNA integrity checkpoint gene ontology pathways, were over-represented among the 178 highest confidence target genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fachal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beesley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pooley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michailidou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soucy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemacon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lush, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoussaini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moradi Marjaneh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aittomaki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrulis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton-Culver, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonenkova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arason, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arndt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azzollini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkardottir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrowdale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeghly-Fadiel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermisheva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bialkowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomqvist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blot, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojesen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonanni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/521054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-mapping of 150 breast cancer risk regions identifies 178 high confidence target genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/523019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A DNA-based voltmeter for organelles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/523019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of membrane potential in most intracellular organelles remains unexplored because of the lack of suitable probes. We describe a DNA-based fluorescent reporter that quantitates membrane potential and can be targeted to specific organelles in live cells. It is equipped with a voltage sensitive fluorophore, a reference fluorophore for ratiometric quantification, and acts as an endocytic tracer. We could thereby measure the membrane potential of different intracellular organelles in living cells, which has not been possible previously. Our understanding of how membrane potential regulates organelle biology is poised to expand through the use of these new sensors.nnOne Sentence SummaryUsing a DNA-based voltmeter we can non-invasively measure the membrane potential of specific organelles in live cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saminathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devany, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veetil, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwake, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/523019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A DNA-based voltmeter for organelles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/523043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adapting genotyping-by-sequencing and variant calling for heterogeneous stock rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/523043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The heterogeneous stock (HS) is an outbred rat population derived from eight inbred rat strains. HS rats are ideally suited for genome wide association studies; however, only a few genotyping microarrays have ever been designed for rats and none of them are currently in production. To address the need for an efficient and cost effective method of genotyping HS rats, we have adapted genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) to obtain genotype information at large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In this paper, we have outlined the laboratory and computational steps we took to optimize double digest genotype-by-sequencing (ddGBS) for use in rats. We also evaluate multiple existing computational tools and explain the workflow we have used to call and impute over 3.7 million SNPs. We also compared various rat genetic maps, which are necessary for imputation, including a recently developed map specific to the HS. Using our approach, we obtained concordance rates of 99% with data obtained using data from a genotyping array. The principles and computational pipeline that we describe could easily be adapted for use in other species for which reliable reference genome sets are available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gileta, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bimschleger, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Pierre, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/523043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adapting genotyping-by-sequencing and variant calling for heterogeneous stock rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/524058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of Caulobacter cell surface structures in colonization of the air-liquid interface 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/524058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In aquatic environments, Caulobacter spp. are often present at the boundary between liquid and air known as the neuston. I report an approach to study temporal features of Caulobacter crescentus colonization and pellicle biofilm development at the air-liquid interface, and have defined the role of cell surface structures in this process. The flagellum enables motile swarmer cells to efficiently reach the oxygenated surface. Here, cells form a monolayer enriched in stalked cells bearing a surface adhesin known as a holdfast. When excised from the liquid surface, this monolayer strongly adheres to glass. The monolayer subsequently develops into a three-dimensional structure that is highly enriched in clusters of stalked cells known as rosettes. As the pellicle film matures, it becomes more cohesive and less adherent to a glass surface. A mutant strain lacking a flagellum does not efficiently reach the surface, and strains lacking type IV pili exhibit defects in organization of the three-dimensional pellicle. Strains unable to synthesize holdfast fail to accumulate at the air-liquid interface and do not form a pellicle. Phase contrast images support a model whereby the holdfast functions to trap C. crescentus cells at the air-liquid boundary. Unlike the holdfast, neither the flagellum nor pili are required for C. crescentus to partition to the air-liquid interface. While it is well established that the holdfast enables adherence to solid surfaces, this study provides evidence that the holdfast has physicochemical properties that enable partitioning of non-motile mother cells to the air-liquid interface, which facilitates colonization of this microenvironment.nnImportanceIn aquatic environments the boundary at the air interface is often highly enriched with nutrients and oxygen. The ability of microbial cells to colonize this niche likely confers a significant fitness advantage in many cases. This study provides evidence that the cell surface adhesin known as a holdfast enables Caulobacter crescentus to partition to and colonize the air-liquid interface. Additional surface structures including the flagellum and pili are important determinants of colonization and biofilm formation at this boundary. Considering that holdfast-like adhesins are broadly conserved in Caulobacter spp. and other members of the diverse class Alphaproteobacteria, these surface structures may function broadly to facilitate colonization of air-liquid boundaries in a range of ecological contexts including freshwater, marine, and soil ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/524058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of Caulobacter cell surface structures in colonization of the air-liquid interface]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Genomic Islands with Deep Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHorizontal gene transfer is the main source of adaptability for bacteria, through which genes are obtained from different sources including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotes. This process promotes the rapid spread of genetic information across lineages, typically in the form of clusters of genes referred to as genomic islands (GIs). Different types of GIs exist, often classified by the content of their cargo genes or their means of integration and mobility. Various computational methods have been devised to detect different types of GIs, but no single method currently is capable of detecting all GIs.

ResultsWe propose a method, which we call Shutter Island, that uses a deep learning model (Inception V3, widely used in computer vision) to detect genomic islands. The intrinsic value of deep learning methods lies in their ability to generalize. Via a technique called transfer learning, the model is pre-trained on a large generic dataset and then re-trained on images that we generate to represent genomic fragments. We demonstrate that this image-based approach generalizes better than the existing tools.

ConclusionsWe used a deep neural network and an image-based approach to detect the most out of the correct GI predictions made by other tools, in addition to making novel GI predictions. The fact that the deep neural network was retrained on only a limited number of GI datasets and then successfully generalized indicates that this approach could be applied to other problems in the field where data is still lacking or hard to curate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Assaf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/525030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Genomic Islands with Deep Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/526848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing and inferring quantitative cell cycle phase in single-cell RNA-seq data analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/526848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular heterogeneity in gene expression is driven by cellular processes such as cell cycle and cell-type identity, and cellular environment such as spatial location. The cell cycle, in particular, is thought to be a key driver of cell-to-cell heterogeneity in gene expression, even in otherwise homogeneous cell populations. Recent advances in single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) facilitate detailed characterization of gene expression heterogeneity, and can thus shed new light on the processes driving heterogeneity. Here, we combined fluorescence imaging with scRNA-seq to measure cell cycle phase and gene expression levels in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Using these data, we developed a novel approach to characterize cell cycle progression. While standard methods assign cells to discrete cell cycle stages, our method goes beyond this, and quantifies cell cycle progression on a continuum. We found that, on average, scRNA-seq data from only five genes predicted a cells position on the cell cycle continuum to within 14% of the entire cycle, and that using more genes did not improve this accuracy. Our data and predictor of cell cycle phase can directly help future studies to account for cell-cycle-related heterogeneity in iPSCs. Our results and methods also provide a foundation for future work to characterize the effects of the cell cycle on expression heterogeneity in other cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsiao, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blischak, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/526848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing and inferring quantitative cell cycle phase in single-cell RNA-seq data analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/527036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chromosome-level genome of black rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, provides insights into the evolution of live birth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/527036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) is a teleost species where eggs are fertilized internally and retained in the maternal reproductive system, where they undergo development until live birth (termed viviparity). In the present study, we report a chromosome-level black rockfish genome assembly. High-throughput transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq and ATAC-seq), coupled with in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunofluorescence, identify several candidate genes for maternal preparation, sperm storage and release, and hatching. We propose that zona pellucida (ZP) genes retain sperm at the oocyte envelope, while genes in two distinct astacin metalloproteinase subfamilies serve to release sperm from the ZP and free the embryo from chorion at pre-hatching stage. Finally, we present a model of black rockfish reproduction, and propose that the rockfish ovarian wall has a similar function to uterus of mammals. Taken together, these genomic data reveal unprecedented insights into the evolution of an unusual teleost life history strategy, and provide a sound foundation for studying viviparity in non-mammalian vertebrates and an invaluable resource for rockfish ecology and evolution research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seim, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. M.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/527036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chromosome-level genome of black rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, provides insights into the evolution of live birth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/527796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global phylogeography and ancient evolution of the widespread human gut virus crAssphage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/527796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbiomes are vast communities of microbes and viruses that populate all natural ecosystems. Viruses have been considered the most variable component of microbiomes, as supported by virome surveys and examples of high genomic mosaicism. However, recent evidence suggests that the human gut virome is remarkably stable compared to other environments. Here we investigate the origin, evolution, and epidemiology of crAssphage, a widespread human gut virus. Through a global collaboratory, we obtained DNA sequences of crAssphage from over one-third of the worlds countries, and showed that its phylogeography is locally clustered within countries, cities, and individuals. We also found colinear crAssphage-like genomes in both Old-World and New-World primates, challenging genomic mosaicism and suggesting that the association of crAssphage with primates may be millions of years old. We conclude that crAssphage is a benign globetrotter virus that may have co-evolved with the human lineage and an integral part of the normal human gut virome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohaeri, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinsdale, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNair, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibby, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouns, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazares, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jonge, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desnues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Munoz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fineran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurilshikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavigne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazankova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobrega, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trefault, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyakht, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinuesa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagemans, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhernakova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aarestrup, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmadov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alassaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asangba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billings, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazares Lopez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, G.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condeff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cranfield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De la Iglesia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decewicz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doane,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/527796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global phylogeography and ancient evolution of the widespread human gut virus crAssphage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of CIC promotes mitotic dysregulation and chromosome segregation defects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CIC encodes a transcriptional repressor and MAPK signalling effector that is inactivated by loss-of-function mutations in several cancer types, consistent with a role as a tumour suppressor. Here, we used bioinformatic, genomic, and proteomic approaches to investigate CICs interaction networks. We observed both previously identified and novel candidate interactions between CIC and SWI/SNF complex members, and also observed novel interactions between CIC and cell cycle regulators and RNA processing factors. We found that CIC loss is associated with an increased frequency of mitotic defects in human cell lines and an in vivo mouse model and with dysregulated expression of mitotic regulators. We also observed aberrant splicing in CIC-deficient cell lines predominantly at 3 and 5 untranslated regions of genes, including genes involved in MAPK signalling, DNA repair, and cell cycle regulation. Our study thus characterises the complexity of CICs functional network and describes the effect of its loss on cell cycle regulation, mitotic integrity, and transcriptional splicing, thereby expanding our understanding of CICs potential roles in cancers. In addition, our work exemplifies how multi-omic, network-based analyses can be used to uncover novel insights into the interconnected functions of pleiotropic genes/proteins across cellular contexts.

Simple summaryCapicua (CIC) is a gene that is frequently mutated in several cancer types, including stomach cancers and certain subtypes of brain tumours and sarcomas. CIC, the protein encoded by the CIC gene, has been shown to play a multitude of roles in both normal and cancer cell functions; however, most studies exploring these roles focus on a single aspect of CIC function and may therefore overlook complex interconnected activities in which CIC is involved. In this study, we have used multiple complementary approaches to obtain a broader view of CICs complex functional networks. We observed novel interactions (genetic or physical) between CIC and genes/proteins involved in various aspects of cellular function, including regulation of cell division and processing of RNA molecules. Altogether, our work characterises the complexity of CICs functional network and expands our understanding of its potential roles in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chittaranjan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brothers, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbett, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagliardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moradian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleasance, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coope, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairncross, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laks, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aparicio, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBlanc, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marra, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/533323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of CIC promotes mitotic dysregulation and chromosome segregation defects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically Increased Telomere Length and Aging-related Physical and Cognitive Traits in the UK Biobank 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTelomere length (TL) shortens over time in most human cell types and is a potential biomarker aging. However, the causal impact of TL on physical and cognitive phenotypes that decline with age has not been extensively examined. Using a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach, we utilized genetically increased TL (GI-TL) to estimate the impact of TL on aging-related traits among UK Biobank (UKB) participants.

MethodsWe manually curated >50 aging-related traits from UKB and restricted to unrelated participants of British ancestry (n=337,522). We estimated GI-TL as a linear combination of nine TL-associated SNPs, each weighted by its previously-reported association with leukocyte TL. Regression models were used to assess the associations between GI-TL and each trait. We obtained MR estimates using the two-sample inverse variance weighted (IVW) approach.

ResultsWe identified 5 age-related traits associated with GI-TL (Bonferroni-corrected threshold p<0.001): pulse pressure (PP) (p=5.2x10-14), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p=2.9x10-15), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p=5.5x10-6), forced expiratory volume (FEV1) (p= p=0.0001), and forced vital capacity (FVC) (p=3.8x10-6). Under MR assumptions, one standard deviation increase in TL ([~]1200 base pairs) increased PP, SBP, and DBP by 1.5, 2.3, and 0.8 mmHg, respectively, while FEV1 and FVC increased by 34.7 and 52.2 mL, respectively. The observed associations appear unlikely to be due to selection bias based on analyses including inverse probability weights and analyses of simulated data.

ConclusionsThese findings suggest that longer TL increases pulmonary function and blood pressure traits. Further research is necessary to evaluate TL in cardiovascular and pulmonary age-related decline.

KEY MESSAGESO_LITelomere length (TL) is a potential biomarker and cause of aging, however, the causal relationship between TL and aging-related traits has not been thoroughly examined using a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach.
C_LIO_LIWe evaluated genetically increased TL (GI-TL) and its association with over 50 aging-related traits in the UK Biobank cohort using regression models and MR approaches.
C_LIO_LIPulmonary function (FEV1 and FVC) and blood pressure (SBP, DBP, and PP) traits were positively associated with GI-TL in the expected and unexpected direction, respectively.
C_LIO_LIUsing inverse probability weights to account for the non-representativeness of the UKB, our observed associations for GI-TL with blood pressure traits and pulmonary function persisted.
C_LIO_LIUsing simulated data to examine study selection as a potential source of collider bias, we concluded that selection bias was unlikely to explain the observed associations.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demanelis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/538124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically Increased Telomere Length and Aging-related Physical and Cognitive Traits in the UK Biobank]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/542266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale model of integrin adhesion assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/542266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of adherent cells to form adhesions is critical to several phases of their physiology. The assembly of adhesions is mediated by several types of integrins. These integrins differ in physical properties, including rate of diffusion on the plasma membrane, rapidity of changing conformation from bent to extended, affinity for extracellular matrix ligands, and lifetimes of their ligand-bound states. However, the way in which nanoscale physical properties of integrins ensure proper adhesion assembly remains elusive. We observe experimentally that both beta-1 and beta-3 integrins localize in nascent adhesions at the cell leading edge. In order to understand how different nanoscale parameters of beta-1 and beta-3 integrins mediate proper adhesion assembly, we therefore develop a coarse-grained computational model. Results from the model demonstrate that morphology and distribution of nascent adhesions depend on ligand binding affinity and strength of pairwise interactions. Organization of nascent adhesions depends on the relative amounts of integrins with different bond kinetics. Moreover, the model shows that the architecture of an actin filament network does not perturb the total amount of integrin clustering and ligand binding; however, only bundled actin architectures favor adhesion stability and ultimately maturation. Together, our results support the view that cells can finely tune the expression of different integrin types to determine both structural and dynamic properties of adhesions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bidone, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skeeters, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/542266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale model of integrin adhesion assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/544197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Horizontal transfer of prokaryotic cytolethal distending toxin B genes to eukaryotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/544197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) are tripartite eukaryotic genotoxins encoded in diverse bacterial and phage genomes. The cdtB subunit is a DNAse that causes eukaryotic cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and in one context, is associated with resistance against parasitoid wasp infections. Here we report the discovery of functional cdtB copies in the nuclear genomes of insect species from two distantly related insect orders, including fruit flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Insect cdtB copies are most closely related to bacteriophage copies, were horizontally transferred to insect genomes > 40 million years ago and encode a protein that retains ancestral DNase activity. This phage-derived toxin has been domesticated by diverse insects and we hypothesize that it is used as a defensive weapon against parasitoid wasps.

One Sentence SummaryWe report horizontal transfer of the gene cytolethal distending toxin B, which encodes a DNase, into eukaryotic genomes from bacteriophage.

SignificanceCytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) are secreted by diverse pathogenic bacterial species to kill animal cells. The cdtB subunit enters cell nuclei, damaging the DNA and leading to mitotic arrest and apoptosis. In the pea aphid, a bacterial endosymbiont provides protection against wasp attack, possibly via cdtB. We discovered that this same endosymbiont-encoded lineage of cdtB was transferred to the genomes of Diptera and Hemiptera species and retains ancestral DNase activity. This is the first report of cdtB outside of bacteria or phages. A toxin that first evolved to kill eukaryotic cells has been co-opted by insects, potentially to their benefit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verster, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisecaver, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karageorgi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/544197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Horizontal transfer of prokaryotic cytolethal distending toxin B genes to eukaryotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/546580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying the impact of genetically regulated expression on complex traits and diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/546580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
About 90% of risk variants identified from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are located in non-coding regions, highlighting the regulatory role of genetic variants. We propose a unified statistical framework, IGREX, for quantifying the impact of genetically regulated expression (GREX). This is achieved by estimating proportion of phenotypic variations that can be explained by the GREX component. IGREX only requires summary-level GWAS data and a gene expression reference panel as input. In real data analysis, using 48 tissues from the GTEx project as the reference panel, we applied IGREX to a wide spectrum of phenotypes in GWAS, and observed a significant proportion of phenotypic variations could be attributed to the GREX component. In particular, the results given by IGREX revealed tissue-across and tissue-specific patterns of the GREX effects. We also observed strong association between GREX effect and immune-related proteins, further supporting the relevance between GREX and the immune processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/546580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying the impact of genetically regulated expression on complex traits and diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dataset to explore kinase control of environmental stress responsive transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells respond to changes in environmental conditions by activating signal transduction pathways and gene expression programs. Here we present a dataset to explore the relationship between environmental stresses, kinases, and global gene expression in yeast. We subjected 28 drug-sensitive kinase mutants to 10 environmental conditions in the presence of inhibitor and performed mRNA deep sequencing. With these data, we reconstructed canonical stress pathways and identified examples of crosstalk among pathways. The data also implicated numerous kinases in novel environment-specific roles. However, rather than regulating dedicated sets of target genes, individual kinases tuned the magnitude of induction of the environmental stress response (ESR) - a gene expression signature shared across the set of perturbations - in environment-specific ways. This suggests that the ESR integrates inputs from multiple sensory kinases to modulate gene expression and growth control. As an example, we provide experimental evidence that the high osmolarity glycerol pathway is a constitutive negative regulator of protein kinase A, a known inhibitor of the ESR. These results elaborate the central axis of cellular stress response signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mace, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krakowiak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Samad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/547356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dataset to explore kinase control of environmental stress responsive transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Propagating patterns of activity across motor cortex facilitate movement initiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/549568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voluntary movement initiation involves the modulation of neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1) around movement onset. Yet, similar modulations of M1 activity occur during movement planning when no movement occurs. Here, we show that a sequential spatio-temporal pattern of excitability based on beta oscillation amplitude attenuation propagates across M1 prior to the initiation of reaching movements in one of two oppositely oriented directions along the rostro-caudal axis. Using spatiotemporal patterns of intracortical microstimulation, we find that reaction time increases significantly when stimulation is delivered against but not with the natural propagation orientation suggesting that movement initiation requires a precise recruitment pattern in M1. Functional connections among M1 units emerge at movement onset that are oriented along the same rostro-caudal axis but not during movement planning. Finally, we show that beta amplitude profiles can more accurately decode muscle activity when these patterns conform to the natural propagating patterns. These findings provide the first causal evidence that large-scale, spatially organized propagating patterns of cortical excitability and activity are behaviorally relevant and may be a necessary component of movement initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papadourakis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suminski, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopoulos, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/549568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Propagating patterns of activity across motor cortex facilitate movement initiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brucella EipB is periplasmic β-spiral protein required for envelope stress resistance and infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Gram-negative cell envelope is a remarkably diverse structure with core components that include an inner membrane, an outer membrane, and a peptidoglycan layer in the periplasmic space between. We show that a conserved DUF1849-family protein, EipB, is secreted to the periplasmic space of Brucella, a monophyletic group of intracellular pathogens. In the periplasm, EipB folds into an unusual fourteen-stranded {beta}-spiral structure that contains a conserved disulfide bond. EipB has structural features that resemble the LolA and LolB lipoprotein delivery system, though the overall topology and fold of EipB is distinct from LolA/LolB. Deletion of eipB results in defects in both cell envelope integrity in vitro and in maintenance of spleen colonization in a mouse model of B. abortus infection. Transposon disruption of ttpA, which encodes a periplasmic tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) protein, is synthetically lethal with eipB deletion in B. abortus. ttpA is a known virulence determinant in B. melitensis, and our studies of ttpA deletion and overexpression strains provide evidence that ttpA, like eipB, contributes to cell envelope function in Brucella. We conclude that eipB and ttpA function in the Brucella periplasmic space to maintain cell envelope integrity and to facilitate survival in a mammalian host.

ImportanceBrucella species cause brucellosis, a global zoonosis. A gene encoding a conserved uncharacterized protein, EipB, is present in all sequenced Brucella and several other genera in the class Alphaproteobacteria. To our knowledge, this study presents the first functional and structural characterization of a protein from the DUF1849 family, to which EipB belongs. EipB is secreted to the periplasm where it forms a spiral-like anti-parallel {beta} structure. Deletion of Brucella eipB results in defects of the cell envelope and in reduced virulence in an animal model of disease. eipB genetically interacts with ttpA, which also encodes a periplasmic protein. We propose that EipB and TtpA function as part of a system required for cell envelope homeostasis in select Alphaproteobacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czyz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ultee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briegel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigelow, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babnigg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/551135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brucella EipB is periplasmic β-spiral protein required for envelope stress resistance and infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social history and exposure to pathogen signals modulate social status effects on gene regulation in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social experiences are an important predictor of disease susceptibility and survival in humans and other social mammals. Chronic social stress is thought to generate a pro-inflammatory state characterized by elevated antibacterial defenses and reduced investment in antiviral defense. Here, we manipulated long-term social status in female rhesus macaques to show that social subordination alters the gene expression response to ex vivo bacterial and viral challenge. As predicted by current models, bacterial lipopolysaccharide polarizes the immune response such that low status corresponds to higher expression of genes in NF-{kappa}B-dependent pro-inflammatory pathways and lower expression of genes involved in the antiviral response and type I interferon (IFN) signaling. Counter to predictions, however, low status drives more exaggerated expression of both NF-{kappa}B and IFN-associated genes after cells are exposed to the viral mimic Gardiquimod. Status-driven gene expression patterns are not only linked to social status at the time of sampling, but also to social history (i.e., past social status), especially in unstimulated cells. However, for a subset of genes, we observed interaction effects in which females who fell in rank were more strongly affected by current social status than those who climbed the social hierarchy. Together, our results indicate that the effects of social status on immune cell gene expression depend on pathogen exposure, pathogen type, and social history - in support of social experience-mediated biological embedding in adulthood, even in the conventionally memory-less innate immune system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurizio, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voyles, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/552356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social history and exposure to pathogen signals modulate social status effects on gene regulation in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/554154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of bacterial surface attachment by a network of sensory transduction proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/554154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria are often attached to surfaces in natural ecosystems. A surface-associated lifestyle can have advantages, but shifts in the physiochemical state of the environment may result in conditions in which attachment has a negative fitness impact. Therefore, bacterial cells employ numerous mechanisms to control the transition from an unattached to a sessile state. The Caulobacter crescentus protein HfiA is a potent developmental inhibitor of the secreted polysaccharide adhesin known as the holdfast, which enables permanent attachment to surfaces. Multiple environmental cues influence expression of hfiA, but mechanisms of hfiA regulation remain largely undefined. Through a forward genetic selection, we have discovered a multi-gene network encoding a suite of two-component system (TCS) proteins and transcription factors that coordinately control hfiA transcription and surface adhesion. The hybrid HWE-family histidine kinase, SkaH, is central among these regulators and forms heteromeric complexes with the kinases, LovK and SpdS. The response regulator SpdR indirectly inhibits hfiA expression by activating two XRE-family transcription factors that directly bind the hfiA promoter to repress its transcription. This study provides evidence for a model in which a consortium of environmental sensors and transcriptional regulators integrate environmental cues at the hfiA promoter to control the attachment decision.

Author summaryLiving on a surface within a community of cells confers a number of advantages to a bacterium. However, the transition from a free-living state to a surface-attached lifestyle should be tightly regulated to ensure that cells avoid adhering to toxic or resource-limited niches. Many bacteria build adhesive structures at their surfaces that enable attachment. We sought to discover genes that control development of the Caulobacter crescentus surface adhesin known as the holdfast. Our studies uncovered a network of signal transduction proteins that coordinately control the biosynthesis of the holdfast by regulating transcription of the holdfast inhibitor, hfiA. We conclude that C. crescentus uses a multi-component regulatory system to sense and integrate environmental information to determine whether to attach to a surface, or to remain in an unattached state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyes Ruiz, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/554154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of bacterial surface attachment by a network of sensory transduction proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/554584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Varying crosslinking motifs drive the mesoscale mechanics of actin-microtubule composites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/554584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cytoskeleton dynamically tunes its mechanical properties by altering the interactions between semiflexible actin filaments, rigid microtubules, and crosslinking proteins. Here, we use optical tweezers microrheology and confocal microscopy to characterize how varying crosslinking motifs impact the microscopic and mesoscale mechanics and mobility of actin-microtubule composites. We show that, upon subtle changes in the crosslinking pattern, composites separate into two distinct classes of force response - primarily elastic versus more viscous behavior. For example, a composite in which actin and microtubules are crosslinked to each other is markedly more elastic than one in which both filaments are crosslinked but cannot link together. Notably, this distinction only emerges at mesoscopic scales in response to nonlinear forcing, whereas varying crosslinking motifs have little impact on the microscale mechanics and steady-state mobility of composites. Our unexpected scale-dependent results not only inform the physics underlying key cytoskeleton processes and structures, but, more generally, provide valuable perspective to materials engineering endeavors focused on polymer composites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ricketts, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhadi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rust, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson-Anderson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/554584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Varying crosslinking motifs drive the mesoscale mechanics of actin-microtubule composites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effects of Mutations are Modified by Genetic Background in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/555383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe majority of quantitative genetic models used to map complex traits assume that alleles have similar effects across all individuals. Significant evidence suggests, however, that epistatic interactions modulate the impact of many alleles. Nevertheless, identifying epistatic interactions remains computationally and statistically challenging. In this work, we address some of these challenges by developing a statistical test for polygenic epistasis that determines whether the effect of an allele is altered by the global genetic ancestry proportion from distinct progenitors.

ResultsWe applied our method to data from mice and yeast. For the mice, we observed 49 significant genotype-by-ancestry interaction associations across 14 phenotypes as well as over 1,400 Bonferroni-corrected genotype-by-ancestry interaction associations for mouse gene expression data. For the yeast, we observed 92 significant genotype-by-ancestry interactions across 38 phenotypes. Given this evidence of epistasis, we test for and observe evidence of rapid selection pressure on ancestry specific polymorphisms within one of the cohorts, consistent with epistatic selection.

ConclusionsUnlike our prior work in human populations, we observe widespread evidence of ancestry-modified SNP effects, perhaps reflecting the greater divergence present in crosses using mice and yeast.

Author SummaryMany statistical tests which link genetic markers in the genome to differences in traits rely on the assumption that the same polymorphism will have identical effects in different individuals. However, there is substantial evidence indicating that this is not the case. Epistasis is the phenomenon in which multiple polymorphisms interact with one another to amplify or negate each others effects on a trait. We hypothesized that individual SNP effects could be changed in a polygenic manner, such that the proportion of as genetic ancestry, rather than specific markers, might be used to capture epistatic interactions. Motivated by this possibility, we develop a new statistical test that allowed us to examine the genome to identify polymorphisms which have different effects depending on the ancestral makeup of each individual. We use our test in two different populations of inbred mice and a yeast panel and demonstrate that these sorts of variable effect polymorphisms exist in 14 different physical traits in mice and 38 phenotypes in yeast as well as in murine gene expression. We use the term "polygenic epistasis" to distinguish these interactions from the more conventional two- or multi-locus interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rau, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lusis, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/555383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effects of Mutations are Modified by Genetic Background in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How prolonged expression of Hunchback, a temporal transcription factor, re-wires locomotor circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractIn many CNS regions, neuronal birth timing is associated with circuit membership. In Drosophila larvae, we show U motor neurons are a temporal cohort--a set of non-identical, contiguously-born neurons from a single neuronal stem cell that contribute to the same circuit. We prolong expression of a temporal transcription factor, Hunchback, to increase the number of U motor neurons with early-born molecular identities. On the circuit level, this expands and re-wires the U motor neuron temporal cohort. On the cell biological level, we find novel roles for Hunchback in motor neuron target selection, neuromuscular synapse formation, dendrite morphogenesis, and behavior. These data provide insight into the relationship between stem cell and circuit, show that Hunchback is a potent regulator of circuit assembly, and suggest that temporal transcription factors are molecules that could be altered during evolution or biomedical intervention for the generation of novel circuits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heckscher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobb-Rabe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/556209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How prolonged expression of Hunchback, a temporal transcription factor, re-wires locomotor circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feeding kinematics and morphology of the alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula, Lacepede, 1803) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern (lepisosteid) gars are a small clade of seven species and two genera that occupy an important position on the actinopterygian phylogenetic tree as members of the Holostei (Amia + gars), sister-group of the teleost radiation. Often referred to as "living fossils," these taxa preserve many plesiomorphic characteristics used to interpret and reconstruct early osteichthyan feeding conditions. Less attention, however, has been paid to the functional implications of gar-specific morphology, thought to be related to an exclusively ram-based, lateral-snapping mode of prey capture. Previous studies of feeding kinematics in gars have focused solely on members of the narrow-snouted Lepisosteus genus, and here we expand that dataset to include a member of the broad-snouted sister-genus and largest species of gar, the alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula, Lacepede, 1803). High-speed videography reveals that the feeding system of alligator gars is capable of rapid expansion from anterior-to-posterior, precisely timed in a way that appears to counteract the effects of a bow-wave during ram-feeding and generate a unidirectional flow of water through the feeding system. Reconstructed cranial anatomy based on contrast-enhanced micro-CT data show that a lateral-sliding palatoquadrate, flexible intrasuspensorial joint, pivoting interhyal, and retractable pectoral girdle are all responsible for increasing the range of motion and expansive capabilities of the gar cranial linkage system. Muscular reconstructions and manipulation experiments show that, while the sternohyoideus is the primary input to the feeding system (similar to other "basal" actinopterygians), additional input from the hyoid constrictors and hypaxials play an important role in decoupling and modulating between the dual roles of the sternohyoideus: hyoid retraction (jaw opening) and hyoid rotation (pharyngeal expansion) respectively. The data presented here demonstrate an intricate feeding mechanism, capable of precise control with plesiomorphic muscles, that represents one of the many ways the ancestral osteichthyan feeding mechanism has been modified for prey capture.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSAlligator gars use a surprisingly expansive cranial linkage system for prey capture that relies on specialized joints for increased mobility and is capable of precise modulation from anterior to posterior using plesiomorphic osteichthyan musculature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lemberg, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubin, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westneat, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/561993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feeding kinematics and morphology of the alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula, Lacepede, 1803)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signatures of divergent antimalarial treatment responses in peripheral blood from infants and adults in Malawi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHeterogeneity in the immune response to parasite infection is mediated in part by differences in host genetics, sex, and age group. In neonates and infants, ongoing immunological maturation often results in increased susceptibility to infection and variable responses to drug treatment, increasing the risk of complications. Even though significant age-specific effects on host cytokine responses to Plasmodium falciparum infection have been identified, age effects on uncomplicated malaria infection and antimalarial treatment remain poorly understood.

MethodsIn samples of whole blood from a cohort of naturally infected malaria-positive individuals in Malawi (n=63 total; 34 infants <2 years old, 29 adults >18 years old), we assessed blood cytokine levels and characterized monocyte and dendritic cell frequencies at two timepoints: acute infection, and four weeks post antimalarial treatment. We modeled the effects of age group, sex, and timepoint, and evaluated the role of these factors on infection and treatment outcomes.

ResultsRegardless of treatment timepoint, in our population age was significantly associated with overall blood hemoglobin, which was higher in adults, and plasma nitric oxide, IL-10, and TNF- levels, which were higher in infants. We found a significant effect of age on the hemoglobin treatment response, whereby after treatment, levels increased in infants and decreased in adults. Furthermore, we observed significant age-specific effects on treatment response for overall parasite load, IFN-{gamma} and IL-12(p40), and these effects were sex-dependent. We uncovered significant age effects on the overall levels and treatment response of myeloid dendritic cell frequencies. In addition, within each age group, we found continuous age effects on gametocyte levels (Pfs16), TNF-, and nitric oxide.

ConclusionsIn a clinical study of infants and adults experiencing natural malaria infection and receiving antimalarial treatment, we identified age-specific signatures of infection and treatment responses in peripheral blood. We describe host markers that may indicate, and potentially mediate, differential post-treatment outcomes for malaria in infants versus adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maurizio, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuseini, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tegha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseinipour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Paris, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/564757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signatures of divergent antimalarial treatment responses in peripheral blood from infants and adults in Malawi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supercharged Assembly: A Broad-Spectrum Mechanism of Action for Drugs that Undermine Controlled HIV-1 Viral Capsid Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/565515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The early and late stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication are orchestrated by the capsid (CA) protein, which self-assembles into a conical protein shell during viral maturation. Small molecule drugs known as capsid inhibitors (CIs) impede the highly-regulated activity of CA. Intriguingly, a few CIs, such as PF-3450074 (PF74) and GS-CA1, exhibit effects at multiple stages of the viral lifecycle at effective concentrations in the pM to nM regimes, while the majority of CIs target a single stage of the viral lifecycle and are effective at nM to {micro}M concentrations. In this work, we use coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that enable CIs to have such curious broad-spectrum activity. Our quantitatively analyzed findings show that CIs can have a profound impact on the hierarchical self-assembly of CA by perturbing the population of small CA oligomers. The self-assembly process is accelerated by the emergence of alternative assembly pathways that favor the rapid incorporation of CA pentamers, and leads to increased structural pleomorphism of mature capsids. Two relevant phenotypes are observed: (1) eccentric capsid formation that may fail to encase the viral genome and (2) rapid disassembly of the capsid, which express at late and early stages of infection, respectively. Finally, our study emphasizes the importance of adopting a dynamical perspective on inhibitory mechanisms and provides a basis for the design of future therapeutics that are effective at low stoichiometric ratios of drug to protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grime, J. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/565515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supercharged Assembly: A Broad-Spectrum Mechanism of Action for Drugs that Undermine Controlled HIV-1 Viral Capsid Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HSV-1 single cell analysis reveals anti-viral and developmental programs activation in distinct sub-populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral infection is usually studied at the population level by averaging over millions of cells. However, infection at the single-cell level is highly heterogeneous. Here, we combine live-cell imaging and single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize viral and host transcriptional heterogeneity during HSV-1 infection of primary human cells. We find extreme variability in the level of viral gene expression among individually infected cells and show that they cluster into transcriptionally distinct sub-populations. We find that anti-viral signaling is initiated in a rare group of abortively infected cells, while highly infected cells undergo cellular reprogramming to an embryonic-like transcriptional state. This reprogramming involves the recruitment of beta-catenin to the host nucleus and viral replication compartments and is required for late viral gene expression and progeny production. These findings uncover the transcriptional differences in cells with variable infection outcomes and shed new light on the manipulation of host pathways by HSV-1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drayman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vistain, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/566489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HSV-1 single cell analysis reveals anti-viral and developmental programs activation in distinct sub-populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Postural representations of the hand in primate sensorimotor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dexterous hand control requires not only a sophisticated motor system but also a sensory system to provide tactile and proprioceptive feedback. To date, the study of the neural basis of proprioception in cortex has focused primarily on reaching movements, at the expense of hand-specific behaviors such as grasp. To fill this gap, we record both the time-varying hand kinematics and the neural activity evoked in somatosensory and motor cortices as monkeys grasp a variety of different objects. We find that neurons in somatosensory cortex, as well as in motor cortex, preferentially track postures of multi-joint combinations spanning the entire hand. This contrasts with neural responses during reaching movements, which preferentially track movement kinematics of the arm rather than its postural configuration. These results suggest different representations of arm and hand movements likely adapted to suit the different functional roles of these two effectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goodman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabot, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajan, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopoulos, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/566539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Postural representations of the hand in primate sensorimotor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex polymorphic genetic architecture underlies trans-regulatory variation among strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/566653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heritable variation in gene expression is common within species. Much of this variation is due to genetic changes at loci other than the affected gene and is thus trans-acting. This trans-regulatory variation is often polygenic, with individual variants typically having small effects, making the genetic architecture of trans-regulatory variation challenging to study. Consequently, key questions about trans-regulatory variation remain, including how selection affects this variation and how trans-regulatory variants are distributed throughout the genome and within species. Here, we show that trans-regulatory variation affecting TDH3 promoter activity is common among strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Comparing this variation to neutral models of trans-regulatory evolution based on empirical measures of mutational effects revealed that stabilizing selection has constrained this variation. Using a powerful quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping method, we identified [~]100 loci altering expression between a reference strain and each of three genetically distinct strains. In all three cases, the non-reference strain alleles increased and decreased TDH3 promoter activity with similar frequencies, suggesting that stabilizing selection maintained many trans-acting variants with opposing effects. Loci altering expression were located throughout the genome, with many loci being strain specific and others being shared among multiple strains. These findings are consistent with theory showing stabilizing selection for quantitative traits can maintain many alleles with opposing effects, and the wide-spread distribution of QTL throughout the genome is consistent with the omnigenic model of complex trait variation. Furthermore, the prevalence of alleles with opposing effects might provide raw material for compensatory evolution and developmental systems drift.nnSignificance statementGene expression varies among individuals in a population due to genetic differences in regulatory components. To determine how this variation is distributed within genomes and species, we used a powerful genetic mapping approach to examine multiple strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Despite evidence of stabilizing selection maintaining gene expression levels among strains, we find hundreds of loci that affect expression of a single gene. These loci vary among strains and include similar frequencies of alleles that increase and decrease expression. As a result, each strain contains a unique set of compensatory alleles that lead to similar levels of gene expression among strains. This regulatory variation might form the basis for large scale regulatory rewiring observed between distantly related species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Metzger, B. P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittkopp, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/566653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex polymorphic genetic architecture underlies trans-regulatory variation among strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/569855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-seq reveals spatially restricted multicellular fibrotic niches during lung fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/569855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ontologically distinct populations of macrophages differentially contribute to organ fibrosis through unknown mechanisms. We applied lineage tracing, spatial methods and single-cell RNA-seq to a spatially-restricted model of asbestos-induced pulmonary fibrosis. We demonstrate that while tissue-resident interstitial macrophages, tissue-resident alveolar macrophages, and monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages are present in the fibrotic niche, only monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages are causally related to fibrosis. Monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages were specifically localized to fibrotic regions in the proximity of fibroblasts where they expressed molecules known to drive fibroblast proliferation, including PDGFA. Moreover, we identified autocrine M-CSF/M-CSFR signaling in monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages as a novel mechanism promoting their self-maintenance and persistence in the fibrotic niche. Pharmacological blockade of M-CSF signaling led to disappearance of the established population of monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages. Thus, our data indicate that monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages are specifically recruited to the fibrotic niche where they are maintained by autocrine signaling and drive fibrosis by stimulating fibroblast proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablonski, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheresh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyfman, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuattie-Pimentel, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sichizya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flozak, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottardi, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuda, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamp, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budinger, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misharin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/569855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell RNA-seq reveals spatially restricted multicellular fibrotic niches during lung fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/570218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fractionation of impulsive and compulsive trans-diagnostic phenotypes and their longitudinal associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/570218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveYoung adulthood is a crucial neurodevelopmental period during which impulsive and compulsive problem behaviours commonly emerge. While traditionally considered diametrically opposed, impulsive and compulsive symptoms tend to co-occur. The objectives of this study were: (i) to identify the optimal trans-diagnostic structural framework for measuring impulsive and compulsive problem behaviours; and (ii) to use this optimal framework to identify common/distinct antecedents of these latent phenotypes.nnMethods654 young adults were recruited as part of the Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network (NSPN), a population-based cohort in the United Kingdom. The optimal trans-diagnostic structural model capturing 33 types of impulsive and compulsive problem behaviours was identified. Baseline predictors of subsequent impulsive and compulsive trans-diagnostic phenotypes were characterised, along with cross-sectional associations, using Partial Least Squares (PLS).nnResultsCurrent problem behaviours were optimally explained by a bi-factor model, which yielded dissociable measures of impulsivity and compulsivity, as well as a general disinhibition factor. Impulsive problem behaviours were significantly explained by prior antisocial and impulsive personality traits, male gender, general distress, perceived dysfunctional parenting, and teasing/arguments within friendships. Compulsive problem behaviours were significantly explained by prior compulsive traits, and female gender.nnConclusionsThis study demonstrates that trans-diagnostic phenotypes of 33 impulsive and compulsive problem behaviours are identifiable in young adults, utilizing a bi-factor model based on responses to a single questionnaire. Furthermore, these phenotypes have different antecedents. The findings yield a new framework for fractionating impulsivity and compulsivity; and suggest different early intervention targets to avert emergence of problem behaviours. This framework may be useful for future biological and clinical dissection of impulsivity and compulsivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiego, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontenelle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segrave, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodyer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullmore, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yucel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/570218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fractionation of impulsive and compulsive trans-diagnostic phenotypes and their longitudinal associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary patterns of the chimerical retrogenes in Oryza 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimerical retroposition delineate a process by which RNA reverse transcribed integration into genome accompanied with recruiting flanking sequence, which is asserted to play essential roles and drive genome evolution. Although chimerical retrogenes hold high origination rate in plant genome, the evolutionary pattern of retrogenes and their parental genes are not well understood in rice genome. In this study, using maximum likelihood method, we evaluated the substitution ratio along lineages of 24 retrogenes and parental gene pairs to retrospect the evolutionary patterns. The results indicate that some specific lineages in 7 pairs underwent positive selection. Besides the rapid evolution in the initial stage of new chimerical retrogene evolution, an unexpected pattern was revealed: soon or some uncertain period after the origination of new chimerical retrogenes, their parental genes evolved rapidly under positive selection, rather than the rapid evolution of the new chimerical retrogenes themselves. This result lend support to the hypothesis that the new copy assistant the function evolution among parental gene and retrogene. Transcriptionally, we also found that one retrogene (RCG3) have a high expression at the period of calli infection which supported by chip data while its parental gene doesnt have. Finally, by calibration to Ka/Ks analysis results in other species including Apis mellifera, we concluded that chimerical retrogenes are higher proportionally positive selected than the regular genes in the rice genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/573501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary patterns of the chimerical retrogenes in Oryza]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cultured pluripotent planarian stem cells retain potency and express proteins from exogenously introduced mRNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Planarians possess naturally occurring pluripotent adult somatic stem cells (neoblasts) required for homeostasis and whole-body regeneration. However, no reliable neoblast culture methods are currently available, hindering mechanistic studies of pluripotency and the development of transgenic tools. We report the first robust methods for neoblast culture and delivery of exogenous mRNAs. We identify optimal culture media for maintaining neoblasts in vitro, and show via transplantation that cultured stem cells retain pluripotency for two days. We developed a new procedure that significantly improves neoblast yield and purity by modifying standard flow cytometry methods. These methods enable the introduction and expression of exogenous mRNAs in neoblasts, overcoming a key hurdle impeding the application of transgenics in planarians. The advances in cell culture reported here create new opportunities for mechanistic studies of planarian adult stem cell pluripotency, and provide a systematic framework to develop cell culture techniques in other emerging research organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Alvarado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinney, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/573725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cultured pluripotent planarian stem cells retain potency and express proteins from exogenously introduced mRNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/575555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-base mapping of m6A by an antibody-independent method 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/575555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most abundant mRNA modifications in eukaryotes, involved in various pivotal processes of RNA metabolism. The most popular high-throughput m6A identification method depends on the anti-m6A antibody but suffers from poor reproducibility and limited resolution. Exact location information is of great value for understanding the dynamics, machinery and functions of m6A. Here we developed a precise and high-throughput antibody-independent m6A identification method based on the m6A-sensitive RNA endoribonuclease (m6A-sensitive RNA-Endoribonuclease-Facilitated sequencing or m6A-REF-seq). Whole-transcriptomic, single-base m6A maps generated by m6A-REF-seq quantitatively displayed an explicit distribution pattern with enrichment on stop codons. Independent methods were used to validate the methylation status and abundance of individual m6A sites, confirming the high reliability and accuracy of m6A-REF-seq. We applied this method on five tissues from human, mouse and rat, showing that m6A sites were conserved with single nucleotide specificity and tend to cluster among species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roundtree, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, G.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/575555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-base mapping of m6A by an antibody-independent method]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonlinear mixed selectivity supports reliable neural computation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal activity in the brain is variable, yet both perception and behavior are generally reliable. How does the brain achieve this? Here, we show that the conjunctive coding of multiple stimulus features, commonly known as nonlinear mixed selectivity, may be used by the brain to support reliable information transmission using unreliable neurons. Nonlinear mixed selectivity (NMS) has been observed widely across the brain, from primary sensory to decision-making to motor areas. Representations of stimulus features are nearly always mixed together, rather than represented separately or with only additive (linear) mixing, as in pure selectivity. NMS has been previously shown to support flexible linear decoding for complex behavioral tasks. Here, we show that NMS has another important benefit: it requires as little as half the metabolic energy required by pure selectivity to achieve the same level of transmission reliability. This benefit holds for sensory, motor, and more abstract, cognitive representations. Further, we show experimental evidence that NMS exists in the brain even when it does not enable behaviorally useful linear decoding. This suggests that NMS may be a general coding scheme exploited by the brain for reliable and efficient neural computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/577288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonlinear mixed selectivity supports reliable neural computation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying and understanding well-to-well contamination in microbiome research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial sequences inferred as belonging to one sample may not have originated from that sample. Such contamination may arise from laboratory or reagent sources or from physical exchange between samples. This study seeks to rigorously assess the behavior of this often-neglected between-sample contamination. Using unique bacteria each assigned a particular well in a plate, we assess the frequency at which sequences from each source appears in other wells. We evaluate the effects of different DNA extraction methods performed in two labs using a consistent plate layout including blanks, low biomass, and high biomass samples. Well-to-well contamination occurred primarily during DNA extraction, and to a lesser extent in library preparation, while barcode leakage was negligible. Labs differed in the levels of contamination. DNA extraction methods differed in their occurrences and levels of well-to-well contamination, with robotic methods having more well-to-well contamination while manual methods having higher background contaminants. Well-to-well contamination was observed to occur primarily in neighboring samples, with rare events up to 10 wells apart. The effect of well-to-well was greatest in samples with lower biomass, and negatively impacted metrics of alpha and beta diversity. Our work emphasizes that sample contamination is a combination of crosstalk from nearby wells and background contaminants. To reduce well-to-well effects, samples should be randomized across plates, and samples of similar biomass processed together. Researchers should evaluate well-to-well contamination in study design and avoid removal of taxa or OTUs appearing in negative controls, as many will be microbes from other samples rather than reagent contaminants.nnImportanceMicrobiome research has uncovered magnificent biological and chemical stories across nearly all areas of life science, at times creating controversy when findings reveal fantastic descriptions of microbes living and even thriving in once thought to be sterile environments. Scientists have refuted many of these claims because of contamination, which has led to robust requirements including use of controls for validating accurate portrayals of microbial communities. In this study, we describe a previously undocumented form of contamination, well-to-well contamination and show that contamination primarily occurs during DNA extraction rather than PCR, is highest in plate-based methods as compared to single tube extraction, and occurs in higher frequency in low biomass samples. This finding has profound importance on the field as many current techniques to  decontaminate a dataset simply relies on an assumption that microbial reads found in blanks are contaminants from  outside namely the reagents or consumables.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Minich, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/577718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying and understanding well-to-well contamination in microbiome research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/579581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primo: integration of multiple GWAS and omics QTL summary statistics for elucidation of molecular mechanisms of trait-associated SNPs and detection of pleiotropy in complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/579581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To provide a comprehensive mechanistic interpretation of how known trait-associated SNPs affect complex traits, we propose a method - Primo - for integrative analysis of GWAS summary statistics with multiple sets of omics QTL summary statistics from different cellular conditions or studies. Primo examines SNPs association patterns to complex and omics traits. In gene regions harboring known susceptibility loci, Primo performs conditional association analysis to account for linkage disequilibrium. Primo allows for unknown study heterogeneity and sample correlations. We show two applications using Primo to examine the molecular mechanisms of known susceptibility loci and to detect and interpret pleiotropic effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gleason, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/579581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primo: integration of multiple GWAS and omics QTL summary statistics for elucidation of molecular mechanisms of trait-associated SNPs and detection of pleiotropy in complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pyridox(am)ine 5’-phosphate oxidase deficiency induces seizures in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyridox(am)ine 5-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) is a rate-limiting enzyme in converting dietary vitamin B6 (VB6) to pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), the biologically active form of VB6, and involved in the synthesis of neuro-transmitters including GABA, dopamine, and serotonin. In humans, PNPO mutations have been increasingly identified in neonatal epileptic encephalopathy and more recently also in early-onset epilepsy. Till now, little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms underlying PNPO-deficiency-induced seizures due to the lack of animal models. Previously we identified a c.95 C > A missense mutation in sgll - the Drosophila homolog of human PNPO (hPNPO) and found mutant (sgll95) flies exhibiting a lethal phenotype on a diet devoid of VB6. Here we report the establishment of both sgll95 and ubiquitous sgll knockdown (KD) flies as valid animal models of PNPO-deficiency-induced epilepsy. Both sgll95 and sgll KD flies exhibit spontaneous seizures before they die. Electrophysiological recordings reveal that seizures caused by PNPO deficiency have characteristics similar to that in flies treated with GABA antagonist picrotoxin. Both seizures and lethality are associated with low PLP levels and can be rescued by ubiquitous expression of wild-type sgll or hPNPO, suggesting the functional conservation of the PNPO enzyme between humans and flies. Results from cell type-specific sgll KD further demonstrate that PNPO in the brain is necessary for seizure prevention and survival. Our establishment of the first animal model of PNPO deficiency will lead to better understanding of VB6 biology, the PNPO gene and its mutations discovered in patients, and can be a cost-effective system to test therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albersen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhoeven-Duif, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/580050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pyridox(am)ine 5’-phosphate oxidase deficiency induces seizures in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vps34/PIK3C3 deletion in thyroid impairs thyroid hormonogenesis and autophagic flux 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDThe production of thyroid hormones (T3, T4) depends on thyroid organization in follicles, lined by a monolayer of thyrocytes with strict apico-basal polarity. Polarization supports vectorial transport of thyroglobulin for storage into, and recapture from, the colloid. It also allows selective addressing of channels, transporters, pumps and enzymes to their appropriate basolateral (NIS and Na+/K+-ATPase) or apical membrane domain (pendrin, anoctamin, DUOX2, DUOXA2 and TPO). How these actors of T3/T4 synthesis reach their final destination remains poorly understood. Vps34/PIK3C3 is now recognized as a main component in the general control of vesicular trafficking and of cell homeostasis via autophagy. We recently reported that conditional Vps34 inactivation in kidney proximal tubular cells by Pax8-driven excision prevents normal addressing of apical membrane proteins and causes abortive macroautophagy.

METHODSVps34 was inactivated using a Pax8-driven Cre recombinase system. The impact of Vps34 inactivation in thyrocytes was analyzed by histological, immunolocalization and mRNA expression profiling. Thyroid hormone synthesis was assayed by 125I injection and by serum plasma analysis.

RESULTSVps34cKO mice were born at the expected Mendelian ratio and showed normal growth until postnatal day 14, then stopped growing and died at around 1 month of age. We therefore analyzed thyroid Vps34cKO before postnatal day 14. We found that loss of Vps34 in thyrocytes causes: (i) disorganization of thyroid parenchyma with abnormal thyrocyte and follicular shape and reduced PAS+ colloidal spaces; (ii) impaired 125I organification at comparable uptake and frequent occurrence of follicles with luminal thyroglobulin but non-detectable T4-bearing thyroglobulin; (iii) severe non-compensated hypothyroidism with extremely low T4 levels (<0.25 {+/-} 1.5 g/dL) and huge TSH plasma levels (19,300 {+/-} 10,500 mU/L); (iv) intense signal in thyrocytes for the lysosomal membrane marker, LAMP-1, as well as thyroglobulin and the autophagy marker, p62, indicating defective proteolysis.

CONCLUSIONSWe conclude that Vps34 is crucial for thyroid hormonogenesis, at least by controlling delivery of apical actors responsible for biogenesis of thyroid hormones on Tg as well as defective proteolytic T3/T4 excision in lysosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grieco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delcorte, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssens, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spourquet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strickaert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaide-Chevronnay, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilanges, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Refetoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanhaesebroeck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maenhaut, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtoy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierreux, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/580142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vps34/PIK3C3 deletion in thyroid impairs thyroid hormonogenesis and autophagic flux]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/581124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of Genetically Regulated Gene Expression identifies a trauma type specific PTSD gene, SNRNP35 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/581124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PTSD has significant genetic heritability; however, it is unclear how genetic risk influences tissue-specific gene expression. We used brain and non-brain transcriptomic imputation models to impute genetically regulated gene expression (GReX) in 9,087 PTSD-cases and 23,811 controls and identified thirteen significant GReX-PTSD associations. The results suggest substantial genetic heterogeneity between civilian and military PTSD cohorts. The top study-wide significant PTSD-association was with predicted downregulation of the Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein U11/U12 Subunit 35 (SNRNP35) in the BA9 region of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in military cohorts. In peripheral leukocytes from 175 U.S. Marines, the observed PTSD differential gene expression correlated with the predicted blood GReX differences for these individuals, and deployment stress downregulated SNRNP35 expression, primarily in Marines with post-deployment PTSD. SNRNP35 is a subunit of the minor spliceosome complex and SNRNP35 knockdown in cells validated its functional importance in U12-intron splicing. Finally, mimicking acute activation of the endogenous stress axis in mice downregulated PFC Snrnp35 expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatzinakos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klengel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva Almeida, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girdhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klengel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloofman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PTSD Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Con,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geyer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glatt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maihofer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risbrough, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoller, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehuda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenen, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacanu, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nievergelt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/581124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of Genetically Regulated Gene Expression identifies a trauma type specific PTSD gene, SNRNP35]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population history from the Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia: An ancient DNA perspective 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent ancient DNA studies of western Eurasia have revealed a dynamic history of admixture, with evidence for major migrations during the Neolithic and Bronze Age. The population of the Mediterranean island of Sardinia has been notable in these studies - Neolithic individuals from mainland Europe cluster more closely with Sardinian individuals than with all other present-day Europeans. The current model to explain this result is that Sardinia received an initial influx of Neolithic ancestry and then remained relatively isolated from expansions in the later Neolithic and Bronze Age that took place in continental Europe. To test this model, we generated genome-wide capture data (approximately 1.2 million variants) for 43 ancient Sardinian individuals spanning the Neolithic through the Bronze Age, including individuals from Sardinias Nuragic culture, which is known for the construction of numerous large stone towers throughout the island. We analyze these new samples in the context of previously generated genome-wide ancient DNA data from 972 ancient individuals across western Eurasia and whole-genome sequence data from approximately 1,500 modern individuals from Sardinia. The ancient Sardinian individuals show a strong affinity to western Mediterranean Neolithic populations and we infer a high degree of genetic continuity on the island from the Neolithic (around fifth millennium BCE) through the Nuragic period (second millennium BCE). In particular, during the Bronze Age in Sardinia, we do not find significant levels of the "Steppe" ancestry that was spreading in many other parts of Europe at that time. We also characterize subsequent genetic influx between the Nuragic period and the present. We detect novel, modest signals of admixture between 1,000 BCE and present-day, from ancestry sources in the eastern and northern Mediterranean. Within Sardinia, we confirm that populations from the more geographically isolated mountainous provinces have experienced elevated levels of genetic drift and that northern and southwestern regions of the island received more gene flow from outside Sardinia. Overall, our genetic analysis sheds new light on the origin of Neolithic settlement on Sardinia, reinforces models of genetic continuity on the island, and provides enhanced power to detect post-Bronze-Age gene flow. Together, these findings offer a refined demographic model for future medical genetic studies in Sardinia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marcus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringbauer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skeates, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furtwängler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivieri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Asadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Der Sarkissian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radzeviciute, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradoli, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haak, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlessinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cucca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/583104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population history from the Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia: An ancient DNA perspective]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local climate and social inequality drive spatio-temporal variation in malaria risk across a complex urban landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCities are becoming increasingly important habitats for mosquito-borne infections. The pronounced heterogeneity of urban landscapes challenges our understanding of the spatio-temporal dynamics of these diseases, and of the influence of climate and socio-economic factors at different spatial scales. Here, we quantify this joint influence on malaria risk by taking advantage of an extensive dataset in both space and time for reported Plasmodium falciparum cases in the city of Surat, Northwest India.

MethodsWe analyzed 10 years of monthly falciparum cases resolved at three nested spatial resolutions (for 7 zones, 32 units and 478 workers units subdivisions, respectively). With a Bayesian hierarchical mixed model that incorporates effects of population density, poverty, humidity and temperature, we investigate the main drivers of spatio-temporal malaria risk at the intermediate scale of districts. The significance of covariates and the model fit is then examined at lower and higher resolutions.

FindingsThe spatial variation of urban malaria cases is strongly stationary in time, whereby locations exhibiting high and low yearly cases remain largely consistent across years. Local socio-economic variation can be summarized with two main principal components, representing poverty and population density respectively. The model that incorporates these two factors together with local temperature and global relative humidity, best explains monthly malaria patterns at the intermediate resolution. The effects of local temperature and population density remain significant at the finest spatial scale. We further identify the specific areas where such increased resolution improves model fit.

InterpretationMalaria risk patterns within the city are largely driven by fixed spatial structures, highlighting the key role of local climate conditions and social inequality. As a result, malaria elimination efforts in the Indian subcontinent can benefit from identifying, predicting and targeting disease hotspots within cities. Spatio-temporal statistical models for the mesoscale of administrative units can inform control efforts, and be complemented with bespoke plans in the identified areas where finer scale data could be of value.

Research in contextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSUrban areas have become the new dominant ecosystem around the globe. Developing countries comprise the most urbanized regions of the world, with 80% of their population living in cities and an expected increase to 90% by 2050. The large and heterogeneous environments of today challenge the understanding and control of infectious disease dynamics, including of those transmitted by vectors. Malaria in the Indian subcontinent has an important urban component given the existence of a truly urban mosquito vector Anopheles stephensi. A literature search in Mendeley of "urban malaria" and "India" returned 161 publications, in their majority on diagnostics or brief reports on the disease, and on cross-sectional rather than longitudinal studies addressing the spatio-temporal variation of disease risk for a whole city, the subject of our work. A relevant exception is a study for the city of Ahmedabad; this not address multiple seasons across different spatial scales, and climatic conditions are not considered jointly with socio-economic drivers in the modeling. A second Mendeley search on A. stephensi returned 11 publications into two distinct groups: early entomological studies for India and recent reports of the mosquito in the Horn of Africa. This geographical expansion makes the specter of urban malaria a future possibility for the African continent where the disease remains so far rural and peri-urban.

Added value of this studyThis paper relies on an extensive surveillance data set of Plasmodium falciparum cases for Surat (India) to investigate the variation and drivers of malaria risk in an heterogenous urban environment. A statistical model for the spatio-temporal variability of cases is developed, which includes both climatic and socio-economic drivers, with the latter summarized into two major axes of variation. Model fits are compared across three spatial resolutions, ranging from a few zones to a few hundred units. Seasonal hotspots are shown to be largely stationary in time, which allows identification of dominant drivers, including population density and local temperatures, whereas humidity acts globally modulating year-to-year burden. More granular statistical models and datasets like the one analyzed here are needed to capture the effects of socioeconomic and climatic drivers, and to predict current and future malaria incidence patterns within cities.

Implications of all the available evidenceThe analysis identifies relevant resolution which can vary across the city for targeted intervention, including vector control, that would focus on reducing and eliminating transmission hotspots. The modeling framework, incorporating predictors representing climate at local vs. aggregate levels, and major axes of socio-economic variation, should apply to other vector-borne diseases and other cities for which surveillance records are available. The importance of spatially-explicit and sustained surveillance data for informing these models cannot be overstated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos-Vega, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anselin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaishnav, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/583880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local climate and social inequality drive spatio-temporal variation in malaria risk across a complex urban landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/584409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual area V4 encodes history dependent attentional effort and single-trial perceptual detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/584409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how activity of visual neurons represents distinct components of attention and their dynamics that account for improved visual performance remains elusive because single-unit experiments have not isolated the intensive aspect of attention from attentional selectivity. We isolated attentional intensity and its single trial dynamics as determined by spatially non-selective attentional performance in an orientation discrimination task while recording from neurons in monkey visual area V4. We found that attentional intensity is a distinct cognitive signal that can be distinguished from spatial selectivity, reward expectations and motor actions. V4 spiking on single trials encodes a combination of sensory and cognitive signals on different time scales. Attentional intensity and the detection of behaviorally relevant sensory signals are well represented, but immediate reward expectation and behavioral choices are poorly represented in V4 spiking. These results provide a detailed representation of perceptual and cognitive signals in V4 that are crucial for attentional performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maunsell, J. H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/584409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual area V4 encodes history dependent attentional effort and single-trial perceptual detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/585901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Comparison of High-throughput Single-Cell and Single-Nucleus Transcriptomes during Cardiomyocyte Differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/585901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A comprehensive reference map of all cell types in the human body is necessary for improving our understanding of fundamental biological processes and in diagnosing and treating disease. High-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing techniques have emerged as powerful tools to identify and characterize cell types in complex and heterogeneous tissues. However, extracting intact cells from tissues and organs is often technically challenging or impossible, for example in heart or brain tissue. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing provides an alternative way to obtain transcriptome profiles of such tissues. To systematically assess the differences between high-throughput single-cell and single-nuclei RNA-seq approaches, we compared Drop-seq and DroNc-seq, two microfluidic-based 3 RNA capture technologies that profile total cellular and nuclear RNA, respectively, during a time course experiment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) differentiating into cardiomyocytes. Clustering of time-series transcriptomes from Drop-seq and DroNc-seq revealed six distinct cell types, five of which were found in both techniques. Furthermore, single-cell trajectories reconstructed from both techniques reproduced expected differentiation dynamics. We then applied DroNc-seq to postmortem heart tissue to test its performance on heterogeneous human tissue samples. We compared the detected cell types from primary tissue with iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes profiled with DroNc-seq. Our data confirm that DroNc-seq yields similar results to Drop-seq on matched samples and can be successfully used to generate reference maps for the human cell atlas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selewa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dohn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckart, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauchat, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elorbany, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/585901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Comparison of High-throughput Single-Cell and Single-Nucleus Transcriptomes during Cardiomyocyte Differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/586461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mechanisms of dynamin-actin interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/586461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell fusion is an indispensable process in the conception, development and physiology of multicellular organisms. Here we demonstrate a direct and noncanonical role for dynamin, best known as a fission GTPase in endocytosis, in cell-cell fusion. Our genetic and cell biological analyses show that dynamin colocalizes within the F-actin-enriched podosome-like structures at the fusogenic synapse, which is required for generating invasive membrane protrusions and myoblast fusion in vivo, in an endocytosis-independent manner. Biochemical, negative stain EM and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) analyses revealed that dynamin forms helices that directly bundles actin filaments by capturing multiple actin filaments at their outer rim via interactions with dynamins proline-rich domain. GTP hydrolysis by dynamin triggers disassembly of the dynamin helix, exposes the sides of the actin filaments, promotes dynamic Arp2/3-mediated branched actin polymerization, and generates a mechanically stiff actin network. Thus, dynamin functions as a unique actin-bundling protein that enhances mechanical force generation by the F-actin network in a GTPase-dependent manner. Our findings have universal implications for understanding dynamin-actin interactions in various cellular processes beyond cell-cell fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerassimov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimah, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luvsanjav, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkelman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mettlen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravaux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ditlev, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alto, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinshaw, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/586461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mechanisms of dynamin-actin interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/589952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariate Genome-wide Association Analyses Reveal the Genetic Basis of Seed Fatty Acid Composition in Oat (Avena sativa L.) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/589952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oat (Avena sativa L.) has a high concentration of oils, comprised primarily of healthful unsaturated oleic and linoleic fatty acids. To accelerate oat plant breeding efforts, we sought to identify loci associated with variation in fatty acid composition, defined as the types and quantities of fatty acids. We genotyped a panel of 500 oat cultivars with genotyping-by-sequencing and measured the concentrations of ten fatty acids in these oat cultivars grown in two environments. Measurements of individual fatty acids were highly correlated across samples, consistent with fatty acids participating in shared biosynthetic pathways. We leveraged these phenotypic correlations in two multivariate genome-wide association study (GWAS) approaches. In the first analysis, we fitted a multivariate linear mixed model for all ten fatty acids simultaneously while accounting for population structure and relatedness among cultivars. In the second, we performed a univariate association test for each principal component (PC) derived from a singular value decomposition of the phenotypic data matrix. To aid interpretation of results from the multivariate analyses, we also conducted univariate association tests for each trait. The multivariate mixed model approach yielded 148 genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at a 10% false-discovery rate, compared to 129 and 73 significant SNPs in the PC and univariate analyses, respectively. Thus, explicit modeling of the correlation structure between fatty acids in a multivariate framework enabled identification of loci associated with variation in seed fatty acid concentration that were not detected in the univariate analyses. Ultimately, a detailed characterization of the loci underlying fatty acid variation can be used to enhance the nutritional profile of oats through breeding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montilla-Bascon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekenga, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinker, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baseggio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorrells, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jannink, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeats, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/589952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariate Genome-wide Association Analyses Reveal the Genetic Basis of Seed Fatty Acid Composition in Oat (Avena sativa L.)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/590349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NatB modulates Rb mutant cell death and tumor growth by regulating EGFR/MAPK signaling through the N-end rule pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/590349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the prevalence of N-terminal acetylation (Nt-acetylation), little is known of its biological functions. In this study, we show that NatB regulates Rb mutant cell survival, EGFR/MAPK signaling activity, and EGFR signaling-dependent tumor growth. We identify Grb2/Drk, MAPK, and PP2AC as the key NatB targets of EGFR pathway. Surprisingly, NatB activity increases the levels of positive pathway components Grb2/Drk and MAPK while decreases the levels of negative pathway component PP2AC despite these proteins have the same first two amino acids that are recognized by NatB and N-end rule pathways. Mechanistically, we show that NatB regulates Grb2/Drk protein stability through its N-terminal sequences and that Grb2/Drk and MAPK are selectively degraded by the Arg/N-end rule E3 ubiquitin ligase Ubr4, which targets proteins with free N-terminus. In contrast, PP2AC is selectively degraded by the Ac/N-end rule pathway E3 ubiquitin ligase Cnot4 that targets proteins with acetylated N-terminus. These results reveal a novel mechanism by which NatB-mediated Nt-acetylation and N-end rule pathways modulate EGFR/MAPK signaling by inversely regulating the levels of positive and negative components. Since mutation or overexpression that deregulate the EGFR/Ras signaling pathway are common in human cancers and NatB subunits are significant unfavorable prognostic markers, this study can potentially lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.nnSignificance StatementNt-acetylation is often regarded as a constitutive, irreversible, and static modification that is not suited to serve regulatory functions. Our observation that Nt-acetylation by NatB coordinately regulate the levels of positive and negative components of the EGFR/MAPK pathway show that Nt-acetylation and N-end rule pathways can play important roles regulating important signaling pathways. As Acetyl-CoA level, which is influenced by cell metabolism, can be rate limiting for Nt-acetylation, our results also suggest a potentially new mechanism by which cellular metabolic status can regulate growth factor signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/590349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NatB modulates Rb mutant cell death and tumor growth by regulating EGFR/MAPK signaling through the N-end rule pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/591628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oriented basement membrane fibrils provide a memory for F-actin planar polarization via the Dystrophin-Dystroglycan complex during tissue elongation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/591628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How extracellular matrix participates to tissue morphogenesis is still an open question. In the Drosophila ovarian follicle, it has been proposed that after Fat2-dependent planar polarization of the follicle cell basal domain, oriented basement membrane (BM) fibrils and F-actin stress fibers constrain follicle growth, promoting its axial elongation. However, the relationship between BM fibrils and stress fibers and their respective impact on elongation are unclear. We found that Dystroglycan (Dg) and Dystrophin (Dys) are involved in BM fibril deposition. Moreover, they orient stress fibers, by acting locally and in parallel to Fat2. Nonetheless, Dg-Dys complex-mediated cell autonomous control of F-actin fibers orientation relies on the previous BM fibril deposition, indicating two distinct but interdependent functions. Thus, the Dg-Dys complex works as a critical organizer of the epithelial basal domain, regulating both F-actin and BM. Furthermore, BM fibrils act as a persistent cue for the orientation of stress fibers that are the main effector of elongation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cerqueira Campos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegot, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritsch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isabella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouchin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardot, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne-Badovinac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirouse, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/591628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oriented basement membrane fibrils provide a memory for F-actin planar polarization via the Dystrophin-Dystroglycan complex during tissue elongation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/593558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omics co-localization with genome-wide association studies reveals context-specific mechanisms of asthma risk variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/593558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified thousands of variants associated with asthma and other complex diseases. However, the functional effects of most of these variants are unknown. Moreover, GWASs do not provide context-specific information on cell types or environmental factors that affect specific disease risks and outcomes. To address these limitations, we used an upper airway (sinonasal) epithelial cell culture model to assess transcriptional and epigenetic responses to an asthma-promoting pathogen, rhinovirus (RV), and provide context-specific functional annotations to variants discovered in GWASs of asthma.

MethodsUsing genome-wide genetic, gene expression and DNA methylation data in vehicle- and RV-treated airway epithelial cells (AECs) from 104 individuals, we mapped cis expression and methylation quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTLs and cis-meQTLs, respectively) in each condition. A Bayesian test for co-localization between AEC molecular QTLs and adult onset and childhood onset GWAS variants was used to assign function to variants associated with asthma. Mendelian randomization was applied to demonstrate DNA methylation effects on gene expression at asthma colocalized loci.

ResultsCo-localization analyses of airway epithelial cell molecular QTLs with asthma GWAS variants revealed potential molecular disease mechanisms of asthma, including QTLs at the TSLP locus that were common to both exposure conditions and to both childhood and adult onset asthma, as well as QTLs at the 17q12-21 asthma locus that were specific to RV exposure and childhood onset asthma, consistent with clinical and epidemiological studies of these loci.

ConclusionThis study provides information on functional effects of asthma risk variants in airway epithelial cells and insight into a disease-relevant viral exposure that modulates genetic effects on transcriptional and epigenetic responses in cells and on risk for asthma in GWASs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soliai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanhope, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naughton, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klinger, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleimer, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolae, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/593558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omics co-localization with genome-wide association studies reveals context-specific mechanisms of asthma risk variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/595934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The human microbiota is associated with cardiometabolic risk across the epidemiologic transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/595934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oral and fecal microbial biomarkers have previously been associated with cardiometabolic (CM) risk, however, no comprehensive attempt has been made to explore this association in minority populations or across different geographic regions. We characterized gut- and oral-associated microbiota and CM risk in 655 participants of African-origin, aged 25-45, from Ghana, South Africa, Jamaica, and the United States (US). CM risk was classified using the CM risk cut-points for elevated waist circumference, elevated blood pressure and elevated fasted blood glucose, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and elevated triglycerides. Gut-associated bacterial alpha diversity negatively correlated with elevated blood pressure and elevated fasted blood glucose. Similarly, gut bacterial beta diversity was also significantly differentiated by waist circumference, blood pressure, triglyceridemia and HDL-cholesterolemia. Notably, differences in inter- and intra-personal gut microbial diversity were geographic-region specific. Participants meeting the cut-points for 3 out of the 5 CM risk factors were significantly more enriched with Lachnospiraceae, and were significantly depleted of Clostridiaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Prevotella. The predicted relative proportions of the genes involved in the pathways for lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and butyrate synthesis were also significantly differentiated by the CM risk phenotype, whereby genes involved in the butyrate synthesis via lysine, glutarate and 4-aminobutyrate/succinate pathways and LPS synthesis pathway were enriched in participants with greater CM risk. Furthermore, inter-individual oral microbiota diversity was also significantly associated with the CM risk factors, and oral-associated Streptococcus, Prevotella, and Veillonella were enriched in participants with 3 out of the 5 CM risk factors. We demonstrate that in a diverse cohort of African-origin adults, CM risk is significantly associated with reduced microbial diversity, and the enrichment of specific bacterial taxa and predicted functional traits in both gut and oral environments. As well as providing new insights into the associations between the gut and oral microbiota and CM risk, this study also highlights the potential for novel therapeutic discoveries which target the oral and gut microbiota in CM risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fei, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernabe, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baghdan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedu-Addo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plange-Rhule, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrester, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bovet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riesen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korte, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliethermes, S. A. K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>T. Layden, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugas, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/595934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The human microbiota is associated with cardiometabolic risk across the epidemiologic transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/595975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1a (HIF1a) in intermittent hypoxia-dependent changes in spatial memory and synaptic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/595975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intermittent hypoxia (IH), a key feature of sleep apnea, increases the oxygen regulated transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1a (HIF1a). Although recognized for its role in IH-dependent changes in cardio-respiratory physiology, it remains unclear how IH-dependent HIF1a signaling affects neurophysiology underlying learning and memory. This study examines how IH affects hippocampal associated learning and memory in wildtype mice and mice heterozygous for the HIF1a gene (HIF1a+/-). In wild-type mice, ten days of IH impaired performance in the Barnes maze increased hippocampal HIF1a and elevated protein carbonyls. These behavioral and biochemical effects of IH were accompanied by a decrease in the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (NMDAr) and an attenuation of long-term potentiation (LTP) in area CA1. In HIF1a+/-, IH did not impair Barnes maze performance, increase hippocampal HIF1a, or enhance protein carbonyl content. At the network level, IH neither led to a decrease in NMDAr nor impaired LTP. Concurrent antioxidant treatment during IH mitigated the IH-dependent effects on the Barnes maze performance and LTP in wildtype mice. Our findings indicate that IH-dependent HIF1a signaling leads to oxidative stress and reduces NMDAr to impair LTP in area CA1, which contributes to IH-dependent deficits in learning and memory associated with the hippocampus.nnSignificanceIntermittent Hypoxia is a hallmark of sleep apnea and decreases the threshold for cognitive deficit. We demonstrate that intermittent hypoxia-dependent HIF1a signaling contributes to impairments in hippocampal associated memory. This is co-incidental with HIF1a-mediated alternations in synaptic physiology and increased oxidative stress.nnKey pointsO_LIIntermittent hypoxia (IH) is a hallmark of sleep apnea and is known to cause learning and memory deficits.nC_LIO_LIHypoxia Inducible Factor 1a (HIF1a), is associated with IH-dependent changes in physiology.nC_LIO_LIIH exposure causes increased hippocampal HIF1a in wild type mice and is associated with elevated oxidative stress, impairments to spatial memory, and suppression of long term potentiation (LTP).nC_LIO_LIIH-dependent suppression of LTP is co-incidental with diminished NMDA receptor contribution to glutamatergic transmission.nC_LIO_LIFollowing IH, mice heterozygous for HIF1a (HIF1a+/-) do not show an increase in HIF1a and oxidative stress, or changes in either behavior or glutamatergic transmission.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arias-Cavieres, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khuu, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwakudu, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnard, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalgin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/595975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1a (HIF1a) in intermittent hypoxia-dependent changes in spatial memory and synaptic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting coexistence in experimental ecologicalcommunities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598326v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of experimental communities is fundamental to the development of ecology. Yet, for most ecological systems, the number of experiments required to build, model, or analyze the community vastly exceeds what is feasible using current methods. Here, we address this challenge by presenting a statistical approach that uses the results of a limited number of experiments to predict the outcomes (coexistence and species abundances) of all possible assemblages that can be formed from a given pool of species. Using three well-studied experimental systems--encompassing plants, protists, and algae with grazers--we show that this method predicts with high accuracy the results of unobserved experiments, while making no assumptions about the dynamics of the systems. These results suggest a fundamentally different study design for building and quantifying experimental systems, requiring a small number of experiments relative to traditional approaches. By providing a scalable method for navigating large systems, this work provides an efficient way to study highly diverse experimental communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maynard, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allesina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting coexistence in experimental ecologicalcommunities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term intrahost evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among cystic fibrosis patients with respiratory carriage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is the most commonly identified airway colonizer of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, and infections with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are associated with poor outcomes. Yet, little is known about the intrahost evolution of S. aureus among CF patients. We investigated convergent evolution and adaptation of MRSA among four CF patients with long-term respiratory carriage. For each patient, we performed whole-genome sequencing on an average of 21 isolates (range: 19-23) carried for a mean of 1,403 days (range: 903-1,679), including 25 pairs of isolates collected on the same day. We then assessed intrahost diversity, population structure, evolutionary history, and signatures of adaptation in the context of patient age, antibiotic treatment, and co-colonizing microbes. We conducted tests of gene-wide diversifying selection and identified instances of switched intergenic regions (IGRs), which may be associated with gene expression. Phylogenetic analysis delineated distinct multilocus sequence type ST5 (n=3) and ST72 (n=1) clonal populations in addition to sporadic, non-clonal isolates, and uncovered a putative transmission event. Variation in antibiotic resistance was observed within clonal populations, even among isolates collected on the same day. Coalescent analysis revealed rates of molecular evolution ranging from 2.21 to 8.64 nucleotide polymorphisms per genome per year. Estimated lineage ages were consistent with acquisition of colonization in early childhood and subsequent persistence of multiple sub-populations. Selection analysis focused on 1,622 core genes shared by all four clonal populations (n=79). Eleven genes were variable in three subjects - most notable, ATP-dependent protease clpX, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase odhA, fmtC, and transcription-repair coupling factor mfd. Only one gene, staphylococcal protein A (spa), was found to have evidence of gene-wide diversifying selection. We identified three instances of intrahost IGR switching events, two of which flanked genes related to quorum sensing. The ecology of microbes in the airways of CF patients is undeniably complex, posing challenges for management. We illustrate appreciable intrahost diversity as well as persistence of a dominant lineage. We also show that intrahost adaptation is a continual process, despite purifying selective pressure, and provide targets that should be investigated further for their function in CF adaptation.nnContribution to the FieldStaphylococcus aureus is the most commonly identified airway colonizer of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, and infections with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are associated with poor outcomes. Yet, little is known about the intrahost evolution of S. aureus among CF patients. We investigated convergent evolution and adaptation of MRSA among four CF patients with long-term respiratory carriage. We found that each patient possessed a single predominant strain in addition to transient non-clonal isolates. Considerable genomic diversity was observed among intrahost populations including variation in antibiotic resistance, even among isolates collected on the same day. This finding has implications for treatment. Estimated lineage ages were consistent with acquisition of colonization in early childhood and subsequent persistence of multiple sub-populations. The scarcity of non-synonymous substitutions suggests chronic S. aureus carriage in CF patients provides a sufficient opportunity for purifying selection to act. Eleven genes were found to be variable in three patients and present possible candidates for loci experiencing gene-wide diversifying selection. Overall, we show that intrahost adaptation is a continual process, despite purifying selective pressure, and provide targets that should be investigated further for their function in CF adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azarian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridgway, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/599431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term intrahost evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among cystic fibrosis patients with respiratory carriage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/602995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Composition of the holdfast polysaccharide from Caulobacter crescentus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/602995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Surface colonization is central to the lifestyles of many bacteria. Exploiting surface niches requires sophisticated systems for sensing and attaching to solid materials. Caulobacter crescentus synthesizes a polysaccharide-based adhesin known as the holdfast at one of its cell poles, which enables tight attachment to exogenous surfaces. The genes required for holdfast biosynthesis have been analyzed in detail, but an inability to isolate sufficient quantities of holdfast has limited efforts to characterize its composition and structure. In this report we describe a method to extract the holdfast from C. crescentus cultures and present a survey of its carbohydrate content. Glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and xylose were detected in our extracts. Our results suggest that the holdfast contains a 1,4-linked backbone of glucose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and xylose that is decorated with branches at the C-6 positions of glucose and mannose. By defining the monosaccharide components in the polysaccharide, our work establishes a framework for characterizing enzymes in the holdfast pathway and provides a broader understanding of how polysaccharide adhesins are built.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hershey, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porfirio, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaehrig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/602995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Composition of the holdfast polysaccharide from Caulobacter crescentus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/605485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RhoA mediates epithelial cell shape changes via mechanosensitive endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/605485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphogenetic movements require tight spatiotemporal control over cell-cell junction lengths. Contractile forces, acting at adherens junctions, alter cell-cell contact lengths in a cyclic fashion as a mechanical ratchet. Pulsatile RhoA activity is thought to drive ratcheting through acute periods of junction contraction followed by stabilization. Currently, we lack a mechanistic understanding of if and how RhoA activity governs junction length and subsequent cell shape within epithelia. In this study we use optogenetics to exogenously control RhoA activity in model Caco-2 epithelium. We find that at short timescales, RhoA activation drives reversible junction contraction. Sustained RhoA activity drives irreversible junction shortening but the amount of shortening saturates for a single pulse. To capture these data, we develop a vertex model modified to include strain-dependent junction length and tension remodeling. We find that, to account for experimental data, tension remodeling requires a strain-dependent threshold. Our model predicts that temporal structuring of RhoA activity allows for subsequent tension remodeling events to overcome the limited shortening within a single pulse and this is confirmed by our experimental data. We find that RhoA-mediated junction remodeling requires activities of formin and dynamin, indicating the closely inter-connected activities of contractility, E-cadherin clustering, and endocytosis. Junction length is therefore regulated by the coordinated action of RhoA-mediated contractility, membrane trafficking, and adhesion receptor remodeling. Altogether these data provide insights into the underlying molecular and biophysical mechanisms of RhoA-mediated regulation of epithelial cell shape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cavanaugh, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staddon, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/605485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RhoA mediates epithelial cell shape changes via mechanosensitive endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/612762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning for cancer type classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/612762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic information is becoming more readily available and is increasingly being used to predict patient cancer types as well as their subtypes. Most classification methods thus far utilize somatic mutations as independent features for classification and are limited by study power. To address these limitations, we propose DeepCues, a deep learning model that utilizes convolutional neural networks to derive features from DNA sequencing data for disease classification and relevant gene discovery. Using whole-exome sequencing, germline variants and somatic mutations, including insertions and deletions, are interactively amalgamated as features. In this study, we applied DeepCues to a dataset from TCGA to classify seven different types of major cancers and obtained an overall accuracy of 77.6%. We compared DeepCues to conventional methods and demonstrated a significant overall improvement (p=8.8E-25). Using DeepCues, we found that the top 20 genes associated with breast cancer have a 40% overlap with the top 20 breast cancer genes in the COSMIC database. These data support DeepCues as a novel method to improve the representational resolution of both germline variants and somatic mutations interactively and their power in predicting cancer types, as well the genes involved in each cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nugent, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clare, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/612762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning for cancer type classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/613505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic Genetic Aberrations in Benign Breast Disease and the Risk of Subsequent Breast Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/613505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is largely unknown how the risk of development of breast cancer is transduced by somatic genetic alterations. To address this lacuna of knowledge and acknowledging that benign breast disease (BBD) is an established risk factor for breast cancer, we established a case-control study: The Benign Breast & Cancer Risk (BBCAR) Study. Cases are women with BBD who developed subsequent invasive breast cancer (IBC) at least 3 years after the biopsy and controls are women with BBD who did not develop IBC (median follow-up 16.6 years). We selected 135 cases and individually matched controls (1:2) to cases based on age and type of benign disease: non-proliferative or proliferation without atypia. Whole exome sequencing was performed on DNA from the benign lesions and from subsets with available germline DNA or tumor DNA. Although the number of cases and controls with copy number variation data is limited, several amplifications and deletions are exclusive to the cases. In addition to two known mutational signatures, a novel signature was identified that is significantly (p=0.007) associated with triple negative breast cancer. The somatic mutation rate in benign lesions is similar to that of invasive breast cancer and does not differ between cases and controls. Two mutated genes are significantly associated with time to the diagnosis of breast cancer, and mutations shared between the benign biopsy tissue and the breast malignancy for the ten cases for which we had matched pairs were identified. BBD tissue is a rich source of clues to breast oncogenesis.nnOne Sentence SummaryGenetic aberrations in benign breast lesions distinguish breast cancer cases from controls and predict cancer risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shidfar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saldana, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clare, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/613505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic Genetic Aberrations in Benign Breast Disease and the Risk of Subsequent Breast Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biological Structure and Function Emerge from Scaling Unsupervised Learning to 250 Million Protein Sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/622803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the field of artificial intelligence, a combination of scale in data and model capacity enabled by un-supervised learning has led to major advances in representation learning and statistical generation. In the life sciences, the anticipated growth of sequencing promises unprecedented data on natural sequence diversity. Protein language modeling at the scale of evolution is a logical step toward predictive and generative artificial intelligence for biology. To this end we use unsupervised learning to train a deep contextual language model on 86 billion amino acids across 250 million protein sequences spanning evolutionary diversity. The resulting model contains information about biological properties in its representations. The representations are learned from sequence data alone. The learned representation space has a multi-scale organization reflecting structure from the level of biochemical properties of amino acids to remote homology of proteins. Information about secondary and tertiary structure is encoded in the representations and can be identified by linear projections. Representation learning produces features that generalize across a range of applications, enabling state-of-the-art supervised prediction of mutational effect and secondary structure, and improving state-of-the-art features for long-range contact prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rives, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zitnick, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fergus, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/622803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biological Structure and Function Emerge from Scaling Unsupervised Learning to 250 Million Protein Sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/628446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Does deliberation really need more effort than intuition? A test using event-related brain potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/628446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intuition and deliberation are two strategies for problem-solving and decision-making. It is commonly believed that deliberation requires more effort than intuition. However, to date, neural evidence approving or disapproving this point is scarce. To explore this issue, we asked participants to play two well-matched games requiring either deliberation or intuition. Using event-related brain potential (ERP) technique, we found: (1) Deliberation elicited more deflective ERP than intuition during -1000 ~ -500 ms before the response, which is consistent with the common belief. (2) More importantly, intuition evoked more deflective ERP than deliberation during 550 ~ 650 ms after the onset of the stimulus, which suggests that intuition may need more effort than deliberation at early stage, contradicting the common belief.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, D.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusbaum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/628446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Does deliberation really need more effort than intuition? A test using event-related brain potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tubewell use protects against rotavirus infection during the monsoons in an urban setting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rotavirus, a diarrheal pathogen spread via fecal-oral transmission, is typically characterized by a winter incidence peak in most countries. Unlike for cholera and other water-borne infections, the role of environmental and socioeconomic factors on the spatial variation of rotavirus seasonality remains unclear. Here, we analyze their association with rotavirus seasonality, specifically the odds of monsoon cases, across 46 locations from 2001 to 2012 in Dhaka. Drinking water from tubewells, compared to other sources, has a clear protective effect against cases during the monsoon, when flooding and water contamination are more likely. This finding supports a significant environmental component of transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmud, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yunus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faruque, A. S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/630855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tubewell use protects against rotavirus infection during the monsoons in an urban setting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with perinatal HIV using a novel machine learning algorithm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundA subset of children with perinatal HIV (pHIV) experience long-term neurocognitive symptoms despite treatment with antiretroviral therapy. However, predictors of neurocognitive outcomes remain elusive, particularly for children with pHIV residing in low-to-middle income countries. The present study utilized a novel data analytic approach to identify clinically-relevant predictors of neurocognitive development in children with pHIV.nnMethodsAnalyses were conducted on a large repository of longitudinal data from 285 children with pHIV in Thailand (n=170) and Cambodia (n=115). Participants were designated as neurocognitively resilient (i.e., positive slope; n=143) or at risk (i.e., negative slope; n=142) according to annual performances on the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration over an average of 5.4 years. Gradient-boosted multivariate regression (GBM) with 5-fold cross validation was utilized to identify the optimal combination of demographic, HIV disease, blood markers, and emotional health indices that predicted classification into the two neurocognitive subgroups. Model performance was assessed using Receiver Operator Curves and sensitivity/specificity.nnResultsThe analytic approach distinguished neurocognitive subgroups with high accuracy (93%; sensitivity and specificity each > 90%). Dynamic change indices and interactions between mental health and biological indices emerged as key predictors.nnConclusionMachine learning-based regression defined a unique explanatory model of neurocognitive outcomes among children with pHIV. The predictive algorithm included a combination of HIV, physical health, and mental health indices extracted from readily available clinical measures. Studies are needed to explore the clinical relevance of the data-driven explanatory model, including potential to inform targeted interventions aimed at modifiable risk factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sophonphan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auripibul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thongpibul, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosalaraksa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanjanavanit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngampiyaskul, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luesomboon, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wongsawat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vonthanak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chettra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suwanlerk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valcour, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preston, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananworanich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puthanakit, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/632273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with perinatal HIV using a novel machine learning algorithm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying genetic regulatory variation in human populations improves transcriptome analysis in rare disease patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome data holds substantial promise for better interpretation of rare genetic variants in basic research and clinical settings. Here, we introduce ANalysis of Expression VAriation (ANEVA) to quantify genetic variation in gene dosage from allelic expression (AE) data in a population. Application to GTEx data showed that this variance estimate is robust across datasets and is correlated with selective constraint in a gene. We next used ANEVA variance estimates in a Dosage Outlier Test (ANEVA-DOT) to identify genes in an individual that are affected by a rare regulatory variant with an unusually strong effect. Applying ANEVA-DOT to AE data form 70 Mendelian muscular disease patients showed high accuracy in detecting genes with pathogenic variants in previously resolved cases, and lead to one confirmed and several potential new diagnoses in cases previously unresolved. Using our reference estimates from GTEx data, ANEVA-DOT can be readily incorporated in rare disease diagnostic pipelines to better utilize RNA-seq data.nnOne Sentence SummaryNew statistical framework for modelling allelic expression characterizes genetic regulatory variation in populations and informs diagnosis in rare disease patients
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sousa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donkervoort, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohassel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnemann, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacArthur, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/632794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying genetic regulatory variation in human populations improves transcriptome analysis in rare disease patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A platform for semi-automated voluntary training of common marmosets for behavioral neuroscience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In most cases, behavioral neuroscience studies of the common marmoset employ adaptations of well-established methods used with macaque monkeys. However, in most cases these approaches do not readily generalize to marmosets indicating a need for alternatives. Here we present the development of one such alternate: a platform for semi-automated, voluntary in-home cage behavioral training that allows for the study of naturalistic behaviors. We describe the design and production of a modular behavioral training apparatus using CAD software and digital fabrication. We demonstrate that this apparatus permits voluntary behavioral training and data collection throughout the marmosets waking hours with little experimenter intervention. Further we demonstrate the use of this apparatus to reconstruct the kinematics of the marmosets upper limb movement during natural foraging behavior.nnNEW AND NOTEWORTHYThe study of marmosets in neuroscience has grown rapidly and this model organism presents challenges that are unique to this primate species. Here we address those challenges with an innovative platform for semi-automated and voluntary training of common marmosets. The platform allows marmosets to train throughout their waking hours with little to no experimenter intervention. We describe the use of this platform to capture the kinematics of the upper limb during natural foraging behavior and to expand the opportunities for behavioral training beyond the limits of traditional behavioral training sessions. The platform is flexible and can be easily extended to incorporate other motor tasks (e.g. visually cued reaching or manipulandum based tasks) using CAD models and digital fabrication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirschel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gidmark, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopouolos, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/635334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A platform for semi-automated voluntary training of common marmosets for behavioral neuroscience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurrent interactions can explain the variance in single trial responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.To develop a complete description of sensory encoding, it is necessary to account for trial-to-trial variability in cortical neurons. Using a generalized linear model with terms corresponding to the visual stimulus, mouse running speed, and experimentally measured neuronal correlations, we modeled short term dynamics of L2/3 murine visual cortical neurons to evaluate the relative importance of each factor to neuronal variability within single trials. We find single trial predictions improve most when conditioning on the experimentally measured local correlations in comparison to predictions based on the stimulus or running speed. Specifically, accurate predictions are driven by positively co-varying and synchronously active functional groups of neurons. Including functional groups in the model enhances decoding accuracy of sensory information compared to a model that assumes neuronal independence. Functional groups, in encoding and decoding frameworks, provide an operational definition of Hebbian assemblies in which local correlations largely explain neuronal responses on individual trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kotekal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/635359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurrent interactions can explain the variance in single trial responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian multivariate reanalysis of large genetic studies identifies many new associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have now been conducted for hundreds of phenotypes of relevance to human health. Many such GWAS involve multiple closely-related phenotypes collected on the same samples. However, the vast majority of these GWAS have been analyzed using simple univariate analyses, which consider one phenotype at a time. This is de-spite the fact that, at least in simulation experiments, multivariate analyses have been shown to be more powerful at detecting associations. Here, we conduct multivariate association analyses on 13 different publicly-available GWAS datasets that involve multiple closely-related phenotypes. These data include large studies of anthropometric traits (GIANT), plasma lipid traits (GlobalLipids), and red blood cell traits (HaemgenRBC). Our analyses identify many new associations (433 in total across the 13 studies), many of which replicate when follow-up samples are available. Overall, our results demonstrate that multivariate analyses can help make more effective use of data from both existing and future GWAS.nn1 Author SummaryGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) have become a common and powerful tool for identifying significant correlations between markers of genetic variation and physical traits of interest. Often these studies are conducted by comparing genetic variation against single traits one at a time ( univariate); however, it has previously been shown that it is possible to increase your power to detect significant associations by comparing genetic variation against multiple traits simultaneously ( multivariate). Despite this apparent increase in power though, researchers still rarely conduct multivariate GWAS, even when studies have multiple traits readily available. Here, we reanalyze 13 previously published GWAS using a multivariate method and find >400 additional associations. Our method makes use of univariate GWAS summary statistics and is available as a software package, thus making it accessible to other researchers interested in conducting the same analyses. We also show, using studies that have multiple releases, that our new associations have high rates of replication. Overall, we argue multivariate approaches in GWAS should no longer be overlooked and how, often, there is low-hanging fruit in the form of new associations by running these methods on data already collected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turchin, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/638882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian multivariate reanalysis of large genetic studies identifies many new associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/641647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of the Erythrobacter litoralis DSM 8509 general stress response by visible light 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/641647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors are a major class of environmentally-responsive transcriptional regulators. In Alphaproteobacteria the ECF sigma factor, {sigma}EcfG, activates general stress response (GSR) transcription and protects cells from multiple stressors. A phosphorylation-dependent protein partner switching mechanism, involving HWE/HisKA_2-family histidine kinases, underlies {sigma}EcfG activation. The identity of these sensor kinases and the signals that regulate them remain largely uncharacterized. We have developed the aerobic anoxygenic photoheterotrophic (AAP) bacterium, Erythrobacter litoralis DSM 8509, as a comparative genetic model to investigate GSR regulation. Using this system, we sought to define the contribution of visible light and a photosensory HWE kinase, LovK, to GSR transcription. We identified three HWE kinases that collectively regulate GSR: gsrK and lovK are activators, while gsrP is a repressor. GSR transcription is higher in the dark than light, and the opposing activities of gsrK and gsrP are sufficient to achieve light-dependent differential transcription. In the absence of gsrK and gsrP, lovK alone is sufficient to regulate GSR transcription in response to light. This regulation requires a photochemically active LOV domain in LovK. Our studies establish a role for visible light and HWE kinases in light-dependent regulation of GSR transcription in E. litoralis, an AAP species.nnGRAPHICAL ABSTRACTnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=174 SRC="FIGDIR/small/641647v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (19K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@65ed9borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d25e65org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@333ff9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ad2cf4_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG ABBREVIATED SUMMARYGeneral stress response (GSR) systems protect bacteria from a diverse range of physical and chemical stressors. We have developed Erythrobacter litoralis as a new genetic model to study GSR in Alphaproteobacteria and show that three HWE-family histidine kinases collectively regulate GSR transcription via {sigma}EcfG. Visible light is a GSR regulatory signal in E. litoralis, and LovK is a blue-light photosensor kinase that functions as a dark activated GSR regulator.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varesio, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alejandro Navarreto, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/641647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of the Erythrobacter litoralis DSM 8509 general stress response by visible light]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A terminal selector prevents a Hox transcriptional switch to safeguard motor neuron identity throughout life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nervous system function critically relies on continuous expression of neuron type-specific terminal identity features, such as neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels and neuropeptides. How individual neuron types select such features during development and maintain them throughout life is poorly understood. Here, we report an unconventional mechanism that enables cholinergic motor neurons (MNs) in the C. elegans ventral nerve cord to select and maintain their distinct terminal identity features. The conserved terminal selector UNC-3 (Collier/Ebf) UNC-3 is continuously required not only to promote cholinergic MN features, but also to prevent expression of "unwanted" terminal identity features normally reserved for other neuron types. Mechanistically, this dual function is achieved by the ability of UNC-3 to prevent a switch in the transcriptional targets of the Hox protein LIN-39 (Scr/Dfd/Hox4-5). The strategy of a terminal selector preventing a Hox transcriptional switch may constitute a general principle for safeguarding neuronal terminal identity features throughout life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aburas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolarzyk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. E. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/643320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A terminal selector prevents a Hox transcriptional switch to safeguard motor neuron identity throughout life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolutionary origins and diversity of the neuromuscular system of paired appendages in batoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Appendage patterning and evolution have been active areas of inquiry for the past two centuries. While most work has centered on the skeleton, particularly that of amniotes, the evolutionary origins and molecular underpinnings of the neuromuscular diversity of fish appendages have remained enigmatic. The fundamental pattern of segmentation in amniotes, for example, is that all muscle precursors and spinal nerves enter either the paired appendages or body wall at the same spinal level. The condition in finned vertebrates is not understood. To address this gap in knowledge, we investigated the development of muscles and nerves in unpaired and paired fins of skates and compared them to those of chain catsharks. During skate and shark embryogenesis, cell populations of muscle precursors and associated spinal nerves at the same axial level contribute to both appendages and body wall, perhaps representing an ancestral condition of gnathostome appendicular neuromuscular systems. Remarkably in skates, this neuromuscular bifurcation as well as colinear Hox expression extend posteriorly to pattern a broad paired fin domain. In addition, we identified migratory muscle precursors (MMPs), which are known to develop into paired appendage muscles with Pax3 and Lbx1 gene expression, in the dorsal fins of skates. Our results suggest that muscles of paired fins have evolved via redeployment of the genetic program of MMPs that were already involved in dorsal fin development. Appendicular neuromuscular systems most likely have emerged as side branches of body wall neuromusculature and have been modified to adapt to distinct aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikalauskaite, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barone, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senevirathne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adachi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/644062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolutionary origins and diversity of the neuromuscular system of paired appendages in batoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sympatric and allopatric differentiation delineate population structure in a free-living terrestrial bacterium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In free-living bacteria and archaea, the equivalent of the biological species concept does not exist, creating several barriers to the study of the processes contributing to microbial diversification. As such, microorganisms are often operationally defined using conserved marker genes (i.e., 16S rRNA gene) or whole-genome measurements (i.e., ANI) to interpret intra-specific processes. However, as in eukaryotes, investigations into microbial populations must consider the potential for interacting genotypes among individuals that are subjected to similar environmental selective pressures. Therefore, we isolated 26 strains within a single bacterial ecotype (equivalent to a eukaryotic species definition) from a common habitat (leaf litter) across a regional climate gradient and asked whether the genetic diversity in a free-living soil bacterium (Curtobacterium) was consistent with patterns of allopatric or sympatric differentiation. By examining patterns of gene flow, our results indicate that microbial populations are delineated by gene flow discontinuities and exhibit evidence for population-specific adaptation. We conclude that the genetic structure within this bacterium is due to both adaptation within localized microenvironments (isolation-by-environment) as well as dispersal limitation between geographic locations (isolation-by-distance).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chase, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arevalo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polz, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaoz, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martiny, J. B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/644468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sympatric and allopatric differentiation delineate population structure in a free-living terrestrial bacterium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human iPSC gene signatures and X chromosome dosage impact response to WNT inhibition and cardiac differentiation fate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/644633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-genetic variability in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines impacts their differentiation outcome, limiting their utility for genetic studies and clinical applications. Despite the importance of understanding how non-genetic molecular variability influences iPSC differentiation outcome, large-scale studies capable of addressing this question have not yet been conducted. Here, we performed 258 directed differentiations of 191 iPSC lines using established protocols to generate iPSC-derived cardiovascular progenitor cells (iPSC-CVPCs). We observed cellular heterogeneity across the iPSC-CVPC samples due to varying fractions of two cell types: cardiomyocytes (CMs) and epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs). Analyzing the transcriptomes of CM-fated and EPDC-fated iPSCs discovered that 91 signature genes and X chromosome dosage differences influence WNT inhibition response during differentiation and are associated with cardiac fate. Analysis of an independent set of 39 iPSCs differentiated to the cardiac lineage confirmed shared sex and transcriptional differences that impact cardiac fate outcome. The scale and systematic approach of our study enabled novel insights into how iPSC transcriptional and X chromosome gene dosage differences influence WNT signaling during differentiation and hence cardiac cell fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio-Chronowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, M. K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benaglio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young Greenwald, W. W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujita, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soncin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parast, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Antonio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/644633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human iPSC gene signatures and X chromosome dosage impact response to WNT inhibition and cardiac differentiation fate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/646042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of an invariant representation of texture in primate somatosensory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/646042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major function of sensory processing is to achieve neural representations of objects that are stable across changes in context and perspective. Small changes in exploratory behavior can lead to large changes in signals at the sensory periphery, thus resulting in ambiguous neural representations of objects. Overcoming this ambiguity is a hallmark of human object recognition across sensory modalities. Here, we investigate how the perception of tactile texture remains stable across exploratory movements of the hand, including changes in scanning speed, despite the concomitant changes in afferent responses. To this end, we scanned a wide range of everyday textures across the fingertips of Rhesus macaques at multiple speeds and recorded the responses evoked in tactile nerve fibers and somatosensory cortical neurons. We found that individual cortical neurons exhibit a wider range of speed-sensitivities than do nerve fibers. The resulting representations of speed and texture in cortex are more independent than are their counterparts in the nerve and account for speed-invariant perception of texture. We demonstrate that this separation of speed and texture information is a natural consequence of previously described cortical computations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lieber, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/646042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of an invariant representation of texture in primate somatosensory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/646950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin-enriched RNAs mark active and repressive cis-regulation: an analysis of nuclear RNA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/646950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) localize in the cell nucleus and influence gene expression through a variety of molecular mechanisms. RNA sequencing of two biochemical fractions of nuclei reveals a unique class of lncRNAs, termed chromatin-enriched nuclear RNAs (cheRNAs) that are tightly bound to chromatin and putatively function to cis-activate gene expression. Until now, a rigorous analytic pipeline for nuclear RNA-seq has been lacking. In this study, we survey four computational strategies for nuclear RNA-seq data analysis and show that a new pipeline, Tuxedo, outperforms other approaches. Tuxedo not only assembles a more complete transcriptome, but also identifies cheRNA with higher accuracy. We have used Tuxedo to analyze gold-standard K562 cell datasets and further characterize the genomic features of intergenic cheRNA (icheRNA) and their similarity to those of enhancer RNA (eRNA). Moreover, we quantify the transcriptional correlation of icheRNA and adjacent genes, and suggest that icheRNA may be the cis-acting transcriptional regulator that is more positively associated with neighboring gene expression than eRNA predicted by state-of-art method or CAGE signal. We also explore two novel genomic associations, suggesting cheRNA may have diverse functions. A possible new role of H3K9me3 modification coincident with icheRNA may be associated with active enhancer derived from ancient mobile elements, while a potential cis-repressive function of antisense cheRNA (as-cheRNA) is likely to be involved in transiently modulating cell type-specific cis-regulation.nnAuthor SummaryChromatin-enriched nuclear RNA (cheRNA) is a class of gene regulatory non-coding RNAs. CheRNA provides a powerful way to profile the nuclear transcriptional landscape, especially to profile the noncoding transcriptome. The computational framework presented here provides a reliable approach to identifying cheRNA, and for studying cell-type specific gene regulation. We found that intergenic cheRNA, including intergenic cheRNA with high levels of H3K9me3 (a mark associated with closed/repressed chromatin), may act as a transcriptional activator. In contrast, antisense cheRNA, which originates from the complementary strand of the protein-coding gene, may interact with diverse chromatin modulators to repress local transcription. With our new pipeline, one future challenge will be refining the functional mechanisms of these noncoding RNA classes through exploring their regulatory roles, which are involved in diverse molecular and cellular processes in human and other organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Cervantes, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruthenburg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribskov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/646950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin-enriched RNAs mark active and repressive cis-regulation: an analysis of nuclear RNA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerating iterative deconvolution and multiview fusion by orders of magnitude 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe theoretical and practical advances in algorithm and software design, resulting in ten to several thousand-fold faster deconvolution and multiview fusion than previous methods. First, we adapt methods from medical imaging, showing that an unmatched back projector accelerates Richardson-Lucy deconvolution by at least 10-fold, in most cases requiring only a single iteration. Second, we show that improvements in 3D image-based registration with GPU processing result in speedups of 10-100-fold over CPU processing. Third, we show that deep learning can provide further accelerations, particularly for deconvolution with a spatially varying point spread function. We illustrate the power of our methods from the subcellular to millimeter spatial scale, on diverse samples including single cells, nematode and zebrafish embryos, and cleared mouse tissue. Finally, we show that our methods facilitate the use of new microscopes that improve spatial resolution, including dual-view cleared tissue light-sheet microscopy and reflective lattice light-sheet microscopy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogare, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyle, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikegami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey-Suarez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwasrao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annunziata, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohler, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitnis, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usdin, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Ramos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riviere, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/647370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerating iterative deconvolution and multiview fusion by orders of magnitude]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/648980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanosensitive junction remodelling promotes robust epithelial morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/648980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Morphogenesis of epithelial tissues requires tight spatiotemporal coordination of cell shape changes. In vivo, many tissue-scale shape changes are driven by pulsatile contractions of intercellular junctions, which are rectified to produce irreversible deformations. The functional role of this pulsatory ratchet and its mechanistic basis remain unknown. Here we combine theory and biophysical experiments to show that mechanosensitive tension remodelling of epithelial cell junctions promotes robust epithelial shape changes via ratcheting. Using optogenetic control of actomyosin contractility, we find that epithelial junctions show elastic behaviour under low contractile stress, returning to their original lengths after contraction, but undergo irreversible deformation under higher magnitudes of contractile stress. Existing vertex-based models for the epithelium are unable to capture these results, with cell junctions displaying purely elastic or fluid-like behaviours, depending on the choice of model parameters. To describe the experimental results, we propose a modified vertex model with two essential ingredients for junction mechanics: thresholded tension remodelling and continuous strain relaxation. First, a critical strain threshold for tension remodelling triggers irreversible junction length changes for sufficiently strong contractions, making the system robust to small fluctuations in contractile activity. Second, continuous strain relaxation allows for mechanical memory removal, enabling frequency-dependent modulation of cell shape changes via mechanical ratcheting. Taken together, the combination of mechanosensitive tension remodelling and junctional strain relaxation provides a robust mechanism for large-scale morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Staddon, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavanaugh, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/648980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanosensitive junction remodelling promotes robust epithelial morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibitory cell populations depend on age, sex, and prior experience across a neural network for Critical Period learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many ways, the complement of cell subtypes determines the information processing that a local brain circuit can perform. For example, the balance of excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) signaling within a brain region contributes to response magnitude and specificity in ways that influence the effectiveness of information processing. An extreme example of response changes to sensory information occur across Critical Periods (CPs). In primary mammalian visual cortex, GAD65 and parvalbumin inhibitory cell types in particular control experience-dependent responses during a CP. Here, we test how the density of GAD65- and parvalbumin-expressing cells may inform on a CP for complex behavioral learning. Juvenile male zebra finch songbirds (females cannot sing) learn to sing through coordinated sensory, sensorimotor, and motor learning processes distributed throughout a well-defined neural network. There is a CP is for sensory learning, the stage during which a young male forms a memory of his "tutors" song, which is then used to guide the young birds emerging song structure. We quantified the effect of sex and experience with a tutor on the cell densities of GAD65- and parvalbumin-expressing cells across major nodes of the song network, using ages that span the CP for tutor song memorization. As a resource, we also include whole-brain mapping data for both genes. Results indicate that inhibitory cell populations differ across sex, age, and experiential conditions, but not always in the ways we predicted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gogola, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gores, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibitory cell populations depend on age, sex, and prior experience across a neural network for Critical Period learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying predictors of HPV-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression and survival through patient-derived models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Therapeutic innovation for human papilloma virus-related (HPV+) head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) is impaired by inadequate biomarkers and preclinical models. This study addressed both limitations using the largest panel of HPV+ HNSCC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and organoids described to date. Whole exome profiles of the PDXs were compared to those of HPV+ human tumors and cell lines, and genetic features of the models were analyzed relative to their growth properties and outcomes of their patients of origin. PDX engraftment enriched for negatively prognostic NOTCH1 mutations while preserving multiple features lost in existing cell lines, including PIK3CA mutations, TRAF3 deletion, and absence of EGFR amplification. Observation of more mutations in faster-growing models facilitated identification of an association between mutational burden and local progression in both HPV+ and HPV-HNSCCs. Reduced E7 and p16INK4A levels found in a PDX from a lethal case led to detection of a similar profile among recurrent HPV+ HNSCCs in two patient cohorts, where low E2F target gene expression downstream of E7 predicted recurrence and mortality. Our findings bridge a critical gap in preclinical models for HPV+ HNSCCs and simultaneously reveal novel applications for mutational burden and E2F target dysregulation in biomarker development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Facompre, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopalan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montone, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleber-Netto, F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalaly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustgi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windle, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimotty, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/652537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying predictors of HPV-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression and survival through patient-derived models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mutant form of Dmc1 that bypasses the requirement for accessory protein Mei5-Sae3 reveals independent activities of Mei5-Sae3 and Rad51 in Dmc1 filament stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During meiosis, homologous recombination repairs programmed DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs). Meiotic recombination physically links the homologous chromosomes ("homologs"), creating the tension between them that is required for their segregation. The central recombinase in this process is Dmc1. Dmc1s activity is regulated by its accessory factors Mei5-Sae3 and Rad51. We use a gain-of-function dmc1 mutant, dmc1-E157D, that bypasses Mei5-Sae3 to gain insight into the role of this accessory factor and its relationship to mitotic recombinase Rad51, which also functions as a Dmc1 accessory protein during meiosis. We find that Mei5-Sae3 has a role in filament formation and stability, but not in the bias of recombination partner choice that favors homolog over sister chromatids. We also provide evidence that Mei5-Sae3 promotes Dmc1 filament formation specifically on single-stranded DNA. Analysis of meiotic recombination intermediates suggests that Mei5-Sae3 and Rad51 function independently in promoting filament stability. In spite of its ability to load onto single-stranded DNA and carry out recombination in the absence of Mei5-Sae3, recombination promoted by the Dmc1 mutant is abnormal in that it forms foci in the absence of DNA breaks, displays unusually high levels of multi-chromatid and intersister (IS) joint molecules intermediates, as well as high levels of ectopic recombination products. We use super-resolution microscopy to show that the mutant protein forms longer foci than those formed by wild-type Dmc1 (Dmc1-WT). Our data support a model in which longer filaments are more prone to engage in aberrant recombination events, suggesting that filaments lengths are normally limited by a regulatory mechanism that functions to prevent recombination-mediated genome rearrangements.nnAuthor SummaryDuring meiosis, two rounds of division follow a single round of DNA replication to create the gametes for biparental reproduction. The first round of division requires that the homologous chromosomes become physically linked to one another to create the tension that is necessary for their segregation. This linkage is achieved through DNA recombination between the two homologous chromosomes, followed by resolution of the recombination intermediate into a crossover (CO). Central to this process is the meiosis-specific recombinase Dmc1, and its accessory factors, which provide important regulatory functions to ensure that recombination is accurate, efficient, and occurs predominantly between homologous chromosomes, and not sister chromatids. To gain insight into the regulation of Dmc1 by its accessory factors, we mutated Dmc1 such that it was no longer dependent on its accessory factor Mei5-Sae3. Our analysis reveals that Dmc1 accessory factors Mei5-Sae3 and Rad51 have independent roles in stabilizing Dmc1 filaments. Furthermore, we find that although Rad51 is required for promoting recombination between homologous chromosomes, Mei5-Sae3 is not. Lastly, we show that our Dmc1 mutant forms abnormally long filaments, and high levels of aberrant recombination intermediates and products. These findings suggest that filaments are actively maintained at short lengths to prevent deleterious genome rearrangements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bishop, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubb, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/652636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mutant form of Dmc1 that bypasses the requirement for accessory protein Mei5-Sae3 reveals independent activities of Mei5-Sae3 and Rad51 in Dmc1 filament stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Agent-based modeling of persons who inject drugs in metropolitan Chicago suggests that re-treatment with antivirals of persons who are re-infected with Hep C is critical to achieve the WHO incidence reduction objective by 2030 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of chronic liver disease and mortality worldwide. Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy leads to high cure rates. However, persons who inject drugs (PWID) are at risk for reinfection after cure and may require DAA retreatment to reach the World Health Organizations (WHO) goal of HCV elimination by 2030. We aim to project the frequency of retreatment and DAA cost needed to achieve WHO goals.

DesignWe use an agent-based model (ABM) that accounts for the complex interplay of demographic factors, risk behaviors, social networks, and geographic location for HCV transmission among PWID.

Setting and participants32,000 in-silico PWID in metropolitan Chicago.

Intervention and comparatorPossible treatment adherence rates (i.e., DAA cure rates) of 60%-90% with DAA treatment enrollment rates of 2.5%-10% and retreatments per PWID of 0 (retreatment prohibited), 1, 2, 3, or no retreatment restriction were simulated. DAA cost is assumed $25,000 (USD) per treatment.

FindingsModeling results indicate that prohibition of retreatment in PWID would jeopardize achieving the WHO goal of reducing the incidence of new chronic HCV infections by 90% by 2030. We predict that with a DAA treatment rate of >7.5% per year and high (90%) adherence, 75%, 19%, 5% and <2% of PWID will require 1, 2, 3, and 4 treatment courses with overall DAA cost of $325 million to achieve the WHO goal in metropolitan Chicago. We estimate a 28% increase in the overall DAA cost under low adherence (70%) compared to high adherence (90%).

ConclusionsModeling results predict the frequency of DAA retreatment needed to achieve the WHO goal and underscore the importance of retreatment of HCV re-infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tatara, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GUTFRAIND, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>COLLIER, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>COTLER, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MAJOR, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BOODRAM, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DAHARI, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/653196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Agent-based modeling of persons who inject drugs in metropolitan Chicago suggests that re-treatment with antivirals of persons who are re-infected with Hep C is critical to achieve the WHO incidence reduction objective by 2030]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restored tactile sensation improves neuroprosthetic arm control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphThe sense of touch is critical for skillful hand control1-3, but is largely missing for people who use prosthetic devices. Instead, prosthesis users rely heavily on visual feedback, even though state transitions that are necessary to skillfully interact with objects, such as object contact, are relayed more precisely through tactile feedback4-6. Here we show that restoring tactile sensory feedback, through intracortical microstimulation of the somatosensory cortex7, enables a person with a bidirectional intracortical brain-computer interface to improve their performance on functional object transport tasks completed with a neurally-controlled prosthetic limb. The participant had full visual feedback and had practiced the task for approximately two years prior to these experiments. Nevertheless, successful trial times on a commonly used clinical upper limb assessment task were reduced from a median time of 20.9 s (13.1 - 40.5 s interquartile range) to 10.2 s (5.4 - 18.1 s interquartile range) when vision was supplemented with microstimulation-evoked cutaneous percepts that were referred to different fingers and were graded in intensity based on real-time prosthesis contact forces. Faster completion times were primarily due to a reduction in the amount of time spent attempting to grasp objects. These results demonstrate the importance of tactile sensations in upper-limb control and the utility of creating bidirectional brain-computer interfaces to restore this stream of information using intracortical microstimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flesher, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler-Kabara, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boninger, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collinger, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaunt, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/653428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restored tactile sensation improves neuroprosthetic arm control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fully Interpretable Deep Learning Model of Transcriptional Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The universal expressibility assumption of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) is the key motivation behind recent work in the system biology community to employ DNNs to solve important problems in functional genomics and molecular genetics. Because of the black box nature of DNNs, such assumptions, while useful in practice, are unsatisfactory for scientific analysis. In this paper, we give an example of a DNN in which every layer is interpretable. Moreover, this DNN is biologically validated and predictive. We derive our DNN from a systems biology model that was not previously recognized as having a DNN structure. This DNN is concerned with a key unsolved biological problem, which is to understand the DNA regulatory code which controls how genes in multicellular organisms are turned on and off. Although we apply our DNN to data from the early embryo of the fruit fly Drosophila, this system serves as a testbed for analysis of much larger data sets obtained by systems biology studies on a genomic scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/655639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fully Interpretable Deep Learning Model of Transcriptional Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional connectivity strength within the auditory forebrain is altered by song learning and predicts song stereotypy in developing male zebra finches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/657825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much as humans acquire speech in early childhood, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) songbird learns to sing from an adult "tutor" during the first three months of life. Within a well-defined critical period (CP), juvenile zebra finches memorize a tutor song that will guide subsequent motor patterning. This sensory learning process is mediated by tutor experience-dependent neuroplasticity within the auditory forebrain. Here, we used longitudinal resting-state fMRI analyses to investigate whether tutor experience also modifies patterns of functional connectivity (FC) within the juvenile zebra finch brain. Eighteen male zebra finches (only males sing) were scanned before, during, and at the end of the CP, as well as at the young adult stage. Prior to the onset of the CP, birds were separated into rearing conditions: Normal (aviary-housed; N=5), Tutored (one adult male tutor and one adult female; N=7), and Isolate (two adult females, isolated from male song; N=6). Brain-wide voxel-wise analyses identified a single cluster overlapping the left caudomedial nidopallium (NCM) of the auditory forebrain that showed developmentally decreasing FC strength in Isolates but stable or increasing FC in Normal and Tutored birds. Additionally, FC between left NCM and left dorsal cerebellum showed a parallel developmental difference. Developmental changes in left NCM FC strength statistically mediated condition-related differences in song stereotypy. These results extend previous reports of tutor experience-dependent plasticity in NCM at epigenetic, genomic, molecular, and cellular levels to the whole-brain functional network level by demonstrating that tutor experience also influences the development of NCM FC. Moreover, these results link NCM FC to the emergence of song stereotypy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Layden, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schertz, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/657825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional connectivity strength within the auditory forebrain is altered by song learning and predicts song stereotypy in developing male zebra finches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Termination of pre-mRNA splicing requires that the ATPase and RNA unwindase Prp43 acts on the catalytic snRNA U6 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The termination of pre-mRNA splicing functions to discard suboptimal substrates, thereby enhancing fidelity, and to release excised introns in a manner coupled to spliceosome disassembly, thereby allowing recycling. The mechanism of termination, including the RNA target of the DEAH-box ATPase Prp43, remains ambiguous. We discovered a critical role for nucleotides at the 3-end of the catalytic U6 small nuclear RNA in splicing termination. Though conserved sequence at the 3-end is not required, 2 hydroxyls are, paralleling requirements for Prp43 biochemical activities. While the 3-end of U6 is not required for recruiting Prp43 to the spliceosome, the 3 end crosslinks directly to Prp43 in an RNA-dependent manner. Our data indicate a mechanism of splicing termination in which Prp43 translocates along U6 from the 3 end to disassemble the spliceosome and thereby release suboptimal substrates or excised introns. This mechanism reveals that the spliceosome becomes primed for termination at the same stage it becomes activated for catalysis, implying a requirement for stringent control of spliceosome activity within the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toroney, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staley, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/659029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Termination of pre-mRNA splicing requires that the ATPase and RNA unwindase Prp43 acts on the catalytic snRNA U6]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral and neural signatures of working memory in childhood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory function changes across development and varies across individuals. The patterns of behavior and brain function that track individual differences in working memory during development, however, are not well understood. Here we establish associations between working memory, cognitive abilities, and functional MRI activation in data from over 4,000 9-10-year-olds enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, an ongoing longitudinal study in the United States. Behavioral analyses reveal robust relationships between working memory, short-term memory, language skills, and fluid intelligence. Analyses relating out-of-scanner working memory performance to memory-related fMRI activation in an emotional n-back task demonstrate that frontoparietal activity in response to an explicit memory challenge indexes working memory ability. Furthermore, this relationship is domain-specific, such that fMRI activation related to emotion processing during the emotional n-back task, inhibitory control during a stop-signal task, and reward processing during a monetary incentive delay task does not track memory abilities. Together these results inform our understanding of the emergence of individual differences in working memory and lay the groundwork for characterizing the ways in which they change across adolescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapuano, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornejo, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feczko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barch, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/659409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral and neural signatures of working memory in childhood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semantic Fluency Predicts Six-Year Progression to Mild Cognitive Impairment in Middle-Aged Men 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTest the hypothesis that individual differences in episodic memory and verbal fluency in cognitively normal middle-aged adults will predict progression to amnestic MCI after 6 years.nnMethodThe analysis sample included 842 male twins who were cognitively normal at baseline (M=56 years), completed measures of episodic memory and verbal fluency at baseline and again 6 years later (M=62 years).nnResultsPoor episodic memory predicted progression to both amnestic MCI (OR=4.42, 95% CI [2.44, 10.60]) and non-amnestic MCI (OR=1.92, 95% CI [1.32, 3.44]). Poor semantic verbal fluency also independently predicted progression to amnestic MCI (OR=1.86, 95% CI [1.12, 3.52]). In the full sample, a semantic-specific fluency latent variable at wave 1 (which controls for letter fluency) predicted change in episodic memory at wave 2 ({beta}=.13), but not vice-versa ({beta}=.04). Associations between episodic memory and verbal fluency factors were primarily explained by genetic, rather than environmental, correlations.nnConclusionsAmong individuals who were cognitively normal at wave 1, episodic memory moderately-to-strongly predicted progression to MCI at average age 62, emphasizing the fact that there is still meaningful variability even among cognitively normal individuals. Episodic memory, which is typically a primary focus for AD risk, declined earlier and more quickly than fluency. However, semantic fluency at average age 56 predicted 6-year change in memory as well as progression to amnestic MCI even after accounting for baseline memory performance. These findings emphasize the utility of memory and fluency measures in early identification of AD risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gustavson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panizzon, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanderson-Cimino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toomey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremen, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/659417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semantic Fluency Predicts Six-Year Progression to Mild Cognitive Impairment in Middle-Aged Men]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
THE FREQUENCY OF CORTICAL MICROSTIMULATION SHAPES ARTIFICIAL TOUCH 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWIntracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of somatosensory cortex evokes vivid tactile sensations and can be used to convey sensory feedback in brain-controlled bionic hands. Changes in ICMS frequency result in discriminable percepts, but the effects of frequency have only been investigated over a narrow range of low frequencies, spanning only a small fraction of that relevant for neuroprosthetics. Furthermore, the sensory correlates of changes in ICMS frequency remain to be elucidated. To fill these gaps, we trained monkeys to discriminate the frequency of ICMS pulse trains over a wide range of frequencies (from 10 to 400 Hz). ICMS amplitude also varied across stimuli to reduce the animals reliance on magnitude in making frequency judgments. We found that animals could discriminate ICMS frequency up to about 200 Hz but that the sensory correlates of frequency were highly electrode dependent. We discuss the implications of our findings for neural coding and brain-machine interfaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Callier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brantly, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caravelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/659516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[THE FREQUENCY OF CORTICAL MICROSTIMULATION SHAPES ARTIFICIAL TOUCH]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/661652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome dynamics predict thermotolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/661652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe detrimental effects of a short bout of stress can persist, and potentially turn lethal, long after the return to normal conditions. Thermotolerance, which is the capacity of an organism to withstand relatively extreme temperatures, is influenced by the response during stress exposure, as well as the recovery process afterwards. While heat-shock response mechanisms have been studied intensively, predicting thermal tolerance remains a challenge.nnResultsHere, we use the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to measure transcriptional resilience to heat stress and predict thermotolerance. Using high dimensionality reduction techniques in combination with genome-wide gene expression profiles collected in three high resolution time-series during control, heat stress and recovery conditions, we infer a quantitative scale capturing the extent of stress-induced transcriptome dynamics in a single value. This scale provides a basis for evaluating transcriptome resilience, defined here as the ability to depart from stress-expression dynamics during recovery. Independent replication across multiple highly divergent genotypes reveals that the transcriptional resilience parameter measured after a spike in temperature is quantitatively linked to long-term survival after heat stress.nnConclusionOur findings imply that thermotolerance is an intrinsic property that pre-determines long term outcome of stress and can be predicted by the transcriptional resilience parameter. Inferring the transcriptional resilience parameters of higher organisms could aid in evaluating rehabilitation strategies after stresses such as disease and trauma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jovic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grilli, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterken, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riksen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snoek, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allesina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kammenga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/661652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome dynamics predict thermotolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NeuronUnit: A package for data-driven validation of neuron models using SciUnit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Validating a quantitative scientific model requires comparing its predictions against many experimental observations, ideally from many labs, using transparent, robust, statistical comparisons. Unfortunately, in rapidly-growing fields like neuroscience, this is becoming increasingly untenable, even for the most conscientious scientists. Thus the merits and limitations of existing models, or whether a new model is an improvement on the state-of-the-art, is often unclear.nnSoftware engineers seeking to verify, validate and contribute to a complex software project rely on suites of simple executable tests, called "unit tests". Drawing inspiration from this practice, we previously developed SciUnit, an easy-to-use framework for developing data-driven "model validation tests" - executable functions, here written in Python. Each such test generates and statistically validates predictions from a model against one relevant feature of empirical data to produce a score indicating agreement between the model and the data. Suites of such validation tests can be used to clearly identify the merits and limitations of existing models and developmental progress on new models.nnHere we describe NeuronUnit, a library that builds upon SciUnit and integrates with several existing neuroinformatics resources to support the validation of single-neuron models using data gathered by neurophysiologists and neuroanatomists. NeuronUnit integrates with existing technologies like Jupyter, Pandas, NeuroML and resources such as NeuroElectro, The Allen Institute, and The Human Brain Project in order to make neuron model validation as easy as possible for computational neuroscientists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerkin, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birgiolas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crook, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/665331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NeuronUnit: A package for data-driven validation of neuron models using SciUnit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Use of a mechanistic growth model in fish habitat restoration: juvenile Chinook salmon and steelhead as a test case 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/665588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual growth data are useful in assessing relative habitat quality, but this approach is less common when evaluating the efficacy of habitat restoration. Furthermore, available models describing growth are infrequently combined with computational approaches capable of handling large data sets. We apply a mechanistic model to evaluate whether selection of restored habitat can affect individual growth. We used mark-recapture to collect size and growth data on sub-yearling Chinook salmon and steelhead in restored and unrestored habitat in five sampling years (2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2016). Modeling strategies differed for the two species: For Chinook, we compared growth patterns of individuals recaptured in restored habitat over 15-60 d with those not recaptured regardless of initial habitat at marking. For steelhead, we had enough recaptured fish in each habitat type to use the model to directly compare habitats. The model generated spatially explicit growth parameters describing size of fish over the growing season in restored vs. unrestored habitat. Model parameters showed benefits of restoration for both species, but that varied by year and time of season, consistent with known patterns of habitat partitioning among them. The model was also supported by direct measurement of growth rates in steelhead and by known patterns of spatio-temporal partitioning of habitat between these two species. Model parameters described not only the rate of growth, but the timing of size increases, and is spatially explicit, accounting for habitat differences, making it widely applicable across taxa. The model usually supported data on density differences among habitat types in Chinook, but only in a couple of cases in steelhead. Modeling growth can thus prevent overconfidence in distributional data, which are commonly used as the metric of restoration success.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Polivka, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/665588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Use of a mechanistic growth model in fish habitat restoration: juvenile Chinook salmon and steelhead as a test case]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/667196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NEURAL POPULATION DYNAMICS IN MOTOR CORTEX ARE DIFFERENT FOR REACH AND GRASP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/667196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWRotational dynamics are observed in neuronal population activity in primary motor cortex (M1) when monkeys make reaching movements. This population-level behavior is consistent with a role for M1 as an autonomous pattern generator that drives muscles to produce movement. Here, we show that M1 does not exhibit smooth dynamics during grasping movements, suggesting a more input-driven circuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suresh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okorokova, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopoulos, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/667196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NEURAL POPULATION DYNAMICS IN MOTOR CORTEX ARE DIFFERENT FOR REACH AND GRASP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/668442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adopting tipping-point theory to transcriptome profiles unravels disease regulatory trajectory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/668442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differentiation involves bifurcations between discrete cell states, each defined by a distinct gene expression profile. Single-cell RNA profiling allows the detection of bifurcations. However, while current methods capture these events, they do not identify characteristic gene signals. Here we show that BioTIP - a tipping-point theory-based analysis - can accurately, robustly, and reliably identify critical transition signals (CTSs). A CTS is a small group of genes with high covariance in expression that mark the cells approaching a bifurcation. We validated its accuracy in the cardiogenesis with known a tipping point and demonstrated the identified CTSs contain verified differentiation-driving transcription factors. We then demonstrated the application on a published mouse gastrulation dataset, validated the predicted CTSs using independent in-vivo samples, and inferred the key developing mesoderm regulator Etv2. Taken together, BioTIP is broadly applicable for the characterization of the plasticity, heterogeneity, and rapid switches in developmental processes, particularly in single-cell data analysis.

HighlightsO_LIIdentifying significant critical transition signals (CTSs) from expression noise
C_LIO_LIA significant CTS contains or is targeted by key transcription factors
C_LIO_LIBioTIP identifies CTSs accurately and independent of trajectory topologies
C_LIO_LISignificant CTSs reproducibly indicate bifurcations across datasets
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griggs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/668442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adopting tipping-point theory to transcriptome profiles unravels disease regulatory trajectory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/670497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping person-to-person variation in viral mutations that escape polyclonal serum targeting influenza hemagglutinin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/670497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A longstanding question is how influenza evolves to escape human immunity, which is polyclonal and can target many distinct epitopes on the virus. Here we map how all amino-acid mutations to influenzas major surface protein affect viral neutralization by polyclonal human sera. The serum of some individuals is so focused that it selects single mutations that reduce viral neutralization by over an order of magnitude. However, different viral mutations escape the sera of different individuals. This individual-to-individual variation in viral escape mutations is not present among ferrets, which are frequently used as a model in influenza studies. Our results show how different single mutations help influenza escape the immunity of different members of the human population, a phenomenon that could shape viral evolution and disease susceptibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eguia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zost, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens-Ayers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeckh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakdawala, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/670497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping person-to-person variation in viral mutations that escape polyclonal serum targeting influenza hemagglutinin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trevolver: simulating non-reversible DNA sequence evolution in trinucleotide context on a bifurcating tree 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryRecent de novo mutation data allow the estimation of non-reversible mutation rates for trinucleotide sequence contexts. However, existing tools for simulating DNA sequence evolution are limited to time-reversible models or do not consider trinucleotide context-dependent rates. As this ability is critical to testing evolutionary scenarios under neutrality, we created Trevolver. Sequence evolution is simulated on a bifurcating tree using a 64 x 4 trinucleotide mutation model. Runtime is fast and results match theoretical expectation for CpG sites. Simulations with Trevolver will enable neutral hypotheses to be tested at within-species (polymorphism), between-species (divergence), within-host (e.g., viral evolution), and somatic (e.g., cancer) levels of evolutionary change.nnAvailability and ImplementationTrevolver is implemented in Perl and available on GitHub under GNU General Public License (GPL) version 3 at https://github.com/chasewnelson/trevolver.nnContactcnelson@amnh.orgnnSupplementary informationFurther details and example data are available on GitHub.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/672717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trevolver: simulating non-reversible DNA sequence evolution in trinucleotide context on a bifurcating tree]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/674507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA damage response clamp loader Rad24(Rad17) and Mec1(ATR) kinase have distinct functions in regulating meiotic crossovers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/674507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crossover (CO) recombination is essential for chromosome segregation during meiosis I. The number and distribution of COs are tightly regulated during meiosis. CO control includes CO assurance and CO interference, which guarantee at least one CO per a bivalent and evenly-spaced CO distribution, respectively. Previous studies showed the role of DNA damage response (DDR) clamp and its loader in efficient formation of meiotic COs by promoting the recruitment of a pro-CO protein Zip3 and interhomolog recombination, and also by suppressing ectopic recombination. In this study, by classical tetrad analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we showed that a mutant defective in the RAD24 gene (RAD17 in other organisms), which encodes the DDR clamp loader, displayed reduced CO frequencies on two shorter chromosomes (III and V) but not on a long chromosome (chromosome VII). The residual COs in the rad24 mutant do not show interference. In contrast to the rad24 mutant, mutants defective in the ATR kinase homolog Mec1/Esr1, including a mec1 null and a mec1 kinase-dead mutant, show little or no defect in CO frequency. On the other hand, mec1 COs show defects in interference, similar to the rad24 mutant. Moreover, CO formation and its control are implemented in a chromosome-specific manner, which may reflect a role for chromosome size in regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/674507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA damage response clamp loader Rad24(Rad17) and Mec1(ATR) kinase have distinct functions in regulating meiotic crossovers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of antibodies targeting the H3N2 hemagglutinin receptor binding site following vaccination of humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies targeting the receptor binding site (RBS) of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein are usually not broadly-reactive because their footprints are typically large and extend to nearby variable HA residues. Here, we identified several human H3N2 HA RBS-targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that were sensitive to substitutions in conventional antigenic sites and were not broadly-reactive. However, we also identified one H3N2 HA RBS-targeting mAb that was exceptionally broadly reactive despite being sensitive to substitutions in residues outside of the RBS. We determined that similar antibodies are present at measurable levels in the sera of some individuals but that they are inefficiently elicited by conventional vaccines. Our data indicate that some HA RBS-targeting antibodies can be surprisingly effective against variable viral strains even if they are somewhat sensitive to substitutions in HA residues adjacent to the RBS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zost, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumina, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkhouse, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of antibodies targeting the H3N2 hemagglutinin receptor binding site following vaccination of humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disinfectant residuals in drinking water systems select for mycobacterial populations with intrinsic antimicrobial resistance. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in drinking water has received less attention than counterparts in the urban water cycle. While culture-based techniques or gene-centric PCR have been used to probe the impact of treatment approaches (e.g., disinfection) on AMR in drinking water, to our knowledge there is no systematic comparison of AMR traits between disinfected and disinfectant residual-free drinking water systems. We use metagenomics to assess the associations between disinfectant residuals and AMR prevalence and its host association in full-scale drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). The differences in AMR profiles between DWDSs are associated with the presence or absence of disinfectant. Further, AMR genes and mechanisms enriched in disinfected systems are associated with drug classes primarily linked to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Finally, evaluation of metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) of NTM indicates that they possess AMR genes conferring intrinsic resistance to key antibiotics, whereas such NTM genomes were not detected in disinfectant residual free DWDSs. Thus, disinfection may not only influence the AMR profiles of the drinking water microbiome but also select for NTM with intrinsic AMR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sevillano, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calus, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista de los Santos, Q. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ijaz, U. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wielen, P. W. J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disinfectant residuals in drinking water systems select for mycobacterial populations with intrinsic antimicrobial resistance.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An in silico analysis of robust but fragile gene regulation links enhancer length to robustness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Organisms must ensure that expression of genes is directed to the appropriate tissues at the correct times, while simultaneously ensuring that these gene regulatory systems are robust to perturbation. This idea is captured by a mathematical concept called r-robustness, which says that a system is robust to a perturbation in up to r - 1 randomly chosen parameters. In this work we use this idea to investigate the robustness of gene regulation using a sequence level model of the Drosophila melanogaster gene even-skipped. We find that gene regulation can be remarkably sensitive to changes in transcription factor concentrations at the boundaries of expression features, while it is robust to perturbation elsewhere. We also find that the length of sequence used to control an expression feature correlates negatively with the number of nucleotides that are sensitive to mutation in both natural and in silico predicted enhancers. In all cases, the exact degree of robustness obtained is dependent not only on DNA sequence, but also on the local concentration of regulatory factors. By analyzing both natural and synthetic sequences, we provide strong quantitative evidence that increased sequence length makes gene regulatory systems more robust to genetic perturbation.nn2 Author SummaryRobustness assures that organisms can survive when faced with unpredictable environments or genetic mutations. In this work, we characterize the robustness of gene regulation using an experimentally validated model of the regulation of the Drosophila gene even-skipped. We use a mathematically precise definition of robustness that allows us to make quantitative comparisons of robustness between different genetic sequences or between different nuclei. From this analysis, we found that genetic sequences that were not previously known to be important for gene regulation reduce sensitivity to genetic perturbation. In contrast, we found that gene regulation can be very sensitive to the levels of regulators. This extreme sensitivity was only observed at the boundaries of expression features, where switch-like behavior is desirable. This highlights the importance of considering context when assessing robustness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barr, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radulescu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/677641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An in silico analysis of robust but fragile gene regulation links enhancer length to robustness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/680322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Texture-Elicited Vibrations Stretch Or Contract Systematically Depending On Scanning Speed 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/680322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To sense the texture of a surface, we run our fingers across it, which leads to the elicitation of skin vibrations that depend both on the surface and on exploratory parameters, particularly scanning speed. The transduction and processing of these vibrations mediates the ability to discern fine surface features. In the present study, we seek to characterize the effect of changes in scanning speed on texture-elicited vibrations to better understand how the exploratory strategy shapes the neuronal representation of texture. To this end, we scanned a variety of textures across the fingertip of human participants at a variety of speeds (10 - 160 mm/s) while measuring the resulting vibrations using a laser Doppler vibrometer. We found that increases in speed led to systematic increases in vibratory intensity and to a systematic upward multiplicative shift in the frequency composition of the vibrations. Furthermore, we showed that the upward shift in frequency composition accounts for the increase in intensity. The enhancement of higher frequency components accounts for the observed increase in the firing rates of nerve fibers, particularly Pacinian corpuscle-associated fibers, which are most sensitive at the high frequencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenspon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieber, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/680322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Texture-Elicited Vibrations Stretch Or Contract Systematically Depending On Scanning Speed]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mendelian randomization accounting for horizontal and correlated pleiotropic effects using genome-wide summary statistics. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mendelian randomization (MR) is a valuable tool for detecting evidence of causal relationships using genetic variant associations. Opportunities to apply MR are growing rapidly with the number of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with publicly available results. However, existing MR methods rely on strong assumptions that are often violated, leading to false positives. Many methods have been proposed loosening these assumptions. However, it has remained challenging to account for correlated pleiotropy, which arises when variants affect both traits through a heritable shared factor. We propose a new MR method, Causal Analysis Using Summary Effect Estimates (CAUSE), that accounts for correlated and uncorrelated horizontal pleiotropic effects. We demonstrate in simulations that CAUSE is more robust to correlated pleiotropy than other methods. Applied to traits studied in recent GWAS, we find that CAUSE detects causal relationships with strong literature support and avoids identifying most unlikely relationships. Our results suggest that many pairs of traits identified as causal using alternative methods may be false positives due to horizontal pleiotropy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morrison, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoblauch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/682237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mendelian randomization accounting for horizontal and correlated pleiotropic effects using genome-wide summary statistics.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylated Lamin A targets active enhancers and is associated with abnormal transcriptional activation in progeria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LMNA encodes nuclear lamin A/C that tethers lamina-associated heterochromatin domains (LADs) to the nuclear periphery. Point mutations in LMNA cause degenerative disorders including the premature aging disorder Hutchinson-Gilford progeria, but the mechanisms are unknown. We report that Ser22-phosphorylated Lamin A/C (pS22-Lamin A/C) was localized to the interior of the nucleus in human fibroblasts throughout the cell cycle. pS22-Lamin A/C interacted with a specific subset of putative active enhancers, not LADs, primarily at locations co-bound by the transcriptional activator c-Jun. In progeria-patient fibroblasts, a subset of pS22-Lamin A/C-binding sites were lost whereas new pS22-Lamin A/C-binding sites emerged in normally quiescent loci. These new pS22-Lamin A/C-binding sites displayed increased histone acetylation and c-Jun binding, implying increased enhancer activity. The genes near these new binding sites, implicated in clinical components of progeria including carotid artery diseases, hypertension, and cardiomegaly, were upregulated in progeria. These results suggest that Lamin A/C regulates gene expression by direct enhancer binding in the nuclear interior. Disruption of the gene regulatory rather than LAD function of Lamin A/C presents a novel mechanism for disorders caused by LMNA mutations including progeria.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIpS22-Lamin A/C is present in the nuclear interior throughout interphase.
C_LIO_LIpS22-Lamin A/C associates with active enhancers, not lamina-associated domains.
C_LIO_LIpS22-Lamin A/C-genomic binding sites are co-bound by the transcriptional activator c-Jun.
C_LIO_LINew pS22-Lamin A/C binding in progeria accompanies upregulation of disease-related genes.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ikegami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Secchia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieb, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/682260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylated Lamin A targets active enhancers and is associated with abnormal transcriptional activation in progeria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/687848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning reveals hidden variables underlying NF-κB activation in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/687848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual cells show great heterogeneity when responding to environmental cues. For example, under cytokine stimulation some cells activate immune signaling pathways while others completely ignore the signal. The underlying sources of cellular variability have been inaccessible due to the destructive nature of experiments. Here we apply deep learning, live-cell analysis, and mechanistic modeling to uncover hidden variables controlling NF-{kappa}B activation in single-cells. Our computer-vision algorithm accurately predicts cells that will respond to pro-inflammatory TNF stimulation and shows that single-cell activation is pre-determined by minute amounts of "leaky" nuclear NF-{kappa}B localization before stimulation. Theoretical analysis predicts and experiments confirm that the ratio of NF-{kappa}B to its inhibitor I{kappa}B determines the activation probability of a given cell. Our results demonstrate how computer vision can study living-cells without the use of destructive measurements and settles the question of whether heterogenous NF-{kappa}B activation is controlled by pre-existing deterministic variables or purely stochastic ones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drayman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilgic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/687848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning reveals hidden variables underlying NF-κB activation in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metal bridge in S4 segment supports helix transition in Shaker channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage-gated ion channels play important roles in physiological processes, especially in excitable cells, where they shape the action potential. In S4-based voltage sensors voltage-gated channels, a common feature is shared: the transmembrane segment 4 (S4) contains positively charged residues intercalated by hydrophobic residues. Although several advances have been made in understating how S4 moves through a hydrophobic plug upon voltage changes, possible helix transition from -to 310-helix in S4 during activation process is still unresolved. Here, we have mutated several hydrophobic residues from I360 to F370 in the S4 segment into histidine, in i, i+3 and i, i+6 or i, i+4 and i, i+7 pairs, to favor 310- or -helical conformations, respectively. We have taken advantage that His can be coordinated by Zn+2 to promote metal ion bridges and we have found that the histidine introduced at position 366 (L366H) can interact with the introduced histidine at position 370 (stabilizing that portion of the S4 segment in -helical conformation). In presence of 20 M of Zn+2, the activation currents of L366H:F370H channels were slowed down by a factor of 3.5, the voltage-dependence is shifted by 10 mV towards depolarized potentials with no change on the deactivation time constant. Our data supports that by stabilizing a region of the S4 segment in -helical conformation a closed (resting or intermediate) state is stabilized rather than destabilizing the open (active) state. Taken together, our data indicates that the S4 undergoes -helical conformation to a short-lived different secondary structure transiently before reaching the active state in the activation process.nnSTATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEConformational transitions between -helix and 310-helix in the S4 segment of Shaker potassium channel during gating has been under debate. The present study shows the coordination by Zn2+ of a pair of engineered histidine residues (L366H:F370H) in the intermediate region of S4 in Shaker, favoring -helical conformation. In presence of 20M of Zn+2 the activation currents of L366H:F370H channels become slower, with 10 mV positive shift in the voltage-dependence and no effects on deactivation time constants suggesting a stabilization of a closed state rather than destabilization the open (active) state. Collectively, our data indicate that S4 undergoes secondary structure changes, including a short-lived secondary structure transition, when S4 moves from the resting to the active state during activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bassetto, C. A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho-de-Souza, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezanilla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/689620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metal bridge in S4 segment supports helix transition in Shaker channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/690206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning detects virus presence in cancer histology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/690206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogenic viruses like human papilloma virus (HPV) or Epstein Barr virus (EBV) are a major cause of human cancer. Viral oncogenesis has a direct impact on treatment decisions because virus-associated tumors can demand a lower intensity of chemotherapy and radiation or can be more susceptible to immune check-point inhibition. However, molecular tests for HPV and EBV are not ubiquitously available.nnWe hypothesized that the histopathological features of virus-driven and non-virus driven cancers are sufficiently different to be detectable by artificial intelligence (AI) through deep learning-based analysis of images from routine hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stained slides. We show that deep transfer learning can predict presence of HPV in head and neck cancer with a patient-level 3-fold cross validated area-under-the-curve (AUC) of 0.89 [0.82; 0.94]. The same workflow was used for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) driven gastric cancer achieving a cross-validated AUC of 0.80 [0.70; 0.92] and a similar performance in external validation sets. Reverse-engineering our deep neural networks, we show that the key morphological features can be made understandable to humans.nnThis workflow could enable a fast and low-cost method to identify virus-induced cancer in clinical trials or clinical routine. At the same time, our approach for feature visualization allows pathologists to look into the black box of deep learning, enabling them to check the plausibility of computer-based image classification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kather, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabsch, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeffler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muti, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolezal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srisuwananukorn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochanny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Stillfried, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boor, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshikawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautwein, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankhead, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cipriani, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luedde, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/690206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning detects virus presence in cancer histology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/691089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of lipoprotein subfractions in coronary artery disease: A Mendelian randomization study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/691089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent genetic data can offer important insights into the roles of lipoprotein subfractions and particle sizes in preventing coronary artery disease (CAD), as previous observational studies have often reported conflicting results. In this study, we first used the LD score regression to estimate the genetic correlation of 77 subfraction traits with traditional lipid profile and identified 27 traits that may involve distinct genetic mechanisms. We then used Mendelian randomization (MR) to estimate the causal effect of these traits on the risk of CAD. In univariable MR, the concentration and content of medium high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles showed a protective effect against coronary artery disease. The effect was not attenuated in multivariable MR that adjusted for traditional lipid profile. The multivariable MR analyses also found that small HDL particles and smaller mean HDL particle diameter may have a protective effect. We identified four genetic markers for HDL particle size and CAD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennessy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rader, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/691089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of lipoprotein subfractions in coronary artery disease: A Mendelian randomization study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/693077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary dynamics of abundant 7 bp satellites in the genome of Drosophila virilis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/693077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The factors that drive the rapid changes in satellite DNA genomic composition we see in eukaryotes are not well understood. Drosophila virilis has one of the highest relative amounts of simple satellites of any organism that has been studied, with an estimated >40% of its genome composed of a few related 7 bp satellites. Here we use D. virilis as a model to understand technical biases affecting satellite sequencing and the evolutionary processes that drive satellite composition. By analyzing sequencing data from Illumina, PacBio, and Nanopore platforms, we identify platform-specific biases and suggest best practices for accurate characterization of satellites by sequencing. We use comparative genomics and cytogenetics to demonstrate that the highly abundant satellite family arose from a related satellite in the branch leading to the virilis phylad 4.5 - 11 million years ago before exploding in abundance in some species of the clade. The most abundant satellite is conserved in sequence and location in the pericentromeric region but has diverged widely in abundance among species, whereas the satellites nearest the centromere are rapidly turning over in sequence composition. By analyzing multiple strains of D. virilis, we saw that one centromere-proximal satellite is increasing in abundance along a geographical gradient while the other is contracting in an anti-correlated manner, suggesting ongoing conflicts at the centromere. In conclusion, we illuminate several key attributes of satellite evolutionary dynamics that we hypothesize to be driven by processes like selection, meiotic drive, and constraints on satellite sequence and abundance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wing, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/693077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary dynamics of abundant 7 bp satellites in the genome of Drosophila virilis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population genetics of the highly polymorphic RPP8 gene family 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant NLR resistance genes provide some of the most extreme examples of polymorphism in eukaryotic genomes, rivalling even the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex. Surprisingly, this is also true in Arabidopsis thaliana, a predominantly selfing species with low heterozygosity. Here, we investigate how gene duplication and intergenic exchange contribute to this extraordinary variation. RPP8 is a three-locus system that is configured chromosomally as either a direct-repeat tandem duplication or as a single copy locus, plus a locus 2 Mb distant. We sequenced 48 RPP8 alleles from 37 accessions of A. thaliana and 12 RPP8 alleles from A. lyrata to investigate the patterns of interlocus shared variation. The tandem duplicates display fixed differences and share less variation with each other than either shares with the distant paralog. A high level of shared polymorphism among alleles at one of the tandem duplicates, the single-copy locus and the distal locus, must involve both classical crossing over and intergenic gene conversion. Despite these polymorphism-enhancing mechanisms, the observed nucleotide diversity could not be replicated under neutral forward-in-time simulations. Only by adding balancing selection to the simulations do they approach level of polymorphism observed at RPP8. In this NLR gene triad, genetic architecture, gene function and selection all combine to generate diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacQueen, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holub, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreitman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/694240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population genetics of the highly polymorphic RPP8 gene family]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unexpected Complexity Of Everyday Manual Behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWHow does the brain control an effector as complex and versatile as the hand? One possibility is that the neural control of the hand is simplified by limiting the space of achievable hand postures. Indeed, hand kinematics can be largely accounted for within a small subspace of postures. This oft replicated finding has been interpreted as evidence that hand postures are confined to this subspace, and that leaving it volitionally is impossible. A prediction from this hypothesis is that measured hand movements that fall outside of this subspace reflect motor or measurement noise. To address this question, we track hand postures of human participants as they perform two distinct tasks - grasping and signing in American Sign Language. We then apply a standard dimensionality reduction technique - principal components analysis - and replicate the finding that hand movements can be largely described within a reduced subspace. However, we show that postural dimensions that fall outside of this subspace are highly structured and task dependent, suggesting that they too are under volitional control. We conclude that hand control occupies a higher dimensional space than previously considered, and propose that controlling the complexity of hand movements is well within the scope of the brains computational power.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/694778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unexpected Complexity Of Everyday Manual Behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STARRPeaker: Uniform processing and accurate identification of whole human STARR-seq active regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/694869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHigh-throughput reporter assays, such as self-transcribing active regulatory region sequencing (STARR-seq), allow for unbiased and quantitative assessment of enhancers at a genome-wide scale. Recent advances in STARR-seq technology have employed progressively more complex genomic libraries and increased sequencing depths, to assay larger sized regions, up to the entire human genome. These advances necessitate a reliable processing pipeline and peak-calling algorithm.

ResultsMost STARR-seq studies have relied on chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) processing pipelines. However, there are key differences in STARR-seq versus ChIP-seq. First, STARR-seq uses transcribed RNA to measure the activity of an enhancer, making an accurate determination of the basal transcription rate important. Second, STARR-seq coverage is highly non-uniform, overdispersed, and often confounded by sequencing biases, such as GC content and mappability. Lastly, here, we observed a clear correlation between RNA thermodynamic stability and STARR-seq readout, suggesting that STARR-seq may be sensitive to RNA secondary structure and stability. Considering these findings, we developed a negative-binomial regression framework for uniformly processing STARR-seq data, called STARRPeaker. In support of this, we generated whole-genome STARR-seq data from the HepG2 and K562 human cell lines and applied STARRPeaker to call enhancers.

ConclusionsWe show STARRPeaker can unbiasedly detect active enhancers from both captured and whole-genome STARR-seq data. Specifically, we report [~]33,000 and [~]20,000 candidate enhancers from HepG2 and K562, respectively. Moreover, we show that STARRPeaker outperforms other peak callers in terms of identifying known enhancers with fewer false positives. Overall, we demonstrate an optimized processing framework for STARR-seq experiments can identify putative enhancers while addressing potential confounders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyono, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/694869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STARRPeaker: Uniform processing and accurate identification of whole human STARR-seq active regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Promoter-specific dynamics of TATA-binding protein association with the human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factor binding to target sites in vivo is a dynamic process that involves cycles of association and dissociation, with individual proteins differing in their binding dynamics. The dynamics at individual sites on a genomic scale has been investigated in yeast cells, but comparable experiments have not been done in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we describe a tamoxifen-inducible, time-course ChIP-seq approach to measure transcription factor binding dynamics at target sites throughout the human genome. As observed in yeast cells, the TATA-binding protein (TBP) typically displays rapid turnover at RNA polymerase (Pol) II-transcribed promoters, slow turnover at Pol III promoters, and very slow turnover at the Pol I promoter. Interestingly, turnover rates vary widely among Pol II promoters in a manner that does not correlate with the level of TBP occupancy. Human Pol II promoters with slow TBP dissociation preferentially contain a TATA consensus motif, support high transcriptional activity of downstream genes, and are linked with specific activators and chromatin remodelers. These properties of human promoters with slow TBP turnover differ from those of yeast promoters with slow turnover. These observations suggest that TBP binding dynamics differentially affect promoter function and gene expression, possibly at the level of transcriptional reinitiation/bursting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lieb, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Struhl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/696369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Promoter-specific dynamics of TATA-binding protein association with the human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple timescales account for adaptive responses across sensory cortices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory systems encounter remarkably diverse stimuli in the external environment. Natural stimuli exhibit timescales and amplitudes of variation that span a wide range. Mechanisms of adaptation, ubiquitous feature of sensory systems, allow for the accommodation of this range of scales. Are there common rules of adaptation across different sensory modalities? We measured the membrane potential responses of individual neurons in the visual, somatosensory and auditory cortices to discrete, punctate stimuli delivered at a wide range of fixed and nonfixed frequencies. We find that the adaptive profile of the response is largely preserved across these three areas, exhibiting attenuation and responses to the cessation of stimulation which are signatures of response to changes in stimulus statistics. We demonstrate that these adaptive responses can emerge from a simple model based on the integration of fixed filters operating over multiple time scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Latimer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokoletsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awwad, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelken, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampl, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairhall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priebe, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/700062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple timescales account for adaptive responses across sensory cortices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryptic genetic variation underpins rapid adaptation to ocean acidification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Global climate change has intensified the need to assess the capacity for natural populations to adapt to abrupt shifts in the environment. Reductions in seawater pH constitute a conspicuous stressor associated with increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide that is affecting ecosystems throughout the worlds oceans. Here, we quantify the phenotypic and genetic modifications associated with rapid adaptation to reduced seawater pH in the marine mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. We reared a genetically diverse larval population in ambient and extreme low pH conditions (pHT 8.1 and 7.4) and tracked changes in the larval size and allele frequency distributions through settlement. Additionally, we separated larvae by size to link a fitness-related trait to its underlying genetic background in each treatment. Both phenotypic and genetic data show that M. galloprovincialis can evolve in response to a decrease in seawater pH. This process is polygenic and characterized by genotype-environment interactions, suggesting the role of cryptic genetic variation in adaptation to future climate change. Holistically, this work provides insight into the processes underpinning rapid evolution, and demonstrates the importance of maintaining standing variation within natural populations to bolster species adaptive capacity as global change progresses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bitter, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapsenberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gattuso, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfister, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/700526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryptic genetic variation underpins rapid adaptation to ocean acidification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/701391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SINATRA: A Sub-Image Analysis Pipeline for Selecting Features that Differentiate Classes of 3D Shapes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/701391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The recent curation of large-scale databases with 3D surface scans of shapes has motivated the development of tools that better detect global patterns in morphological variation. Studies which focus on identifying differences between shapes have been limited to simple pairwise comparisons and rely on pre-specified landmarks (that are often known). We present SINATRA: the first statistical pipeline for analyzing collections of shapes without requiring any correspondences. Our novel algorithm takes in two classes of shapes and highlights the physical features that best describe the variation between them. We use a rigorous simulation framework to assess our approach. Lastly, as a case study, we use SINATRA to analyze mandibular molars from four different suborders of primates and demonstrate its ability recover known morphometric variation across phylogenies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudijono, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirveslahti, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/701391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SINATRA: A Sub-Image Analysis Pipeline for Selecting Features that Differentiate Classes of 3D Shapes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/703793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Evolutionary History of Common Genetic Variants Influencing Human Cortical Surface Area 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/703793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural brain changes along the lineage that led to modern Homo sapiens have contributed to our unique cognitive and social abilities. However, the evolutionarily relevant molecular variants impacting key aspects of neuroanatomy are largely unknown. Here, we integrate evolutionary annotations of the genome at diverse timescales with common variant associations from large-scale neuroimaging genetic screens in living humans, to reveal how selective pressures have shaped neocortical surface area. We show that variation within human gained enhancers active in the developing brain is associated with global surface area as well as that of specific regions. Moreover, we find evidence of recent polygenic selection over the past 2,000 years influencing surface area of multiple cortical regions, including those involved in spoken language and visual processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tilot, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khramtsova, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasby, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Painter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colodro Conde, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bralten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibar, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brotman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medland, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macciardi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/703793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Evolutionary History of Common Genetic Variants Influencing Human Cortical Surface Area]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/704791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adult dentate gyrus neurogenesis: A functional model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/704791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In adult dentate gyrus neurogenesis, the link between maturation of newborn neurons and their function, such as behavioral pattern separation, has remained puzzling. By analyzing a theoretical model, we show that the switch from excitation to inhibition of the GABAergic input onto maturing newborn cells is crucial for their proper functional integration. When the GABAergic input is excitatory, cooperativity drives the growth of synapses such that newborn cells become sensitive to stimuli similar to those that activate mature cells. When GABAergic input switches to inhibitory, competition pushes the configuration of synapses onto newborn cells towards stimuli that are different from previously stored ones. This enables the maturing newborn cells to code for concepts that are novel, yet similar to familiar ones. Our theory of newborn cell maturation explains both how adult-born dentate granule cells integrate into the preexisting network and why they promote separation of similar but not distinct patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gozel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstner, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/704791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adult dentate gyrus neurogenesis: A functional model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards a state-space geometry of neural responses to natural scenes: A steady-state approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/705376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our understanding of information processing by the mammalian visual system has come through a variety of techniques ranging from psychophysics and fMRI to single unit recording and EEG. Each technique provides unique insights into the processing framework of the early visual system. Here, we focus on the nature of the information that is carried by steady state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs). To study the information provided by SSVEPs, we presented human participants with a population of natural scenes and measured the relative SSVEP response. Rather than focus on particular features of this signal, we focused on the full state-space of possible responses and investigated how the evoked responses are mapped onto this space. Our results show that it is possible to map the relatively high-dimensional signal carried by SSVEPs onto a 2-dimensional space with little loss. We also show that a simple biologically plausible model can account for a high proportion of the explainable variance ([~]73%) in that space. Finally, we describe a technique for measuring the mutual information that is available about images from SSVEPs. The techniques introduced here represent a new approach to understanding the nature of the information carried by SSVEPs. Crucially, this approach is general and can provide a means of comparing results across different neural recording methods. Altogether, our study sheds light on the encoding principles of early vision and provides a much needed reference point for understanding subsequent transformations of the early visual response space to deeper knowledge structures that link different visual environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miskovic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/705376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards a state-space geometry of neural responses to natural scenes: A steady-state approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/706424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrative ENCODE resource for cancer genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/706424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ENCODE comprises thousands of functional genomics datasets, and the encyclopedia covers hundreds of cell types, providing a universal annotation for genome interpretation. However, for particular applications, it may be advantageous to use a customized annotation. Here, we develop such a custom annotation by leveraging advanced assays, such as eCLIP, Hi-C, and whole-genome STARR-seq on a number of data-rich ENCODE cell types. A key aspect of this annotation is comprehensive and experimentally derived networks of both transcription factors and RNA-binding proteins (TFs and RBPs). Cancer, a disease of system-wide dysregulation, is an ideal application for such a network-based annotation. Specifically, for cancer-associated cell types, we put regulators into hierarchies and measure their network change (rewiring) during oncogenesis. We also extensively survey TF-RBP crosstalk, highlighting how SUB1, a previously uncharacterized RBP, drives aberrant tumor expression and amplifies the effect of MYC, a well-known oncogenic TF. Furthermore, we show how our annotation allows us to place oncogenic transformations in the context of a broad cell space; here, many normal-to-tumor transitions move towards a stem-like state, while oncogene knockdowns show an opposing trend. Finally, we organize the resource into a coherent workflow to prioritize key elements and variants, in addition to regulators. We showcase the application of this prioritization to somatic burdening, cancer differential expression and GWAS. Targeted validations of the prioritized regulators, elements and variants using siRNA knockdowns, CRISPR-based editing, and luciferase assays demonstrate the value of the ENCODE resource.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhiman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGillivray, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lochovsky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmanci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, K.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gursoy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenberg, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozowsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warrell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galeev, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Mulia, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adrian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broach, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dileep, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevilla-Garcia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/706424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrative ENCODE resource for cancer genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-apoptotic caspase-dependent regulation of enteroblast quiescence in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caspase malfunction in stem cells often instigates the appearance and progression of multiple types of cancer, including human colorectal cancer. However, the caspase-dependent regulation of intestinal stem cell properties remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Dronc, the Drosophila ortholog of caspase-9/2 in mammals, limits the proliferation of intestinal progenitor cells and prevents the premature differentiation of enteroblasts into enterocytes. Strikingly, these unexpected roles of Dronc are non-apoptotic and have been uncovered under experimental conditions without basal epithelial turnover. A novel set of genetic tools have also allowed us to correlate these Dronc functions with its specific accumulation and transient activation in enteroblasts. Finally, we establish that the Dronc-dependent regulation of enteroblast quiescence, largely relies on the fine-tuning of the Notch and Insulin-TOR signalling pathways. Together, this data provides novel insights into the caspase-dependent but non-apoptotic modulation of enteroblast differentiation in non-regenerative conditions. These findings could improve our understanding regarding the origin of caspase-related intestinal malignancies, and the efficacy of therapeutic interventions based on caspase-modulating molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baena Lopez, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthurton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahotko, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/707380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-apoptotic caspase-dependent regulation of enteroblast quiescence in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transposable elements have contributed human regulatory regions that are activated upon bacterial infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TEs) are increasingly recognized as important contributors to mammalian regulatory systems. For instance, they have been shown to play a role in the human interferon response. However, their involvement in other mechanisms of immune cell activation remains poorly understood. We investigated the profile of accessible chromatin enhanced in stimulated human macrophages using ATAC-Seq to assess the role of different TE subfamilies in regulating the immune response. We found that both previously identified and new repeats belonging to the MER44, THE1, Tigger3 and MLT1 families provide 14 subfamilies that are enriched in differentially accessible chromatin and found near differentially expressed genes. These TEs also harbour binding motifs for several candidate transcription factors, including important immune regulators AP-1 and NF-kB, present in 96% of accessible MER44B and 83% of THE1C instances, respectively. To more directly assess their regulatory potential, we evaluated their presence in regions putatively affecting gene expression, as defined by quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis, and find that repeats are also contributing to accessible elements near QTLs. Together, these results suggest that a number of TE families have contributed to the regulation of the immunogenomic response to infection in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bogdan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/707612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transposable elements have contributed human regulatory regions that are activated upon bacterial infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/713339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overlapping attentional networks yield divergent behavioral predictions across tasks: Neuromarkers for diffuse and focused attention? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/713339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention is a critical cognitive function, allowing humans to select, enhance, and sustain focus on information of behavioral relevance. Attention contains dissociable neural and psychological components. Nevertheless, some brain networks support multiple attentional functions. Connectome-based Predictive Models (CPM), which associate individual differences in task performance with functional connectivity patterns, provide a compelling example. A sustained attention network model (saCPM) successfully predicted performance for selective attention, inhibitory control, and reading recall tasks. Here we constructed a visual attentional blink (VAB) model (vabCPM), comparing its performance predictions and network edges associated with successful and unsuccessful behavior to the saCPMs. In the VAB, attention devoted to a target often causes a subsequent item to be missed. Although frequently attributed to attentional limitations, VAB deficits may attenuate when participants are distracted or deploy attention diffusely. Participants (n=73; 24 males) underwent fMRI while performing the VAB task and while resting. Outside the scanner, they completed other cognitive tasks over several days. A vabCPM constructed from these data successfully predicted VAB performance. Strikingly, the network edges that predicted better VAB performance (positive edges) predicted worse selective and sustained attention performance, and vice versa. Predictions from the saCPM mirrored these results, with the networks negative edges predicting better VAB performance. Furthermore, the vabCPMs positive edges significantly overlapped with the saCPMs negative edges, and vice versa. We conclude that these partially overlapping networks each have general attentional functions. They may indicate an individuals propensity to diffusely deploy attention, predicting better performance for some tasks and worse for others.nnSignificance statementA longstanding question in psychology and neuroscience is whether we have general capacities or domain-specific ones. For such general capacities, what is the common function? Here we addressed these questions using the attentional blink (AB) task and neuroimaging. Individuals searched for two items in a stream of distracting items; the second item was often missed when it closely followed the first. How often the second item was missed varied across individuals, which was reflected in attention networks. Curiously, the networks pattern of function that was good for the AB was bad for other tasks, and vice versa. We propose that these networks may represent not a general attentional ability, but rather the tendency to attend in a less focused manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, E. X. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liaw, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, T. T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chee, A. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obana, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asplund, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/713339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overlapping attentional networks yield divergent behavioral predictions across tasks: Neuromarkers for diffuse and focused attention?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/716613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturbing neural representations of working memory with task-irrelevant interruption 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/716613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory maintains information so that it can be used in complex cognitive tasks. A key challenge for this system is to maintain relevant information in the face of task-irrelevant perturbations. In this series of experiments, we investigated the impact of task-irrelevant interruptions on neural representations of working memory. We recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) activity in humans while they performed a working memory task. On a subset of trials, we interrupted participants with salient, but task-irrelevant objects. To track the impact of these task-irrelevant interruptions on neural representations of working memory, we measured two well-characterized, temporally sensitive EEG markers that reflect active, prioritized working memory representations: the contralateral delay activity (CDA) and lateralized alpha power (8-12hz). Following interruption, we found that CDA momentarily sustained, but was gone by the end of the trial. Lateralized alpha power was immediately influenced by the interrupters, but recovered by the end of the trial. This suggests that dissociable neural processes contribute to the maintenance of working memory information. Additionally, we found that task expectancy modulated the timing and magnitude of how these two neural signals responded to task-irrelevant interruptions, suggesting that the brains response to task-irrelevant interruption is shaped by task context. The distinct time courses of and influence of task context on these two neural signatures of working memory have many interesting theoretical implications about how information is actively maintained in working memory.nnSignificance statementWorking memory plays a central role in intelligent behaviors because it actively maintains relevant information that is easily accessible and manipulatable. In everyday life, we are often interrupted while performing such complex cognitive tasks. Therefore, understanding how working memory responds to and overcomes momentary task-irrelevant interruptions is critical for us to understand how complex cognition works. Here, we unveil how two distinct neural signatures of working memory respond to task-irrelevant interruptions by recording electroencephalogram activity in humans. Our findings raise long-standing theoretical questions about how different neural and cognitive processes contribute to the maintenance of information in working memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hakim, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldmann-Wustefeld, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/716613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturbing neural representations of working memory with task-irrelevant interruption]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Aging Microenvironment Shapes Alveolar Macrophage Identity in Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A dysfunctional response to inhaled pathogens and toxins drives a substantial portion of the susceptibility to acute and chronic lung disease in the elderly. We used transcriptomic profiling combined with genetic lineage tracing, heterochronic adoptive transfer, parabiosis and treatment with metformin to show that the lung microenvironment defines the phenotype of long-lived alveolar macrophages during aging. While tissue-resident alveolar macrophages persist in the lung without input from monocytes over the lifespan, severe lung injury results in their replacement with monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages. These monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages are also shaped by the microenvironment both during aging and in response to a subsequent environmental challenge to become transcriptionally and functionally similar to tissue-resident alveolar macrophages. These findings show that changes in alveolar macrophage phenotypes during injury and aging are not cell autonomous but instead are shaped by changes in the aging lung microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McQuattie-Pimentel, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoeger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sichizya, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piseaux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soberanes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyfman, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anekalla, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runyan, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdala-Valencia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meliton, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morimoto, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutlu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottardi, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridge, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandel, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sznajder, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balch, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misharin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budinger, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/717033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Aging Microenvironment Shapes Alveolar Macrophage Identity in Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/721597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A carbonic anhydrase pseudogene sensitizes select Brucella lineages to low CO2 partial pressure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/721597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brucella are intracellular pathogens that cause a disease known as brucellosis. Though the genus is highly monomorphic at the genetic level, species have animal host preferences and some defining physiologic characteristics. Of note is the requirement for increased CO2 tension to cultivate particular species, which confounded early efforts to isolate B. abortus from diseased cattle. Differences in the capacity of Brucella species to assimilate CO2 are determined by mutations in the carbonic anhydrase gene, bcaA. Ancestral single nucleotide insertions in bcaA have resulted in frameshifted pseudogenes in B. abortus and B. ovis lineages, which underlie their inability to grow under the low CO2 tension of a standard atmosphere. Incubation of wild-type B. ovis in air selects for mutations that "rescue" a functional bcaA reading frame, which enables growth under low CO2 and enhances growth rate in high CO2. Consistent with this result, we show that heterologous expression of functional E. coli carbonic anhydrases enables B. ovis growth in air. Growth of wild-type B. ovis is acutely sensitive to a reduction in CO2 tension, while frame-rescued B. ovis mutants are completely insensitive to CO2 shifts. Wild-type B. ovis initiates a gene expression program upon CO2 downshift that resembles the stringent response and results in activation of its virB type IV secretion system. Our study provides evidence that loss-of-function insertion mutations in bcaA sensitize the response of B. ovis and B. abortus to reduced CO2 tension relative to other Brucella lineages. CO2-dependent starvation and virulence gene expression programs in these species may influence persistence or transmission in natural hosts.nnImportanceBrucella spp. are highly related, but exhibit differences in animal host preference that must be determined by genome sequence differences. B. ovis and the majority of B. abortus strains require increased CO2 tension to be cultivated in vitro, and harbor conserved insertional mutations in the carbonic anhydrase, bcaA, which underlie this trait. Mutants that grow in a standard atmosphere, first reported nearly a century ago, are easily selected in the laboratory. These mutants harbor varied indel polymorphisms in bcaA that restore its consensus reading frame and rescue its function. Loss of bcaA function has evolved independently in the B. ovis and B. abortus lineages, and results in a dramatically increased sensitivity to CO2 limitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varesio, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willet, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/721597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A carbonic anhydrase pseudogene sensitizes select Brucella lineages to low CO2 partial pressure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-silico definition of the Drosophila melanogaster matrisome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/722868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an assembly of hundreds of proteins that structurally supports the cells it surrounds and biochemically regulates their functions. Drosophila has emerged as a powerful model organism to study fundamental mechanisms underlying ECM protein secretion, ECM assembly, and ECM roles in pathophysiological processes. However, as of today, we do not possess a well-defined list of the components forming the ECM of this organism. We previously reported the development of computational pipelines to define the matrisome - the ensemble of genes encoding ECM and ECM-associated proteins - of humans, mice, zebrafish and C. elegans. Using a similar approach, we report here that the Drosophila matrisome is composed of 641 genes. We further classify these genes into different structural and functional categories, including an expanded way to classify genes encoding proteins forming apical ECMs. We illustrate how having a comprehensive list of Drosophila matrisome proteins can be used to annotate large proteomic datasets and identify unsuspected roles for the ECM in pathophysiological processes. Last, to aid the dissemination and usage of the proposed definition and categorization of the Drosophila matrisome by the scientific community, our list has been made available through three public portals: The Matrisome Project, FlyBase, and GLAD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne-Badovinac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naba, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/722868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-silico definition of the Drosophila melanogaster matrisome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/726232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytochrome P450 26b1-mediated specification of vestibular striola and central zones is required for transient responses in linear acceleration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/726232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each vestibular sensory epithelia of the inner ear is divided into two zones, the striola and extrastriola in maculae of otolith organs and the central and peripheral zones in cristae of semicircular canals, that differ in morphology and physiology. We found that formation of striolar/central zones during embryogenesis requires Cytochrome P450 26b1 (Cyp26b1)-mediated degradation of retinoic acid (RA). In Cyp26b1 conditional knockout mice, the identities of the striolar/central zones were compromised, including abnormal innervating neurons and otoconia in otolith organs. Vestibular evoked potentials (VsEP) in response to jerk stimuli were largely absent. Vestibulo-ocular reflexes and standard motor performances such as forced swimming were unaffected, but mutants had head tremors and deficits in balance beam tests that were consistent with abnormal vestibular input. Thus, degradation of RA during embryogenesis is required for patterning highly specialized regions of the vestibular sensory epithelia that may provide acute feedback about head motion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ono, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zobeiri, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayiotis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duester, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santina, C. C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eatock, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/726232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytochrome P450 26b1-mediated specification of vestibular striola and central zones is required for transient responses in linear acceleration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/734004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariate analysis of EEG activity indexes contingent and non-contingent attentional capture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/734004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is well known that salient yet irrelevant singleton can capture attention, even when this is inconsistent with the current goals of the observer (Theeuwes, 1992; 2010). Others however have claimed that capture is critically contingent on the goals of the observer: Capture is strongly modulated (or even eliminated) when the irrelevant singleton does not match the target-defining properties (Folk, Remington, & Johnston, 1992). There has been a long-standing debate on whether attentional capture can be explained by goal-driven and/or stimulus-driven accounts. Here, we shed further light on this phenomenon by using EEG activity (raw EEG and alpha power) to provide a time-resolved index of attentional orienting. Participants searched for a target defined by a pre-specified color. The search display was preceded by a singleton cue that either matched the color of the upcoming target (contingent cues), or that appeared in an irrelevant color (non-contingent cues). Multivariate analysis of raw EEG and alpha power revealed preferential tuning to the location of both contingent and non-contingent cues, with a stronger bias towards contingent than non-contingent cues. The time course of these effects, however, depended on the neural signal. Raw EEG data revealed attentional orienting towards the cue early on in the trial (>156 ms), while alpha power revealed sustained spatial selection in the cued locations at a later moment in the trial (>250 ms). Moreover, while raw EEG showed stronger capture by contingent cues during this early time window, the advantage for contingent cues arose during a later time window in alpha band activity. Thus, our findings suggest that raw EEG activity and alpha-band power tap into distinct neural processes that index movements of covert spatial attention. Both signals provide clear neural evidence that both contingent and non-contingent cues can capture attention, and that this process is robustly shaped by the target-defining properties in the current block of trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munneke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahrenfort, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutterer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theeuwes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/734004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariate analysis of EEG activity indexes contingent and non-contingent attentional capture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/736322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Hedgehog-FGF signaling axis patterns anterior mesoderm during gastrulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/736322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The application of single cell technologies to early development holds promise for resolving complex developmental phenotypes. Here we define a novel role for Hedgehog (Hh) signaling for the formation of anterior mesoderm lineages during gastrulation. Single-cell transcriptome analysis of Hh-deficient mesoderm revealed selective deficits in anterior mesoderm populations that later translate to physical defects to anterior embryonic structures including the first pharyngeal arch, heart, and anterior somites. We found that Hh-dependent anterior mesoderm defects were cell non-autonomous to Hh-signal reception. Transcriptional profiling of Hh-deficient mesoderm during gastrulation revealed disruptions to both transcriptional patterning of the mesoderm and a key FGF signaling pathway for mesoderm migration. FGF4 protein application was able to restore cellular migration during gastrulation that was decreased by Hh pathway antagonism. These findings implicate that primitive streak-mediated regulation of anterior mesoderm patterning is controlled by a multicomponent signaling hierarchy activated by Hh signaling and executed by FGF signal transduction.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHow signaling events during gastrulation pattern the mesoderm is a fascinating developmental process. Although Hedgehog signaling has been implicated in early mesoderm development, its mechanistic role has not been described. We applied single cell sequencing to describe mesodermal defects in Hedgehog pathway mutants--revealing selective defects in anterior mesoderm populations. Transcriptional profiling of gastrulating Hedgehog mutants indicated that several pathways essential for primitive streak function, including FGF, required Hh signaling. Blocking Hedgehog signaling abrogated cell migration during gastrulation, which could be mitigated by addition of FGF4 ligand. This work uncovers a novel Hedgehog to FGF signaling event and describes a unique mechanism by which signals from the node impact to anterior mesoderm formation through the modulation of primitive streak function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guzzetta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kweon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckart, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Back, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bressan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/736322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Hedgehog-FGF signaling axis patterns anterior mesoderm during gastrulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capturing medical practice with indication embeddings 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe electronic health record is a rising resource for quantifying medical practice, discovering adverse effects of drugs, and studying comparative effectiveness. One of the challenges of applying these methods to health care data is the high dimensionality of the health record. Methods to discover effects of drugs in health data must account for tens of thousands of potentially relevant confounders. Our goal in this work is to reduce the dimensionality of the health data with the aim of accelerating the application of retrospective cohort studies to this data.

Materials and MethodsHere, we develop indication embeddings, a way to reduce the dimensionality of health data while capturing information relevant to treatment decisions. We evaluate these embeddings using external data on drug indications. Then, we use the embeddings as a substitute for medical history to match patients, and develop evaluation metrics for these matches.

ResultsWe demonstrate that these embeddings recover therapeutic uses of drugs. We use embeddings as an informative representation of relationships between drugs, between health history events and drug prescriptions, and between patients at a particular time in their health history. We show that using embeddings to match cohorts improves the balance of the cohorts, even in terms of poorly measured risk factors like smoking.

Discussion and ConclusionUnlike other embeddings inspired by word2vec, indication embeddings are specifically designed to capture the medical history leading to prescription of a new drug. For retrospective cohort studies, our low-dimensional representation helps in finding comparator drugs and constructing comparator cohorts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melamed, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/737049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capturing medical practice with indication embeddings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversification of CORVET tethers facilitates transport complexity in Tetrahymena thermophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In endolysosomal networks, two hetero-hexameric tethers called HOPS and CORVET are found widely throughout eukaryotes. The unicellular ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila possesses elaborate endolysosomal structures, but curiously both it and related protozoa lack the HOPS tether and several other trafficking genes while retaining the related CORVET complex. Tetrahymena encodes multiple paralogs of most CORVET subunits, which assemble into six distinct complexes. Each complex has a unique subunit composition and, significantly, shows unique localization, indicating participation in distinct pathways. One pair of complexes differ by a single subunit (Vps8), but have late endosomal vs. recycling endosome locations. While Vps8 subunits are thus prime determinants for targeting and functional specificity, determinants exist on all subunits except Vps11. This unprecedented expansion and diversification of CORVET provides a potent example of tether flexibility, and illustrates how  backfilling following secondary losses of trafficking genes can provide a mechanism for evolution of new pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sparvoli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoltner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turkewitz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/737247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversification of CORVET tethers facilitates transport complexity in Tetrahymena thermophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/739839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mice Lacking FXR Are Susceptible to Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/739839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of bile acid (BA) receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has been shown to inhibit inflammatory responses and improve tissue ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). This study investigated the effect of FXR deficiency on liver IRI, using a liver warm IRI mouse model. We demonstrate that liver IRI resulted in decreased FXR expression in the liver of WT mice. FXR-/-mice displayed greater liver damage and inflammatory responses than WT mice, characterized by significant increases in liver weight, serum AST and ALT, hepatocyte apoptosis and liver inflammatory cytokines. Liver IRI increased expression of X box binding protein 1 (XBP1) and FGF21 in WT liver, but not in FXR-/- liver, which conversely increased CHOP expression, suggesting a loss of ER stress protection in the absence of FXR. FXR deficiency increased circulating total BAs and altered BA composition with reduced TUDCA and hepatic BA synthesis markers. FXR deficiency also reshaped gut microbiota composition with increased Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria and decreased Firmicutes. Curiously, Bacteroidetes were positively and Firmicutes were negatively correlated with serum ALT levels. Administration of FXR agonist CDCA inhibited NF-{kappa}B activity and TNF expression in vitro and improved liver IRI in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that FXR signaling plays an important role in the modulation of liver IRI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puchowicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/739839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mice Lacking FXR Are Susceptible to Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared Genetic Risk between Eating Disorder- and Substance-Use-Related Phenotypes: Evidence from Genome-Wide Association Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eating disorders and substance use disorders frequently co-occur. Twin studies reveal shared genetic variance between liabilities to eating disorders and substance use, with the strongest associations between symptoms of bulimia nervosa (BN) and problem alcohol use (genetic correlation [rg], twin-based=0.23-0.53). We estimated the genetic correlation between eating disorder and substance use and disorder phenotypes using data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Four eating disorder phenotypes (anorexia nervosa [AN], AN with binge-eating, AN without binge-eating, and a BN factor score), and eight substance-use-related phenotypes (drinks per week, alcohol use disorder [AUD], smoking initiation, current smoking, cigarettes per day, nicotine dependence, cannabis initiation, and cannabis use disorder) from eight studies were included. Significant genetic correlations were adjusted for variants associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Total sample sizes per phenotype ranged from ~2,400 to ~537,000 individuals. We used linkage disequilibrium score regression to calculate single nucleotide polymorphism-based genetic correlations between eating disorder and substance-use-related phenotypes. Significant positive genetic associations emerged between AUD and AN (rg=0.18; false discovery rate q=0.0006), cannabis initiation and AN (rg=0.23; q<0.0001), and cannabis initiation and AN with binge-eating (rg=0.27; q=0.0016). Conversely, significant negative genetic correlations were observed between three non-diagnostic smoking phenotypes (smoking initiation, current smoking, and cigarettes per day) and AN without binge-eating (rgs=-0.19 to -0.23; qs<0.04). The genetic correlation between AUD and AN was no longer significant after co-varying for MDD loci. The patterns of association between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes highlights the potentially complex and substance-specific relationships between these behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munn-Chernoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspar, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leppa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattheisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giusti-Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanscombe, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alredsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrettini, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boraska Perica, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buehren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burghardt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danner, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zwaan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedoussis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degortes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSocio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/741512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared Genetic Risk between Eating Disorder- and Substance-Use-Related Phenotypes: Evidence from Genome-Wide Association Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MACF1 Facilitates SMAD7 Nuclear Translocation to Drive Bone Formation in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MACF1 is a large crosslinker that contributes to cytoskeleton integrity and cell differentiation. Loss of MACF1 impairs multiple cellular functions in neuron development and epidermal migration, and is the molecular basis for many diseases such as heart failure and Parkinsons disease. MACF1 is highly abundant in bones, however, its involvements in osteogenic differentiation and bone formation are still unknown. In this study, by conditional gene targeting to delete the Macf1 gene specifically in MSCs, we observed ossification retardation and bone loss in MACF1 deficient mice in different developmental stages, which we traced to disorganized cytoskeleton and decreased osteogenic differentiation capability in MSCs. Further, we show that MACF1 interacts and facilitates SMAD7 nuclear translocation to initiate downstream transcription. These findings are hopefully to expand the biological scope of MACF1 in bones, and provide experimental basis for targeting MACF1 in degenerative bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/743930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MACF1 Facilitates SMAD7 Nuclear Translocation to Drive Bone Formation in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Input dose differentiation by NF-κB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells receive a wide range of dynamic signaling inputs during immune regulation, but how gene regulatory networks measure and interpret such dynamic inputs is not understood. Here, we used microfluidic live-cell analysis and mathematical modeling to study how NF-{kappa}B pathway in single-cells responds to time-varying immune inputs such as increasing, decreasing or fluctuating cytokine signals. Surprisingly, we found that NF-{kappa}B acts as a differentiator, responding strictly to the absolute difference in cytokine concentration, and not to the concentration itself. Our analyses revealed that negative feedbacks by the regulatory proteins A20 and I{kappa}B enable dose differentiation by providing short-term memory of prior cytokine level and continuously resetting kinase cycling and receptor levels. Investigation of NF-{kappa}B target gene expression showed that cells create unique transcriptional responses under different dynamic cytokine profiles. Our results demonstrate how cells use simple network motifs and transcription factor dynamics to efficiently extract information from complex signaling environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Son, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzig, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/752394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Input dose differentiation by NF-κB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Manner of death and demographic effects on microbial community composition in organs of the human cadaver 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/752576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbiome serves important functions in human health, and postmortem, the microbial signatures of colonized organ tissue could be useful in helping to predict the manner of death in cases where this information is not known. We surveyed the microbiota (16S rRNA V4 amplicon sequencing) of 265 organ tissue samples including liver, blood, brain, heart, prostate, spleen and uterus from cadavers in Italy, Finland and the United States with confirmed manners of death comprising either accidental death, natural death, homicide, and suicide. Geographic locality (i.e. nationality) had a strong effect on observed microbial composition. Differing PERMANOVA results between unweighted and weighted UniFrac (nearly inverse results) suggest that specific bacteria may be associated with ethnicity and age, but that these differences are negligible when taking into account the relative abundance of bacterial taxa; weighted UniFrac measures suggest that although taxonomic composition may not vary significantly between different manners of death, PMI, or BMI categories, the relative abundance of specific taxa vary significantly. Various tissues exhibit differential associations with bacteria, and prostate and uterus were substantially different compared to other organs. For example, in Italian cadavers, the bacteria MLE1-12 permeated nearly all tissues, except the prostate and uterus. We identified specific bacterial ASVs as biomarkers of either natural or accidental death and suicide, but not for homicide. While the manner of death may have an impact on microbial associations, further investigation under more controlled conditions will be needed to validate whether these associations are predictive in forensic determinations.nnImportanceThe utilization of microbial data in the context of forensic investigations holds great promise for the field of forensic science. Identification of taxa that are associated with postmortem interval (PMI), specific manners of death (MOD), or other traits such as age, sex, ethnicity, and nationality may allow investigators to refine the circumstantial details surrounding the death of an individual. In this study we find nationality (geographic location of cadaver) to be a dominant predictor of cadaver microbiome composition. We also identify a number of cadaver-specific traits to be associated with microbial alpha- and beta diversity, as well as bacterial taxa that are differentially associated with these traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lutz, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vangelatos, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speed, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osculati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finley, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuomisto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karhunen, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javan, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/752576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Manner of death and demographic effects on microbial community composition in organs of the human cadaver]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/753780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Derivation of endometrial gland organoids from term post-partum placenta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/753780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major limitation of recently developed methods for the generation of endometrial gland organoids is their reliance on decidua isolated from endometrial biopsies or elective termination of pregnancies. Here we report the successful establishment of endometrial gland organoids from decidua isolated from term placental membranes, as well as the identification of potential survival factors for the co-culture of gland organoids and endometrial stromal fibroblasts. These modifications facilitate the generation of patient-specific endometrial gland organoids with known pregnancy outcomes, such as term vs. preterm birth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marinic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/753780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Derivation of endometrial gland organoids from term post-partum placenta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/757120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired carotid body hypoxic sensing in mice deficient in olfactory receptor 78 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/757120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carotid bodies are the sensory organs for detecting hypoxemia (decreased arterial blood oxygen levels) and ensuing chemo reflex is a major regulator of breathing and blood pressure. Chang et al (2015) proposed that olfactory receptor 78 (Olfr78) plays a major role in hypoxic sensing by the carotid body. However, such a possibility was questioned by a subsequent study ((Torres-Torrelo et al. 2018). The discrepancy between the two reports prompted the present study to re-examine the role of Olfr78 in hypoxic sensing by the carotid body (CB). Studies were performed on age and gender matched Olfr78 knock out mice generated on BL6 and JAX backgrounds and corresponding wild type mice. Breathing was monitored by plethysmography in un-sedated and efferent phrenic nerve activity in anesthetized mice. Carotid body sensory nerve activity was determined ex vivo and [Ca2+]i responses were monitored in isolated glomus cells, the primary O2 sensing cells of the carotid body. Olfr78 null mice on both BL6 and JAX backgrounds exhibited attenuated hypoxic ventilatory response, whereas breathing responses to CO2 were unaffected. The magnitude of hyperoxia-induced depression of breathing (Dejours test), which is an indirect measure of carotid body hypoxic sensing, was markedly reduced in Olfr78 mutant mice on both background strains. Furthermore, carotid body sensory nerve and glomus cell [Ca2+]i responses to hypoxia were attenuated in BL6 and JAX Olfr78 null mice. These results suggest that Olfr78 plays an important role in hypoxic sensing by the carotid body.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gridina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanduri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhakar, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/757120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired carotid body hypoxic sensing in mice deficient in olfactory receptor 78]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput fluorescence-based screen identifies the neuronal microRNA miR-124 as a positive regulator of alphavirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Micro (mi)RNAs are small regulatory RNAs, which act as guide for the RISC complex to modulate the expression of target genes. In addition to their role in maintaining essential physiological functions in the cell, miRNAs can also regulate viral infections. They can do so directly by targeting RNAs of viral origin or indirectly by targeting RNAs from the host and this can result in a positive or negative outcome for the virus. Here, we performed a miRNA genome-wide screen in order to identify cellular miRNAs involved in the regulation of arbovirus infection in human cells. We identified sixteen miRNAs showing a positive effect on the virus, among which a number of neuron-specific ones such as miR-124. We confirmed that overexpression of miR-124 increases Sindbis virus (SINV) viral production and that this effect is mediated by its seed sequence. We further demonstrated that the SINV genome possesses a binding site for miR-124-3p. Both inhibition of miR-124-3p or silent mutations to disrupt this binding site in the viral RNA abolished the positive regulation. We also proved that miR-124 inhibition reduces SINV infection in human differentiated neuronal cells. Finally, we showed that the proviral effect of miR-124 is conserved for other medically relevant alphaviruses. Indeed, inhibition of miR-124 expression reduces chikungunya virus (CHIKV) viral production in human cells. Altogether, our work expands the panel of positive regulation of the viral cycle by direct binding of host miRNAs to the viral RNA and provides new insights into the role of cellular miRNAs as regulators of alphavirus infection.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTArthropod-borne (arbo) viruses are part of a class of pathogens that are transmitted to their final hosts by insects. Because of climate change, the habitat of some of these insects, such as mosquitoes, is shifting, thereby facilitating the emergence of viral epidemics. Among the pathologies associated with arboviruses infection, neurological diseases like meningitis or encephalitis represent a significant health burden. Using a genome-wide miRNA screen, we identified the neuronal miR-124 as a positive regulator of the Sindbis and chikungunya alphaviruses. We also showed that this effect was in part direct, thereby opening novel avenues to treat alphaviruses infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girardi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mounce, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chane-Woon-Ming, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaukinen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolamiol-Becet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fendri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignuzzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeffer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/758201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput fluorescence-based screen identifies the neuronal microRNA miR-124 as a positive regulator of alphavirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/759969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput isolation and sorting of gut microbes reduce biases of traditional cultivation strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/759969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional cultivation approaches in microbiology are labor-intensive, low-throughput, and often yield biased sampling of taxa due to ecological and evolutionary factors. New strategies are needed to enable ample representation of rare taxa and slow-growers that are outcompeted by fast-growing organisms. We developed a microfluidic platform that anaerobically isolates and cultivates microbial cells in millions of picoliter droplets and automatically sorts droplets based on colony density. We applied our strategy to mouse and human gut microbiomes and used 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons to characterize taxonomic composition of cells grown using different media. We found up to 4-fold increase in richness and larger representation of rare taxa among cells grown in droplets compared to conventional culture plates. Automated sorting of droplets for slow-growing colonies further enhanced the relative abundance of rare populations. Our method improves the cultivation and analysis of diverse microbiomes to gain deeper insights into microbial functioning and lifestyles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watterson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanyeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cham, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/759969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput isolation and sorting of gut microbes reduce biases of traditional cultivation strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/760256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline RNA helicases couple RNA binding to P granule assembly at nuclear periphery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/760256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
P granules are phase-separated liquid droplets that play important roles in the maintenance of the germ cell fate in C. elegans. The localization and formation of P granules are highly dynamic, but mechanisms that regulate such processes remain poorly understood. Here we show that germline RNA helicases (GLHs) control the formation and disassembly of germ granules through their binding and release of RNAs, respectively. In addition, the FGG repeats in the GLHs promote the formation of germ granules at the perinucleus. Proteomic analyses of a mutation that traps RNA-bound GLH-1 complex revealed transient interactions of GLH-1 with several Argonautes and RNA binding proteins. Finally, we found that defects in perinuclear P granule formation correlate with the fertility defects observed in various GLH mutants. Together, our results highlight the versatile roles of RNA helicases in controlling the formation of liquid droplets in space and time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/760256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline RNA helicases couple RNA binding to P granule assembly at nuclear periphery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Urban birdsongs: higher minimum song frequency of an urban colonist persists in a common garden experiment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental changes caused by urbanization and noise pollution can have profound effects on acoustic communication. Many organisms use higher sound frequencies in urban environments with low-frequency noise, but the developmental and evolutionary mechanisms underlying these shifts are less clear. We used a common garden experiment to ask whether changes in minimum song frequency observed 30 years after a songbird colonized an urban environment are a consequence of behavioral flexibility or canalized changes that occur early in development. We captured male juvenile dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis thurberi) from two recently diverged populations (urban and mountain) soon after they reached independence (aged 25-40 days), raised them in identical indoor aviaries, and studied their songs at an age of three years. We found that the large population difference in minimum frequency observed in the field persisted undiminished in the common garden despite the absence of noise. We also found some song sharing between the common garden and natal field populations, indicating that early song memorization before capture could contribute to the persistent song differences in adulthood. These results are the first to show that frequency shifts in urban birdsong are maintained in the absence of noise by genetic evolution and/or early life experiences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reichard, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atwell, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandit, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketterson, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/761734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Urban birdsongs: higher minimum song frequency of an urban colonist persists in a common garden experiment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systemic Infection Facilitates Transmission of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Health care-associated infections such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) bacteremia pose a major clinical risk for hospitalized patients, and efforts to limit them are a priority. The fitness pressures accounting for PA virulence factors that facilitate bloodstream infections are unclear, as these infections are presumed to be a "dead-end" and have no impact on transmission. Here, we used a mouse model to show that PA spreads from the bloodstream to the gallbladder, where it replicates to extremely high numbers. Bacteria in the gallbladder then seed the intestines and feces, leading to transmission to uninfected cage-mate mice. The findings demonstrate that the gallbladder is critical for spread of PA from the bloodstream to the feces during bacteremia, a process that promotes transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bachta, K. E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/765339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systemic Infection Facilitates Transmission of Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient DNA reconstructs the genetic legacies of pre-contact Puerto Rico communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/765685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Indigenous peoples have occupied the island of Puerto Rico since at least 3000 B.C. Due to the demographic shifts that occurred after European contact, the origin(s) of these ancient populations, and their genetic relationship to present-day islanders, are unclear. We use ancient DNA to characterize the population history and genetic legacies of pre-contact Indigenous communities from Puerto Rico. Bone, tooth and dental calculus samples were collected from 124 individuals from three pre-contact archaeological sites: Tibes, Punta Candelero and Paso del Indio. Despite poor DNA preservation, we used target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing to obtain complete mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) from 45 individuals and autosomal genotypes from two individuals. We found a high proportion of Native American mtDNA haplogroups A2 and C1 in the pre-contact Puerto Rico sample (40% and 44%, respectively). This distribution, as well as the haplotypes represented, support a primarily Amazonian South American origin for these populations, and mirrors the Native American mtDNA diversity patterns found in present-day islanders. Three mtDNA haplotypes from pre-contact Puerto Rico persist among Puerto Ricans and other Caribbean islanders, indicating that present-day populations are reservoirs of pre-contact mtDNA diversity. Lastly, we find similarity in autosomal ancestry patterns between pre-contact individuals from Puerto Rico and the Bahamas, suggesting a shared component of Indigenous Caribbean ancestry with close affinity to South American populations. Our findings contribute to a more complete reconstruction of pre-contact Caribbean population history and explore the role of Indigenous peoples in shaping the biocultural diversity of present-day Puerto Ricans and other Caribbean islanders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nieves-Colon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pestle, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llamas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Fuente, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerry, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crespo-Torres, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/765685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient DNA reconstructs the genetic legacies of pre-contact Puerto Rico communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/767160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of herbivory remodels a Drosophila genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/767160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One-quarter of extant Eukaryotic species are herbivorous insects, yet the genomic basis of this extraordinary adaptive radiation is unclear. Recently-derived herbivorous species hold promise for understanding how colonization of living plant tissues shaped the evolution of herbivore genomes. Here, we characterized exceptional patterns of evolution coupled with a recent (<15 mya) transition to herbivory of mustard plants (Brassicaceae, including Arabidopsis thaliana) in the fly genus Scaptomyza, nested within the paraphyletic genus Drosophila. We discovered a radiation of mustard-specialized Scaptomyza species, comparable in diversity to the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. Stable isotope, behavioral, and viability assays revealed these flies are obligate herbivores. Genome sequencing of one species, S. flava, revealed that the evolution of herbivory drove a contraction in gene families involved in chemosensation and xenobiotic metabolism. Against this backdrop of losses, highly targeted gains ("blooms") were found in Phase I and Phase II detoxification gene sub-families, including glutathione S-transferase (Gst) and cytochrome P450 (Cyp450) genes. S. flava has more validated paralogs of a single Cyp450 (N=6 for Cyp6g1) and Gst (N=5 for GstE5-8) than any other drosophilid. Functional studies of the Gst repertoire in S. flava showed that transcription of S. flava GstE5-8 paralogs was differentially regulated by dietary mustard oils, and of 22 heterologously expressed cytosolic S. flava GST enzymes, GSTE5-8 enzymes were exceptionally well-adapted to mustard oil detoxification in vitro. One, GSTE5-8a, was an order of magnitude more efficient at metabolizing mustard oils than GSTs from any other metazoan. The serendipitous intersection of two genetic model organisms, Drosophila and Arabidopsis, helped illuminate how an insect genome was remodeled during the evolutionary transformation to herbivory, identifying mechanisms that facilitated the evolution of the most diverse guild of animal life.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe origin of land plants >400 million years ago (mya) spurred the diversification of plant-feeding (herbivorous) insects and triggered an ongoing chemical co-evolutionary arms race. Because ancestors of most herbivorous insects first colonized plants >200 mya, the sands of time have buried evidence of how their genomes changed with their diet. We leveraged the serendipitous intersection of two genetic model systems: a close relative of yeast-feeding fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), the "wasabi fly" (Scaptomyza flava), that evolved to consume mustard plants including Arabidopsis thaliana. The yeast-to-mustard dietary transition remodeled the flys gene repertoire for sensing and detoxifying chemicals. Although many genes were lost, some underwent duplications that encode the most efficient detoxifying enzymes against mustard oils known from animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gloss, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson Dittrich, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapoint, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman Huertas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verster, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelaez, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charboneau, J. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groen, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hembry, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochoa, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaaijer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabity, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteman, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/767160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of herbivory remodels a Drosophila genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Straightforward clustering of single-cell RNA-Seq data with t-SNE and DBSCAN 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clustering of cells by cell type is arguably the most common and repetitive task encountered during the analysis of single-cell RNA-Seq data. However, as popular clustering methods operate largely independently of visualization techniques, the fine-tuning of clustering parameters can be unintuitive and time-consuming. Here, I propose Galapagos, a simple and effective clustering workflow based on t-SNE and DBSCAN that does not require a gene selection step. In practice, Galapagos only involves the fine-tuning of two parameters, which is straightforward, as clustering is performed directly on the t-SNE visualization results. Using peripheral blood mononuclear cells as a model tissue, I validate the effectiveness of Galapagos in different ways. First, I show that Galapagos generates clusters corresponding to all main cell types present. Then, I demonstrate that the t-SNE results are robust to parameter choices and initialization points. Next, I employ a simulation approach to show that clustering with Galapagos is accurate and robust to the high levels of technical noise present. Finally, to demonstrate Galapagos accuracy on real data, I compare clustering results to true cell type identities established using CITE-Seq data. In this context, I also provide an example of the primary limitation of Galapagos, namely the difficulty to resolve related cell types in cases where t-SNE fails to clearly separate the cells. Galapagos helps to make clustering scRNA-Seq data more intuitive and reproducible, and can be implemented in most programming languages with only a few lines of code.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/770388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Straightforward clustering of single-cell RNA-Seq data with t-SNE and DBSCAN]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Haplotype-based inference of the distribution of fitness effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent genome sequencing studies with large sample sizes in humans have discovered a vast quantity of low-frequency variants, providing an important source of information to analyze how selection is acting on human genetic variation. In order to estimate the strength of natural selection acting on low-frequency variants, we have developed a likelihood-based method that uses the lengths of pairwise identity-by-state between haplotypes carrying low-frequency variants. We show that in some non-equilibrium populations (such as those that have had recent population expansions) it is possible to distinguish between positive or negative selection acting on a set of variants. With our new framework, one can infer a fixed selection intensity acting on a set of variants at a particular frequency, or a distribution of selection coefficients for standing variants and new mutations. We apply our method to the UK10K phased haplotype dataset of 3,781 individuals and find a similar proportion of neutral, moderately deleterious, and deleterious variants compared to previous estimates made using the site frequency spectrum. We discuss several interpretations for this result, including that selective constraints have remained constant over time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortega-Del Vecchyo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohmueller, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/770966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Haplotype-based inference of the distribution of fitness effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Club cell TRPV4 as a damage sensor driving lung allergic inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Airway epithelium is the first body surface to contact inhaled irritants and report danger. We studied how epithelial cells recognize and respond to protease, which is a critical component of many allergens that provoke asthma. In a murine model, the aeroallergen alkaline protease 1 (Alp1) of Aspergillus sp. elicited helper T (Th) cell-dependent lung eosinophilia. Bronchiolar club cells responded rapidly to Alp1 by coordinating the accumulation of allergic immune cells in the lung. Alp1 degraded bronchiolar cell junctions, and club cells within the bronchioles propagated this signal via calcium and calcineurin to incite inflammation. In two human cohorts, we linked fungal sensitization and asthma with SNP/protein expression of the mechanosensitive calcium channel, TRPV4. TRPV4 was also necessary and sufficient for club cells to sensitize mice to Alp1. Thus, club cells detect junction damage as mechanical stress, which signals danger via TRPV4, calcium and calcineurin to initiate Th cell sensitization.nnGraphical AbstractnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=87 SRC="FIGDIR/small/773382v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (24K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c03f95org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18e54b6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15ba395org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1509e5c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wiesner, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkhofer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kujoth, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gern, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockman Schneider, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarjour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esnault, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vyas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/773382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Club cell TRPV4 as a damage sensor driving lung allergic inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/774760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GSDMA drives the most replicated association with asthma in naïve CD4+ T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/774760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe 17q12-21 locus is the most replicated association with asthma. However, no study had described the genetic mechanisms underlying this association considering all genes of the locus in immune cell samples isolated from asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals.nnObjectiveThis study takes benefit of samples from naive CD4+ T cells and eosinophils isolated from the same 200 individuals to describe specific interactions between genetic variants, gene expression and DNA methylation levels for the 17q12-21 asthma locus.nnMethods and ResultsAfter isolation of naive CD4+ T cells and eosinophils from blood samples, next generation sequencing was used to measure DNA methylation levels and gene expression counts. Genetic interactions were then evaluated considering genetic variants from imputed genotype data. In naive CD4+ T cells but not eosinophils, 20 SNPs in the fourth and fifth haplotype blocks modulated both GSDMA expression and methylation levels, showing an opposite pattern of allele frequencies and expression counts in asthmatics compared to controls. Moreover, negative correlations have been measured between methylation levels of CpG sites located within the 1.5 kb region from the transcription start site of GSDMA and its expression counts.nnConclusionAvailability of sequencing data from two key cell types isolated from asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals allowed identifying a new gene in naive CD4+ T cells that drives the association with the 17q12-21 locus, leading to a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms taking place in it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madore, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pain, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher-Lafleur, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meloche, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, M.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laprise, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/774760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GSDMA drives the most replicated association with asthma in naïve CD4+ T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/777219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cyclic transitions between higher order motifs underlie sustained activity in asynchronous sparse recurrent networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/777219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many studies have demonstrated the prominence of higher-order patterns in excitatory synaptic connectivity as well as activity in neocortex. Surveyed as a whole, these results suggest that there may be an essential role for higher-order patterns in neocortical function. In order to stably propagate signal within and between regions of neocortex, the most basic - yet nontrivial - function which neocortical circuitry must satisfy is the ability to maintain stable spiking activity over time. Here we algorithmically construct spiking neural network models comprised of 5000 neurons using topological statistics from neocortex and a set of objective functions that identify networks which produce naturalistic low-rate, asynchronous, and critical activity. We find that the same network topology can exhibit either sustained activity under one set of initial membrane voltages or truncated activity under a different set. Yet these two outcomes are not readily differentiated by rate or criticality. By summarizing the statistical dependencies in the pairwise activity of neurons as directed weighted functional networks, we examined the transient manifestations of higher-order motifs in the functional networks across time. We find that stereotyped low variance cyclic transitions between three isomorphic triangle motifs, quantified as a Markov process, are required for sustained activity. If the network fails to engage the dynamical regime characterized by a recurring stable pattern of motif dominance, spiking activity ceased. Motif cycling generalized across manipulations of synaptic weights and across topologies, demonstrating the robustness of this dynamical regime for sustained spiking in critical asynchronous network activity. Our results point to the necessity of higher-order patterns amongst excitatory connections for sustaining activity in sparse recurrent networks. They also provide a possible explanation as to why such excitatory synaptic connectivity and activity patterns have been prominently reported in neocortex.nnAuthor summaryHere we address two questions. First, it remains unclear how activity propagates stably through a network since neurons are leaky and connectivity is sparse and weak. Second, higher order patterns abound in neocortex, hinting at potential functional relevance for their presence. Several lines of evidence suggest that higher-order network interactions may be instrumental for spike propagation. For example, excitatory synaptic connectivity shows a prevalence of local neuronal cliques and patterns, and propagating activity in vivo displays elevated clustering dominated by specific triplet motifs. In this study we demonstrate a mechanistic link between activity propagation and higher-order motifs at the level of individual neurons and across networks. We algorithmically build spiking neural network (SNN) models to mirror the topological and dynamical statistics of neocortex. Using a combination of graph theory, information theory, and probabilistic tools, we show that higher order coordination of synapses is necessary for sustaining activity. Coordination takes the form of cyclic transitions between specific triangle motifs. The results of our model are consistent with numerous experimental observations in neuroscience, and their generalizability to other weakly and sparsely connected networks is predicted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bojanek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/777219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cyclic transitions between higher order motifs underlie sustained activity in asynchronous sparse recurrent networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Understanding artificial mouse-microbiome heterogeneity and six actionable themes to increase study power 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The negative effects of data clustering due to (intra-class/spatial) correlations are well-known in statistics to interfere with interpretation and study power. Therefore, it is unclear why housing many laboratory mice ([&ge;]4), instead of one-or-two per cage, with the improper use/reporting of clustered-data statistics, abound in the literature. Among other sources of  artificial confounding, including cyclical oscillations of the  cage microbiome, we quantified the heterogeneity of modern husbandry practices/perceptions. The objective was to identify actionable themes to re-launch emerging protocols and intuitive statistical strategies to increase study power. Amenable for interventions,  cost-vs-science discordance was a major aspect explaining heterogeneity and the reluctance to change. Combined, four sources of information (scoping-reviews, professional-surveys, expert-opinion, and  implementability-score-statistics) indicate that a six-actionable-theme framework could minimize  artificial heterogeneity. With a  Housing Density Cost Simulator in Excel and fully annotated statistical examples, this framework could reignite the use of  study power to monitor the success/reproducibility of mouse-microbiome studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Basson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaSalla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulpins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moen, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundrud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyoshi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriault, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cominelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Palacios, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding artificial mouse-microbiome heterogeneity and six actionable themes to increase study power]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impairs visual working memory performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the increasing prevalence of legal cannabis use and availability, there is an urgent need to identify cognitive impairments related to its use. It is widely believed that cannabis, or its main psychoactive component {Delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), impairs working memory, i.e., the ability to temporarily hold information in mind. However, our review of the literature yielded surprisingly little empirical support for an effect of THC or cannabis on working memory. We thus conducted a study with 3 main goals: (1) quantify the effect of THC on visual working memory in a well-powered sample (2) test the potential role of cognitive effects (mind wandering and metacognition) in disrupting working memory, and (3) demonstrate how insufficient sample size and task duration reduce the likelihood of detecting a drug effect. We conducted two double-blind, randomized crossover experiments in which healthy adults (N=23, 23) performed a reliable and validated visual working memory task (the "Discrete Whole-Report task", 90 trials) after administration of THC (7.5 and/or 15 mg oral) or placebo. We also assessed self-reported  mind wandering (Exp 1) and metacognitive accuracy about ongoing task performance (Exp 2). THC impaired working memory performance (d = .65), increased mind wandering (Exp 1), and decreased metacognitive accuracy about task performance (Exp 2). Thus, our findings indicate that THC does impair visual working memory, and that this impairment may be related to both increased mind-wandering and decreased monitoring of task performance. Finally, we used a down-sampling procedure to illustrate the effects of task length and sample size on power to detect the acute effect of THC on working memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adam, K. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doss, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pabon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impairs visual working memory performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study identifies 32 novel breast cancer susceptibility loci from overall and subtype-specific analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast cancer susceptibility variants frequently show heterogeneity in associations by tumor subtype. To identify novel loci, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 133,384 breast cancer cases and 113,789 controls, plus 18,908 BRCA1 mutation carriers (9,414 with breast cancer) of European ancestry, using both standard and novel methodologies that account for underlying tumor heterogeneity by estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status and tumor grade. We identified 32 novel susceptibility loci (P<5.0x10-8), 15 of which showed evidence for associations with at least one tumor feature (false discovery rate <0.05). Five loci showed associations (P<0.05) in opposite directions between luminal- and non-luminal subtypes. In-silico analyses showed these five loci contained cell-specific enhancers that differed between normal luminal and basal mammary cells. The genetic correlations between five intrinsic-like subtypes ranged from 0.35 to 0.80. The proportion of genome-wide chip heritability explained by all known susceptibility loci was 37.6% for triple-negative and 54.2% for luminal A-like disease. These findings provide an improved understanding of genetic predisposition to breast cancer subtypes and will inform the development of subtype-specific polygenic risk scores.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahearn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecarpentier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beesley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Mara, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolla, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunning, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu Ful, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aittomaki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrulis, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton-Culver, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arndt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arun, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azzollini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrowdale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becher, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermisheva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bialkowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomqvist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanova, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojesen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonanni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondavalli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brauch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briceno, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broeks, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brucker, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruning, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burwinkel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buys, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study identifies 32 novel breast cancer susceptibility loci from overall and subtype-specific analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/779009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A streamlined mass spectrometry-based proteomics workflow forlarge scale FFPE tissue analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/779009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Formalin fixation and paraffin-embedding (FFPE) is the most common method to preserve human tissue for clinical diagnosis and FFPE archives represent an invaluable resource for biomedical research. Proteins in FFPE material are stable over decades but their efficient extraction and streamlined analysis by mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has so far proven challenging. Here, we describe an MS-based proteomic workflow for quantitative profiling of large FFPE tissue cohorts directly from pathology glass slides. We demonstrate broad applicability of the workflow to clinical pathology specimens and variable sample amounts, including less than 10,000 cancer cells isolated by laser-capture microdissection. Using state-of-the-art data dependent acquisition (DDA) and data independent (DIA) MS workflows, we consistently quantify a large part of the proteome in 100 min single-run analyses. In an adenoma cohort comprising more than 100 samples, total work up took less than a day. We observed a moderate trend towards lower protein identifications in long-term stored samples (>15 years) but clustering into distinct proteomic subtypes was independent of archival time. Our results underline the great promise of FFPE tissues for patient phenotyping using unbiased proteomics and prove the feasibility of analyzing large tissue cohorts in a robust, timely and streamlined manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coscia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doll, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bech, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mund, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengyel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindebjerg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, J. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/779009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A streamlined mass spectrometry-based proteomics workflow forlarge scale FFPE tissue analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coronavirus Interferon Antagonists Differentially Modulate the Host Response during Replication in Macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronaviruses express a multifunctional papain-like protease, termed PLP2. PLP2 acts as a protease that cleaves the viral replicase polyprotein, and a deubiquitinating (DUB) enzyme which removes ubiquitin moieties from ubiquitin-conjugated proteins. Previous in vitro studies implicated PLP2 DUB activity as a negative regulator of the host interferon (IFN) response, but the role of DUB activity during virus infection was unknown. Here, we used X-ray structure-guided mutagenesis and functional studies to identify amino acid substitutions within the ubiquitin-binding surface of PLP2 that reduced DUB activity without affecting polyprotein processing activity. We engineered a DUB mutation (Asp1772 to Ala) into a murine coronavirus and evaluated the replication and pathogenesis of the DUB mutant virus (DUBmut) in cultured macrophages and in mice. We found that the DUBmut virus replicates similarly as the wild-type virus in cultured cells, but the DUBmut virus activates an IFN response at earlier times compared to the wild-type virus infection in macrophages, consistent with DUB activity negatively regulating the IFN response. We compared the pathogenesis of the DUBmut virus to the wild-type virus and found that the DUBmut-infected mice had a statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) in viral titer in livers and spleens at day 5 post-infection, albeit both wild-type and DUBmut virus infections resulted in similar liver pathology. Overall, this study demonstrates that structure-guided mutagenesis aids the identification of critical determinants of PLP2-ubiquitin complex, and that PLP2 DUB activity plays a role as an interferon antagonist in coronavirus pathogenesis.

ImportanceCoronaviruses employ a genetic economy by encoding multifunctional proteins that function in viral replication and also modify the host environment to disarm the innate immune response. The coronavirus papain-like protease 2 (PLP2) domain possesses protease activity, which cleaves the viral replicase polyprotein, and also DUB activity (de-conjugating ubiquitin/ubiquitin-like molecules from modified substrates) using identical catalytic residues. To separate the DUB activity from the protease activity, we employed a structure-guided mutagenesis approach and identified residues that are important for ubiquitin-binding. We found that mutating the ubiquitin-binding residues results in a PLP2 that has reduced DUB activity but retains protease activity. We engineered a recombinant murine coronavirus to express the DUB mutant and showed that the DUB mutant virus activated an earlier type I interferon response in macrophages and exhibited reduced pathogenesis in mice. The results of this study demonstrate that PLP2/DUB is an interferon antagonist and a virulence trait of coronaviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesely, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackbart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mettelman, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OBrien, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesecar, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/782409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coronavirus Interferon Antagonists Differentially Modulate the Host Response during Replication in Macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
P2X1 selective antagonists block HIV-1 infection through inhibition of envelope conformation-dependent fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Purinergic receptors detect extracellular ATP and promote inflammatory processes. Emerging literature has demonstrated that inhibition of these proinflammatory receptors can block HIV-1 productive infection. The specificity of receptor type and mechanism of interaction has not yet been determined. Here we characterize the inhibitory activity of P2X1 receptor antagonists, NF279 and NF449 in cell lines, primary cells, and in a variety of envelope clades. NF279 and NF449 blocked productive infection at the level of viral membrane fusion with a range of inhibitory activities against different HIV-1 envelopes. A mutant virus carrying a truncation deletion of the C-terminal tail of HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein 41 (gp41) showed reduced sensitivity to P2X1 antagonists, indicating that the sensitivity of inhibition by these molecules is modulated by Env conformation. By contrast, a P2X7 antagonist, A438079, had limited effect on productive infection and fusion. Inhibition with NF449 interfered with the ability of the V1V2 targeted broadly neutralizing antibody PG9 to block productive infection, suggesting that these drugs may antagonize HIV-1 Env at gp120 V1V2 to block viral membrane fusion. Our observations indicate that P2X1 antagonism can inhibit HIV-1 replication at the level of viral membrane fusion through interaction with Env. Future studies will probe the nature of these compounds in inhibiting HIV-1 fusion and in development of a different class of small molecules to block HIV-1 entry.nnIMPORTANCEWhile effective treatment can lower the severe morbidity and mortality associated with HIV-1 infection, patients infected with HIV-1 suffer from significantly higher rates of non-communicable comorbidities associated with chronic inflammation. Emerging literature suggests a key role for P2X1 receptors in mediating this chronic inflammation but the mechanism is still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that HIV-1 infection is reduced by P2X1 receptor antagonism. This inhibition is mediated by interference with HIV-1 Env and can impact a variety of viral clades. These observations highlight the importance of P2X1 antagonists as potential novel therapeutics that could serve to block a variety of different viral clades with additional benefits for their anti-inflammatory properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soare, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satija, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hioe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartz, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/783464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[P2X1 selective antagonists block HIV-1 infection through inhibition of envelope conformation-dependent fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/785584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of tissue-specific genetic regulation revealed by latent factors across eQTLs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/785584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenetic regulation of gene expression, revealed by expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), varies across tissues in complex patterns ranging from highly tissue-specific effects to effects shared across many or all tissues. Improved characterization of these patterns may allow us to better understand the biological mechanisms that underlie tissue-specific gene regulation and disease etiology.nnResultsWe develop a constrained matrix factorization model to learn patterns of tissue sharing and tissue specificity of eQTLs across 49 human tissues from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. The learned factors include patterns reflecting tissues with known biological similarity or shared cell types, in addition to a dense factor representing a universal genetic effect across all tissues. To explore the regulatory mechanisms that generate tissue-specific patterns of expression, we evaluate chromatin state enrichment and identify specific transcription factors with binding sites enriched for eQTLs from each factor.nnConclusionsOur results demonstrate that matrix factorization can be applied to learn the tissue specificity pattern of eQTLs and that it exhibits better biological interpretability than heuristic methods. We present a framework to characterize the tissue specificity of eQTLs, and we identify examples of tissue-specific eQTLs that may be driven by tissue-specific transcription factor (TF) binding, with relevance to interpretation of disease association.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhetri, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvanitis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/785584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of tissue-specific genetic regulation revealed by latent factors across eQTLs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/786053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse transcriptomic signatures across human tissues identify functional rare genetic variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/786053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rare genetic variation is abundant in the human genome, yet identifying functional rare variants and their impact on traits remains challenging. Measuring aberrant gene expression has aided in identifying functional, large-effect rare variants. Here, we expand detection of genetically driven transcriptome abnormalities by evaluating and integrating gene expression, allele-specific expression, and alternative splicing from multi-tissue RNA-sequencing data. We demonstrate that each signal informs unique classes of rare variants. We further develop Watershed, a probabilistic model that integrates multiple genomic and transcriptomic signals to predict variant function. Assessing rare variants prioritized by Watershed in the UK Biobank and Million Veterans Program, we identify large effects across 34 traits, and 33 rare variant-trait combinations with both high Watershed scores and large trait effect sizes. Together, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptomic impact of rare variation and a framework to prioritize functional rare variants and assess their trait relevance.nnOne-sentence summaryIntegrating expression, allelic expression and splicing across tissues identifies rare variants with relevance to traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilliard, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smail, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assimes, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/786053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse transcriptomic signatures across human tissues identify functional rare genetic variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new formalism for perceptual classification with normative inference of internal criteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classification, one of the key ingredients for human cognition, entails establishing a criterion that splits a given feature space into mutually exclusive subspaces. In classification tasks performed in daily life, however, a criterion is often not provided explicitly but instead needs to be guessed from past samples of a feature space. For example, we judge todays temperature to be "cold" or "warm" by implicitly comparing it against a "typical" seasonal temperature. In such situations, establishing an optimal criterion is challenging for cognitive agents with bounded memory because it requires retrieving an entire set of past episodes with precision. As a computational account for how humans carry out this challenging operation, we developed a normative Bayesian model of classification (NBMC), in which Bayesian agents, whose working-memory precision decays as episodes elapse, continuously update their criterion as they perform a binary perceptual classification task on sequentially presented stimuli. We drew a set of specific implications regarding key properties of classification from the NBMC, and demonstrated the correspondence between the NBMC and human observers in classification behavior for each of those implications. Furthermore, in the functional magnetic resonance imaging responses acquired concurrently with behavioral data, we identified an ensemble of brain activities that coherently represent the latent variables, including the inferred criterion, of the NBMC. Given these results, we believe that the NBMC is worth being considered as a useful computational model that guides behavioral and neural studies on perceptual classification, especially for agents with bounded memory representation of past sensory events.

Significant StatementAlthough classification--assigning events into mutually exclusive classes--requires a criterion, people often have to perform various classification tasks without explicit criteria. In such situations, forming a criterion based on past experience is quite challenging because peoples memory of past events deteriorates quickly over time. Here, we provided a computational model for how a memory-bounded yet normative agent infers the criterion from past episodes to maximally perform a binary perceptual classification task. This model successfully captured several key properties of human classification behavior, and the neural signals representing its latent variables were identified in the classifying human brains. By offering a rational account for memory-bonded agents classification, our model can guide future behavioral and neural studies on perceptual classification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/787424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new formalism for perceptual classification with normative inference of internal criteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The GTEx Consortium atlas of genetic regulatory effects across human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project was established to characterize genetic effects on the transcriptome across human tissues, and to link these regulatory mechanisms to trait and disease associations. Here, we present analyses of the v8 data, based on 17,382 RNA-sequencing samples from 54 tissues of 948 post-mortem donors. We comprehensively characterize genetic associations for gene expression and splicing in cis and trans, showing that regulatory associations are found for almost all genes, and describe the underlying molecular mechanisms and their contribution to allelic heterogeneity and pleiotropy of complex traits. Leveraging the large diversity of tissues, we provide insights into the tissue-specificity of genetic effects, and show that cell type composition is a key factor in understanding gene regulatory mechanisms in human tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsana, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fresard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaamzon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamel, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormozdiari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Aguirre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segrc, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wucher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido-Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handsaker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacArthur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouhana, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todres, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinuela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermitzakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhardt,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/787903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The GTEx Consortium atlas of genetic regulatory effects across human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/788919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uniform Genomic Data Analysis in the NCI Genomic Data Commons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/788919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The goal of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Genomic Data Commons (GDC) is to provide the cancer research community with a data repository of uniformly processed genomic and associated clinical data that enables data sharing and collaborative analysis in the support of precision medicine. The initial GDC dataset include genomic, epigenomic, proteomic, clinical and other data from the NCI TCGA and TARGET programs. Data production for the GDC started in June, 2015 using an OpenStack-based private cloud. By June of 2016, the GDC had analyzed more than 50,000 raw sequencing data inputs, as well as multiple other data types. Using the latest human genome reference build GRCh38, the GDC generated a variety of data types from aligned reads to somatic mutations, gene expression, miRNA expression, DNA methylation status, and copy number variation. In this paper, we describe the pipelines and workflows used to process and harmonize the data in the GDC. The generated data, as well as the original input files from TCGA and TARGET, are available for download and exploratory analysis at the GDC Data Portal and Legacy Archive (https://gdc.cancer.gov/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortuno, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staudt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/788919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uniform Genomic Data Analysis in the NCI Genomic Data Commons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/789305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The primary structural photoresponse of phytochrome proteins captured by a femtosecond X-ray laser 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/789305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phytochrome proteins control the growth, reproduction, and photosynthesis of plants, fungi, and bacteria. Light is detected by a bilin cofactor, but it remains elusive how this leads to activation of the protein through structural changes. We present serial femtosecond X-ray crystallographic data of the chromophore-binding domains of a bacterial phytochrome at delay times of 1 ps and 10 ps after photoexcitation. The structures reveal a twist of the D-ring, which lead to partial detachment of the chromophore from the protein. Unexpectedly, the conserved so-called pyrrole water is photodissociated from the chromophore, concomitant with movement of the A-ring and a key signalling aspartate. The changes are wired together by ultrafast backbone and water movements around the chromophore, channeling them into signal transduction towards the output domains. We suggest that the water dissociation is key to the phytochrome photoresponse, explaining the earliest steps of how plants, fungi and bacteria sense red light.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Claesson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan Wahlgren, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takala, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuznetsova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanekar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaksson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimmrich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cellini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morozov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurttila, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nango, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fangjia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moffat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groenhof, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stojkovic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihalainen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westenhoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/789305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The primary structural photoresponse of phytochrome proteins captured by a femtosecond X-ray laser]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevalence of RFC1-Mediated Spinocerebellar Ataxia in a United States Ataxia Cohort 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveRepeat expansions in RFC1 and DAB1 have recently been identified as causing cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) and spinocerebellar ataxia 37 (SCA37), respectively. We evaluated the prevalence of these repeat-expansions in an undiagnosed ataxia cohort from the United States.nnMethodsA cohort of 596 patients with undiagnosed familial or sporadic cerebellar ataxia were evaluated at a tertiary referral ataxia center and excluded for common genetic causes of cerebellar ataxia. Patients were then screened for the presence of pathogenic repeat expansions in RFC1 (AAGGG) and DAB1 (ATTTC) using fluorescent repeat primed polymerase chain reaction (RP-PCR). Two additional undiagnosed ataxia cohorts from different centers, totaling 96 and 13 patients respectively, were subsequently screened for RFC1 resulting in a combined 705 subjects tested.nnResultsIn the initial cohort, 42 samples were identified with one expanded allele in the RFC1 gene (7.0%), and 9 had two expanded alleles (1.5%). For the additional cohorts, we found 12 heterozygous samples (12.5%) and 7 biallelic samples (7.3%) in the larger cohort, and 1 heterozygous sample (7.7%) and 3 biallelic samples (23%) in the second. In total, 19 patients were identified with biallelic repeat expansions in RFC1 (2.7%). Of these 19 patients, 6 (32%) had a clinical diagnosis of CANVAS, 10 had cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy (53%), and 3 had spinocerebellar ataxia (16%). No patients were identified with expansions in the DAB1 gene.nnConclusionIn a large undiagnosed ataxia cohort from the United States, biallelic pathogenic repeat expansion in RFC1 was observed in 2.7%. Testing should be strongly considered in ataxia patients, especially those with CANVAS or neuropathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Syriani, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Gusmao, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glotzer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockhart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassin-Baer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khurana, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevalence of RFC1-Mediated Spinocerebellar Ataxia in a United States Ataxia Cohort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/793091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long non-coding RNA gene regulation and trait associations across human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/793091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes are known to have diverse impacts on gene regulation. However, it is still a major challenge to distinguish functional lncRNAs from those that are byproducts of surrounding transcriptional activity. To systematically identify hallmarks of biological function, we used the GTEx v8 data to profile the expression, regulation, network relationships and trait associations of lncRNA genes across 49 tissues encompassing 87 distinct traits. In addition to revealing widespread differences in regulatory patterns between lncRNA and protein-coding genes, we identified novel disease-associated lncRNAs, such as C6orf3 for psoriasis and LINC01475/RP11-129J12.1 for ulcerative colitis. This work provides a comprehensive resource to interrogate lncRNA genes of interest and annotate cell type and human trait relevance.nnOne Sentence SummarylncRNA genes have distinctive regulatory patterns and unique trait associations compared to protein-coding genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Goede, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraro, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachun, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quertermous, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkegaard, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/793091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long non-coding RNA gene regulation and trait associations across human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/793406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determinants of telomere length across human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/793406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomere shortening is a hallmark of aging. Telomere length (TL) in blood cells has been studied extensively as a biomarker of human aging and disease; however, little is known regarding variability in TL in non-blood, disease-relevant tissue types. Here we characterize variability in TL measurements for 6,391 tissue samples, representing >20 tissue types and 952 individuals from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Project. We describe differences across tissue types, positive correlation among tissue types, and associations with age and ancestry. We show that genetic variation impacts TL in multiple tissue types, and that TL can mediate the effect of age on gene expression. Our results provide the foundational knowledge regarding TL in healthy tissues that is needed to interpret epidemiological studies of TL and human health.nnONE SENTENCE SUMMARYTelomere length varies by tissue type but is generally correlated among tissue types (positively) and with age (negatively).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demanelis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasmine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinkle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabarinathan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahsan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibriya, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/793406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determinants of telomere length across human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relaxed constraint and functional divergence of the progesterone receptor (PGR) in the human stem-lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The steroid hormone progesterone, acting through the progesterone receptor (PR), a ligand-activated DNA-binding transcription factor, plays an essential role in regulating nearly every aspect of female reproductive biology. While many reproductive traits regulated by PR are conserved in mammals, Catarrhine primates evolved several derived traits including spontaneous decidualization, menstruation, and a divergent (and unknown) parturition signal, suggesting that PR may also have evolved divergent functions in Catarrhines. There is conflicting evidence, however, whether the progesterone receptor gene (PGR) was positively selected in the human lineage. Here we show that PGR evolved rapidly in the human stem-lineage (as well as other Catarrhine primates), which likely reflects an episode of relaxed selection intensity rather than positive selection. Coincident with the episode of relaxed selection intensity, ancestral sequence resurrection and functional tests indicate that the major human PR isoforms (PR-A and PR-B) evolved divergent functions in the human stem-lineage. These results suggest that the regulation of progesterone signaling by PR-A and PR-B may also have diverged in the human lineage and that non-human animal models of progesterone signaling may not faithfully recapitulate human biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marinic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/799569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relaxed constraint and functional divergence of the progesterone receptor (PGR) in the human stem-lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/803106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CCmed: cross-condition mediation analysis for identifying robust trans-eQTLs and assessing their effects on human traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/803106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trans-eQTLs collectively explain a substantial proportion of expression variation, yet are challenging to detect and replicate since their effects are individually weak. Many trans-effects are mediated by cis-gene expression and some of those effects are shared across tissue types/conditions. To detect robust cis-mediated trans-associations at the gene-level and for specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we proposed two Cross-Condition Mediation methods - CCmedgene and CCmedGWAS, respectively. We analyzed data from 13 brain tissue types from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, and identified trios with cis-eQTLs of a cis-gene having associations with a trans-gene, many of which show evidence of replication in other datasets. By applying CCmedGWAS, we identified trans-genes associated with known schizophrenia susceptibility loci. We further conducted validation analyses assessing the schizophrenia-risk-associations of the identified trans-genes, by harnessing GWAS summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and multitissue eQTL statistics from GTEx.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleason, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/803106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CCmed: cross-condition mediation analysis for identifying robust trans-eQTLs and assessing their effects on human traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/804294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell division Rate Controls Cell Shape Remodeling in Epithelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/804294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelia have distinct cellular architectures, which are established in development, re-established after wounding, and maintained during tissue homeostasis despite cell turnover and mechanical perturbations. In turn, cell shape also controls tissue function as a regulator of cell differentiation, proliferation, and motility. Here we investigate cell shape changes in a model epithelial monolayer. After the onset of confluence, cells continue to proliferate and change shape over time, eventually leading to a final architecture characterized by arrested motion and more regular cell shapes. Such monolayer remodeling is robust, with qualitatively similar evolution in cell shape and dynamics observed across disparate perturbations. Here we quantify differences in monolayer remodeling guided by the active vertex model to identify underlying order parameters controlling epithelial architecture. When monolayers are formed atop extracellular matrix with varied stiffness, we find the cell density at which motion arrests varies significantly but the cell shape remains constant, consistent with the onset of tissue rigidity. In contrast, pharmacological perturbations can significantly alter the cell shape at which tissue dynamics is arrested, consistent with varied amounts of active stress within the tissue. Across all experimental conditions the final cell shape is well correlated to the cell proliferation rate, and cell cycle inhibition immediately arrests cell motility. Finally, we demonstrate cell-cycle variation in junctional tension as a source of active stress within the monolayer. Thus, the architecture and mechanics of epithelial tissue can arise from an interplay between cell mechanics and stresses arising from cell cycle dynamics.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe morphology of biological tissue is determined by the shape and density of constituent cells. Here we measure the dynamics of cells in model epithelial tissues to study the evolution of their shape and density over time. Guided by a mathematical model, we find that cell shape is controlled by rigidity and active stresses within the tissue. We then show that cell cycle dynamics are the source of active stress that drives epithelial remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devany, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sussman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/804294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell division Rate Controls Cell Shape Remodeling in Epithelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for adhesion G protein-coupled receptor Gpr126 function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/805515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many drugs target the extracellular regions (ECRs) of cell-surface receptors. The large and alternatively-spliced ECRs of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) have key functions in diverse biological processes including neurodevelopment, embryogenesis, and tumorigenesis. However, their structures and mechanisms of action remain unclear, hampering drug development. The aGPCR Gpr126/Adgrg6 regulates Schwann cell myelination, ear canal formation, and heart development; and GPR126 mutations cause myelination defects in human. Here, we determine the structure of the complete zebrafish Gpr126 ECR and reveal five domains including a previously-unknown domain. Strikingly, the Gpr126 ECR adopts a closed conformation that is stabilized by an alternatively spliced linker and a conserved calcium-binding site. Alternative splicing regulates ECR conformation and receptor signaling, while mutagenesis of the newly-characterized calcium-binding site abolishes Gpr126 function in vivo. These results demonstrate that Gpr126 ECR utilizes a multi-faceted dynamic approach to regulate receptor function and provide novel insights into ECR-targeted drug design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunningham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riback, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arac, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/805515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for adhesion G protein-coupled receptor Gpr126 function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/806117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type specific genetic regulation of gene expression across human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/806117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project has identified expression and splicing quantitative trait loci (cis-QTLs) for the majority of genes across a wide range of human tissues. However, the interpretation of these QTLs has been limited by the heterogeneous cellular composition of GTEx tissue samples. Here, we map interactions between computational estimates of cell type abundance and genotype to identify cell type interaction QTLs for seven cell types and show that cell type interaction eQTLs provide finer resolution to tissue specificity than bulk tissue cis-eQTLs. Analyses of genetic associations to 87 complex traits show a contribution from cell type interaction QTLs and enables the discovery of hundreds of previously unidentified colocalized loci that are masked in bulk tissue.nnOne Sentence SummaryEstimated cell type abundances from bulk RNA-seq across tissues reveal the cellular specificity of quantitative trait loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Aguirre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wucher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinuela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido-Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Perez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soria, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Getz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermitzakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/806117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type specific genetic regulation of gene expression across human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Investigating tissue-relevant causal molecular mechanisms of complex traits using probabilistic TWAS analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS), an integrative framework using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) to construct proxies for gene expression, have emerged as a promising method to investigate the biological mechanisms underlying associations between genotypes and complex traits. However, challenges remain in interpreting TWAS results, especially regarding their causality implications. In this paper, we describe a new computational framework, probabilistic TWAS (PTWAS), to detect associations and investigate causal relationships between gene expression and complex traits. We use established concepts and principles from instrumental variables (IV) analysis to delineate and address the unique challenges that arise in TWAS. PTWAS utilizes probabilistic eQTL annotations derived from multi-variant Bayesian fine-mapping analysis conferring higher power to detect TWAS associations than existing methods. Additionally, PTWAS provides novel functionalities to evaluate the causal assumptions and estimate tissue- or cell-type specific causal effects of gene expression on complex traits. These features make PTWAS uniquely suited for in-depth investigations of the biological mechanisms that contribute to complex trait variation. Using eQTL data across 49 tissues from GTEx v8, we apply PTWAS to analyze 114 complex traits using GWAS summary statistics from several large-scale projects, including the UK Biobank. Our analysis reveals an abundance of genes with strong evidence of eQTL-mediated causal effects on complex traits and highlights the heterogeneity and tissue-relevance of these effects across complex traits. We distribute software and eQTL annotations to enable users performing rigorous TWAS analysis by leveraging the full potentials of the latest GTEx multi-tissue eQTL data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pique-Regi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/808295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating tissue-relevant causal molecular mechanisms of complex traits using probabilistic TWAS analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate and Complete Genomes from Metagenomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomes are an integral component of the biological information about an organism and, logically, the more complete the genome, the more informative it is. Historically, bacterial and archaeal genomes were reconstructed from pure (monoclonal) cultures and the first reported sequences were manually curated to completion. However, the bottleneck imposed by the requirement for isolates precluded genomic insights for the vast majority of microbial life. Shotgun sequencing of microbial communities, referred to initially as community genomics and subsequently as genome-resolved metagenomics, can circumvent this limitation by obtaining metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), but gaps, local assembly errors, chimeras and contamination by fragments from other genomes limit the value of these genomes. Here, we discuss genome curation to improve and in some cases achieve complete (circularized, no gaps) MAGs (CMAGs). To date, few CMAGs have been generated, although notably some are from very complex systems such as soil and sediment. Through analysis of ~7000 published complete bacterial isolate genomes, we verify the value of cumulative GC skew in combination with other metrics to establish bacterial genome sequence accuracy. Interestingly, analysis of cumulative GC skew identified potential mis-assemblies in some reference genomes of isolated bacteria and the repeat sequences that likely gave rise to them. We discuss methods that could be implemented in bioinformatic approaches for curation to ensure that metabolic and evolutionary analyses can be based on very high-quality genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharaman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaiber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfield, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/808410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate and Complete Genomes from Metagenomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liver cells and PBMC secrete Tumor-suppressive Plasma Extracellular Vesicles in Melanoma patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Before and after surgery melanoma patients harbor elevated levels of extracellular vesicles in plasma (pEV), but their cellular origin is obscure. Here we suggest that these pEV are secreted in part by tumor cells, but particularly by liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), which strongly suppressed tumor cell activity. As the cellular origin of pEV is difficult to determine, we mimicked the interaction of tumor cells with liver cells and PBMC in vitro, and compared newly secreted EV-associated miRNAs and protein factors with those detected in melanoma patients pEV. The results identified factors that could be associated either with tumor cell activity or the counteracting immune system and liver cells. Notably, the presence/absence of these factors correlated with the clinical stage and tumor relapse. Our study provides new insights into the innate immune defense against tumor cells and implies that residual tumor cells may be more active than previously thought.nnSummary blurbPlasma extracellular vesicles (pEV) in melanoma patients are a mix of cancer cell-suppressive vesicles from liver cells and PBMC, but derive also from residual cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baur, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberhardt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blume, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vera-Gonzalez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/809301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liver cells and PBMC secrete Tumor-suppressive Plasma Extracellular Vesicles in Melanoma patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A photostable monomeric superfolder GFP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The green fluorescent protein GFP from Aequorea victoria has been engineered extensively in the past to generate variants suitable for protein tagging. Early efforts produced the enhanced variant EGFP and its monomeric derivative mEGFP, which have useful photophysical properties, as well as superfolder GFP, which folds efficiently under adverse conditions. We previously generated msGFP, a monomeric superfolder derivative of EGFP. Unfortunately, compared to EGFP, msGFP and other superfolder GFP variants show faster photobleaching. We now describe msGFP2, which retains monomeric superfolder properties while being as photostable as EGFP. msGFP2 contains modified N- and C-terminal peptides that are expected to reduce nonspecific interactions. Compared to EGFP and mEGFP, msGFP2 is less prone to disturbing the functions of certain partner proteins. For general-purpose protein tagging, msGFP2 may be the best available derivative of A. victoria GFP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valbuena, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strack, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andruska, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/811588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A photostable monomeric superfolder GFP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenylpropionc acid produced by gut microbiota alleviates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTAcetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes hepatic injury and is major contributor to acute liver injury cases. To investigate potential roles of gut microbiota in APAP-induced liver injury, C57BL/6 mice from Jackson (JAX) or Taconic (TAC) were challenged with APAP. TAC mice were more susceptible to APAP toxicity, and this disappeared upon co-housing of JAX and TAC mice. When the cecum contents from JAX and TAC mice were transplanted to germ-free mice, the mice that received TAC gut microbiota exhibited more significant hepatotoxicity after APAP administration. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis using portal vein serum and liver tissue of the mice led to identification of 19 metabolites the levels of which are associated with JAX or TAC gut microbiota. A gut bacteria-derived metabolite phenylpropionic acid (PPA) levels in cecum contents and blood were higher in mice harboring JAX gut microbiota. PPA supplementation in drinking water alleviated APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in TAC mice. This was accompanied by reduced hepatic protein levels of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1, the enzyme responsible for APAP bioactivation to a toxic metabolite. This illustrates a gut microbe-liver interaction mediated by a gut bacteria-derived metabolite in modulating drug-induced liver injury.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won, K.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/811984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenylpropionc acid produced by gut microbiota alleviates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating enhancer RNA signatures with diverse omics data identifies characteristics of transcription initiation in pancreatic islets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying the tissue-specific molecular signatures of active regulatory elements is critical to understand gene regulatory mechanisms. Here, we identify transcription start sites (TSS) using cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) across 57 human pancreatic islet samples. We identify 9,954 reproducible CAGE tag clusters (TCs), ~20% of which are islet-specific and occur mostly distal to known gene TSSs. We integrated islet CAGE data with histone modification and chromatin accessibility profiles to identify epigenomic signatures of transcription initiation. Using a massively parallel reporter assay, we validate transcriptional enhancer activity (5% FDR) for 2,279 of 3,378 (~68%) tested islet CAGE elements. TCs within accessible enhancers show higher enrichment to overlap type 2 diabetes genome-wide association study (GWAS) signals than existing islet annotations, which emphasizes the utility of mapping CAGE profiles in disease-relevant tissue. This work provides a high-resolution map of transcriptional initiation in human pancreatic islets with utility for dissecting functional enhancers at GWAS loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varshney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyono, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elangovan, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdos, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narisu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albanus, R. D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stitzel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitzman, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, S. C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/812552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating enhancer RNA signatures with diverse omics data identifies characteristics of transcription initiation in pancreatic islets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic identification of A-to-I editing associated regulators from multiple human cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A-to-I editing is the most common editing type in human that is catalyzed by ADAR family members (ADARs), ADAR1 and ADAR2. Millions of A-to-I editing sites have been discovered recently, however, the regulation mechanisms of the RNA editing process are still not clear. Here we developed a two-step logistic regression model to identify genes that are potentially involved in RNA editing process in four human cancers. The first step by classifying the editing sites into different categories assists the analysis at the second step. In the first step, ADAR1 was identified as the enzyme that associated with the majority of the A-to-I editing sites. Thus, ADAR1 was taken as a control gene in the second step to identify genes that have a stronger effect on editing sites than ADAR1. In addition, the detectable interferons and their receptors were used as covariates in the both steps to account for potential association caused by interferons. Using our advanced method, we successfully found a set of genes that were significantly positively or negatively associated (PA or NA) with specific sets of RNA editing sites. We highlighted two genes, SRSF5 and MIR22HG which were supported by multiple evidences. Most PA and NA genes were unique to each cancer, and only a few shared across two cancers. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that the PA genes from the four cancer types were enriched in Immune System, while the NA genes were enriched in two pathways: Metabolism of RNA, and Metabolism. The functional similarity of the PA and NA genes across all the four cancers indicates that even though most of the editing associated genes were unique to each cancer, they may impact on editing process through common pathways. Interestingly, the PA genes from kidney cancer were enriched for survival-associated genes while the NA genes were depleted of these genes, indicating that the PA genes may play more important roles in kidney cancer development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolt, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/812610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic identification of A-to-I editing associated regulators from multiple human cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/813642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription-independent TFIIIC-bound sites cluster near heterochromatin boundaries within lamina-associated domains in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/813642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDChromatin organization is central to precise control of gene expression. In various eukaryotic spieces, domains of pervasive cis-chromatin interactions demarcate functional domains of the genomes. In nematode C. elegans, however, pervasive chromatin contact domains are limited to the dosage-compensated sex chromosome, leaving the principle of C. elegans chromatin organization unclear. Transcription Factor III C (TFIIIC) is a basal transcription factor complex for RNA Polymerase III, and is implicated in chromatin organization. TFIIIC binding without RNA Polymerase III co-occupancy, referred to as extra-TFIIIC binding, has been implicated in insulating active and inactive chromatin domains in yeasts, flies, and mammalian cells. Whether extra-TFIIIC sites are present and contribute to chromatin organization in C. elegans remains unknown.

RESULTSWe identified 504 TFIIIC-bound sites absent of RNA Polymerase III and TATA-binding protein co-occupancy characteristic of extra-TFIIIC sites in C. elegans embryos. Extra-TFIIIC sites constituted half of all identified TFIIIC binding sites in the genome. Extra-TFIIIC sites formed dense clusters in cis. The clusters of extra-TFIIIC sites were highly over-represented within the distal arm domains of the autosomes that presented a high level of heterochromatin-associated histone H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3). Furthermore, extra-TFIIIC clusters were embedded in the lamina-associated domains. Despite the heterochromatin environment of extra-TFIIIC sites, the individual clusters of extra-TFIIIC sites were devoid of and resided near the individual H3K9me3-marked regions.

CONCLUSIONClusters of extra-TFIIIC sites were pervasive in the arm domains of C. elegans autosomes, near the outer boundaries of H3K9me3-marked regions. Given the reported activity of extra-TFIIIC sites in heterochromatin insulation in yeasts, our observation raised the possibility that TFIIIC may also demarcate heterochromatin in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stutzman, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beilinson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikegami, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/813642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription-independent TFIIIC-bound sites cluster near heterochromatin boundaries within lamina-associated domains in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Axonal gap junctions in the fly visual system enable fast prediction for evasive flight maneuvers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The visual system must make predictions to compensate for inherent delays in its processing. Yet little is known, mechanistically, about how prediction aids natural behaviors. Here, we show that despite a 20-30ms intrinsic processing delay, the vertical motion sensitive (VS) network of the blowfly achieves maximally efficient prediction. This prediction enables the fly to fine-tune its complex, yet brief, evasive flight maneuvers according to its initial ego-rotation at the time of detection of the visual threat. Combining a rich database of behavioral recordings with detailed compartmental modeling of the VS network, we further show that the VS network has axonal gap junctions that are critical for optimal prediction. During evasive maneuvers, a VS subpopulation that directly innervates the neck motor center can convey predictive information about the flys future ego-rotation, potentially crucial for ongoing flight control. These results suggest a novel sensory-motor pathway that links sensory prediction to behavior.

Author summarySurvival-critical behaviors shape neural circuits to translate sensory information into strikingly fast predictions, e.g. in escaping from a predator faster than the systems processing delay. We show that the fly visual system implements fast and accurate prediction of its visual experience. This provides crucial information for directing fast evasive maneuvers that unfold over just 40ms. Our work shows how this fast prediction is implemented, mechanistically, and suggests the existence of a novel sensory-motor pathway from the fly visual system to a wing steering motor neuron. Echoing and amplifying previous work in the retina, our work hypothesizes that the efficient encoding of predictive information is a universal design principle supporting fast, natural behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/814319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Axonal gap junctions in the fly visual system enable fast prediction for evasive flight maneuvers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread dose-dependent effects of RNA expression and splicing on complex diseases and traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The resources generated by the GTEx consortium offer unprecedented opportunities to advance our understanding of the biology of human diseases. Here, we present an in-depth examination of the phenotypic consequences of transcriptome regulation and a blueprint for the functional interpretation of genome-wide association study-discovered loci. Across a broad set of complex traits and diseases, we demonstrate widespread dose-dependent effects of RNA expression and splicing. We develop a data-driven framework to benchmark methods that prioritize causal genes and find no single approach outperforms the combination of multiple approaches. Using colocalization and association approaches that take into account the observed allelic heterogeneity of gene expression, we propose potential target genes for 47% (2,519 out of 5,385) of the GWAS loci examined. Our results demonstrate the translational relevance of the GTEx resources and highlight the need to increase their resolution and breadth to further our understanding of the genotype-phenotype link.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormozdiari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamel, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pividori, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx GWAS Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastarache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verbanck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/814350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread dose-dependent effects of RNA expression and splicing on complex diseases and traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Silicon Nanowires for Intracellular Optical Interrogation with Sub-Cellular Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current techniques for intracellular electrical interrogation are substrate bound and are technically demanding, or lack high spatial resolution. In this work, we use silicon nanowires, which are spontaneously internalized by many cell types, to achieve photo-stimulation with sub-cellular resolution. Myofibroblasts loaded with silicon nanowires remain viable and can undergo cell division. Stimulation of silicon nanowires at separate intracellular locations results in local calcium fluxes. We also show that nanowire-containing myofibroblasts can electrically couple to cardiomyocytes in co-culture and that photo-stimulation of the nanowires increases the spontaneous activation rate in neighboring cardiomyocytes. Finally, we demonstrate that this methodology can be extended to the interrogation of signaling in neuron-glia interactions using nanowire-containing oligodendrocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rotenberg, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbaz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaumann, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/825489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Silicon Nanowires for Intracellular Optical Interrogation with Sub-Cellular Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/826438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling adaptive therapy in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/826438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bladder cancer is the 9th most commonly diagnosed cancer. Nearly half of patients with early stage bladder cancer treated with the immune-stimulating agent BCG have disease recurrence, while 13% progress to invasive bladder cancer. Here we explored the potential of tumor mutational heterogeneity and the role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines to identify different subtypes of bladder cancer that may predict therapeutic response to BCG. Further, we used mathematical modeling of dosing strategies to infer tumor response to varying doses and time schedules f BCG administration. As a proof-of-concept, present adaptive therapy scheduling of BCG as a viable strategy to control tumor size and minimize recurrence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferrall-Fairbanks, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmel, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deac, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osojnik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viossat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiting, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altrock, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/826438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling adaptive therapy in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allele-specific open chromatin in human iPSC neurons elucidates functional non-coding disease variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/827048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional interpretation of noncoding disease variants, which likely regulate gene expression, has been challenging. Chromatin accessibility strongly influences gene expression during neurodevelopment; however, to what extent genetic variants can alter chromatin accessibility in the context of brain disorders/traits is unknown. Using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons as a neurodevelopmental model, we identified abundant open-chromatin regions absent in adult brain samples and thousands of genetic variants exhibiting allele-specific open-chromatin (ASoC). ASoC variants are overrepresented in brain enhancers, transcription-factor-binding sites, and quantitative-trait-loci associated with gene expression, histone modification, and DNA methylation. Notably, compared to open chromatin regions and other commonly used functional annotations, neuronal ASoC variants showed much stronger enrichments of risk variants for various brain disorders/traits. Our study provides the first snapshot of the neuronal ASoC landscape and a powerful framework for prioritizing functional disease variants.nnOne Sentence SummaryAllele-specific open chromatin informs functional disease variants
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gejman, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/827048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allele-specific open chromatin in human iPSC neurons elucidates functional non-coding disease variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian method for rare variant analysis using functional annotations and its application to Autism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rare variant analysis is commonly used in whole-exome or genome sequencing studies. Compared to common variants, rare variants tend to have larger effect sizes and often directly point out causal genes. These potential benefits make association analysis with rare variants a priority for human genetics researchers. To improve the power of such studies, numerous methods have been developed to aggregate information of all variants of a gene. However, these gene-based methods often make unrealistic assumptions, e.g. the commonly used burden test effectively assumes that all variants chosen in the analysis have the same effects. In practice, current methods are often underpowered. We propose a Bayesian method: MIxture model based Rare variant Analysis on GEnes (MIRAGE). MIRAGE analyzes summary statistics, i.e. variant counts from inherited variants in trio-sequencing or from ancestry-matched case-control studies. MIRAGE captures the heterogeneity of variant effects by treating all variants of a gene as a mixture of risk and non-risk variants, and uses external information of variants to model the prior probabilities of being risk variants. We demonstrate in both simulations and analysis of an exome-sequencing dataset of autism, that MIRAGE significantly outperforms current methods for rare variant analysis. The top genes identified by MIRAGE are highly enriched with known or plausible autism risk genes. MIRAGE is available at https://xinhe-lab.github.io/mirage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoblauch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/828061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian method for rare variant analysis using functional annotations and its application to Autism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The relationship between microbial biomass and disease in the Arabidopsis thaliana phyllosphere 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central goal in microbiome research is to learn what distinguishes a healthy from a dysbiotic microbial community. Shifts in diversity and taxonomic composition are important indicators of dysbiosis, but a full understanding also requires knowledge of absolute microbial population sizes. In addition to the number of microbial cells, information on taxonomic composition can provide important insight into microbiome function and disease state. Here we use shotgun metagenomics to simultaneously assess microbiome composition and microbial load in the phyllosphere of wild populations of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We find that wild plants vary substantially in the load of colonizing microbes, and that high loads are typically associated with the proliferation of single taxa, with only a few putatively pathogenic taxa achieving high abundances in the field. Our results suggest (i) that the inside of a plant leaf is on average sparsely colonized with an estimated two bacterial genomes per plant genome and an order of magnitude fewer eukaryotic microbial genomes, and (ii) that higher levels of microbial cells often indicate successful colonization by pathogens. Lastly, our results show that load is a significant explanatory variable for loss of estimated Shannon diversity in phyllosphere microbiomes, implying that reduced diversity may be a significant predictor of microbial dysbiosis in a plant leaf.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karasov, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duque-Jaramillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezrukov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeppel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symeonidi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regalado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirsekar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/828814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The relationship between microbial biomass and disease in the Arabidopsis thaliana phyllosphere]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disinfection exhibits systematic impacts on the drinking water microbiome. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Limiting microbial growth during drinking water distribution is achieved either by maintaining a disinfectant residual or through nutrient limitation without the use of a disinfectant. The impact of these contrasting approaches on the drinking water microbiome is not systematically understood. We utilized genome-resolved metagenomics to compare the structure, metabolic traits, and population genomes of drinking water microbiomes across multiple full-scale drinking water systems utilizing these two-distinct microbial growth control strategies. Microbial communities cluster together at the structural- and functional potential-level based on the presence or absence of a disinfectant residual. Disinfectant residual concentrations alone explained 17 and 6.5% of the variance in structure and functional potential of the drinking water microbiome, respectively, despite including samples from multiple drinking water systems with variable source waters and source water communities, treatment strategies, and chemical compositions. The drinking water microbiome is structurally and functionally less diverse and less variable across disinfected systems as compared to non-disinfected systems. While bacteria were the most abundant domain, archaea and eukaryota were more abundant in non-disinfected and disinfected systems, respectively. Community-level differences in functional potential were driven by enrichment of genes associated with carbon and nitrogen fixation in non-disinfected systems and {gamma}-aminobutyrate metabolism in disinfected systems which may be associated with the recycling of amino acids. Metagenome-assembled genome-level analyses for a subset of phylogenetically related microorganisms suggests that disinfection may select for microorganisms capable of using fatty acids, presumably from microbial decay products, via the glyoxylate cycle. Overall, we find that disinfection exhibits systematic and consistent selective pressures on the drinking water microbiome and may select for microorganisms able to utilize microbial decay products originating from disinfection inactivated microorganisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevillano, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calus, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista-de los Santos, Q. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wielen, P. W. J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ijaz, U. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/828970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disinfection exhibits systematic impacts on the drinking water microbiome.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/829135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation in the life history strategy of cells underlies tumor’s functional diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/829135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classical r- vs. K-selection theory describes the trade-offs between high reproductive output and competitiveness and guides research in evolutionary ecology1-5. While its impact has waned in the recent past, cancer evolution may rekindle it6-10. Indeed, solid tumors are an ideal theater for r- and K-selection and, hence, a good testing ground for ideas on life-history strategy evolution11,12. In this study, we impose r- or K-selection on HeLa cells to obtain strongly proliferative r cells and highly competitive K cells. RNA-seq analysis indicates that phenotypic trade-offs in r and K cells are associated with distinct patterns of expression of genes involved in the cell cycle, adhesion, apoptosis, and contact inhibition. Both empirical observations and simulations based on an ecological competition model show that the trade-off between cell proliferation and competitiveness can evolve adaptively and rapidly in naive cell lines. It is conceivable that the contrasting selective pressure may operate in a realistic ecological setting of actual tumors. When the r and K cells are mixed in vitro, they exhibit strikingly different spatial and temporal distributions in the resultant cultures. Thanks to this niche separation, the fitness of the entire tumor increases. Our analyses of life-history trade-offs are pertinent to evolutionary ecology as well as cancer biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/829135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation in the life history strategy of cells underlies tumor’s functional diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/829457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-binding protein altered expression and mislocalization in multiple sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/829457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveNuclear depletion and mislocalization of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) trans-activation response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) and fused in sarcoma (FUS) are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We recently found that TDP-43 as well as polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) have decreased expression and mislocalization in oligodendrocytes in demyelinated lesions in an experimental mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS) caused by Theilers murine encephalomyelitis virus infection.nnMethodsThe latter finding prompted us to investigate TDP-43, FUS, and PTB in the demyelinated lesions of MS and in in vitro cultured human brain-derived oligodendrocytes.nnResultsWe found: i) mislocalized TDP-43 in oligodendrocytes in active lesions in some MS patients; ii) decreased PTB1 expression in oligodendrocytes in mixed active/inactive demyelinating lesions; iii) decreased nuclear expression of PTB2 in neurons in cortical demyelinating lesions; iv) nuclear depletion of TDP-43 in oligodendrocytes under metabolic stress induced by low glucose/low nutrient conditions compared to optimal culture conditions.nnConclusionTDP-43 has been found to have a key role in oligodendrocyte function and viability, while PTB is important in neuronal differentiation, suggesting that altered expression and mislocalization of these RBPs in MS lesions may contribute to the pathogenesis of demyelination and neurodegeneration. Our findings also identify nucleocytoplasmic transport as a target for treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Masaki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonobe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghadge, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pytel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lepine, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pernin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Q.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roos, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/829457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-binding protein altered expression and mislocalization in multiple sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DRAMS: A Tool to Detect and Re-Align Mixed-up Samples for Integrative Studies of Multi-omics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of complex disorders benefit from integrative analyses of multiple omics data. Yet, sample mix-ups frequently occur in multi-omics studies, weakening statistical power and risking false findings. Accurately aligning sample information, genotype, and corresponding omics data is critical for integrative analyses. We developed DRAMS (https://github.com/Yi-Jiang/DRAMS) to Detect and Re-Align Mixed-up Samples to address the sample mix-up problem. It uses a logistic regression model followed by a modified topological sorting algorithm to identify the potential true IDs based on data relationships of multi-omics. According to tests using simulated data, the more types of omics data used or the smaller the proportion of mix-ups, the better that DRAMS performs. Applying DRAMS to real data from the PsychENCODE BrainGVEX project, we detected and corrected 201 (12.5% of total data generated) mix-ups. Of the 21 mix-ups involving errors of racial identity, DRAMS re-assigned all samples to the correct racial cluster in the 1000 Genomes project. In doing so, quantitative trait loci (QTL) (FDR<0.01) increased by an average of 1.62-fold. The use of DRAMS in multi-omics studies will strengthen statistical power of the study and improve quality of the results. Even though very limited studies have multi-omics data in place, we expect such data will increase quickly with the needs of DRAMS.nnAuthor summarySample mix-up happens inevitably during sample collection, processing, and data management. It leads to reduced statistical power and sometimes false findings. It is of great importance to correct mixed-up samples before conducting any downstream analyses. We developed DRAMS to detect and re-align mixed-up samples in multi-omics studies. The basic idea of DRAMS is to align the data and labels for each sample leveraging the genetic information of multi-omics data. DRAMS corrects sample IDs following a two-step strategy. At first, it estimates pairwise genetic relatedness among all the data generated from all the individuals. Because the different data generated from the same individual should share the same genetics, we can cluster all the highly related data and consider that the data from one cluster have only one potential ID. Then, we used a "majority vote" strategy to infer the potential ID for individuals in each cluster. Other information, such as match of genetics-based and reported sexes, omics priorority, etc., were also used to direct identifying the potential IDs. It has been proved that DRAMS performs very well in both simulation and PsychENCODE BrainGVEX multi-omics data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giase, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grennan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shieh, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/831537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DRAMS: A Tool to Detect and Re-Align Mixed-up Samples for Integrative Studies of Multi-omics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PhenomeXcan: Mapping the genome to the phenome through the transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale genomic and transcriptomic initiatives offer unprecedented ability to study the biology of complex traits and identify target genes for precision prevention or therapy. Translation to clinical contexts, however, has been slow and challenging due to lack of biological context for identified variant-level associations. Moreover, many translational researchers lack the computational or analytic infrastructures required to fully use these resources. We integrate genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from multiple publicly available sources and data from Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) v8 using PrediXcan and provide a user-friendly platform for translational researchers based on state-of-the-art algorithms. We develop a novel Bayesian colocalization method, fastENLOC, to prioritize the most likely causal gene-trait associations. Our resource, PhenomeXcan, synthesizes 8.87 million variants from GWAS on 4,091 traits with transcriptome regulation data from 49 tissues in GTEx v8 into an innovative, gene-based resource including 22,255 genes. Across the entire genome/phenome space, we find 65,603 significant associations (Bonferroni-corrected p-value of 5.5 x 10-10), where 19,579 (29.8 percent) were colocalized (locus regional colocalization probability > 0.1). We successfully replicate associations from PheWAS Catalog (AUC=0.61) and OMIM (AUC=0.64). We provide examples of (a) finding novel and underreported genome-to-phenome associations, (b) exploring complex gene-trait clusters within PhenomeXcan, (c) studying phenome-to-phenome relationships between common and rare diseases via further integration of PhenomeXcan with ClinVar, and (d) evaluating potential therapeutic targets. PhenomeXcan (phenomexcan.org) broadens access to complex genomic and transcriptomic data and empowers translational researchers.

One-Sentence SummaryPhenomeXcan is a gene-based resource of gene-trait associations with biological context that supports translational research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pividori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastarache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/833210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PhenomeXcan: Mapping the genome to the phenome through the transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photoproximity profiling of protein-protein interactions in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a novel photoproximity protein interaction (PhotoPPI) profiling method to map protein-protein interactions in vitro and in live cells. This approach utilizes a bioorthogonal, multifunctional chemical probe that can be targeted to a genetically encoded protein of interest (POI) through a modular SNAP-Tag/benzylguanine covalent interaction. A first generation photoproximity probe, PP1, responds to 365 nm light to simultaneously cleave a central nitroveratryl linker and a peripheral diazirine group, resulting in diffusion of a highly reactive carbene nucleophile away from the POI. We demonstrate facile probe loading, and subsequent interaction- and light-dependent proximal labeling of a model protein-protein interaction (PPI) in vitro. Integration of the PhotoPPI workflow with quantitative LC-MS/MS enabled un-biased interaction mapping for the redox regulated sensor protein, KEAP1, for the first time in live cells. We validated known and novel interactions between KEAP1 and the proteins PGAM5 and HK2, among others, under basal cellular conditions. By contrast, comparison of PhotoPPI profiles in cells experiencing metabolic or redox stress confirmed that KEAP1 sheds many basal interactions and becomes associated with known lysosomal trafficking and proteolytic proteins like SQSTM1, CTSD and LGMN. Together, these data establish PhotoPPI as a method capable of tracking the dynamic sub-cellular and protein interaction "social network" of a redox-sensitive protein in cells with high temporal resolution.

SYNOPSIS TOC

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moellering, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/833384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photoproximity profiling of protein-protein interactions in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-cancer image-based detection of clinically actionable genetic alterations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision treatment of cancer relies on genetic alterations which are diagnosed by molecular biology assays.1 These tests can be a bottleneck in oncology workflows because of high turnaround time, tissue usage and costs.2 Here, we show that deep learning can predict point mutations, molecular tumor subtypes and immune-related gene expression signatures3,4 directly from routine histological images of tumor tissue. We developed and systematically optimized a one-stop-shop workflow and applied it to more than 4000 patients with breast5, colon and rectal6, head and neck7, lung8,9, pancreatic10, prostate11 cancer, melanoma12 and gastric13 cancer. Together, our findings show that a single deep learning algorithm can predict clinically actionable alterations from routine histology data. Our method can be implemented on mobile hardware14, potentially enabling point-of-care diagnostics for personalized cancer treatment in individual patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kather, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heij, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabsch, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooreman, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeffler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muti, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niehues, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankhead, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulte, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cipriani, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz-Bruechle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patnaik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srisuwananukorn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmeister, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van den Brandt, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trautwein, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luedde, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/833756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-cancer image-based detection of clinically actionable genetic alterations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/835280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian Modeling Reveals Ultrasensitivity Underlying Metabolic Compensation in the Cyanobacterial Circadian Clock 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/835280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mathematical models can enable a predictive understanding of mechanism in cell biology by quantitatively describing complex networks of interactions, but such models are often poorly constrained by available data. Owing to its relative biochemical simplicity, the core circadian oscillator in Synechococcus elongatus has become a prototypical system for studying how collective dynamics emerge from molecular interactions. The oscillator consists of only three proteins, KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, and near-24-h cycles of KaiC phosphorylation can be reconstituted in vitro. Here, we formulate a molecularly-detailed but mechanistically agnostic model of the KaiA-KaiC subsystem and fit it directly to experimental data within a Bayesian parameter estimation framework. Analysis of the fits consistently reveals an ultrasensitive response for KaiC phosphorylation as a function of KaiA concentration, which we confirm experimentally. This ultrasensitivity primarily results from the differential affinity of KaiA for competing nucleotide-bound states of KaiC. We argue that the ultrasensitive stimulus-response relation is critical to metabolic compensation by suppressing premature phosphorylation at nighttime.

SynopsisThis study takes a data-driven kinetic modeling approach to characterizing the interaction between KaiA and KaiC in the cyanobacterial circadian oscillator and understanding how the oscillator responds to changes in cellular metabolic conditions. O_LIAn extensive dataset of KaiC autophosphorylation measurements was gathered and fit to a detailed yet mechanistically agnostic kinetic model within a Bayesian parameter estimation framework.
C_LIO_LIKaiA concentration tunes the sensitivity of KaiC autophosphorylation and the period of the full oscillator to %ATP.
C_LIO_LIThe model reveals an ultrasensitive dependence of KaiC phosphorylation on KaiA concentration as a result of differential KaiA binding affinity to ADP- vs. ATP-bound KaiC.
C_LIO_LIUltrasensitivity in KaiC phosphorylation contributes to metabolic compensation by suppressing premature phosphorylation at nighttime.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavrentovich, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leypunskiy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LiWang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rust, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/835280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian Modeling Reveals Ultrasensitivity Underlying Metabolic Compensation in the Cyanobacterial Circadian Clock]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerating functional gene discovery in osteoarthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osteoarthritis causes debilitating pain and disability, resulting in a huge socioeconomic burden, yet no drugs are available that prevent disease onset or progression. Here, we develop, validate and use rapid-throughput imaging techniques to identify abnormal joint phenotypes in unselected mutant mice generated by the International Knockout Mouse Consortium. We identify 14 genes with functional involvement in osteoarthritis pathogenesis, including the homeobox gene Pitx1, and functionally characterize 6 candidate human osteoarthritis genes in mouse models. We demonstrate sensitivity of the methods by identifying age-related degenerative joint damage in wild-type mice. Finally, we generate mutant mice with an osteoarthritis-associated polymorphism in the Dio2 gene by Crispr/Cas9 genome editing and demonstrate a protective role in disease onset with public health implications. This expanding resource of unselected mutant mice will transform the field by accelerating functional gene discovery in osteoarthritis and offering unanticipated drug discovery opportunities for this common and incapacitating chronic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Butterfield, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curry, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewhurst, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komla-Ebri, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannan, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adoum, A.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leitch, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waung, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghirardello, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youlten, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAninch, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vancollie, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kussy, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lelliott, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeggini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croucher, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, J. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/836221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerating functional gene discovery in osteoarthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of admixture and ancestry on eQTL analysis and GWAS colocalization in GTEx 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPopulation structure among study subjects may confound genetic association studies, and lack of proper correction can lead to spurious findings. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project largely contains individuals of European ancestry, but the final release (v8) also includes up to 15% of individuals of non-European ancestry. Assessing ancestry-based adjustments in GTEx provides an opportunity to improve portability of this research across populations and to further measure the impact of population structure on GWAS colocalization.nnResultsHere, we identify a subset of 117 individuals in GTEx (v8) with a high degree of population admixture and estimate genome-wide local ancestry. We perform genome-wide cis-eQTL mapping using admixed samples in six tissues, adjusted by either global or local ancestry. Consistent with previous work, we observe improved power with local ancestry adjustment. At loci where the two adjustments produce different lead variants, we observe only 0.8% of tests with GWAS colocalization posterior probabilities that change by 10% or more. Notably, both adjustments produce similar numbers of significant colocalizations. Finally, we identify a small subset of GTEx v8 eQTL-associated variants highly correlated with local ancestry (R2 > 0.7), providing a resource to enhance functional follow-up.nnConclusionsWe provide a local ancestry map for admixed individuals in the final GTEx release and describe the impact of ancestry and admixture on gene expression, eQTLs, and GWAS colocalization. While the majority of results are concordant between local and global ancestry-based adjustments, we identify distinct advantages and disadvantages to each approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gay, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloudemans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonio, M. L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balliu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musharoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormozdiari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/836825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of admixture and ancestry on eQTL analysis and GWAS colocalization in GTEx]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Covert spatial attention speeds target individuation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Covert spatial attention has long been thought to speed visual processing. Psychophysics studies have shown that target information accrues faster at attended locations than at unattended locations. However, with behavioral evidence alone, it is difficult to determine whether attention speeds visual processing of the target, or subsequent post-perceptual stages of processing (e.g. decision making and response selection). Moreover, while many studies have shown that that attention can boost the amplitude of visually-evoked neural responses, no effect has been observed on the latency of those neural responses. Here, we offer new evidence that may reconcile the neural and behavioral findings. Our study focused on the N2pc, an EEG marker of visual selection that has been linked with object individuation - the formation of an object representation that is distinct from the background and from other objects. In two experiments, we manipulated whether or not covert attention was precisely deployed to the location of an impending search target. We found that the target-evoked N2pc onset approximately 20 ms earlier when the target location was cued than when it was not cued. Thus, although attention may not speed the earliest stages of sensory processing, attention does speed the critical transition between raw sensory encoding and the formation of individuated object representations.

Significance StatementCovert spatial attention improves processing at attended locations. Past behavioral studies have shown that information about visual targets accrues faster at attended than at unattended locations. However, it has remained unclear whether attention speeds perceptual analysis or subsequent post-perceptual stages of processing. Here we present robust evidence that attention speeds the N2pc, an electrophysiological signal that indexes the formation of individuated object representations. Our findings show that attention speeds a relatively early stage of perceptual processing, while also elucidating the specific perceptual process that is speeded.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foster, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bsales, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/838557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Covert spatial attention speeds target individuation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
6mer seed toxicity in viral microRNAs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Micro(mi)RNAs are short double stranded noncoding RNAs (19-23nts) that regulate gene expression by suppressing mRNAs through RNA interference. Targeting is determined by the seed sequence (position 2-7/8) of the mature miRNA. A minimal G-rich seed of just 6 nucleotides is highly toxic to cells by targeting genes essential for cell survival. A screen of 215 miRNAs encoded by 17 human pathogenic viruses (v-miRNAs) now suggests that a number of v-miRNAs can kill cells through a G-rich 6mer sequence embedded in their seed. Specifically, we demonstrate that miR-K12-6-5p, an oncoviral mimic of the tumor suppressive miR-15/16 family encoded by human Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpes virus, harbors a noncanonical toxic 6mer seed (position 3-8) and that v-miRNAs are more likely than cellular miRNAs to utilize a noncanonical 6mer seed. Our data suggest that during evolution viruses evolved to use 6mer seed toxicity to kill cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murmann, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartom, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schipma, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/838979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[6mer seed toxicity in viral microRNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted complement inhibition at synapses prevents microglial synaptic engulfment and synapse loss in demyelinating disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/841601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating, autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. While work has focused on axon loss in MS, far less is known about synaptic changes. Here, in striking similarity to other neurodegenerative diseases, we identify in postmortem human MS tissue and in nonhuman primate and mouse MS models profound synapse loss and microglial synaptic engulfment. These events can occur independently of local demyelination, neuronal degeneration, and peripheral immune cell infiltration, but coincide with gliosis and increased localization of complement component C3, but not C1q, at synapses. Finally, we use AAV9 to overexpress the complement inhibitor Crry at activated C3-bound synapses in mice and demonstrate robust protection of synapses and visual function. These results mechanistically dissect synapse loss as an early pathology in MS. We further provide a novel gene therapy approach to prevent synapse loss by microglia, which may be broadly applicable to other neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Werneburg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunjamma, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popko, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/841601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted complement inhibition at synapses prevents microglial synaptic engulfment and synapse loss in demyelinating disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/842120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct representational structure and spatial distribution for visual encoding and recall 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/842120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During memory recall and visual imagery, reinstatement is thought to occur as an echoing of the neural patterns during encoding. However, the precise information in these recall traces is relatively unknown, with previous work primarily investigating either broad distinctions or specific images, rarely bridging these levels of information. Using ultra-high-field (7T) fMRI with an item-based visual recall task, we conducted an in-depth comparison of encoding and recall along a spectrum of granularity, from coarse (scenes, objects) to mid (e.g., natural, manmade scenes) to fine (e.g., living room, cupcake) levels. In the scanner, participants viewed a trial-unique item, and after a distractor task, visually imagined the initial item. During encoding, we observed decodable information at all levels of granularity in category-selective visual cortex. In contrast, information during recall was primarily at the coarse level with fine level information in some areas; there was no evidence of mid-level information. A closer look revealed segregation between voxels showing the strongest effects during encoding and those during recall, and peaks of encoding-recall similarity extended anterior to category-selective cortex. Collectively, these results suggest visual recall is not merely a reactivation of encoding patterns, displaying a different representational structure and localization from encoding, despite some overlap.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bainbridge, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/842120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct representational structure and spatial distribution for visual encoding and recall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A precision medicine approach uncovers a unique signature of neutrophils in patients with brushite kidney stones 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWe have previously found that papillary histopathology differs greatly between calcium oxalate and brushite stone formers (SF); the latter have much more papillary mineral deposition, tubular cell injury and tissue fibrosis.

MethodsIn this study, we applied unbiased orthogonal "omics" approaches on biopsied renal papillae and extracted stones from patients with brushite or calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones. Our goal was to discover stone type-specific molecular signatures to advance our understanding of the underlying pathogenesis.

ResultsBrushite SF did not differ from CaOx SF with respect to metabolic risk factors for stones, but did exhibit increased tubule plugging in their papillae. Brushite SF had upregulation of inflammatory pathways in papillary tissue, and increased neutrophil markers in stone matrix compared to those with CaOx stones. Large-scale 3D tissue cytometry on renal papillary biopsies showed an increase in the number and density of neutrophils in the papillae of brushite vs. CaOx patients, thereby linking the observed inflammatory signatures to the neutrophils in the tissue. To explain how neutrophil proteins appear in the stone matrix, we measured neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, NETosis, and found it significantly increased in the papillae of brushite compared to CaOx patients.

ConclusionsWe show that increased neutrophil infiltration and NETosis is an unrecognized factor that differentiates brushite and CaOx SF, and may explain the markedly increased scarring and inflammation seen in the papillae of brushite patients. Given the increasing prevalence of brushite stones, the role of neutrophil activation in brushite stone formation requires further study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makki, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winfree, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingeman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witzmann, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worcester, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krambeck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bledsoe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergsland, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khochare, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barwinska, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willliams, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Achkar, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/844142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A precision medicine approach uncovers a unique signature of neutrophils in patients with brushite kidney stones]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparison of humans and baboons suggests germline mutation rates do not track cell divisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans, most germline mutations are inherited from the father. This observation is widely interpreted as resulting from the replication errors that accrue during spermatogenesis. If so, the male bias in mutation should be substantially lower in a closely related species with similar rates of spermatogonial stem cell divisions but a shorter mean age of reproduction. To test this hypothesis, we resequenced two 3-4 generation nuclear families (totaling 29 individuals) of olive baboons (Papio anubis), who reproduce at ~10 years of age on average. We inferred sex-specific mutation rates by analyzing the data in parallel with three three-generation human pedigrees (26 individuals). The mutation rate per generation in baboons is 0.55x10-8 per base pair, approximately half that of humans. Strikingly, however, the degree of male mutation bias is approximately 3:1, similar to that of humans; in fact, a similar male bias is seen across mammals that reproduce months, years or decades after birth. These results echo findings in humans that the male bias is stable with parental ages and cast further doubt on the assumption that germline mutations track cell divisions. Our mutation rate estimates for baboons raise a further puzzle in suggesting a divergence time between apes and Old World Monkeys of 67 My, too old to be consistent with the fossil record; reconciling them now requires not only a slowdown of the mutation rate per generation in humans but also in baboons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Przeworski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/844910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparison of humans and baboons suggests germline mutation rates do not track cell divisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternative polyadenylation mediates genetic regulation of gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/845966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the exception of mRNA splicing, little is known about co-transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that link noncoding variation to variation in organismal traits. To begin addressing this gap, we used 3 Seq to characterize alternative polyadenylation (APA) in the nuclear and total RNA fractions of 52 HapMap Yoruba lymphoblastoid cell lines, which we have studied extensively in the past. We identified thousands of polyadenylation sites that are differentially detected in nuclear mRNA and whole cell mRNA, and found that APA is an important mediator of genetic effects on gene regulation and complex traits. Specifically, we mapped 602 apaQTLs at 10% FDR, of which 152 were found only in the nuclear fraction. Nuclear-specific apaQTLs are highly enriched in introns and are also often associated with changes in steady-state expression levels, suggesting a widespread mechanism whereby genetic variants decrease mRNA expression levels by increasing usage of intronic PAS. We identified 24 apaQTLs associated with protein expression levels, but not mRNA expression, and found that eQTLs that are not associated with chromatin QTLs are enriched in apaQTLs. These findings support multiple independent pathways through which genetic effects on APA can impact gene regulation. Finally, we found that 19% of apaQTLs were also previously associated with disease. Thus, our work demonstrates that APA links genetic variation to variation in gene expression levels, protein expression levels, and disease risk, and reveals uncharted modes of genetic regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mittleman, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/845966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternative polyadenylation mediates genetic regulation of gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/849570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tensor Image Registration Library: Automated Non-Linear Registration of Sparsely Sampled Histological Specimens to Post-Mortem MRI of the Whole Human Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/849570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a need to understand the histopathological basis of MRI signal characteristics in complex biological matter. Microstructural imaging holds promise for sensitive and specific indicators of the early stages of human neurodegeneration but requires validation against traditional histological markers before it can be reliably applied in the clinical setting. Validation relies on a precise and preferably automatic method to align MRI and histological images of the same tissue, which poses unique challenges compared to more conventional MRI-to-MRI registration.

A customisable open-source platform, Tensor Image Registration Library (TIRL) is presented. Based on TIRL, a fully automated pipeline was implemented to align small stained histological images with dissection photographs of corresponding tissue blocks and coronal brain slices, and further with high-resolution (0.5 mm) whole-brain post-mortem MRI data. The pipeline performed three separate deformable registrations to achieve accurate mapping between whole-brain MRI and small-slide histology coordinates. The robustness and accuracy of the individual registration steps were evaluated using both simulated data and real-life images from 6 different anatomical locations of one post-mortem human brain.

The automated registration method demonstrated sub-millimetre accuracy in all steps, robustness against tissue damage, and good reproducibility between experiments. The method also outperformed manual landmark-based slice-to-volume registration, also correcting for curvatures in the slicing plane. Due to the customisability of TIRL, the pipeline can be conveniently adapted for other research needs and is therefore suitable for the large-scale comparison of routinely collected histology and MRI data.

HighlightsO_LITIRL: new framework for prototyping bespoke image registration pipelines
C_LIO_LIPipeline for automated registration of small-slide histology to whole-brain MRI
C_LIO_LISlice-to-volume registration accounting for through-plane deformations
C_LIO_LINo need for serial histological sampling
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huszar, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallebage-Gamarallage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foxley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tendler, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiemstra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollink, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangerter-Christensen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/849570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tensor Image Registration Library: Automated Non-Linear Registration of Sparsely Sampled Histological Specimens to Post-Mortem MRI of the Whole Human Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/850800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The network structure and eco-evolutionary dynamics of CRISPR-induced immune diversification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/850800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a heritable sequence-specific adaptive immune system, CRISPR-Cas is a powerful force shaping strain diversity in host-virus systems. While the diversity of CRISPR alleles has been explored, the associated structure and dynamics of host-virus interactions have not. We explore the role of CRISPR in mediating the interplay between host-virus interaction structure and eco-evolutionary dynamics in a computational model and compare results with three empirical datasets from natural systems. We show that the structure of the networks describing who infects whom and the degree to which strains are immune, are respectively modular (containing groups of hosts and viruses that interact strongly) and weighted-nested (specialist hosts are more susceptible to subsets of viruses that in turn also infect the more generalist hosts with many spacers matching many viruses). The dynamic interplay between these networks influences transitions between dynamical regimes of virus diversification and host control. The three empirical systems exhibit weighted-nested protection networks, a pattern our theory shows is indicative of hosts able to suppress virus diversification. Previously missing from studies of microbial host-pathogen systems, the protection network plays a key role in the coevolutionary dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pilosof, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcala-Corona, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitaker, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/850800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The network structure and eco-evolutionary dynamics of CRISPR-induced immune diversification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/852038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Refining the transcriptome of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum using amplification-free RNA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/852038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmodium parasites undergo several major developmental transitions during their complex lifecycle, which are enabled by precisely ordered gene expression programs. Transcriptomes from the 48-hour blood stages of the major human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum have been described using cDNA microarrays and RNA-seq, but these assays have not always performed well within non-coding regions, where the AT-content is often 90-95%. We developed a directional, amplification-free RNA-seq protocol (DAFT-seq) to reduce bias against AT-rich cDNA, which we have applied to three strains of P. falciparum (3D7, HB3 and IT). While strain-specific differences were detected, overall there is strong conservation between the transcriptional profiles. For the 3D7 reference strain, transcription was detected from 89% of the genome, with over 75% of the genome transcribed into mRNAs. These datasets allowed us to refine the 5 and 3 untranslated regions (UTRs), which can be variable, long (>1,000 nt), and often overlap those of adjacent transcripts. We also find that transcription from bidirectional promoters frequently results in non-coding, antisense transcripts. By capturing the 5 ends of mRNAs, we reveal both constant and dynamic use of transcriptional start sites across the intraerythrocytic developmental cycle resulting in an updated view of the P. falciparum transcriptome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chappell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berriman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayner, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/852038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Refining the transcriptome of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum using amplification-free RNA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CORE GREML: Estimating covariance between random effects in linear mixed models for genomic analyses of complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Linear mixed models (LMMs) using genome-based restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) are a key variance partitioning tool, where effects of multiple sources, such as different functional genomic regions, on phenotypes are treated as random. Classic LMMs assume independence between random effects, which can cause biased estimation of variance components. Here, we relax this independence assumption by introducing a generalised GREML, called CORE GREML, that can explicitly estimate the covariance between random effects. Using extensive simulations, we show that CORE GREML outperforms the conventional GREML, providing unbiased estimates of variance and covariance components. Using data from the UK biobank, we demonstrate that CORE GREML is useful for genomic partitioning analyses and for genome-transcriptome partitioning of phenotypic variance. For example, we found that the transcriptome, imputed using genotype data, explained a significant proportion of phenotypic variance for height (0.15, se = 5.4e-3, p-value = 1.5e-283), and that these transcriptomic effects on phenotypes correlated with effects of the genome (r = 0.35, se = 4.6e-2, p-value = 1.2e-14). We conclude that the covariance between random effects is a key parameter that needs to be estimated, especially when partitioning phenotypic variance by omic layer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/853515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CORE GREML: Estimating covariance between random effects in linear mixed models for genomic analyses of complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/857649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Skap2 Regulates Atherosclerosis through Macrophage Polarization and Efferocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/857649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleAtherosclerosis causes more deaths than any other pathophysiologic process. It has a well-established inflammatory, macrophage-mediated component, but important and potentially protective intracellular macrophage processes in atherosclerosis remain enigmatic. Src Kinase-Associated Phosphoprotein 2 (Skap2) is a macrophage-predominant adaptor protein critical for cytoskeletal reorganization, and thereby, for macrophage migration and chemotaxis. The role of macrophage Skap2 in atherosclerosis is unknown and deserves exploration.

ObjectiveTo establish the critical role of Skap2 in macrophage-mediated atherosclerotic plaque homeostasis.

ResultsIn human arterial gene expression analysis, Skap2 expression is enriched in macrophage-containing areas of human atheroma, and the transcript level varies with plaque characteristics. We have discovered that deletion of Skap2 accelerates atherosclerosis by threefold in ApoE-/- mice on standard diet. Skap2 expression is switched on only as monocytes differentiate into macrophages, so Skap2-/- monocytes have no defect in infiltrating the atheroma. On the other hand, once they fully differentiate, Skap2-deficient macrophages cannot polarize efficiently into alternatively-activated, regulatory cells, and instead they preferentially polarize toward the classical pro-inflammatory phenotype both ex vivo and within the developing atheroma. This defect extends to polarized effector functions, as ex vivo analysis of macrophage phagocytosis of dying foam cells indicates that Skap2 is required for the regulatory process of efferocytosis.

ConclusionsTaken together, our findings support a model in which Skap2 drives a regulatory, efferocytic mode of behavior to quell atherosclerosis.

CONDENSED ABSTRACT / SUMMARYSkap2--a macrophage protein found in the human atheroma--is atheroprotective. Skap2-null mice, whose foam cells do not migrate well due to a defect in integrin-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement, have accelerated atherosclerosis. Skap2 is not expressed in monocytes but becomes important once they reach the atheroma and become macrophage foam cells, at which point it drives toward a regulatory, anti-inflammatory polarization state required for efficient efferocytosis of dying foam cells. Thus, Skap2 drives a protective, regulatory mode of behavior, supporting the fact that macrophages are not solely deleterious in atherosclerosis, and further pointing to efferocytosis as a target for therapy.

There are no relationships to disclose.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hyatt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatnagar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golan, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alenghat, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/857649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Skap2 Regulates Atherosclerosis through Macrophage Polarization and Efferocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/860221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Operons with Deep Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/860221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contiguous genes in prokaryotes are often arranged into operons. Detecting operons plays a critical role in inferring gene functionality and regulatory networks. Human experts annotate operons by visually inspecting gene neighborhoods across pileups of related genomes. These visual representations capture the inter-genic distance, strand direction, gene size, functional relatedness, and gene neighborhood conservation, which are the most prominent operon features mentioned in the literature. By studying these features, an expert can then decide whether a genomic region is part of an operon. We propose a deep learning based method named Operon Hunter that uses visual representations of genomic fragments to make operon predictions. Using transfer learning and data augmentation techniques facilitates leveraging the powerful neural networks trained on image datasets by re-training them on a more limited dataset of extensively validated operons. Our method outperforms the previously reported state-of-the-art tools, especially when it comes to predicting full operons and their boundaries accurately. Furthermore, our approach makes it possible to visually identify the features influencing the networks decisions to be subsequently cross-checked by human experts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Assaf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/860221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Operons with Deep Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/861880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Use of multi-flip angle measurements to account for transmit inhomogeneity and non-Gaussian diffusion in DW-SSFP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/861880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion-weighted steady-state free precession (DW-SSFP) is an SNR-efficient diffusion imaging method. The improved SNR and resolution available at ultra-high field has motivated its use at 7T. However, these data tend to have severe B1 inhomogeneity, leading not only to spatially varying SNR, but also to spatially varying diffusivity estimates, confounding comparisons both between and within datasets. This study proposes the acquisition of DW-SSFP data at two-flip angles in combination with explicit modelling of non-Gaussian diffusion to address B1 inhomogeneity at 7T. DW-SSFP datasets were acquired from five fixed whole human post-mortem brains with a pair of flip angles that jointly optimize the diffusion contrast-to-noise across the brain. We compared one and two flip-angle DW-SSFP data using a diffusion tensor model that incorporates the full DW-SSFP Buxton signal model. The two-flip angle data were subsequently fitted using a modified DW-SSFP signal model that incorporates a Gamma distribution of diffusivities. This allowed us to generate tensor maps at a single, SNR-optimal effective b-value yielding more consistent SNR across tissue, in addition to eliminating the B1 dependence on diffusion coefficients and orientation maps. Our proposed approach will allow the use of DW-SSFP at 7T to derive diffusivity estimates that have greater interpretability, both within a single dataset and between experiments.

HighlightsO_LIB1 inhomogeneity at 7T leads to spatially varying SNR & ADC estimates in DW-SSFP
C_LIO_LI2-flip angle DW-SSFP data can address B1 effects in a cohort of post-mortem brains
C_LIO_LIOur approach reduces degradations in PDD estimates & improves whole brain coverage
C_LIO_LIOur approach provides a means to define ADCs at an SNR-optimal effective b-value
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tendler, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foxley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Fernandez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottaar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansorge, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jbabdi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/861880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Use of multi-flip angle measurements to account for transmit inhomogeneity and non-Gaussian diffusion in DW-SSFP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/865410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mice preferentially use increases in cerebral cortex spike rates to detect changes in visual stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/865410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whenever the retinal image changes some neurons in visual cortex increase their rate of firing, while others decrease their rate of firing. Linking specific sets of neuronal responses with perception and behavior is essential for understanding mechanisms of neural circuit computation. We trained mice to perform visual detection tasks and used optogenetic perturbations to increase or decrease neuronal spiking primary visual cortex (V1). Perceptual reports were always enhanced by increments in V1 spike counts and impaired by decrements, even when increments and decrements were delivered to the same neuronal populations. Moreover, detecting changes in cortical activity depended on spike count integration rather than instantaneous changes in spiking. Recurrent neural networks trained in the task similarly relied on increments in neuronal activity when activity was costly. This work clarifies neuronal decoding strategies employed by cerebral cortex to translate cortical spiking into percepts that can be used to guide behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cone, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bade, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masse, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maunsell, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/865410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mice preferentially use increases in cerebral cortex spike rates to detect changes in visual stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/865576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying Aphantasia through drawing: Those without visual imagery show deficits in object but not spatial memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/865576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congenital aphantasia is a recently characterized experience defined by the inability to form voluntary visual imagery, in spite of intact semantic memory, recognition memory, and visual perception. Because of this specific deficit to visual imagery, aphantasia serves as an ideal population for probing the nature of representations in visual memory, particularly the interplay of object, spatial, and symbolic information. Here, we conducted a large-scale online study of aphantasics and revealed a dissociation in object and spatial content in their memory representations. Sixty-one aphantasics and matched controls with typical imagery studied real-world scene images, and were asked to draw them from memory, and then later copy them during a matched perceptual condition. Drawings were objectively quantified by 2,795 online scorers for object and spatial details. Aphantasics recalled significantly fewer objects than controls, with less color in their drawings, and an increased reliance on verbal scaffolding. However, aphantasics showed incredibly high spatial accuracy, equivalent to controls, and made significantly fewer memory errors. These differences between groups only manifested during recall, with no differences between groups during the matched perceptual condition. This object-specific memory impairment in aphantasics provides evidence for separate systems in memory that support object versus spatial information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bainbridge, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pounder, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eardley, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/865576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying Aphantasia through drawing: Those without visual imagery show deficits in object but not spatial memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Competition between kinesin-1 and myosin-V define Drosophila posterior determination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/866467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Local accumulation of oskar (osk) mRNA in the Drosophila oocyte determines the posterior pole of the future embryo. Two major cytoskeletal components, microtubules and actin filaments, together with a microtubule motor, kinesin-1, and an actin motor, myosin-V, are essential for osk mRNA posterior localization. In this study, we use Staufen, an RNA-binding protein that colocalizes with osk mRNA, as a proxy for posterior determination. We demonstrate that posterior localization of osk/Staufen is determined by competition between kinesin-1 and myosin-V. While kinesin-1 removes osk/Staufen from the cortex along microtubules, myosin-V anchors osk/Staufen at the cortex. Myosin-V wins over kinesin-1 at the posterior pole due to low microtubule density at this site, while kinesin-1 wins it at anterior and lateral positions because they have high density of cortically-anchored microtubules. As a result, posterior determinants are removed from the anterior and lateral cortex but retained at the posterior pole. Thus, posterior determination of Drosophila oocyte is defined by kinesin-myosin competition, whose outcome is primarily determined by cortical microtubule density.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakonishok, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billington, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glotzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellers, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelfand, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/866467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Competition between kinesin-1 and myosin-V define Drosophila posterior determination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/867903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RADAR: Differential analysis of MeRIP-seq data with a random effect model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/867903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epitranscriptome profiling using MeRIP-seq is a powerful technique for in vivo functional studies of reversible RNA modifications. We develop RADAR, a comprehensive analytical tool for detecting differentially methylated loci in MeRIP-seq data. RADAR enables accurate identification of altered methylation sites by accommodating variability of pre-immunoprecipitation expression level and post-immunoprecipitation count using different strategies. In addition, it is compatible with complex study design when covariates need to be incorporated in the analysis. Through simulation and real datasets analyses, we show that RADAR leads to more accurate and reproducible differential methylation analysis results than alternatives, which is available at https://github.com/scottzijiezhang/RADAR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chryplewicz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jesus, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengyel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/867903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RADAR: Differential analysis of MeRIP-seq data with a random effect model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870931v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antibiotic degradation by commensal microbes shields pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870931v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complex bacterial populations that constitute the gut microbiota can harbor antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs), including those encoding for {beta}-lactamase enzymes (BLA), which degrade commonly prescribed antibiotics such as ampicillin. While it is known that ARGs can be transferred between bacterial species, with dramatic public health implications, whether expression of such genes by harmless commensal bacterial species shields antibiotic-sensitive pathogens in trans by destroying antibiotics in the intestinal lumen is unknown. To address this question, we colonized GF mice with a model intestinal commensal strain of E. coli that produces either functional or defective BLA. Mice were subsequently infected with Listeria monocytogenes or Clostridioides difficile followed by treatment with oral ampicillin. Production of functional BLA by commensal E. coli markedly reduced clearance of these pathogens and enhanced systemic dissemination during ampicillin treatment. Pathogen resistance was independent of ARG acquisition via horizontal gene transfer but instead relied on antibiotic degradation in the intestinal lumen by BLA. We conclude that commensal bacteria that have acquired ARGs can mediate shielding of pathogens from the bactericidal effects of antibiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gjonbalaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keith, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becattini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/870931</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antibiotic degradation by commensal microbes shields pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/871343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pragmatic Language Processing in the Adolescent Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/871343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescence is a developmental period in which social interactions become increasingly important. Successful social interactions rely heavily on pragmatic competence, the appropriate use of language in different social contexts, a skill that is still developing in adolescence. In the present study, we used fMRI to characterize the brain networks underlying pragmatic language processing in typically developing adolescents. We used an indirect speech paradigm whereby participants were presented with question/answer dialogues in which the meaning of the answer had to be inferred from the context, in this case the preceding question. Participants were presented with three types of answers: (1) direct replies, i.e., simple answers to open-ended questions, (2) indirect informative replies, i.e., answers in which the speakers intention was to add more information to a yes/no question, and (3) indirect affective replies, i.e., answers in which the speakers intention was to express polite refusals, negative opinions or to save face in response to an emotionally charged question. We found that indirect affective replies elicited the strongest response in brain areas associated with language comprehension (superior temporal gyri), theory of mind (medial prefrontal cortex, temporo-parietal junction, and precuneus), and attention/working memory (inferior frontal gyri). The increased activation to indirect affective as opposed to indirect informative and direct replies potentially reflects the high salience of opinions and perspectives of others in adolescence. Our results add to previous findings on socio-cognitive processing in adolescents and extend them to pragmatic language comprehension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asaridou, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demir-Lira, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udden, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldin-Meadow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/871343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pragmatic Language Processing in the Adolescent Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple model-based approach to inferring and visualizing cancer mutation signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/019901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in sequencing technologies have enabled the production of massive amounts of data on somatic mutations from cancer genomes. These data have led to the detection of characteristic patterns of somatic mutations or "mutation signatures" at an unprecedented resolution, with the potential for new insights into the causes and mechanisms of tumorigenesis.nnHere we present new methods for modelling, identifying and visualizing such mutation signatures. Our methods greatly simplify mutation signature models compared with existing approaches, reducing the number of parameters by orders of magnitude even while increasing the contextual factors (e.g. the number of flanking bases) that are accounted for. This improves both sensitivity and robustness of inferred signatures. We also provide a new intuitive way to visualize the signatures, analogous to the use of sequence logos to visualize transcription factor binding sites.nnWe illustrate our new method on somatic mutation data from urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract, and a larger dataset from 30 diverse cancer types. The results illustrate several important features of our methods, including the ability of our new visualization tool to clearly highlight the key features of each signature, the improved robustness of signature inferences from small sample sizes, and more detailed inference of signature characteristics such as strand biases and sequence context effects at the base two positions 5 to the mutated site.nnThe overall framework of our work is based on probabilistic models that are closely connected with "mixed-membership models" which are widely used in population genetic admixture analysis, and in machine learning for document clustering. We argue that recognizing these relationships should help improve understanding of mutation signature extraction problems, and suggests ways to further improve the statistical methods.nnOur methods are implemented in an R package pmsignature (https://github.com/friend1ws/pmsignature) and a web application available at https://friend1ws.shinyapps.io/pmsignature_shiny/.nnAuthor SummarySomatic (non-inherited) mutations are acquired throughout our lives in cells throughout our body. These mutations can be caused, for example, by DNA replication errors or exposure to environmental mutagens such as tobacco smoke. Some of these mutations can lead to cancer.nnDifferent cancers, and even different instances of the same cancer, can show different distinctive patterns of somatic mutations. These distinctive patterns have become known as "mutation signatures". For example, C > A mutations are frequent in lung caners whereas C > T and CC > TT mutations are frequent in skin cancers. Each mutation signature may be associated with a specific kind of carcinogen, such as tobacco smoke or ultraviolet light. Identifying mutation signatures therefore has the potential to identify new carcinogens, and yield new insights into the mechanisms and causes of cancer,nnIn this paper, we introduce new statistical tools for tackling this important problem. These tools provide more robust and interpretable mutation signatures compared to previous approaches, as we demonstrate by applying them to large-scale cancer genomic data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuichi Shiraishi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georg Tremmel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satoru Miyano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Stephens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/019901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple model-based approach to inferring and visualizing cancer mutation signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
False Discovery Rates: A New Deal. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce a new Empirical Bayes approach for large-scale hypothesis testing, including estimating False Discovery Rates (FDRs), and effect sizes. This approach has two key differences from existing approaches to FDR analysis. First, it assumes that the distribution of the actual (unobserved) effects is unimodal, with a mode at 0. This "unimodal assumption" (UA), although natural in many contexts, is not usually incorporated into standard FDR analysis, and we demonstrate how incorporating it brings many benefits. Specifically, the UA facilitates efficient and robust computation - estimating the unimodal distribution involves solving a simple convex optimization problem - and enables more accurate inferences provided that it holds. Second, the method takes as its input two numbers for each test (an effect size estimate, and corresponding standard error), rather than the one number usually used (p value, or z score). When available, using two numbers instead of one helps account for variation in measurement precision across tests. It also facilitates estimation of effects, and unlike standard FDR methods our approach provides interval estimates (credible regions) for each effect in addition to measures of significance. To provide a bridge between interval estimates and significance measures we introduce the term "local false sign rate" to refer to the probability of getting the sign of an effect wrong, and argue that it is a superior measure of significance than the local FDR because it is both more generally applicable, and can be more robustly estimated. Our methods are implemented in an R package ashr available from http://github.com/stephens999/ashr.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthew Stephens</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/038216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[False Discovery Rates: A New Deal.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SNP-based heritability estimation: measurement noise, population stratification and stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Siddharth Krishna Kumar1 and co-authors claim to have shown that "GCTA applied to current SNP data cannot produce reliable or stable estimates of heritability." Given the numerous recent studies on the genetic architecture of complex traits that are based on this methodology, these claims have important implications for the field. Through an investigation of the stability of the likelihood function under phenotype perturbation and an analysis of its dependence on the spectral properties of the genetic relatedness matrix, our study characterizes the properties of an important approach to the analysis of GWAS data and identified crucial errors in the authors analyses, invalidating their main conclusions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eric R Gamazon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danny S Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SNP-based heritability estimation: measurement noise, population stratification and stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Architectures of a lipid transport systems for the bacterial outer membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/064360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How phospholipids are trafficked between the bacterial inner and outer membranes through the intervening hydrophilic space of the periplasm is not known. Here we report that members of the mammalian cell entry (MCE) protein family form structurally diverse hexameric rings and barrels with a central channel capable of mediating lipid transport. The E. coli MCE protein, MlaD, forms a ring as part of a larger ABC transporter complex in the inner membrane, and employs a soluble lipid-binding protein to ferry lipids between MlaD and an outer membrane protein complex. In contrast, EM structures of two other E. coli MCE proteins show that YebT forms an elongated tube consisting of seven stacked MCE rings, and PqiB adopts a syringe-like architecture. Both YebT and PqiB create channels of sufficient length to span the entire periplasmic space. This work reveals diverse architectures of highly conserved protein-based channels implicated in the transport of lipids between the inner and outer membranes of bacteria and some eukaryotic organelles.nnHIGHLIGHTSO_LIMCE proteins adopt diverse architectures for transporting lipids across the bacterial periplasmnC_LIO_LICryo-EM and X-ray structures reveal how the MlaFEDB complex, along with MlaC, might shuttle lipids across the periplasmnC_LIO_LI3.9 [A] cryo-EM structure of PqiB reveals a syringe-like architecture with a continuous central channelnC_LIO_LIYebT forms a a segmented tube-like structure, and YebT and PqiB are poised to directly link the inner and outer membranes to facilitate lipid transport.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Damian C Ekiert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gira Bhabha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett Greenan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergey Ovchinnikov</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeffery S Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronald D Vale</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/064360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Architectures of a lipid transport systems for the bacterial outer membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct cAMP signaling modalities mediate behavioral flexibility and consolidation of social status in Drosophila aggression. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social rituals, like male-male aggression in Drosophila, are often stereotyped and the component behavioral patterns modular. The likelihood of transition from one behavioral pattern to another is malleable by experience and confers flexibility to the behavioral repertoire. Experience-dependent modification of innate aggressive behavior in flies alters fighting strategies during fights and establishes dominant-subordinate relationships. Dominance hierarchies resulting from agonistic encounters are consolidated to longer lasting social status-dependent behavioral modifications resulting in a robust loser effect.nnWe show that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) dynamics regulated by the calcium/calmodulin-dependent adenylyl cyclase, Rut and the cAMP phosphodiesterase, Dnc but not the Amn gene product, in specific neuronal groups of the mushroom body and central complex, mediate behavioral plasticity necessary to establish dominant- subordinate relationships. rut and dnc mutant flies are unable to alter fighting strategies and establish dominance relationships during agonistic interactions. This real-time flexibility during a fight is independent of changes in aggression levels. Longer-term consolidation of social status in the form of a loser effect, however, requires additional Amn-dependent inputs to cAMP signaling and involves a circuit-level association between the /{beta} and {gamma} neurons of the mushroom body.nnOur findings implicate cAMP signaling in mediating plasticity of behavioral patterns in aggressive behavior and in the generation of a temporally stable memory trace that manifests as a loser effect.nnSUMMARY STATEMENTPhasic recruitment of different cAMP signaling modalities in specific neuronal groups lead to the formation of temporally distinct components of learning and memory in fly aggression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chouhan, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghose, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/089979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct cAMP signaling modalities mediate behavioral flexibility and consolidation of social status in Drosophila aggression.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The DOE Systems Biology Knowledgebase (KBase) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The U.S. Department of Energy Systems Biology Knowledgebase (KBase) is an open-source software and data platform designed to meet the grand challenge of systems biology -- predicting and designing biological function from the biomolecular (small scale) to the ecological (large scale). KBase is available for anyone to use, and enables researchers to collaboratively generate, test, compare, and share hypotheses about biological functions; perform large-scale analyses on scalable computing infrastructure; and combine experimental evidence and conclusions that lead to accurate models of plant and microbial physiology and community dynamics. The KBase platform has (1) extensible analytical capabilities that currently include genome assembly, annotation, ontology assignment, comparative genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolic modeling; (2) a web-browser-based user interface that supports building, sharing, and publishing reproducible and well-annotated analyses with integrated data; (3) access to extensive computational resources; and (4) a software development kit allowing the community to add functionality to the system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arkin, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottingham, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sneddon, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riehl, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy-Olson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamimura, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brettin, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chivian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davison, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumohl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bun, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandonia, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colasanti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeJongh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devoid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubchak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edirisinghe, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fryb</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/096354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The DOE Systems Biology Knowledgebase (KBase)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible statistical methods for estimating and testing effects in genomic studies with multiple conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/096552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce new statistical methods for analyzing genomic datasets that measure many effects in many conditions (e.g., gene expression changes under many treatments). These new methods improve on existing methods by allowing for arbitrary correlations in effect sizes among conditions. This flexible approach increases power, improves effect estimates, and allows for more quantitative assessments of effect-size heterogeneity compared to simple "shared/condition-specific" assessments. We illustrate these features through an analysis of locally-acting variants associated with gene expression ("cis eQTLs") in 44 human tissues. Our analysis identifies more eQTLs than existing approaches, consistent with improved power. We show that while genetic effects on expression are extensively shared among tissues, effect sizes can still vary greatly among tissues. Some shared eQTLs show stronger effects in subsets of biologically related tissues (e.g., brain-related tissues), or in only one tissue (e.g., testis). Our methods are widely applicable, computationally tractable for many conditions, and available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Urbut, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/096552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible statistical methods for estimating and testing effects in genomic studies with multiple conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DroNc-Seq: Deciphering cell types in human archived brain tissues by massively-parallel single nucleus RNA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/115196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single nucleus RNA-Seq (sNuc-Seq) profiles RNA from tissues that are preserved or cannot be dissociated, but does not provide the throughput required to analyse many cells from complex tissues. Here, we develop DroNc-Seq, massively parallel sNuc-Seq with droplet technology. We profile 29,543 nuclei from mouse and human archived brain samples to demonstrate sensitive, efficient and unbiased classification of cell types, paving the way for charting systematic cell atlases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Habib, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham-Davidi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelfand, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozenblatt-Rosen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/115196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DroNc-Seq: Deciphering cell types in human archived brain tissues by massively-parallel single nucleus RNA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of mutation and selection on plasticity of TDH3 promoter activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenotypic plasticity is an evolvable property of biological systems that can arise from environment-specific regulation of gene expression. To better understand the evolutionary and molecular mechanisms that give rise to plasticity in gene expression, we quantified the effects of 235 single nucleotide mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae TDH3 promoter (PTDH3) on the activity of this promoter in media containing glucose, galactose, or glycerol as a carbon source. We found that the distributions of mutational effects differed among environments because many mutations altered the plastic response exhibited by the wild type allele. Comparing the effects of these mutations to the effects of 30 PTDH3 polymorphisms on expression plasticity in the same environments provided evidence of natural selection acting to prevent the plastic response in PTDH3 activity between glucose and galactose from becoming larger. The largest changes in expression plasticity were observed between fermentable (glucose or galactose) and nonfermentable (glycerol) carbon sources and were caused by mutations located in the RAP1 and GCR1 transcription factor binding sites. Mutations altered expression plasticity most frequently between the two fermentable environments, however, with mutations causing significant changes in plasticity between glucose and galactose distributed throughout the promoter, suggesting they might affect chromatin structure. Taken together, these results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying gene-by-environment interactions affecting gene expression as well as the evolutionary dynamics affecting natural variation in plasticity of gene expression.nnSignificance StatementFrom seasonal variation in the color of butterfly wings to trees bending toward the light, organisms often change in response to their environment. These changes, known as phenotypic plasticity, can result from differences in how genes are expressed among environments. Mutations causing environment-specific changes in gene expression provide raw material for phenotypic plasticity, but their frequency, effect size and direction of effects among environments are not well understood. This study shows that mutations in the promoter of a yeast metabolic gene often display environment-dependent effects on gene expression and that these environment-dependent effects have been shaped by selection in natural populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duveau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzger, B. P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgins-Davis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittkopp, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/173344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of mutation and selection on plasticity of TDH3 promoter activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.977009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ebony affects pigmentation divergence and cuticular hydrocarbons in Drosophila americana and D. novamexicana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.977009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Drosophila pigmentation has been a fruitful model system for understanding the genetic and developmental mechanisms underlying phenotypic evolution. For example, prior work has shown that divergence of the tan gene contributes to pigmentation differences between two members of the virilis group: Drosophila novamexicana, which has a light yellow body color, and D. americana, which has a dark brown body color. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and expression analysis has suggested that divergence of the ebony gene might also contribute to pigmentation differences between these two species. Here, we directly test this hypothesis by using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to generate ebony null mutants in D. americana and D. novamexicana and then using reciprocal hemizygosity testing to compare the effects of each species ebony allele on pigmentation. We find that divergence of ebony does indeed contribute to the pigmentation divergence between species, with effects on both the overall body color as well as a difference in pigmentation along the dorsal abdominal midline. Motivated by recent work in D. melanogaster, we also used the ebony null mutants to test for effects of ebony on cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles. We found that ebony affects CHC abundance in both species, but does not contribute to qualitative differences in the CHC profiles between these two species. Additional transgenic resources for working with D. americana and D. novamexicana, such as white mutants of both species and yellow mutants in D. novamexicana, were generated in the course of this work and are also described. Taken together, this study advances our understanding of loci contributing to phenotypic divergence and illustrates how the latest genome editing tools can be used for functional testing in non-model species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamb, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittkopp, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.977009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ebony affects pigmentation divergence and cuticular hydrocarbons in Drosophila americana and D. novamexicana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.979302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-free styrene biosynthesis at high titers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.979302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Styrene is an important petroleum-derived molecule that is polymerized to make versatile plastics, including disposable silverware and foamed packaging materials. Finding more sustainable methods, such as biosynthesis, for producing styrene is essential due to the increasing severity of climate change as well as the limited supply of fossil fuels. Recent metabolic engineering efforts have enabled the biological production of styrene in Escherichia coli, but styrene toxicity and volatility limit biosynthesis in cells. To address these limitations, we have developed a cell-free styrene biosynthesis platform. The cell-free system provides an open reaction environment without cell viability constraints, which allows exquisite control over reaction conditions and greater carbon flux toward product formation rather than cell growth. The two biosynthetic enzymes required for styrene production were generated via cell-free protein synthesis and mixed in defined ratios with supplemented L-phenylalanine and buffer. By altering the time, temperature, pH, and enzyme concentrations in the reaction, this approach increased the cell-free titer of styrene from 5.36 {+/-} 0.63 mM to 40.33 {+/-} 1.03 mM, an order of magnitude greater than cellular synthesis methods. Cell-free systems offer a complimentary approach to cellular synthesis of small molecules, which can provide particular benefits for producing toxic molecules.

HighlightsA cell-free system for styrene biosynthesis was established. This in vitro system achieved styrene titers an order of magnitude greater than the highest reported concentration in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grubbe, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasor, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewett, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karim, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.979302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-free styrene biosynthesis at high titers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.988790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancer and Promoter Usage in the Normal and Failed Human Heart 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.988790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The failed heart is characterized by re-expression of a fetal gene program, which contributes to adaptation and maladaptation in heart failure. To define genomewide enhancer and promoter use in heart failure, Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE-seq) was applied to healthy and failed human left ventricles to define short RNAs associated with both promoters and enhancers. Integration of CAGE-seq data with RNA sequencing identified a combined [~]17,000 promoters and [~]1,500 enhancers active in healthy and failed human left ventricles. Comparing promoter usage between healthy and failed hearts highlighted promoter shifts which altered amino-terminal protein sequences. Comparing enhancer usage between healthy and failed hearts revealed a majority of differentially utilized heart failure enhancers were intronic and primarily localized within the first intron, identifying this position as a common feature associated with tissue-specific gene expression changes in the heart. This dataset defines the dynamic genomic regulatory landscape underlying heart failure and serves as an important resource for understanding genetic contributions to cardiac dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gacita, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dellefave-Castillo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, P. G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barefield, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserstrom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puckelwartz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobrega, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.17.988790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancer and Promoter Usage in the Normal and Failed Human Heart]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.28.012823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic effects of genetic variation on gene expression revealed following hypoxic stress in cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.28.012823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One life-threatening outcome of cardiovascular disease is myocardial infarction, where cardiomyocytes are deprived of oxygen. To study inter-individual differences in response to hypoxia, we established an in vitro model of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes from 15 individuals. We measured gene expression levels, chromatin accessibility, and methylation levels in four culturing conditions that correspond to normoxia, hypoxia and short or long-term re-oxygenation. We characterized thousands of gene regulatory changes as the cells transition between conditions. Using available genotypes, we identified 1,573 genes with a cis expression quantitative locus (eQTL) in at least one condition, as well as 367 dynamic eQTLs, which are classified as eQTLs in at least one, but not in all conditions. A subset of genes with dynamic eQTLs is associated with complex traits and disease. Our data demonstrate how dynamic genetic effects on gene expression, which are likely relevant for disease, can be uncovered under stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.28.012823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic effects of genetic variation on gene expression revealed following hypoxic stress in cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.024356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Sec63/BiP complex suppresses higher-order oligomerization and RNase activity of IRE1α during ER stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.024356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activate IRE1 endoribonuclease in mammalian cells, which mediates XBP1 mRNA splicing to produce an active transcription factor. This promotes the expression of specific genes to alleviate ER stress and thereby attenuating IRE1. Although sustained activation of IRE1 is linked to human diseases, it is not clear how IRE1 is attenuated during ER stress. Here, we identify that Sec63 is a subunit of the previously identified IRE1/Sec61 translocon complex. We find that Sec63 recruits and activates BiP ATPase through its luminal J-domain to bind onto IRE1. This leads to inhibition of higher-order oligomerization and attenuation of IRE1 RNase activity during prolonged ER stress. In Sec63 deficient cells, IRE1 remains activated for a long time despite the presence of excess BiP in the ER. Thus, our data suggest that the Sec61 translocon bridges IRE1 with Sec63/BiP to regulate the dynamics of IRE1 signaling in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appathurai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plumb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariappan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.03.024356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Sec63/BiP complex suppresses higher-order oligomerization and RNase activity of IRE1α during ER stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iPSC-derived hepatocytes from patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease display a disease-specific gene expression profile 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.052001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the leading causes of liver disease worldwide.1 Animal models are widely used to investigate the mechanisms of fatty liver disease, but they do not faithfully represent NAFLD in humans.2 Thus, there is strong interest in studying NAFLD pathogenesis directly in humans whenever possible. One strategy that is gaining momentum is to utilize iPSC-derived hepatocytes from individual human subjects in complex cell/organ platforms with the goal of reproducing a NAFLD-like state in vitro.3-6 Our group has taken a different approach, positing that iPSC-Heps from a population of NAFLD patients would provide independent insight into the human disease. In this study we generated iPSCs and iPSC-Heps from a well-defined cohort of NAFLD patients. Our objective was to determine whether as a group, in the absence of any metabolic challenge, they exhibit common disease-specific signatures that are distinct from healthy controls.Competing Interest StatementThis work was funded by research grants from the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IT1-06563), AbbVie, Inc. and NIH: R21 DK118380 (JJM), UG3 DK120004 (HW) and K08 DK098270 (ANM). Additional support was provided by core facilities within the UCSF Liver Center (P30 DK026743).View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duwaerts, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Her, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willenbring, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattis, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.052001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iPSC-derived hepatocytes from patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease display a disease-specific gene expression profile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.054734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Larval zebrafish respond to the alarm pheromone Schreckstoff by immobility and a change in brain state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.054734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDetection of predator cues changes the brain state in prey species and helps them avoid danger. Dysfunctionality in changing the central state appropriately in stressful situations is proposed to be an underlying cause of multiple psychiatric disorders in humans.

MethodsHere, we investigate the dynamics of neural circuits mediating response to a threat, to characterize these states and to identify potential control networks. We use resonant scanning 2-photon microscopy for in vivo brain-wide imaging and custom designed behavioral assays for the study.

ResultsWe first show that 5-7 day old zebrafish larvae react to an alarm pheromone (Schreckstoff) with reduced mobility. They subsequently display heightened vigilance, as evidenced by increased dark avoidance. Calcium imaging indicates that exposure to Schreckstoff elicits stimulus-locked activity in olfactory sensory neurons innervating a lateral glomerulus and in telencephalic regions including the putative medial amygdala and entopeduncular nucleus. Sustained activity outlasting the stimulus delivery was detected in regions regulating neuromodulator release, including the lateral habenula, posterior tuberculum, superior raphe, and locus coeruleus.

ConclusionWe propose that these latter regions contribute to the network that defines the "threatened" state, while neurons with transient activity serve as the trigger. Our study highlights the utility of the zebrafish larval alarm response system to examine neural circuits during stress dependent brain state transitions and to discover potential therapeutic agents when such transitions are disrupted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jesuthasan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, R.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathuru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.054734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Larval zebrafish respond to the alarm pheromone Schreckstoff by immobility and a change in brain state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FGF signaling regulates development through combinatorial transduction pathways and by modulating cellular adhesion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FGFs are key developmental regulators which engage a signal transduction cascade through receptor tyrosine kinases, typically involving ERK1/2, PI3K/AKT, and other effectors. However, it remains unknown if all FGF activities depend on kinase activity or these canonical signal transduction cascades. To address these questions, we generated allelic series of knock-in Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 mouse strains, carrying point mutations that disrupt binding of signaling effectors to the receptors, alone or in combination. We also produced a kinase dead allele of Fgfr2 which broadly phenocopies the null mutant. When interrogated in cranial neural crest cells, point mutations in either receptor revealed discrete functions for signaling pathways in specific craniofacial contexts, but failed to recapitulate the single or double null mutant phenotypes even in their most extensive combination. Furthermore, we found that together these signaling mutations abrogated the established FGF-induced signal transduction pathways, yet certain FGF functions such as cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion remained unaffected. Our studies establish combinatorial roles of both Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in development and identify novel kinase-dependent cell adhesion properties of FGF receptors, independent of well-established roles in intracellular signaling.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catela, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soriano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FGF signaling regulates development through combinatorial transduction pathways and by modulating cellular adhesion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precise detection of Acrs in prokaryotes using only six features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.112011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-CRISPR proteins (Acrs) can suppress the activity of CRISPR-Cas systems. Some viruses depend on Acrs to expand their genetic materials into the host genome which can promote species diversity. Therefore, the identification and determination of Acrs are of vital importance. In this work we developed a random forest tree-based tool, AcrDetector, to identify Acrs in the whole genomescale using merely six features. AcrDetector can achieve a mean accuracy of 99.65%, a mean recall of 75.84%, a mean precision of 99.24% and a mean F1 score of 85.97%; in multi-round, 5-fold cross-validation (30 different random states). To demonstrate that AcrDetector can identify real Acrs precisely at the whole genome-scale we performed a cross-species validation which resulted in 71.43% of real Acrs being ranked in the top 10. We applied AcrDetector to detect Acrs in the latest data. It can accurately identify 3 Acrs, which have previously been verified experimentally. A standalone version of AcrDetector is available at https://github.com/RiversDong/AcrDetector. Additionally, our result showed that most of the Acrs are transferred into their host genomes in a recent stage rather than early.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, D.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Q.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, F.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.112011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precise detection of Acrs in prokaryotes using only six features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.130930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Basis of Far-red Sensing in Cyanobacteriochrome 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.130930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyanobacteriochromes are small, panchromatic photoreceptors in the phytochrome superfamily that regulate diverse light-mediated adaptive processes in cyanobacteria. The molecular basis of far-red (FR) light perception by cyanobacteriochromes is currently unknown. Here we report the crystal structure of a far-red-sensing cyanobacteriochrome from Anabaena cylindrica PCC 7122, which exhibits a reversible far-red/orange photocycle. The 2.7 [A] structure of its FR-absorbing dark state, determined by room temperature serial crystallography and cryo-crystallography, reveals an all-Z,syn configuration of its bound linear tetrapyrrole (bilin) chromophore that is less extended than the bilin chromophores of all known phytochromes. Based on structural comparisons with other bilin-binding proteins and extensive spectral analyses on mutants, we identify key protein-chromophore interactions that enable far-red sensing in bilin-binding proteins. We propose that FR-CBCRs employ two distinct tuning mechanisms, which work together to produce a large batho-chromatic shift. Findings of this work have important implications for development and improvement of photoproteins with far-red absorption and fluorescence.

Significance StatementPhytochromes are well known far-red-light sensors found in plants that trigger adaptive responses to facilitate competition for light capture with neighboring plants. Red- and far-red-sensing are critical to cyanobacteria living in the far-red-enriched shade of plants. Here we report the crystal structure of a far-red-sensing cyanobacteriochrome, a distant cyanobacterial relative of phytochrome. These studies shed insight into the poorly understood molecular basis of far-red-sensing by phytobilin-based photoreceptors. Owing to the deep tissue penetration of far-red light, far-red-sensing photoreceptors offer promising protein scaffolds for developing gene-based photoswitches, optoacoustic contrast agents and fluorescent probes for in situ imaging and optogenetic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bandara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockwell, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagarias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.02.130930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Basis of Far-red Sensing in Cyanobacteriochrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.141689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene Expression Imputation with Generative Adversarial Imputation Nets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.141689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A question of fundamental biological significance is to what extent the expression of a subset of genes can be used to recover the full transcriptome, with important implications for biological discovery and clinical application. To address this challenge, we present GAIN-GTEx, a method for gene expression imputation based on Generative Adversarial Imputation Networks. In order to increase the applicability of our approach, we leverage data from GTEx v8, a reference resource that has generated a comprehensive collection of transcriptomes from a diverse set of human tissues. We compare our model to several standard and state-of-the-art imputation methods and show that GAIN-GTEx is significantly superior in terms of predictive performance and runtime. Furthermore, our results indicate strong generalisation on RNA-Seq data from 3 cancer types across varying levels of missingness. Our work can facilitate a cost-effective integration of large-scale RNA biorepositories into genomic studies of disease, with high applicability across diverse tissue types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vinas Torne, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azevedo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.141689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene Expression Imputation with Generative Adversarial Imputation Nets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic architecture of host proteins interacting with SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strategies to develop therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 infection may be informed by experimental identification of viral-host protein interactions in cellular assays and measurement of host response proteins in COVID-19 patients. Identification of genetic variants that influence the level or activity of these proteins in the host could enable rapid  in silico assessment in human genetic studies of their causal relevance as molecular targets for new or repurposed drugs to treat COVID-19. We integrated large-scale genomic and aptamer-based plasma proteomic data from 10,708 individuals to characterize the genetic architecture of 179 host proteins reported to interact with SARS-CoV-2 proteins or to participate in the host response to COVID-19. We identified 220 host DNA sequence variants acting in cis (MAF 0.01-49.9%) and explaining 0.3-70.9% of the variance of 97 of these proteins, including 45 with no previously known protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) and 38 encoding current drug targets. Systematic characterization of pQTLs across the phenome identified protein-drug-disease links, evidence that putative viral interaction partners such as MARK3 affect immune response, and establish the first link between a recently reported variant for respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients at the ABO locus and hypercoagulation, i.e. maladaptive host response. Our results accelerate the evaluation and prioritization of new drug development programmes and repurposing of trials to prevent, treat or reduce adverse outcomes. Rapid sharing and dynamic and detailed interrogation of results is facilitated through an interactive webserver (https://omicscience.org/apps/covidpgwas/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pietzner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco-Zanini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerrison, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oerton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auyeung, V. P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casas, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostroff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastenmüller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wareham, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hingorani, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langenberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic architecture of host proteins interacting with SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.185348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Publicly available hiPSC lines with extreme polygenic risk scores for modeling schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.185348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a common and debilitating psychiatric disorder with limited effective treatment options. Although highly heritable, risk for this polygenic disorder depends on the complex interplay of hundreds of common and rare variants. Translating the growing list of genetic loci significantly associated with disease into medically actionable information remains an important challenge. Thus, establishing platforms with which to validate the impact of risk variants in cell-type-specific and donor-dependent contexts is critical. Towards this, we selected and characterize a collection of twelve human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines derived from control donors with extremely low and high SZ polygenic risk scores (PRS). These hiPSC lines are publicly available at the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM). The suitability of these extreme PRS hiPSCs for CRISPR-based isogenic comparisons of neurons and glia was evaluated across three independent laboratories, identifying 9 out of 12 meeting our criteria. We report a standardized resource of publicly available hiPSCs, with which we collectively commit to conducting future CRISPR-engineering, in order to facilitate comparison and integration of functional validation studies across the field of psychiatric genetics.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rehbach, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sara Abdollahi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prorok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weintraub, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lund, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avramopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.185348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Publicly available hiPSC lines with extreme polygenic risk scores for modeling schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of papain-like protease from SARS-CoV-2 and its complexes with non-covalent inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The number of new cases world-wide for the COVID-19 disease is increasing dramatically, while efforts to contain Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 is producing varied results in different countries. There are three key SARS-CoV-2 enzymes potentially targetable with antivirals: papain-like protease (PLpro), main protease (Mpro), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Of these, PLpro is an especially attractive target because it plays an essential role in several viral replication processes, including cleavage and maturation of viral polyproteins, assembly of the replicase-transcriptase complex (RTC), and disruption of host viral response machinery to facilitate viral proliferation and replication. Moreover, this enzyme is conserved across different coronaviruses and promising inhibitors have already been discovered for its SARS-CoV variant. Here we report a substantive body of structural, biochemical, and virus replication studies that identify several inhibitors of the enzyme from SARS-CoV-2 in both wild-type and mutant forms. These efforts include the first structures of wild-type PLpro, the active site C111S mutant, and their complexes with inhibitors, determined at 1.60-2.70 Angstroms. This collection of structures provides fundamental molecular and mechanistic insight to PLpro, and critically, illustrates details for inhibitors recognition and interactions. All presented compounds inhibit the peptidase activity of PLpro in vitro, and some molecules block SARS-CoV-2 replication in cell culture assays. These collated findings will accelerate further structure-based drug design efforts targeting PLpro, with the ultimate goal of identifying high-affinity inhibitors of clinical value for SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osipiuk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azizi, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jedrzejczak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathayat, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisnyak, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maki, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaescu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joachimiak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.240192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of papain-like protease from SARS-CoV-2 and its complexes with non-covalent inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.310474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GHB confers neuroprotection by stabilizing the CaMKIIα hub domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.310474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha (CaMKII) is an abundant neuronal signaling protein involved in synaptic plasticity and memory formation1,2. The central hub domain regulates the activity of CaMKII by organizing the holoenzyme complex into functional oligomers3-6. Recent findings have suggested that the hub is also an allosteric determinant of kinase activity7, and is thus an emerging target for therapies to correct CaMKII dysregulation8,9. However, pharmacological modulation of the hub domain has never been demonstrated. Here we show that stabilization of the CaMKII hub domain confers neuroprotection. By combining photoaffinity labeling and chemical proteomics using small molecule analogs of the natural metabolite {gamma}-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)10 we reveal that CaMKII is the selective target for GHB. We further find that these GHB analogs bind to the hub interior by solving a 2.2 [A] crystal structure of CaMKII with bound ligand. Using differential scanning fluorimetry, we show that binding of ligands to the hub interior increases the thermal stability of hub oligomers in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, we demonstrate the functional significance of this hub stabilization by showing substantial neuroprotective effects in cellular excitotoxicity assays and in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia. Together, our results reveal that CaMKII hub stabilization is the mechanism by which GHB provides endogenous neuroprotection and that small-molecule CaMKII-selective ligands have therapeutic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leurs, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSpadden, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griem-Krey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbak, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houlton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villumsen, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogensen, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamborg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauger, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmelund, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, A. S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shehata, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelstrup, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnie, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowing, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teurlings, S. M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frolund, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornum, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Woerden, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clausen, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarkson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellendorph, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.310474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GHB confers neuroprotection by stabilizing the CaMKIIα hub domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.332940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of MAP3K DLK and LZK in Purkinje Cells Causes Rapid and Slow Degeneration Depending on Signaling Strength 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.332940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The conserved MAP3K Dual leucine zipper kinases can activate JNK via MKK4 or MKK7. Vertebrate DLK and LZK share similar biochemical activities and undergo auto-activation upon increased expression. Depending on cell-type and nature of insults DLK and LZK can induce pro-regenerative, pro-apoptotic or pro-degenerative responses, although the mechanistic basis of their action is not well understood. Here, we investigated these two MAP3Ks in cerebellar Purkinje cells using loss- and gain-of function mouse models. While loss of each or both kinases does not cause discernible defects in Purkinje cells, activating DLK causes rapid death and activating LZK leads to slow degeneration. Each kinase induces JNK activation and caspase-mediated apoptosis independent of each other. Significantly, deleting CELF2, which regulates alternative splicing of Mkk7, strongly attenuates Purkinje cell degeneration induced by activation of LZK, but not DLK. Thus, controlling the activity levels of DLK and LZK is critical for neuronal survival and health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinke, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.332940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of MAP3K DLK and LZK in Purkinje Cells Causes Rapid and Slow Degeneration Depending on Signaling Strength]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coping with darkness: The adaptive response of marine picocyanobacteria to repeated light energy deprivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.341503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The picocyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are found throughout the oceans euphotic zone, where the daily light:dark cycle drives their physiology. Periodic deep mixing events can, however, move cells below this zone, depriving them of light for extended periods of time. Here we demonstrate that Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus can adapt to tolerate repeated periods of light energy deprivation. Cyanobacterial cultures kept in the dark for 3 days and then returned to the light initially required 18-26 days to resume growth, but after multiple rounds of dark exposure the strains began to regrow after only 1-2 days. This dark-tolerant phenotype was stable and heritable; cultures retained the trait across at least 18-21 generations even when grown in a standard 13:11 light:dark cycle. We found no genetic differences between the dark-tolerant and parental strains of Prochlorococcus NATL2A, indicating that an epigenetic change is responsible for the adaptation. To begin to explore this possibility, we asked whether DNA methylation - an epigenetic mechanism in bacteria - occurs in Prochlorococcus. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that while DNA methylations, including 6mA and 5mC, are found in some other Prochlorococcus strains, no methylations were detected in either the parental or dark-tolerant strain used in our experiments -i.e. the NATL2A strain. These findings suggest that Prochlorococcus utilizes a yet-to-be-determined epigenetic mechanism to adapt to the stress of extended light energy deprivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulias, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bliem, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arellano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeGault, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Keefe, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chisholm, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.341503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coping with darkness: The adaptive response of marine picocyanobacteria to repeated light energy deprivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.374348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human antigen-specific memory natural killer cell responses develop against HIV-1 and influenza virus and are dependent on MHC-E restriction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.374348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For over a decade, multiple studies have disputed the notion of natural killer (NK) cells as purely innate lymphocytes by demonstrating that they are capable of putative antigen-specific immunological memory against multiple infectious agents including two critical global health priorities - HIV and influenza. However, the mechanisms underlying antigen specificity remain unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that antigen-specific human NK cell memory develops upon exposure to both HIV and influenza, unified by a conserved and epitope-specific targetable mechanism firmly dependent on the activating CD94/NKG2C receptor and its ligand HLA-E, and confirm these findings by three rigorous and novel assays. We validated the permanent acquisition of antigen-specificity by individual memory NK cells by single-cell cloning. We identified biomarkers of antigen-specific NK cell memory through RNA-Seq transcriptomic fingerprints and complex immunophenotyping by 30-parameter flow cytometry showing elevated expression of KLRG1, 4{beta}7 and NKG2C. Finally, we show individual HLA-E-restricted peptides that may constitute the dominant response in HIV-1- and influenza-infected persons in vivo. Our findings clarify the mechanisms behind formation of antigen-specific memory NK cells, and suggest they could be targeted for future vaccines, cure strategies, or other therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoder, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroll, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugawara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tweet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomezsko, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dugan, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghofrani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altfeld, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grundhoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller-Trutwin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goepfert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.09.374348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human antigen-specific memory natural killer cell responses develop against HIV-1 and influenza virus and are dependent on MHC-E restriction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.380766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of Brucella abortus population structure in a natural host 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.380766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cattle are natural hosts of the intracellular pathogen, Brucella abortus, which inflicts a significant burden on the health and reproduction of these important livestock. The primary routes of infection in field settings have been described, but it is not known how the bovine host shapes the structure of B. abortus populations during infection. We utilized a library of approximately 106 uniquely barcoded B. abortus strains to temporally and spatially quantify population structure at the strain level during colonization of cattle through a natural route of infection. Introducing 108 bacteria from this barcoded library to the conjunctival mucosa resulted in expected levels of local lymph node colonization at a one-week timepoint. We leveraged variance in strain abundance in the library to demonstrate that only 1 in 10,000 brucellae introduced at the site of infection reached the parotid lymph nodes. Thus, cattle restrict the overwhelming majority of B. abortus introduced via the ocular conjunctiva at this dose. Individual strains were spatially restricted within the host tissue, and the total B. abortus census was dominated by a small number of distinct strains in each lymph node. These results define a bottleneck that B. abortus must traverse to colonize local lymph nodes from the conjunctival mucosa. The data further support a model in which a small number of spatially isolated granulomas founded by unique strains are present one-week post infection. These experiments demonstrate the power of barcoded transposon tools to quantify infection bottlenecks and to define pathogen population structure in host tissues.

Significance statementUnderstanding microbial population dynamics during infection has important implications for disease management, transmission and pathogen evolution. A quantitative analysis of microbial population structure requires the ability to track individual strains. We used a pool of individually barcoded strains to measure changes in Brucella abortus population structure during infection of bovine hosts via the ocular conjunctiva, a natural route of entry. Cattle exert a severe bottleneck on the bacterial population entering through the conjunctival mucosa such that individual cells have a 0.0001 probability of colonizing a local draining lymph node. The populations in lymph nodes, even on different sides of the same animal, are distinct and dominated by a small number of highly abundant, spatially distinct clones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fiebig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrentas, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huebner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggiatto, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.12.380766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of Brucella abortus population structure in a natural host]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.380337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptide Ancestry Informative Markers in Uterine Neoplasms from Women of European, African and Asian Ancestry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.380337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterization of ancestry-linked peptide variants in disease-relevant patient tissues represents a foundational step to connect patient ancestry with molecular disease pathogenesis. Nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) encoding missense substitutions within tryptic peptides exhibiting high allele frequencies in European, African, and East Asian populations, termed peptide ancestry informative markers (pAIMs), were prioritized from 1000 genomes. In silico analysis shows that as few as 20 pAIMs can determine ancestry proportions similarly to >260K SNPs (R2=0.9905). Multiplexed proteomic analysis of >100 human endometrial cancer cell lines and uterine leiomyoma tissues resulted in the quantitation of 62 pAIMs that correlate with self-described race and genotype-confirmed patient ancestry. Candidates include a D451E substitution in GC vitamin D-binding protein previously associated with altered vitamin D levels in African and European populations. These efforts describe a generalized set of markers for proteoancestry assessment that will further support studies investigating the impact of ancestry on the human proteome and how this relates to the pathogenesis of uterine neoplasms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bateman, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abulez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrads, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltis, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, P.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalgard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkerson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shriver, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cote, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segars, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hendy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risinger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darcy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casablanca, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrads, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.380337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptide Ancestry Informative Markers in Uterine Neoplasms from Women of European, African and Asian Ancestry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.415281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly multiplexed quantitative phosphosite assay for biology and preclinical studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.415281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reliable methods to quantify dynamic signaling changes across diverse pathways are needed to better understand the effects of disease and drug-treatment in cells and tissues but are presently lacking. Here we present SigPath, a targeted mass spectrometry (MS) assay that measures 284 phosphosites in 200 phosphoproteins of biological interest. SigPath probes a broad swath of signaling biology with high throughput and quantitative precision. We applied the assay to investigate changes in phospho-signaling in drug-treated cancer cell lines, breast cancer preclinical models and human medulloblastoma tumors. In addition to validating previous findings, SigPath detected and quantified a large number of differentially regulated phosphosites newly associated with disease models and human tumors at baseline or with drug perturbation. Our results highlight the potential of SigPath to monitor phosphoproteomic signaling events and to nominate mechanistic hypotheses regarding oncogenesis, response and resistance to therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keshishian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melanson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mundth, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krug, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forestier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabasha, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlow, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jane-Valbuena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todres, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Specht, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golji, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacMullan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satpathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clauser, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rejtar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garraway, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellers, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.415281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly multiplexed quantitative phosphosite assay for biology and preclinical studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.415554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A protease-initiated model of wound detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.415554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wounds trigger surrounding cells to initiate repair, but it is unclear how cells detect wounds. The first known wound response of epithelial cells is a dramatic increase in cytosolic calcium, which occurs within seconds, but it is not known what initiates this calcium response. Specifically, is there an instructive signal detected by cells surrounding wounds? Here we identify a signal transduction pathway in epithelial cells initiated by the G-protein coupled receptor Methuselah-like 10 (Mthl10) activated around wounds by its cytokine ligands, Growth-blocking peptides (Gbps). Gbps are present in unwounded tissue in latent form, requiring proteolytic activation for signaling. Multiple protease families can activate Gbps, suggesting it acts as a detector to signal the presence of several proteases. We present experimental and computational evidence that proteases released during cell lysis serve as the instructive signal from wounds, liberating Gbp ligands to diffuse to the Mthl10 receptors on epithelial cells and activate downstream release of calcium. Thus, the presence of a nearby wound is signaled by the activation of a Gbp protease detector, sensitive to multiple proteases released after cellular damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbar, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFever, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page-McCaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.415554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A protease-initiated model of wound detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic variation among wMel strains of Wolbachia pipientis differentially rescues a bag of marbles partial loss of function mutant in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Drosophila melanogaster, the maternally inherited endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis interacts with germline stem cell genes during oogenesis. One such gene, bag of marbles (bam) is the key switch for differentiation and also shows signals of adaptive evolution for protein diversification. These observations have led us to hypothesize that W. pipientis could be driving the adaptive evolution of bam for control of oogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we must understand the specificity of the genetic interaction between bam and W. pipientis. Previously, we documented that the W. pipientis variant, wMel, rescued the fertility of the bamBW hypomorphic mutant as a transheterozygote over a bam null. However, bamBW was generated more than 20 years ago in an uncontrolled genetic background and maintained over a balancer chromosome. Consequently, the chromosome carrying bamBW accumulated mutations that have prevented controlled experiments to further assess the interaction. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to engineer the same single amino acid bam hypomorphic mutation (bamL255F) and a new bam null disruption mutation into the w1118 isogenic background. We assess the fertility of wildtype bam, bamL255F/bamnull hypomorphic, and bamL255F/ bamL255F mutant females, each infected individually with ten W. pipientis wMel variants representing three phylogenetic clades. Overall, we find that all of the W. pipientis variants tested here rescue bam hypomorphic fertility defects with wMelCS-like variants exhibiting the strongest rescue effects. Additionally, these variants did not increase wildtype bam female fertility. Therefore, both bam and W. pipientis interact in genotype-specific ways to modulate female fertility, a critical fitness phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bubnell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulbing, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Begne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aquadro, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic variation among wMel strains of Wolbachia pipientis differentially rescues a bag of marbles partial loss of function mutant in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms Driving Genome Reduction of a Novel Roseobacter Lineage Showing Vitamin B12 Auxotrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Members of the marine Roseobacter group are key players in the global carbon and sulfur cycles. While over 300 species have been described, only 2% possess reduced genomes (mostly 3-3.5 Mbp) compared to an average roseobacter (>4 Mbp). These taxonomic minorities are phylogenetically diverse but form a Pelagic Roseobacter Cluster (PRC) at the genome content level. Here, we cultivated eight isolates constituting a novel Roseobacter lineage which we named  CHUG. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic read recruitment analyses showed that CHUG members were globally distributed and active in marine environments. CHUG members possess some of the smallest genomes (~2.52 Mb) among all known roseobacters, but they do not exhibit canonical features of genome streamlining like higher coding density or fewer paralogues and pseudogenes compared to their sister lineages. While CHUG members are clustered with traditional PRC members at the genome content level, they show important differences. Unlike other PRC members, neither the relative abundances of CHUG members nor their gene expression levels are correlated with chlorophyll a concentration across the global samples. Moreover, CHUG members cannot synthesize vitamin B12, a key metabolite made by most roseobacters but not by many phytoplankton species and thus thought to mediate the roseobacter-phytoplankton interactions. This combination of features is evidence for the hypothesis that CHUG members may have evolved a free-living lifestyle decoupled from phytoplankton. This ecological transition was accompanied by the loss of signature genes involved in roseobacter-phytoplankton symbiosis, suggesting that relaxation of purifying selection is likely an important driver of genome reduction in CHUG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henson, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanclos, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thrash, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms Driving Genome Reduction of a Novel Roseobacter Lineage Showing Vitamin B12 Auxotrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CometChip Enables Parallel Analysis of Multiple DNA Repair Activities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA damage can be cytotoxic and mutagenic and is directly linked to aging, cancer, and heritable diseases. To counteract the deleterious effects of DNA damage, cells have evolved highly conserved DNA repair pathways. Many commonly used DNA repair assays are relatively low throughput and are limited to analysis of one protein or one pathway. Here, we have explored the capacity of the CometChip platform for parallel analysis of multiple DNA repair activities. Taking advantage of the versatility of the traditional comet assay and leveraging micropatterning techniques, the CometChip platform offers increased throughput and sensitivity compared to the traditional comet assay. By exposing cells to DNA damaging agents that create substrates of Base Excision Repair, Nucleotide Excision Repair, and Non-Homologous End Joining, we show that the CometChip is an effective method for assessing repair deficiencies in all three pathways. With these advanced applications of the CometChip platform, we expand the efficacy of the comet assay for precise, high-throughput, parallel analysis of multiple DNA repair activities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thadhani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzucato, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fessler, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weingeist, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobol, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samson, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floyd, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelward, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.19.427336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CometChip Enables Parallel Analysis of Multiple DNA Repair Activities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.426445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Induction of a colitogenic phenotype in Th1 cells depends on IL-23R signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.24.426445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cytokine receptor IL-23R plays a fundamental role in inflammation and autoimmunity. However, several observations have been difficult to reconcile under the assumption that only Th17 cells critically depend on IL-23 to acquire a pathogenic phenotype. Here, we report that Th1 cells differentiated in vitro with IL-12 + IL-21 show similar levels of IL-23R expression as in pathogenic Th17 cells. We demonstrate that IL-23R is required for Th1 cells to acquire a highly colitogenic phenotype. scRNAseq analysis of intestinal T cells enabled us to identify novel regulators induced by IL-23R-signaling in Th1 cells which differed from those expressed in Th17 cells. The perturbation of one of these regulators (CD160) in Th1 cells inhibited induction of colitis. In this process, we were able to uncouple IL-23R as a purely Th17 cell-specific factor and implicate IL-23R signaling as a pathogenic driver of Th1 cell-mediated tissue inflammation and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pawlak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTomaso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer zu Horste, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dionne, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallrapp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkett, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riesenfeld, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.24.426445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Induction of a colitogenic phenotype in Th1 cells depends on IL-23R signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpretable prioritization of splice variants in diagnostic next-generation sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A critical challenge in genetic diagnostics is the computational assessment of candidate splice variants, specifically the interpretation of nucleotide changes located outside of the highly conserved dinucleotide sequences at the 5' and 3' ends of introns. To address this gap, we developed the Super Quick Informationcontent Random-forest Learning of Splice variants (SQUIRLS) algorithm. SQUIRLS generates a small set of interpretable features for machine learning by calculating the information-content (IC) of wildtype and variant sequences of canonical and cryptic splice sites, assessing changes in candidate splicing regulatory sequences, and incorporating characteristics of the sequence such as exon length, disruptions of the AG exclusion zone, and conservation. We curated a comprehensive collection of disease-associated splicealtering variants at positions outside of the highly conserved AG/GT dinucleotides at the termini of introns. SQUIRLS trains two random-forest classifiers for the donor and for the acceptor and combines their outputs by logistic regression to yield a final score. We show that SQUIRLS transcends previous state of the art accuracy in classifying splice variants as assessed by rank analysis in simulated exomes and is significantly faster than competing methods. SQUIRLS provides tabular output files for incorporation into diagnostic pipelines for exome and genome analysis, as well as visualizations that contextualize predicted effects of variants on splicing to make it easier to interpret splice variants in diagnostic settings
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, J. O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmody, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gargano, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMurry, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegde, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haendel, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smedley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpretable prioritization of splice variants in diagnostic next-generation sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.13.431008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent, Novel SARS-CoV-2 PLpro Inhibitors Block Viral Replication in Monkey and Human Cell Cultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.13.431008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antiviral agents blocking SARS-CoV-2 viral replication are desperately needed to complement vaccination to end the COVID-19 pandemic. Viral replication and assembly are entirely dependent on two viral cysteine proteases: 3C-like protease (3CLpro) and the papain-like protease (PLpro). PLpro also has deubiquitinase (DUB) activity, removing ubiquitin (Ub) and Ub-like modifications from host proteins, disrupting the host immune response. 3CLpro is inhibited by many known cysteine protease inhibitors, whereas PLpro is a relatively unusual cysteine protease, being resistant to blockade by such inhibitors. A high-throughput screen of biased and unbiased libraries gave a low hit rate, identifying only CPI-169 and the positive control, GRL0617, as inhibitors with good potency (IC50 < 10 {micro}M). Analogues of both inhibitors were designed to develop structure-activity relationships; however, without a co-crystal structure of the CPI-169 series, we focused on GRL0617 as a starting point for structure-based drug design, obtaining several co-crystal structures to guide optimization. A series of novel 2-phenylthiophene-based non-covalent SARS-CoV-2 PLpro inhibitors were obtained, culminating in low nanomolar potency. The high potency and slow inhibitor off-rate were rationalized by newly identified ligand interactions with a "BL2 groove" that is distal from the active site cysteine. Trapping of the conformationally flexible BL2 loop by these inhibitors blocks binding of viral and host protein substrates; however, until now it has not been demonstrated that this mechanism can induce potent and efficacious antiviral activity. In this study, we report that novel PLpro inhibitors have excellent antiviral efficacy and potency against infectious SARS-CoV-2 replication in cell cultures. Together, our data provide structural insights into the design of potent PLpro inhibitors and the first validation that non-covalent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro can block infection of human cells with low micromolar potency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alqarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubrovskyi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thatcher, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>XIONG, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.13.431008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent, Novel SARS-CoV-2 PLpro Inhibitors Block Viral Replication in Monkey and Human Cell Cultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutational sources of trans-regulatory variation affecting gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.432283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heritable variation in a genes expression arises from mutations impacting cis- and trans-acting components of its regulatory network, with expression variation often derived from trans-regulatory mutations within species. Here, we investigate how trans-regulatory mutations are distributed within the genome and within a gene regulatory network by identifying and characterizing 69 mutations with trans-regulatory effects on expression of the same focal gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Relative to 1766 mutations without effects on expression of this focal gene, we found that these trans-regulatory mutations were enriched in coding sequences of transcription factors previously predicted to regulate expression of the focal gene. However, over 90% of the trans-regulatory mutations identified mapped to other types of genes involved in diverse biological processes including chromatin state, metabolism and signal transduction. Finally, we find that the genomic distribution of these new regulatory mutations significantly overlaps with the genomic distribution of trans-regulatory variants segregating within S. cerevisiae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duveau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vande Zande, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzger, B. P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tryban, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiq, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittkopp, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.432283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutational sources of trans-regulatory variation affecting gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Re-evaluating rhythmic attentional switching: Spurious oscillations from shuffling-in-time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How does attention help to focus perceptual processing on the important parts of a visual scene? Although the neural and perceptual effects of attention were traditionally assumed to be sustained over time, the field is converging on a dramatically different view: that covert attention rhythmically switches between objects at 3-8 Hz. Here I demonstrate that ubiquitous analyses in this literature conflate rhythmic oscillations with aperiodic temporal structure. Using computational simulations, I show that the behavioral oscillations reported in this literature could reflect aperiodic dynamics in attention, rather than periodic rhythms. I then propose two analyses (one novel and one widely used in climate science) that discriminate between periodic and aperiodic structure in behavioral time-series. Finally, I apply these alternative analyses to published data-sets, and find no evidence for rhythms in attentional switching after accounting for aperiodic temporal structure. Attention shows rich temporal structure. The techniques presented here will help to clarify the periodic and aperiodic dynamics of perception and cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brookshire, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.443101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Re-evaluating rhythmic attentional switching: Spurious oscillations from shuffling-in-time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zones of Cellular Damage Around Pulsed-Laser Wounds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After a tissue is wounded, cells surrounding the wound adopt distinct wound-healing behaviors to repair the tissue. Considerable effort has been spent on understanding the signaling pathways that regulate immune and tissue-resident cells as they respond to wounds, but these signals must ultimately originate from the physical damage inflicted by the wound. Tissue wounds comprise several types of cellular damage, and recent work indicates that different types of cellular damage initiate different types of signaling. Hence to understand wound signaling, it is important to identify and localize the types of wound-induced cellular damage. Laser ablation is widely used by researchers to create reproducible, aseptic wounds in a tissue that can be live-imaged. Because laser wounding involves a combination of photochemical, photothermal and photomechanical mechanisms, each with distinct spatial dependencies, cells around a pulsed-laser wound will experience a gradient of damage. Here we exploit this gradient to create a map of wound-induced cellular damage. Using genetically-encoded fluorescent proteins, we monitor damaged cellular and sub-cellular components of epithelial cells in living Drosophila pupae in the seconds to minutes following wounding. We hypothesized that the regions of damage would be predictably arrayed around wounds of varying sizes, and subsequent analysis found that all damage radii are linearly related over a 3-fold range of wound size. Thus, around laser wounds, the distinct regions of damage can be estimated after measuring any one. This report identifies several different types of cellular damage within a wounded epithelial tissue in a living animal. By quantitatively mapping the size and placement of these different types of damage, we set the foundation for tracing wound-induced signaling back to the damage that initiates it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbar, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page-McCaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zones of Cellular Damage Around Pulsed-Laser Wounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive shifts underlie the divergence in wing morphology in bombycoid moths 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of flapping flight is linked to the prolific success of insects. Across Insecta, wing morphology diversified, strongly impacting aerodynamic performance. In the presence of ecological opportunity, discrete adaptive shifts and early bursts are two processes hypothesized to give rise to exceptional morphological diversification. Here, we use the sister-families Sphingidae and Saturniidae to answer how the evolution of aerodynamically important traits is linked to clade divergence and through what process(es) these traits evolve. Many agile Sphingidae evolved hover-feeding behaviors, while adult Saturniidae lack functional mouth parts and rely on a fixed energy budget as adults. We find that Sphingidae underwent an adaptive shift in wing morphology coincident with life history and behavior divergence, evolving small high aspect-ratio wings advantageous for power reduction that can be moved at high frequencies, beneficial for flight control. In contrast, Saturniidae, which do not feed as adults, evolved large wings and morphology which surprisingly does not reduce aerodynamic power, but could contribute to their erratic flight behavior, aiding in predator avoidance. We suggest that after the evolution of flapping flight, diversification of wing morphology can be potentiated by adaptative shifts, shaping the diversity of wing morphology across insects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aiello, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bin Sikandar, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhinderwala, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimball, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawahara, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.23.449655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive shifts underlie the divergence in wing morphology in bombycoid moths]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional divergence of the bag of marbles gene in the Drosophila melanogaster species group 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.25.449946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Drosophila melanogaster, a key germline stem cell (GSC) differentiation factor, bag of marbles (bam) shows rapid bursts of amino acid fixations between sibling species D. melanogaster and D. simulans, but not in the outgroup species D. ananassae. Here, we test the null hypothesis that bams differentiation function is conserved between D. melanogaster and four additional Drosophila species in the melanogaster species group spanning approximately 30 million years of divergence. Surprisingly, we demonstrate that bam is not necessary for oogenesis or spermatogenesis in D. teissieri nor is bam necessary for spermatogenesis in D. ananassae. Remarkably bam function may change on a relatively short time scale. We further report tests of neutral sequence evolution at bam in additional species of Drosophila and find a positive, but not perfect, correlation between evidence for positive selection at bam and its essential role in GSC regulation and fertility for both males and females. Further characterization of bam function in more divergent lineages will be necessary to distinguish between bams critical gametogenesis role being newly derived in D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. yakuba, and D. ananassae females or it being basal to the genus and subsequently lost in numerous lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bubnell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulbing, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Begne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aquadro, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.25.449946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional divergence of the bag of marbles gene in the Drosophila melanogaster species group]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular and behavioral effects of altered NaV1.2 sodium channel ion permeability in Scn2aK1422E mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variants in SCN2A, encoding the NaV1.2 voltage-gated sodium channel, are associated with a range of neurodevelopmental disorders with overlapping phenotypes. Some variants fit into a framework wherein gain-of-function missense variants that increase neuronal excitability lead to infantile epileptic encephalopathy, while loss-of-function variants that reduce neuronal excitability lead to developmental delay and/or autism spectrum disorder with or without co- morbid seizures. One unique case less easily classified using this binary paradigm is the de novo missense variant SCN2A p.K1422E, associated with infant-onset developmental delay, infantile spasms, and features of autism spectrum disorder. Prior structure-function studies demonstrated that K1422E substitution alters ion selectivity of NaV1.2, conferring Ca2+ permeability, lowering overall conductance, and conferring resistance to tetrodotoxin (TTX). Based on heterologous expression of K1422E, we developed a compartmental neuron model that predicted mixed effects on channel function and neuronal activity. We also generated Scn2aK1422E mice and characterized effects on neurons and neurological/neurobehavioral phenotypes. Dissociated neurons from heterozygous Scn2aK1422E/+ mice exhibited a novel TTX-resistant current with a reversal potential consistent with mixed ion permeation. Cortical slice recordings from Scn2aK1442E/+ tissue demonstrated impaired action potential initiation and larger Ca2+ transients at the axon initial segment during the rising phase of the action potential, suggesting mixed effects on channel function. Scn2aK1422E/+ mice exhibited rare spontaneous seizures, interictal EEG abnormalities, altered response to induced seizures, reduced anxiety-like behavior and alterations in olfactory-guided social behavior. Overall, Scn2aK1422E/+ mice present with phenotypes similar yet distinct from Scn2a knockout models, consistent with mixed effects of K1422E on NaV1.2 channel function.

Significance StatementThe early-onset epilepsy variant SCN2A-p.K1422E displays unique biophysical properties in vitro. To model the impact of this rare variant, we generated Scn2aK1422E mice. Neurons from heterozygous Scn2aK1422E/+ mice showed functional deficits similar to the loss-of-function effects observed in the Scn2a haploinsufficiency model, as well as gain-of-function effects specific to the K1422E variant. There is also some overlap in neurobehavioral phenotypes between Scn2aK1422E/+ and Scn2a haploinsufficient mice. However, Scn2aK1422E/+ mice exhibited unique epilepsy-related phenotypes, including epileptiform events and seizures. Scn2aK1422E/+ mice serve as a useful platform to investigate phenotypic complexity of SCN2A-associated disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Echevarria-Cooper, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaxton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Shalom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipkin, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearney, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.452930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular and behavioral effects of altered NaV1.2 sodium channel ion permeability in Scn2aK1422E mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repair of Noise-Induced Damage to Stereocilia F-actin Cores is Facilitated by XIRP2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.10.455815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prolonged exposure to loud noise has been shown to affect inner ear sensory hair cells in a variety of deleterious manners, including damaging the stereocilia core. The damaged sites can be visualized as "gaps" in phalloidin staining of F-actin, and the enrichment of monomeric actin at these sites, along with an actin nucleator and crosslinker, suggests that localized remodeling occurs to repair the broken filaments. Herein we show that gaps in mouse auditory hair cells are largely repaired within one week of traumatic noise exposure through the incorporation of newly synthesized actin. Additionally, we report that XIRP2 is required for the repair process and facilitates the enrichment of monomeric{gamma} -actin at gaps through its LIM domain-containing C-terminus. Our study describes a novel process by which hair cells can recover from sub-lethal hair bundle damage and which may contribute to recovery from temporary hearing threshold shifts and the prevention of age-related hearing loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakahata, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imbery, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashisaki, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avraham, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.10.455815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repair of Noise-Induced Damage to Stereocilia F-actin Cores is Facilitated by XIRP2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping of genotype-by-environment interactions in phenology identifies two cues for flowering in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.456975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The timing of vegetative and reproductive growth in plants ("phenological timings") depend on genetic effects (G), environmental (e.g., weather) cues, and their interaction. Here, we measure phenological timings in two highly divergent switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) subpopulations using repeated plantings of cloned individuals at eight sites across the central United States. The timing of vegetative growth for the two subpopulations reversed between their two natural ranges and had strong negative correlations between these regions; in contrast, the timing of flowering was positively correlated between gardens. We expect that these phenotypic correlations consist of polygenic effects on phenology which have distinct patterns of GxE segregating at different mapped loci. Thus, we infer the mixture of ways genetic effects impact phenological timings, such as across common gardens (GxE) or with weather cues (GxWeather). We demonstrate that we can identify genetic variation with GxWeather and assign genetic loci to specific weather-based cues or other patterns. For example, in the Gulf subpopulation, 65% of genetic effects on the timing of vegetative growth covary with daylength 14 days prior to green-up date, and 33% of genetic effects on the timing of flowering covary with cumulative rainfall in the week prior to flowering. However, most variation in genetic effects cannot be attributed to variation in weather variables. Selective breeding for particular alleles at GxWeather loci could alter flowering responsiveness in a photoperiod or rainfall-specific way. More broadly, our approach refines the characterization of genotype-by-environment interactions and can be implemented in any species phenotyped in multiple environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacQueen, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boe, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fay, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritschi, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowry, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouquette, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juenger, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.456975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping of genotype-by-environment interactions in phenology identifies two cues for flowering in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relationship between bacterial phylotype and specialized metabolite production in the culturable microbiome of two freshwater sponges 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.457769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial drug discovery programs rely heavily on accessing bacterial diversity from the environment to acquire new specialized metabolite (SM) lead compounds for the therapeutic pipeline. Therefore, knowledge of how certain bacterial taxa are distributed in nature, in addition to the degree of variation of SM production within those taxa, is critical to informing these front-end discovery efforts and making the overall sample collection and bacterial library creation process more efficient. In the current study we employed MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and the bioinformatics pipeline IDBac to analyze diversity within phylotype groupings and SM profiles of hundreds of bacterial isolates from two Eunapius fragilis freshwater sponges, collected 1.5 km apart. We demonstrated that within two sponge samples of the same species, the culturable bacterial populations contained significant overlap in approximate genus-level phylotypes but mostly non-overlapping populations of isolates when grouped lower than the level of genus. Further, correlations between bacterial phylotype and SM production varied at the species level and below, suggesting SM distribution within bacterial taxa must be analyzed on a case-by-case basis. Our results suggest that two E. fragilis freshwater sponges collected in similar environments can exhibit large culturable diversity on a species-level scale, thus researchers should scrutinize the isolates with analyses that take both phylogeny and SM production into account in order to optimize the chemical space entering into a downstream bacterial library.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullowney, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitz-Henley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanowski, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pronzato, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manconi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.26.457769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relationship between bacterial phylotype and specialized metabolite production in the culturable microbiome of two freshwater sponges]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of antigen recognition in the γδ T cell response at the controlled stage of M. tuberculosis infection. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{gamma}{delta} T cells contribute to host immune defense uniquely; but how they function in different stages (e.g., acute versus chronic) of a specific infection remains unclear. As the role of{gamma}{delta} T cells in early, active Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is well documented, we focused on elucidating the{gamma}{delta} T cell response in persistent or controlled Mtb infection. Systems analysis of circulating{gamma}{delta} T cells from a South African adolescent cohort identified a distinct population of CD8+{gamma}{delta} T cells that expanded in this state. These cells had features indicative of persistent antigenic exposure but were robust cytolytic effectors and cytokine/chemokine producers. While these{gamma}{delta} T cells displayed an attenuated response to TCR-mediated stimulation, they expressed Natural Killer (NK) cell receptors and had robust CD16 (Fc{gamma}RIIIA)-mediated cytotoxic response, suggesting alternative ways for{gamma}{delta} T cells to control this stage of the infection. Despite this NK- like functionality, the CD8+{gamma}{delta} T cells consisted of highly expanded clones, which utilized TCRs with different V{gamma}/{delta} pairs. Theses TCRs could respond to an Mtb-lysate, but not to phosphoantigens, which are components of Mtb-lysate that activate{gamma}{delta} T cells in acute Mtb infection, indicating that the CD8+{gamma}{delta} T cells were induced in a stage-specific, antigen-driven manner. Indeed, trajectory analysis showed that these{gamma}{delta} T cells arose from naive cells that had traversed distinct differentiation paths in this infection stage. Importantly, increased levels of CD8+{gamma}{delta} T cells were also found in other chronic inflammatory conditions, including cardiovascular disease and cancer, suggesting that persistent antigenic exposure may lead to similar{gamma}{delta} T cell responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy Chowdhury, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valainis, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kask, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohanyan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Boehmer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sola, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scriba, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendall, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, Y.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of antigen recognition in the γδ T cell response at the controlled stage of M. tuberculosis infection.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene expression phylogenies and ancestral transcriptome reconstruction resolves major transitions in the origins of pregnancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.461980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural and physiological changes in the female reproductive system underlie the origins of pregnancy in multiple vertebrate lineages. In mammals, for example, the glandular portion of the lower reproductive tract has transformed into a structure specialized for supporting fetal development. These specializations range from relatively simple maternal provisioning in egg-laying monotremes to an elaborate suite of traits that support intimate maternal-fetal interactions in Eutherians. Among these traits are the maternal decidua and fetal component of the placenta, but there is considerable uncertainty about how these structures evolved. We identified the origins of pregnancy utilizing ancestral transcriptome reconstruction to infer functional evolution of the maternal-fetal interface. Remarkably, we found that maternal gene expression profiles are correlated with degree of placental invasion. These results indicate that an epitheliochorial-like placenta evolved early in the mammalian stem-lineage and that the ancestor of Eutherians had a hemochorial placenta, and suggest maternal control of placental invasiveness. Collectively, these data resolve major transitions in the evolution of pregnancy and indicate that ancestral transcriptome reconstruction can be used to study the function of ancestral cell, tissue, and organ systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mika, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittington, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAllan, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.461980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene expression phylogenies and ancestral transcriptome reconstruction resolves major transitions in the origins of pregnancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ormyrus labotus Walker (Hymenoptera: Ormyridae): another generalist that should not be a generalist is not a generalist 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several recent reappraisals of supposed generalist parasite species have revealed hidden complexes of species, each with considerably narrower host ranges. Parasitic wasps that attack gall-forming insects on plants have life history strategies that are thought to promote specialization, and though many species are indeed highly specialized, others have been described as generalist parasites. Ormyrus labotus Walker (Hymenoptera: Ormyridae) is one such apparent generalist, with rearing records spanning more than 65 host galls associated with a diverse set of oak tree species and plant tissues. We pair a molecular approach with morphology, host ecology, and phenological data from across a wide geographic sample to test the hypothesis that this supposed generalist is actually a complex of several more specialized species. We find 16-18 putative species within the morphological species O. labotus, each reared from only 1-6 host gall types, though we identify no single unifying axis of specialization. We also find cryptic habitat specialists within two other named Ormyrus species. Our study suggests that caution should be applied when considering host ranges of parasitic insects described solely by morphological traits, particularly given their importance as biocontrol organisms and their role in biodiversity and evolutionary studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ormyrus labotus Walker (Hymenoptera: Ormyridae): another generalist that should not be a generalist is not a generalist]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474023v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying mutations in sd1, Pi54 and Pi-ta, and positively selected genes of TN1, the first semidwarf rice in Green Revolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474023v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTaichung Native 1 (TN1) is the first semidwarf rice cultivar that initiated the Green Revolution. As TN1 is a direct descendant of the Dee-geo-woo-gen cultivar, the source of the sd1 semidwarf gene, the sd1 gene can be defined through TN1. Also, TN1 is susceptible to the blast disease and is described as being drought-tolerant. However, genes related to these characteristics of TN1 are unknown. Our aim was to identify and characterize TN1 genes related to these traits.

ResultsAligning the sd1 of TN1 to Nipponbare sd1, we found a 382-bp deletion including a frameshift mutation. Sanger sequencing validated this deleted region in sd1, and we proposed a model of the sd1 gene that corrects errors in the literature. We also predicted the blast disease resistant (R) genes of TN1. Orthologues of the R genes in Tetep, a well-known resistant cultivar that is commonly used as a donor for breeding new blast resistant cultivars, were then sought in TN1, and if they were present, we looked for mutations. The absence of Pi54, a well-known R gene, in TN1 partially explains why TN1 is more susceptible to blast than Tetep. We also scanned the TN1 genome using the PosiGene software and identified 11 genes deemed to have undergone positive selection. Some of them are associated with drought-resistance and stress response.

ConclusionsWe have redefined the deletion of the sd1 gene in TN1, a direct descendant of the Dee-geo-woo-gen cultivar, and have corrected some literature errors. Moreover, we have identified blast resistant genes and positively selected genes, including genes that characterize TN1s blast susceptibility and abiotic stress response. These new findings increase the potential of using TN1 to breed new rice cultivars.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panibe, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.23.474023</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying mutations in sd1, Pi54 and Pi-ta, and positively selected genes of TN1, the first semidwarf rice in Green Revolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.473910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss-of-function of OTUD7A in the schizophrenia-associated 15q13.3 deletion impairs synapse development and function in human neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.06.473910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying causative gene(s) within disease-associated large genomic regions of copy number variants (CNVs) is challenging. Here, by targeted sequencing of genes within schizophrenia (SZ)-associated CNVs in 1,779 SZ cases and 1,418 controls, we identified three rare putative loss-of-function (LoF) mutations in OTU deubiquitinase 7A (OTUD7A) within the 15q13.3 deletion in cases, but none in controls. To tie OTUD7A LoF with any SZ-relevant cellular phenotypes, we modeled the OTUD7A LoF mutation, rs757148409, in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived induced excitatory neurons (iNs) by CRISPR/Cas9 engineering. The mutant iNs showed a [~]50% decrease in OTUD7A expression without undergoing nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. The mutant iNs also exhibited marked reduction of dendritic complexity, density of synaptic proteins GluA1 and PSD-95, and neuronal network activity. Congruent with the neuronal phenotypes in mutant iNs, our transcriptomic analysis showed that the set of OTUD7A LoF-downregulated genes was enriched for those relating to synapse development and function, and was associated with SZ and other neuropsychiatric disorders. These results suggest that OTUD7A LoF impairs synapse development and neuronal function in human neurons, providing mechanistic insight into the possible role of OTUD7A in driving neuropsychiatric phenotypes associated with the 15q13.3 deletion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kozlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotlar, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamison, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDaid, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwick, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gejman, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.06.473910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss-of-function of OTUD7A in the schizophrenia-associated 15q13.3 deletion impairs synapse development and function in human neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A bivalent EBV vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies that block B and epithelial cell infection and confer immunity in humanized mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is the major cause of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with several human cancers. Despite its prevalence and major impact on human health, there are currently no specific vaccines or treatments. Four viral glycoproteins, gp 350 and gH/gL/gp42 mediate entry into the major sites of viral replication, B cells and epithelial cells. Here, we designed a nanoparticle vaccine displaying these proteins and show that it elicits potent neutralizing antibodies that protect against infection in vivo. Based on structural analyses, we designed single chain gH/gL and gH/gL/gp42 proteins that were each fused to bacterial ferritin to form a self-assembling nanoparticles. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that single chain gH/gL and gH/gL/gp42 adopted a similar conformation to the wild type proteins, and the protein spikes were observed by electron microscopy. Single chain gH/gL or gH/gL/gp42 nanoparticle vaccines were constructed to ensure product homogeneity needed for clinical development. These vaccines elicited neutralizing antibodies in mice, ferrets, and non-human primates that inhibited EBV entry into both B cells and epithelial cells. When mixed with a previously reported gp350 nanoparticle vaccine, gp350D123, no immune competition was observed. To confirm its efficacy in vivo, humanized mice were challenged with EBV after passive transfer of IgG from mice vaccinated with control, gH/gL/gp42+gp350D123 or gH/gL+gp350D123 nanoparticles. While all control animals (6/6) were infected, only one mouse in each vaccine group that received immune IgG had transient low level viremia (1/6). Furthermore, no EBV lymphomas were detected in immune animals in contrast to non-immune controls. This bivalent EBV nanoparticle vaccine represents a promising candidate to prevent EBV infection and EBV-related malignancies in humans.

One sentence summaryA bivalent gp350 and gH/gL/gp42 nanoparticle vaccine elicits neutralizing antibodies that protect against EBV infection and EBV lymphoma in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batchelor, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittaluga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabel, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A bivalent EBV vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies that block B and epithelial cell infection and confer immunity in humanized mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.481295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tyrosine phosphorylation of mitofusin 2 regulates endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria tethering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.481295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contact sites between the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) regulate the exchange of lipids, Ca2+, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) across the two organelles. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) has been identified as one of the major components tethering these two organelles together. Several post-translational modifications (PTMs) of Mfn2 have been shown to modulate canonical (i.e., mitochondrial fusion) and non-canonical Mfn2 functions, such as mitophagy and activation of ER stress signaling. However, there is little information about whether any PTMs can regulate mitochondrial and ER tethering. Basal tyrosine phosphorylation of Mfn2 was detected by mass spectroscopy, but it is unknown whether Mfn2 is a substrate of mitochondria-localized tyrosine kinases. Here, we show that mitochondria-localized c-Src can phosphorylate the C-terminal tail of Mfn2, which decreases the distance between the mitochondria and ER and facilitates Ca2+ transfer from the ER to mitochondria, followed by changes in ROS generation and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Our findings suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of Mfn2 may uniquely work to fine-tune ER-mitochondrial Ca2+ transport under physiological and pathological conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tachibana, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusakari, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cypress, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaput, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drenkova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landherr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adaniya, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mende, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jhun, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O-Uchi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.21.481295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tyrosine phosphorylation of mitofusin 2 regulates endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria tethering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA Methylation Dynamics and Dysregulation Delineated by High-Throughput Profiling in the Mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.24.485667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have developed a mouse Infinium DNA methylation array that contains 297,415 probes to capture the diversity of mouse DNA methylation biology. We present a mouse DNA methylation atlas as a rich reference resource of 1,239 DNA samples encompassing distinct tissues, strains, age, sex, and pathologies. We describe applications for comparative epigenomics, genomic imprinting, epigenetic inhibitors, PDX assessment, backcross tracing, and epigenetic clocks. We dissect DNA methylation processes associated with differentiation, aging and tumorigenesis. Notably, we find that tissue-specific methylation signatures localize to binding sites for transcription factors controlling the corresponding tissue development. Age-associated hypermethylation is enriched at regions of Polycomb repression, while hypomethylation is enhanced at regions bound by cohesin complex members. ApcMin/+ polyp-associated hypermethylation affects enhancers regulating intestinal differentiation, while hypomethylation targets AP-1 binding sites. This MM285 mouse array is widely accessible to the research community, and will accelerate future high sample-throughput studies in this important model organism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iqbal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foy, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanderArk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koeman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalkat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spix, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eagleson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pospisilik, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolomei, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaaf, N. A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiseman, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krawczyk, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porecha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.485667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA Methylation Dynamics and Dysregulation Delineated by High-Throughput Profiling in the Mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.09.487066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Manipulating the 3D organization of the largest synthetic yeast chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.09.487066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whether synthetic genomes can power life has attracted broad interest in the synthetic biology field, especially when the synthetic genomes are extensively modified with thousands of designer features. Here we report de novo synthesis of the largest eukaryotic chromosome thus far, synIV, a 1,454,621-bp Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome resulting from extensive genome streamlining and modification. During the construction of synIV, we developed megachunk assembly combined with a hierarchical integration strategy, which significantly increased the accuracy and flexibility of synthetic chromosome construction and facilitated chromosome debugging. In addition to the drastic sequence changes made to synIV by rewriting it, we further manipulated the three-dimensional structure of synIV in the yeast nucleus to explore spatial gene regulation within the nuclear space. Surprisingly, we found few gene expression changes, suggesting that positioning inside the yeast nucleoplasm plays a minor role in gene regulation. Lastly, we tethered synIV to the inner nuclear membrane via its hundreds of loxPsym sites and observed transcriptional repression of the entire chromosome, demonstrating chromosome-wide transcription manipulation without changing the DNA sequences. Our manipulation of the spatial structure of the largest synthetic yeast chromosome shed light on higher-order architectural design of the synthetic genomes.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=199 SRC="FIGDIR/small/487066v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (64K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18bf586org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a471d5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12d7690org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c32510_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIDe novo synthesis of the largest eukaryotic chromosome, synIV
C_LIO_LISynIV shows similar 3D structure to wild-type IV, despite thousands of changes made to it
C_LIO_LI"Inside-out" repositioning of synIV in nucleus shows minor transcriptional changes
C_LIO_LIMultipoint tethering synIV to inner nuclear membrane represses transcription of whole chromosome
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanita, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurasawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, M. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCulloch, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichikawa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanfani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camellato, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacasa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accardo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annadanam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brammer Basta, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bello, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerritos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornwell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Amato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hersey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kianercy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGirr, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meaney, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabbatini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheifele, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shores, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvestrone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>S</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.09.487066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Manipulating the 3D organization of the largest synthetic yeast chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic Features of Chromosomal Instability during Culture of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.489564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great potential for regenerative medicine. By reprogramming a patient"s own cells, immunological rejection can be avoided during transplantation. For expansion and gene editing, iPSCs are grown in artificial culture for extended times. Culture affords potential danger for accumulation of genetic aberrations. To study these, two iPS cell lines were cultured and periodically analyzed using advanced optical mapping to detect and classify chromosome numerical and segmental changes that included deletions, insertions, balanced translocations and inversions. In one of the lines, a population trisomic for chromosome 12 gained dominance over a small number of passages. This appearance and dominance of the culture by chromosome 12 trisomic cells was tracked through intermediate passages by analysis of chromosome spreads. Mathematical modeling suggested that the proliferation rates of diploid versus trisomic cells could not account for the rapid dominance of the trisomic population. In addition, optical mapping revealed hundreds of structural variations distinct from those generally found within the human population. Many of these structural variants were detected in samples taken early in the culturing process and were maintained in late passage samples, while others were acquired over the course of culturing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dubose, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansam, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorbsky, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.26.489564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic Features of Chromosomal Instability during Culture of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NPC1 confers metabolic flexibility in Triple Negative Breast Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) often undergoes at least partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to facilitate metastasis. Identifying EMT-associated characteristics can reveal novel dependencies that may serve as therapeutic vulnerabilities in this aggressive breast cancer subtype. We find that NPC1, which encodes the lysosomal cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick Type C1 is highly expressed in TNBC as compared to estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer and is significantly elevated in high grade disease. We demonstrate that NPC1 is directly targeted by microRNA-200c (miR-200c) a potent suppressor of EMT, providing a mechanism for its differential expression in breast cancer subtypes. Silencing of NPC1 in TNBC causes an accumulation of cholesterol-filled lysosomes and drives decreased growth on soft agar and invasive capacity. Conversely, overexpression of NPC1 in an ER+ cell line increases invasion and growth on soft agar. We further identify TNBC cell lines as cholesterol auxotrophs, however, they do not solely depend on NPC1 for adequate cholesterol supply. Genetic inhibition of NPC1 in TNBC cell lines led to altered mitochondrial function and morphology, suppression of mTOR signaling, and accumulation of autophagosomes. A small-molecule inhibitor of NPC1, U18666A, decreased TNBC proliferation and synergized with the chemotherapeutic drug, paclitaxel. This work suggests that NPC1 promotes aggressive characteristics in TNBC and identifies NPC1 as a potential therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, L.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crump, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spoelstra, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caino, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richer, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NPC1 confers metabolic flexibility in Triple Negative Breast Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular Calcium links Milk Stasis to Lysosome Dependent Cell Death during Mammary Gland Involution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Involution of the mammary gland after lactation is a dramatic example of coordinated cell death. Weaning causes distension of the alveolar structures due to the accumulation of milk, which, in turn, activates STAT3 and initiates a caspase- independent but lysosome-dependent cell death (LDCD) pathway. Although the importance of STAT3 and LDCD in early mammary involution is well established, it has not been entirely clear how milk stasis activates STAT3. In this report, we demonstrate that protein levels of the PMCA2 calcium pump are significantly downregulated within 2- 4 hours of experimental milk stasis. Reductions in PMCA2 expression correlate with an increase in cytoplasmic calcium in vivo as measured by multiphoton intravital imaging of GCaMP6f fluorescence. These events occur concomitant with the appearance of nuclear pSTAT3 expression but prior to significant activation of LDCD or its previously implicated mediators such as LIF, IL6 and TGF{beta}3, all of which appear to be upregulated by increased intracellular calcium. We also observed that milk stasis, loss of PMCA2 expression and increased intracellular calcium levels activate TFEB, an important regulator of lysosome biogenesis. This is the result of increased TGF{beta} signaling and inhibition of cell cycle progression. Finally, we demonstrate that increased intracellular calcium activates STAT3 by inducing degradation of its negative regulator, SOCS3, a process which also appears to be mediated by TGF{beta} signaling. In summary, these data suggest that intracellular calcium serves as an important proximal biochemical signal linking milk stasis to STAT3 activation, increased lysosomal biogenesis, and lysosome- mediated cell death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>JEONG, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talaia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athonvarangkul, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysolmerski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular Calcium links Milk Stasis to Lysosome Dependent Cell Death during Mammary Gland Involution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single closed head injury in mice induces chronic, progressive white matter atrophy and increased phospho-tau expressing oligodendrocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) acutely damages the brain; this injury can evolve into chronic neurodegeneration. While much is known about the chronic effects arising from multiple mild TBIs, far less is known about the long-term effects of a single moderate to severe TBI. We found that a single moderate closed head injury to mice induces diffuse axonal injury within 1-day post-injury (DPI). At 14 DPI, injured animals have atrophy of ipsilesional cortex, thalamus, and corpus callosum, with bilateral atrophy of the dorsal fornix. Atrophy of the ipsilesional corpus callosum is accompanied by decreased fractional anisotropy and increased mean and radial diffusivity that remains unchanged between 14 and 180 DPI. Injured animals increased density of phospho-tau immunoreactive (pTau+) cells in the ipsilesional cortex and thalamus, and bilaterally in corpus callosum. Between 14 and 180 DPI, atrophy occurs in the ipsilesional ventral fornix, contralesional corpus callosum, and bilateral internal capsule. Diffusion tensor MRI parameters remain unchanged in white matter regions with delayed atrophy. Between 14 and 180 DPI, pTau+ cell density increases bilaterally in corpus callosum, but decreases in cortex and thalamus. The location of pTau+ cells within the ipsilesional corpus callosum changes between 14 and 180 DPI; density of all cells increases including pTau+ or pTau- cells. Greater than 90% of the pTau+ cells are in the oligodendrocyte lineage in both gray and white matter. Density of thioflavin-S+ cells in thalamus increases by 180 DPI. These data suggest a single closed head impact produces multiple forms of chronic neurodegeneration. Gray and white matter regions proximal to the impact site undergo rapid atrophy. More distal white matter regions undergo chronic, progressive white matter atrophy with an increasing density of oligodendrocytes containing pTau. These data suggest that the chronic neurodegeneration arising from a single moderate CHI differs greatly from the chronic traumatic encephalopathy produced by multiple mild head injuries.

HighlightsGray and white matter atrophy begins within 14 days after a single closed head injury

White matter atrophy progresses between 14 and 180 days post injury with minimal changes in diffusion tensor MRI parameters.

CHI increases the density of oligodendrocytes with perinuclear accumulation of phosphorylated tau

Thioflavin-S+ cells increase in thalamus at 180 days post injury
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Havlicek, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikulina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith-Salzberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawless, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Severin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallaboeva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayab, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifert, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crary, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergold, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single closed head injury in mice induces chronic, progressive white matter atrophy and increased phospho-tau expressing oligodendrocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drosophila embryos spatially sort their nutrient stores to facilitate their utilization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal embryos are provisioned by their mothers with a diverse nutrient supply critical for development. In Drosophila, the three most abundant nutrients (triglycerides, proteins, and glycogen) are sequestered in distinct storage structures, lipid droplets (LDs), yolk vesicles (YVs) and glycogen granules (GGs). Using transmission electron microscopy as well as live and fixed-sample fluorescence imaging, we find that all three storage structures are dispersed throughout the egg but are then spatially allocated to distinct tissues by gastrulation: LDs largely to the peripheral epithelium, YVs and GGs to the central yolk cell. To confound the embryos ability to sort its nutrients, we employ mutants in Jabba and Mauve to generate LD:GG or LD:YV compound structures. In these mutants, LDs are missorted to the yolk cell and their turnover is delayed. Our observations demonstrate dramatic spatial nutrient sorting in early embryos and provide the first evidence for its functional importance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kilwein, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomalla, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahowald, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welte, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drosophila embryos spatially sort their nutrient stores to facilitate their utilization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Definition of a saxitoxin (STX) binding code enables discovery and characterization of the Anuran saxiphilin family 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
American bullfrog (Rana castesbeiana) saxiphilin (RcSxph) is a high-affinity  toxin sponge protein thought to prevent intoxication by saxitoxin (STX), a lethal bis-guanidinium neurotoxin that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs). How specific RcSxph interactions contribute to STX binding has not been defined and whether other organisms have similar proteins is unclear. Here, we use mutagenesis, ligand binding, and structural studies to define the energetic basis of Sxph:STX recognition. The resultant STX  recognition code enabled engineering of RcSxph to improve its ability to rescue NaVs from STX and facilitated discovery of ten new frog and toad Sxphs. Definition of the STX binding code and Sxph family expansion among diverse Anurans separated by [~]140 million years of evolution provides a molecular basis for understanding the roles of toxin sponge proteins in toxin resistance and for developing novel proteins to sense or neutralize STX and related PSP toxins.

TeaserA conserved STX recognition motif from frog and toad saxiphilins defines molecular principles of paralytic toxin binding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakrzewska, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajare, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Buylla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abderemane-Ali, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du Bois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minor, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Definition of a saxitoxin (STX) binding code enables discovery and characterization of the Anuran saxiphilin family]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene expression as phenotype - Many small-step changes leading to little long-term phenotypic evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unlike in genotypic evolution, there are few general rules governing phenotypic evolution with one of them being the small-step evolution. More specifically, natural selection tends to favor mutations of smaller phenotypic effects than of larger ones. This postulate can be viewed as a logical extension of Fishers Geometric Model (FGM). Testing this FGM postulate, however, is challenging as the test would require a large number of phenotypes, each with a clear genetic basis. For such a test, we treat the expression level of each gene as a phenotype. Furthermore, a mechanism of small-step expression evolution exists, namely via the control by microRNAs (miRNAs). Each miRNA in metazoans is known to weakly repress the expression of tens or hundreds of target genes. In our analysis of mammalian and Drosophila expression data, small step evolution via miRNA regulation happens frequently in long-term evolution. However, such small-step evolution does not lead to long-term phenotypic changes which would take too many such steps to accomplish. Furthermore, target site changes often cancel themselves out by continual gains and losses. The results suggest that the FGM postulate may be most appropriate for phenotypic fine-tuning near the expression optimum. In contrast, longterm expression evolution may occasionally take large steps (e.g., mutations in transcription factors) when big environmental shift happens. In another study (Lu et al. 2021), we further show how the small-step evolution of expression phenotypes is a manifestation of miRNAs role in developmental canalization. In conclusion, the rules of phenotypic evolution may depend crucially on the genetics of the phenotype, rather than its metric properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, G.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liufu, Z.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.497468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene expression as phenotype - Many small-step changes leading to little long-term phenotypic evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.07.503091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed and millimeter-scale superresolution imaging of cells and tissue sections via prism-illumination and microfluidics-enhanced DNA-PAINT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.07.503091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescence nanoscopy has become increasingly powerful for biomedical research, but it has historically afforded a small field-of-view (FOV) around 50 {micro}m x 50 {micro}m at once and more recently up to ~200 {micro}m x 200 {micro}m. Efforts to further increase the FOV in fluorescence nanoscopy have thus far relied on the use of fabricated waveguide substrates, adding cost and sample constraints on the applications. Here we report PRism-Illumination and Microfluidics-Enhanced DNA-PAINT (PRIME-PAINT) for multiplexed fluorescence nanoscopy across millimeter-scale FOVs. Built upon the well-established prism-type total internal reflection microscopy, PRIME-PAINT achieves robust single-molecule localization with up to ~520 {micro}m x 520 {micro}m single FOVs and 25-40 nm lateral resolutions. Through stitching, nanoscopic imaging over mm2 sample areas can be completed in as little as 40 minutes per target. An on-stage microfluidics chamber facilitates probe exchange for multiplexing and enhances image quality particularly for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. We demonstrate the utility of PRIME-PAINT by analyzing ~106 caveolae structures in ~1,000 cells and imaging entire pancreatic cancer lesions from patient tissue biopsies. By imaging from nanometers to millimeters with multiplexity and broad sample compatibility, PRIME-PAINT will be useful for building multiscale, Google-Earth-like views of biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rames, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenison, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heineck, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Civitci, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szczepaniak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shangguan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esener, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.07.503091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed and millimeter-scale superresolution imaging of cells and tissue sections via prism-illumination and microfluidics-enhanced DNA-PAINT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple polarity kinases inhibit phase separation of F-BAR protein Cdc15 and antagonize cytokinetic ring assembly in fission yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The F-BAR protein Cdc15 is essential for cytokinesis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and it plays a key role in attaching the cytokinetic ring (CR) to the plasma membrane. Cdc15s abilities to bind to the membrane and oligomerize via its F-BAR domain are inhibited by phosphorylation of its intrinsically disordered region (IDR). Multiple cell polarity kinases regulate Cdc15 IDR phosphostate, and of these the DYRK kinase Pom1 phosphorylation sites on Cdc15 have been shown in vivo to prevent CR formation at cell tips. Here, we compared the ability of Pom1 to control of Cdc15 phosphostate and cortical localization to that of other Cdc15 kinases: Kin1, Pck1, and Shk1. We identified distinct but overlapping cohorts of Cdc15 phosphorylation sites targeted by each kinase, and the number of sites correlated with each kinases abilities to influence Cdc15 PM localization. Coarse-grained simulations predicted that cumulative IDR phosphorylation moves the IDRs of a dimer apart and toward the F-BAR tips. Further, simulations indicated that the overall negative charge of phosphorylation masks positively charged amino acids necessary for F-BAR oligomerization and membrane interaction. Finally, simulations suggested that dephosphorylated Cdc15 undergoes phase separation driven by IDR interactions. Indeed, dephosphorylated but not phosphorylated Cdc15 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation to form droplets in vitro that recruit Cdc15 binding partners. In cells, Cdc15 phosphomutants also formed PM-bound condensates that recruit other CR components. Together, we propose that a threshold of Cdc15 phosphorylation by assorted kinases prevents Cdc15 condensation on the PM and antagonizes CR assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangione, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igarashi, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts-Galbraith, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vavylonis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.26.505417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple polarity kinases inhibit phase separation of F-BAR protein Cdc15 and antagonize cytokinetic ring assembly in fission yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into pore dynamics of human Pannexin isoforms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pannexins are single-membrane large-pore ion channels that release ATP upon activation. Three isoforms of pannexins, 1, 2, and 3, perform diverse cellular roles, including inflammation, differentiation, neuropathic pain, and ATP release. In this study, we report the cryoEM structure of pannexin 3 at 3.9 [A] and characterize the structural differences with pannexin isoforms 1 and 2. We observe the organization of the Pannexin 3 vestibule into two distinct chambers with a wider pore radius in comparison to both PANX1 and 2 isoforms. We further report the structure of pannexin1 congenital mutant R217H in the resolution range of 3.9 [A]. The congenital mutant R217H in transmembrane helix3 (TM3), R217H induce structural changes that leads to a partially closed pore and altered ATP interaction propensities. The channel conductance of the congenital mutant displays weakened voltage sensitivity. The results showcase a complete comparison of the three pannexin isoform structures that along with the structure of Pannexin 1 congenital mutant highlight distinct structural features of pannexin isoforms and the allosteric role of distant substitutions in dictating channel behavior in Pannexin 1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hussain, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apotikar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pidathala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burada, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikdar, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutti, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penmatsa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into pore dynamics of human Pannexin isoforms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small-molecule ketone esters treat brain network abnormalities in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.24.509337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Altered brain network activity and the resulting hypersynchrony are important for the pathogenesis of cognitive decline in Alzheimers disease (AD) mouse models. Treatments that reduce epileptiform discharges (EDs) or network hyperactivity improve cognition in AD models and humans. We first show that ketogenic diet, but not fasting, rapidly and persistently reduced EDs in the hAPPJ20 Alzheimers mouse model over timescales of hours to months. Then, to identify the specific mechanism of the pleiotropic ketogenic diet, we developed small molecule ketone esters to deliver ketone bodies pharmacologically. Two ketone esters recapitulate ED suppression without other dietary manipulation, over time scales of minutes to one week. This small molecule rescue was associated with reduced low-frequency oscillatory activity similar to the recently reported mechanism of an NMDA receptor modulator molecule in this model. Long-term KD resulted in cognitive improvement and in a sex-stratified analysis also improved survival in the more severely affected hAPPJ20 males. Agents that deliver ketone bodies via small molecules or act on downstream targets may hold therapeutic promise in AD through the mechanism of improved network function and reduced epileptiform activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Newman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroll, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palop, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.24.509337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small-molecule ketone esters treat brain network abnormalities in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.02.510513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammation drives age-induced loss of tissue resident macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.02.510513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low-grade chronic systemic inflammation, or inflammageing, is a hallmark of ageing and a risk factor for both morbidity and mortality in elderly people. Resident macrophages are tissue homeostasis sentinels that are embedded in their tissue of residence since embryonic development, thus been exposed to cumulative tissue insults throughout life. Therefore, resident macrophages, among other immune cells, emerge as potential key contributors to age-associated tissue dysfunction. Contrary to what is currently postulated, we demonstrate here that the pool of embryo-derived resident macrophages exhibits an age-dependent depletion in liver, and other solid organs and that they are not replaced by Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSCs)-derived monocytes throughout life. Further, we demonstrate that gradual, cumulative inflammation during ageing induces this specific loss of tissue resident macrophages. Preserving a "youthful" density of resident macrophages attenuates classical hallmarks of liver age-associated dysfunction.

SummaryThe pool of embryo-derived resident macrophages dwindles with age in most tissues, without compensation from Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC)-derived cells. This loss is not due to impaired self-renewal in old tissues but rather to increased cell death, which is driven by sustained inflammation. Attenuating inflammation sensing during ageing prevents age-induce macrophage loss and improves hallmarks of liver ageing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ade, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coronilla, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsimpardi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dardenne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lallemand, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Perdiguero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.02.510513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammation drives age-induced loss of tissue resident macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.02.510531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Celiac dysbiosis does not transcend geographic boundaries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.02.510531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine in which gluten, an energy-storage protein found in wheat and other cereals, elicits an immune response that leads to villous atrophy. Despite a strong genetic component, celiac disease arises sporadically and at any age, leading us to hypothesize that changes in the microbiome influence celiac disease development and/or progression. Here, we pooled and computationally analyzed 16S data from 3 prior international studies that examined celiac disease and the microbiome. For our analysis, we combined the dada2 and PICRUSt 2 pipelines and a variety of data transformations that control for batch effects to determine whether any taxonomic or metabolic features were consistently associated with the celiac microbiome across the globe. Our results showed the celiac microbiome displays dysbiosis without a discernable pattern, which suggests perturbations in the celiac microbiome are a result of the disease rather than a cause. Data from PICRUSt 2 supported this conclusion and revealed connections between celiac disease and the metabolome that are supported by previous research examining dysbiotic microbiomes.

IMPORTANCECeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects roughly 2% of the worlds population. Although the ultimate cause of celiac disease is unknown, many researchers hypothesize that changes to the intestinal microbiome play a key role in disease progression. If this is the case, it may be possible to design therapies that manipulate the microbiome to suppress celiac disease. Here, we analyzed pooled data from 3 different studies from across the globe that examined celiac disease and the microbiome to ascertain whether there exists a unique celiac microbiome that transcends geographic boundaries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colgan, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.02.510531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Celiac dysbiosis does not transcend geographic boundaries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.510990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revaluation of old data with new techniques reveals novel insights into the celiac microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.510990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine in which gluten, an energy-storage protein expressed by wheat and other cereals, elicits an immune response leading to villous atrophy. Despite a strong genetic component, the disease arises sporadically throughout life, leading us to hypothesize the the microbiome might be a trigger for celiac disease. Here, we took microbiome data from 3 prior studies examining celiac disease and the microbiome and analyzed this data with newer computational tools and databases: the dada2 and PICRUSt2 pipelines and the SILVA database. Our results both confirmed findings of previous studies and generated new data regarding the celiac microbiome of India and Mexico. Our results showed that, while some aspects of prior reports are robust, older datasets must be reanalyzed with new tools to ascertain which findings remain accurate while also uncovering new findings.

IMPORTANCEBioinformatics is a rapidly developing field, with new computational tools released yearly. It is thus important to revisit results generated using older tools to determine whether they are also revealed by currently available technology. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects up to 2% of the worlds population. While the ultimate cause of celiac disease is unknown, many researchers hypothesize that changes to the intestinal microbiome play a role in the diseases progression. Here, we have re-analyzed 16S rRNA data from several previous celiac studies to determine whether previous results are also uncovered using new computational tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colgan, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.510990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revaluation of old data with new techniques reveals novel insights into the celiac microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The nanopore sequencing of a Chinese rhesus macaque revealed patterns of methylation, recombination, and selection for structural variations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are the most extensively studied nonhuman primate species for human biomedical modeling. However, little is known about the biological pattern of genome-wide structural variations (SVs) and the evolutionary forces underlying SVs. Here, we conducted genomic sequencing and analyses based on Nanopore long reads and Illumina short reads technology. We called SVs between the two subspecies (China vs. India), using three methods of assembly-based and long-reads-based algorithms. Interestingly, we found significantly more SVs in X-chromosome than in autosomes, consistent with the expectation of the faster-X divergence at the subspecies level. With the fine-scale methylation frequencies and recombination rates, we found duplications with significantly lower methylation frequencies while higher recombination rates than other types of SVs, suggesting a higher level of transcriptional and evolutionary potential for duplications than for other SVs types. A genome-wide scan of selective sweep revealed that over 3% of SVs are under positive selection. Moreover, X chromosome showed significantly higher number of positively selected SVs than do autosomes, suggesting the "faster-X effect" of SVs. Our study revealed a different evolutionary importance for duplications compared with other SVs forms. We also revealed the "faster-X effect" of SVs, which could provide raw material upon which positive selection can further play.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>chen, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakovlic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.513306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The nanopore sequencing of a Chinese rhesus macaque revealed patterns of methylation, recombination, and selection for structural variations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly of 43 diverse human Y chromosomes reveals extensive complexity and variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prevalence of highly repetitive sequences within the human Y chromosome has led to its incomplete assembly and systematic omission from genomic analyses. Here, we present long-read de novo assemblies of 43 diverse Y chromosomes spanning 180,000 years of human evolution, including two from deep-rooted African Y lineages, and report remarkable complexity and diversity in chromosome size and structure, in contrast with its low level of base substitution variation. The size of the Y chromosome assemblies varies extensively from 45.2 to 84.9 Mbp and include, on average, 81 kbp of novel sequence per Y chromosome. Half of the male-specific euchromatic region is subject to large inversions with a >2-fold higher recurrence rate compared to inversions in the rest of the human genome. Ampliconic sequences associated with these inversions further show differing mutation rates that are sequence context-dependent and some ampliconic genes show evidence for concerted evolution with the acquisition and purging of lineage-specific pseudogenes. The largest heterochromatic region in the human genome, the Yq12, is composed of alternating arrays of DYZ1 and DYZ2 repeat units that show extensive variation in the number, size and distribution of these arrays, but retain a 1:1 copy number ratio of the monomer repeats, consistent with the notion that functional or evolutionary forces are acting on this chromosomal region. Finally, our data suggests that the boundary between the recombining pseudoautosomal region 1 and the non-recombining portions of the X and Y chromosomes lies 500 kbp distal to the currently established boundary. The availability of sequence-resolved Y chromosomes from multiple individuals provides a unique opportunity for identifying new associations of specific traits with Y-chromosomal variants and garnering novel insights into the evolution and function of complex regions of the human genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hallast, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loftus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Audano, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logsdon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonder, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeps, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dishuck, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porubsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsetsos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenfeld, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordosky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>(HGSVC), T. H. G. S. V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korbel, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler-Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marschall, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konkel, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly of 43 diverse human Y chromosomes reveals extensive complexity and variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mobile genetic element-encoded putative DNA primases composed of A-family polymerase - SSB pairs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Mobile genetic elements can encode a wide variety of genes that support their own stability and mobility as well as genes that provide accessory functions to their hosts. Such genes can be adopted from host chromosomes and can be exchanged with other mobile elements. Due to their accessory nature, the evolutionary trajectories of these genes can differ from those of essential host genes. The mobilome therefore provides a rich source of genetic innovation. We previously described a new type of primase encoded by S. aureus SCCmec elements that is composed of an A-family polymerase catalytic domain in complex with a small second protein that confers single-stranded DNA binding. Here we use new structure prediction methods in conjunction with sequence database searches to show that related primases are widespread among putative mobile genetic elements in the Firmicutes. Structure predictions show that the second protein adopts an OB fold (common among single-stranded DNA binding (SSB) proteins) and these predictions were far more powerful than simple sequence comparisons in identifying its homologs. The protein-protein interaction surface varies among these polymerase - SSB complexes and appears to have arisen repeatedly by exploiting partial truncations of the polymerases N-terminal accessory domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rice, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mobile genetic element-encoded putative DNA primases composed of A-family polymerase - SSB pairs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Is niche divergence more likely in parapatry? A test in Sclerurus mexicanus sensu lato (Aves: Furnariidae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.06.519370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimWhile species niches are understood to diverge through time, the mode of these divergences is not fully understood. The null hypothesis of niche divergence in the present is that of conservatism; that species are likely to occur in the same environment as their ancestors and, therefore, as allopatric sister species. Alternatively, species are expected to diverge when selective pressure, such as parapatry with a congener, occurs. Here, we analyse niche divergence in a mosaic of allo- and parapatric Sclerurus mexicanus sensu lato populations to determine if niche divergence is more likely in parapatry.

LocationNeotropics.

MethodsWe created a dataset of 1,100 vetted localities for S. mexicanus sensu lato, and assigned each point to each of the seven described populations. We created individual dispersal areas for each species in Maxent following: 1) a broad approach in which training areas where allowed to overlap with parapatric congeners; and 2) a narrow approach in which species dispersal areas adhered to strict parapatry and there was no overlap in training areas. We complemented these ENMs with  random models drawn from points within each training area, thus creating  null ENMs against which we could test niche divergence using the metric Schoeners D.

ResultsThere was no significant difference in the performance of broad and narrow training areas. Few significant divergences were found, and all of those that were found consisted of allopatric populations. Partial divergences were frequently recovered when comparing parapatric taxa.

Main conclusionsIn contrast to our expectation, we found no significant evidence for increased niche divergence in parapatric versus allopatric species. Possible explanations for these findings include true conservatism even among parapatric lineages (e.g., additional environmental or biological factors may delimit distributions) or artefactual errors inherent to model creation. We discuss the implications of these findings, and discuss ways to improve upon tests of niche divergence in the future, especially when dealing with cases of parapatry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooper, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan Diaz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.06.519370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Is niche divergence more likely in parapatry? A test in Sclerurus mexicanus sensu lato (Aves: Furnariidae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spin-coupled electron densities of iron-sulfur cluster imaged by in situ serial Laue diffraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.09.523341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iron-sulfur clusters are inorganic cofactors found in many proteins involved in fundamental biological processes including DNA processing. The prokaryotic DNA repair enzyme PhrB, a member of the protein family of cryptochromes and photolyases, carries a four-iron-four-sulfur cluster [4Fe4S] in addition to the catalytic cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and a second pigment 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine (DMRL). The light-induced redox reactions of this multi-cofactor protein complex were recently shown as two interdependent photoreductions of FAD and DMRL mediated by the [4Fe4S] cluster functioning as an electron cache to hold a fine balance of electrons. Here, we apply the more traditional temperature-scan cryo-trapping technique in protein crystallography and the newly developed technology of in situ serial Laue diffraction at room temperature. These diffraction methods in dynamic crystallography enable us to capture strong signals of electron density changes in the [4Fe4S] cluster that depict quantized electronic movements. The mixed valence layers of the [4Fe4S] cluster due to spin coupling and their dynamic responses to light illumination are observed directly in our difference maps between its redox states. These direct observations of the quantum effects in a protein bound iron-sulfur cluster have thus opened a window into the mechanistic understanding of metal clusters in biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunawardana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowatte, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauss, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamparter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.09.523341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spin-coupled electron densities of iron-sulfur cluster imaged by in situ serial Laue diffraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ architecture of Opa1-dependent mitochondrial cristae remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cristae membrane state plays a central role in regulating mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism. The protein Optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) is an important crista remodeler that exists as two forms in the mitochondrion, a membrane-anchored long form (l-Opa1) and a processed short form (s-Opa1). The mechanisms for how Opa1 influences cristae shape have remained unclear due to lack of native three-dimensional views of cristae. We perform in situ cryo-electron tomography of cryo-focused ion beam milled mouse embryonic fibroblasts with defined Opa1 states to understand how each form of Opa1 influences cristae architecture. In our tomograms, we observe a variety of cristae shapes with distinct trends dependent on s-Opa1:l-Opa1 balance. Increased l-Opa1 levels promote cristae stacking and elongated mitochondria while increased s-Opa1 levels correlated with irregular cristae packing and round mitochondria shape. Functional assays indicate a role for l-Opa1 in wild-type apoptotic and calcium handling responses, and compromised respiratory function under Opa1 imbalance. In summary, we provide three-dimensional visualization of cristae architecture to reveal relationships between mitochondrial ultrastructure and cellular function dependent on Opa1-mediated membrane remodeling.

HighlightsO_LIIn situ ultrastructural characterization of mitochondrial cristae with different forms of Opa1.
C_LIO_LIMitochondria with predominantly l-Opa1 show crista stacking, longer cristae, reduced globular cristae and an absence of tubular cristae.
C_LIO_LIMitochondria with mostly s-Opa1 showed irregular cristae packing with wider cristae junctions and narrower cristae.
C_LIO_LIl-Opa1 expressing cells with WT-like cristae junction properties, show wild-type apoptotic response and calcium handling.
C_LIO_LIImbalance in Opa1 processing show compromised respiratory function and an increase in amorphous cristae.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fry, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inde, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananda, V. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luce, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstiver, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarosiek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ architecture of Opa1-dependent mitochondrial cristae remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrastructural identification and molecular characterization of two new parabasalid species that naturally colonize laboratory mice, Tritrichomonas musculus and Tritrichomonas casperi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.20.524969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tritrichomonas muris is a flagellated protist isolated from the cecum of wild mice in the Czech Republic. This commensal protist has been shown previously to alter immune phenotypes in laboratory mice. Other trichomonads, previously referred to as Tritrichomonas musculis and Tritrichomonas rainier, also naturally colonize laboratory mice and cause immune alterations. This report formally describes two new trichomonads, Tritrichomonas musculus n. sp., and Tritrichomonas casperi n. sp., at the ultrastructural and molecular level. These two protists were isolated from laboratory mice, and were differentiated by their size and the structure of their undulating membrane and posterior flagellum. Analysis at the 18S rRNA and trans-ITS genetic loci supported their designation as distinct species, related to T. muris. To further assess the true extent of parabasalid diversity infecting laboratory mice, 135 mice were screened at the NIH using pan-parabasalid primers that amplify the trans-ITS region. Forty-four percent of mice were positive for parabasalids, encompassing a total of 8 distinct sequence types. Tritrichomonas casperi and Trichomitus-like protists were dominant. T. musculus and T. rainier were also detected, but T. muris was not. Our work establishes a previously underappreciated diversity of commensal trichomonad protists that naturally colonize the enteric cavity of laboratory mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuzla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves-Ferreira, E. V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shehata, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.524969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrastructural identification and molecular characterization of two new parabasalid species that naturally colonize laboratory mice, Tritrichomonas musculus and Tritrichomonas casperi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SIRT2 inhibition protects against cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sirtuins (SIRT) exhibit deacetylation or ADP-ribosyltransferase activity and regulate a wide range of cellular processes in the nucleus, mitochondria and cytoplasm. The role of the only sirtuin that resides in the cytoplasm, SIRT2, in the development of heart failure (HF) and cardiac hypertrophy is not known. In this paper, we show that the hearts of mice with deletion of Sirt2 (Sirt2-/-) display improved cardiac function after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) and pressure overload (PO), suggesting that SIRT2 exerts maladaptive effects in the heart in response to stress. Similar results were obtained in mice with cardiomyocyte-specific Sirt2 deletion. Mechanistic studies suggest that SIRT2 modulates cellular levels and activity of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2), which results in reduced expression of antioxidant proteins. Deletion of Nrf2 in the hearts of Sirt2-/- mice reversed protection after PO. Finally, treatment of mouse hearts with a specific SIRT2 inhibitors reduces cardiac size and attenuates cardiac hypertrophy in response to PO. These data indicate that SIRT2 has detrimental effects in the heart and plays a role in the progression of HF and cardiac hypertrophy, which makes this protein a unique member of the SIRT family. Additionally, our studies provide a novel approach for treatment of cardiac hypertrophy by targeting SIRT2 pharmacologically, providing a novel avenue for the treatment of this disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tatekoshi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balibegloo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardehali, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SIRT2 inhibition protects against cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenelzine-based probes reveal Secernin-3 is involved in thermal nociception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical platforms that facilitate both the identification and elucidation of new areas for therapeutic development are necessary but lacking. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) leverages active site-directed chemical probes as target discovery tools that resolve activity from expression and immediately marry the targets identified with lead compounds for drug design. However, this approach has traditionally focused on predictable and intrinsic enzyme functionality. Here, we applied our activity-based proteomics discovery platform to map non-encoded and post-translationally acquired enzyme functionalities (e.g. cofactors) in vivo using chemical probes that exploit the nucleophilic hydrazine pharmacophores found in a classic antidepressant drug (e.g. phenelzine, Nardil (R)). We show the probes are in vivo active and can map proteome-wide tissue-specific target engagement of the drug. In addition to engaging targets (flavoenzymes monoamine oxidase A/B) that are associated with the known therapeutic mechanism as well as several other members of the flavoenzyme family, the probes captured the previously discovered N-terminal glyoxylyl (Glox) group of Secernin-3 (SCRN3) in vivo through a divergent mechanism, indicating this functional feature has biochemical activity in the brain. SCRN3 protein is ubiquitously expressed in the brain, yet gene expression is regulated by inflammatory stimuli. In an inflammatory pain mouse model, behavioral assessment of nociception showed Scrn3 male knockout mice selectively exhibited impaired thermal nociceptive sensitivity. Our study provides a guided workflow to entangle molecular (off)targets and pharmacological mechanisms for therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bustin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shishikura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNight, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arellano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregus, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buczynski, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenelzine-based probes reveal Secernin-3 is involved in thermal nociception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA-catalyzed RNA Ligation within Prebiotically Plausible Model Protocells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Demonstrating RNA catalysis within prebiotically relevant models of primordial cells (protocells) remains a challenge in Origins of life research. Fatty acid vesicles encapsulating genomic and catalytic RNAs (ribozymes) are attractive models for protocells; however, RNA catalysis has largely been incompatible with fatty acid vesicles due to their instability in the presence of Mg2+ at concentrations required for ribozyme function. Here, we report a ribozyme that catalyzes template-directed RNA ligation at low Mg2+ concentrations and thus remains active within stable vesicles. Ribose and adenine, both prebiotically relevant molecules, were found to greatly reduce Mg2+-induced RNA leakage from vesicles. When we co-encapsulated the ribozyme, substrate, and template within fatty acid vesicles, we observed efficient RNA-catalyzed RNA ligation upon subsequent addition of Mg2+. Our work shows that RNA-catalyzed RNA assembly can occur efficiently within prebiotically plausible fatty acid vesicles and represents a step toward the replication of primordial genomes within self-replicating protocells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DasGupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smela, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA-catalyzed RNA Ligation within Prebiotically Plausible Model Protocells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic screening of invasive GBM cells in engineered biomaterials and patient biopsies reveals targetable transsulfuration pathway alterations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the poor prognosis of glioblastoma arises from the invasion of a subset of tumor cells, little is known of the metabolic alterations within these cells that fuel invasion. We integrated spatially addressable hydrogel biomaterial platforms, patient site-directed biopsies, and multi-omics analyses to define metabolic drivers of invasive glioblastoma cells. Metabolomics and lipidomics revealed elevations in the redox buffers cystathionine, hexosylceramides, and glucosyl ceramides in the invasive front of both hydrogel-cultured tumors and patient site-directed biopsies, with immunofluorescence indicating elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) markers in invasive cells. Transcriptomics confirmed upregulation of ROS-producing and response genes at the invasive front in both hydrogel models and patient tumors. Amongst oncologic ROS, hydrogen peroxide specifically promoted glioblastoma invasion in 3D hydrogel spheroid cultures. A CRISPR metabolic gene screen revealed cystathionine gamma lyase (CTH), which converts cystathionine to the non-essential amino acid cysteine in the transsulfuration pathway, to be essential for glioblastoma invasion. Correspondingly, supplementing CTH knockdown cells with exogenous cysteine rescued invasion. Pharmacologic CTH inhibition suppressed glioblastoma invasion, while CTH knockdown slowed glioblastoma invasion in vivo. Our studies highlight the importance of ROS metabolism in invasive glioblastoma cells and support further exploration of the transsulfuration pathway as a mechanistic and therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akins, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhary, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carette, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghi, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic screening of invasive GBM cells in engineered biomaterials and patient biopsies reveals targetable transsulfuration pathway alterations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.528982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cooperativity between H3.3K27M and PDGFRA poses multiple therapeutic vulnerabilities in human iPSC-derived diffuse midline glioma avatars 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.528982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is a leading cause of brain tumor death in children. In addition to hallmark H3.3K27M mutations, significant subsets also harbor alterations of other genes, such as TP53 and PDGFRA. Despite the prevalence of H3.3K27M, the results of clinical trials in DMG have been mixed, possibly due to the lack of models recapitulating its genetic heterogeneity. To address this gap, we developed human iPSC-derived tumor models harboring TP53R248Q with or without heterozygous H3.3K27M and/or PDGFRAD842V overexpression. The combination of H3.3K27M and PDGFRAD842V resulted in more proliferative tumors when gene-edited neural progenitor (NP) cells were implanted into mouse brains compared to NP with either mutation alone. Transcriptomic comparison of tumors and their NP cells of origin identified conserved JAK/STAT pathway activation across genotypes as characteristic of malignant transformation. Conversely, integrated genome-wide epigenomic and transcriptomic analyses, as well as rational pharmacologic inhibition, revealed targetable vulnerabilities unique to the TP53R248Q; H3.3K27M; PDGFRAD842V tumors and related to their aggressive growth phenotype. These include AREG-mediated cell cycle control, altered metabolism, and vulnerability to combination ONC201/trametinib treatment. Taken together, these data suggest that cooperation between H3.3K27M and PDGFRA influences tumor biology, underscoring the need for better molecular stratification in DMG clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skinner, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koga, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruener, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigore, F.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torii, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seelig, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawauchi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malicki, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benveniste, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarland, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furnari, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.24.528982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cooperativity between H3.3K27M and PDGFRA poses multiple therapeutic vulnerabilities in human iPSC-derived diffuse midline glioma avatars]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous, long-term crawling behavior characterized by a robotic transport system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detailed descriptions of behavior provide critical insight into the structure and function of nervous systems. In Drosophila larvae and many other systems, short behavioral experiments have been successful in characterizing rapid responses to a range of stimuli at the population level. However, the lack of long-term continuous observation makes it difficult to dissect comprehensive behavioral dynamics of individual animals and how behavior (and therefore the nervous system) develops over time. To allow for long-term continuous observations in individual fly larvae, we have engineered a robotic instrument that automatically tracks and transports larvae throughout an arena. The flexibility and reliability of its design enables controlled stimulus delivery and continuous measurement over developmental time scales, yielding an unprecedented level of detailed locomotion data. We utilize the new systems capabilities to perform continuous observation of exploratory behavior over a duration of six hours with and without a thermal gradient present, and in a single larva for over 30 hours. Long-term free-roaming behavior and analogous short-term experiments show similar dynamics that take place at the beginning of each experiment. Finally, characterization of larval thermotaxis in individuals reveals a bimodal distribution in navigation efficiency, identifying distinct phenotypes that are obfuscated when only analyzing population averages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dancausse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faderin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaviria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shomar, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zucker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatachalam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous, long-term crawling behavior characterized by a robotic transport system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Systems Serology Approach to the Investigation of Infection-Induced Antibody Responses and Protection in Trachoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOcular infections with Chlamydia trachomatis serovars A-C cause the neglected tropical disease trachoma. As infection does not confer complete immunity, repeated infections are common, leading to long term sequelae such as scarring and blindness. Here we apply a systems serology approach to investigate whether systemic antibody features are associated with susceptibility to infection.

MethodsSera from children in five trachoma endemic villages in The Gambia were assayed for 23 antibody features: IgG responses towards two Chlamydia trachomatis antigens and three serovars (elementary bodies and major outer membrane protein MOMP, serovars A-C), IgG responses towards five MOMP peptides (serovars A-C), neutralization and antibody-dependent phagocytosis. Participants were considered resistant if they subsequently developed infection only when over 70% of other children in the same compound were infected.

ResultsThe antibody features assayed were not associated with resistance to infection (false discovery rate < 0.05). Anti-MOMP SvA IgG and neutralization titer were higher in susceptible individuals (p < 0.05 before multiple testing adjustment). Classification using partial least squares performed only slightly better than chance in distinguishing between susceptible and resistant participants based on systemic antibody profile (specificity 71%, sensitivity 36%).

ConclusionsSystemic infection-induced IgG and functional antibody responses do not appear to be protective against subsequent infection. This may be due to confounding factors increasing both past and future exposure to C. trachomatis, or antibody-dependent enhancement. Ocular responses, IgA, avidity or cell-mediated responses may play a greater role in protective immunity than systemic IgG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenkrands, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickering, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joof, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makalo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragonnet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreich Olsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabey, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Follmann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Systems Serology Approach to the Investigation of Infection-Induced Antibody Responses and Protection in Trachoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasticity in parental behavior and vasopressin: Responses to co-parenting, pup age, and an acute stressor are experience-dependent 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.01.530631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impact of variation in parental caregiving has lasting implications for the development of offspring. However, the ways in which parents impact each other in the context of caregiving is comparatively less understood, but can account for much of the variation observed in the postnatal environment. Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) demonstrate a range of postnatal social groups, including biparental pairs and pups raised by their mothers alone. In addition to the challenges of providing parental care, prairie vole parents often experience acute natural stressors (e.g., predation, foraging demands, thermoregulation) that could alter the way co-parents interact. We investigated how variation in the experience of raising offspring impacts parental behavior and neurobiology by administering an acute handling stressor on prairie vole families of single mothers and biparental parents over the course of offspring postnatal development. Mothers and fathers exhibited robust behavioral plasticity in response to the age of their pups, but in sex-dependent ways. Pup-directed care from mothers did not vary as a function of their partners presence, but did covary with the number of hypothalamic vasopressin neurons in experience-dependent ways. The relationship between vasopressin neuron numbers and fathers behaviors was also contingent upon the stress handling manipulation, suggesting that brain-behavior associations exhibit stress-induced plasticity. These results demonstrate that the behavioral and neuroendocrine profiles of adults are sensitive to distinct and interacting experiences as a parent, and extend our knowledge of the neural mechanisms that may facilitate parental behavioral plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hiura, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ophir, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasticity in parental behavior and vasopressin: Responses to co-parenting, pup age, and an acute stressor are experience-dependent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolomics of bacterial-fungal pairwise interactions reveal conserved molecular mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial-fungal interactions (BFIs) can shape the structure of microbial communities, but the small molecules mediating these BFIs are often understudied. We explored various optimization steps for our microbial culture and chemical extraction protocols for bacterial-fungal co-cultures, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed that metabolomic profiles are mainly comprised of fungi derived features, indicating that fungi are the key contributors to small molecule mediated BFIs. LC-inductively coupled plasma MS (LC-ICP-MS) and MS/MS based dereplication using database searching revealed the presence of several known fungal specialized metabolites and structurally related analogues in these extracts, including siderophores such as desferrichrome, desferricoprogen, and palmitoylcoprogen. Among these analogues, a novel putative coprogen analogue possessing a terminal carboxylic acid motif was identified from Scopulariopsis spp. JB370, a common cheese rind fungus, and its structure was elucidated via MS/MS fragmentation. Based on these findings, filamentous fungal species appear to be capable of producing multiple siderophores with potentially different biological roles (i.e. various affinities for different forms of iron). These findings highlight that fungal species are important contributors to microbiomes via their production of abundant specialized metabolites and their role in complex communities should continue to be a priority.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luu, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertekin, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baars, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutton, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolomics of bacterial-fungal pairwise interactions reveal conserved molecular mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.533024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitigation of membrane morphology defects explain stability and orientational specificity of CLC dimers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.533024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most membrane proteins are oligomers, but the physical forces explaining the stable association of these complexes inside the lipid bilayer are not well understood. The homodimeric antiporter CLC-ec1 highlights the puzzling nature of this reaction. This complex is thermodynamically stable even though it associates via a large hydrophobic protein-protein interface that appears well adapted to interact with the membrane interior. In a previous study, however, we discovered that when CLC-ec1 is dissociated, this interface introduces a morphological defect in the surrounding membrane, leading us to hypothesize association is driven by the elimination of this defect upon dimerization. This study tests this hypothetical mechanism directly and shows it is supported by molecular and physical models. First, using coarse-grained umbrella-sampling molecular simulations, we calculated the membrane contribution to the potential-of-mean-force for dimerization in a POPC bilayer. This shows the stable association of CLC subunits prior to formation of direct protein-protein contacts, but only via the native interface that presents the membrane defect, and not others. Single-molecule photobleaching experiments show that addition of short-chain DLPC lipids, known to alleviate the membrane defect, also shifts the association equilibrium from dimers to monomers. We explain this destabilizing effect through additional umbrella-sampling and alchemical free-energy simulations, which show DLPC enrichment of the defect diminishes the membrane contribution to the association free energy, as it improves the lipid-solvation energetics of the monomer but not the dimer. In summary, this study establishes a physical model that explains the stability and orientational specificity of CLC dimers in terms of membrane-mediated forces, rather than protein-protein interactions. We posit that cells might ubiquitously leverage morphological defects in the bilayer to drive organization of membrane proteins into functional complexes, and that cellular regulation of lipid composition can modulate this organizing effect.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozturk, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhardt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraldo-Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.533024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitigation of membrane morphology defects explain stability and orientational specificity of CLC dimers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real Time In vivo Analysis of Pancreatic Beta-cell Autophagic Flux Reveals Impairment Before Onset of Autoimmune Diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The catabolic pathway of autophagy is critical for pancreatic beta-cell function and is defective in established type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, it is unclear when and how this critical cell process becomes defective during diabetes pathogenesis. To study the nature of autophagy dysfunction in the context of autoimmune diabetes, we utilized intravital microscopy to study autophagic flux in vivo in real time. We generated a custom AAV8- packaged mCherry-eGFP-LC3B biosensor driven by the insulin promoter for beta-cell-selective expression. For real time autophagic flux evaluation, fluorescent signal from eGFP and mCherry fluorophores was correlated in space and time to follow the process of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. We observed autophagic flux defects in the beta-cells of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D prior to hyperglycemia onset that were less apparent in mice without a functional immune system. We also evaluated autophagic flux in human donor islets that were transplanted under the kidney capsule of immune incompetent mice. Collectively, we provide the first evaluation of autophagic flux in vivo in 4D and demonstrate that autophagy defects precede hyperglycemia in NOD mice suggesting a potential causative role for these defects in beta-cell demise during T1D pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melnyk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muralidharan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffett, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Aviles, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowder, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnemann, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.23.541935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real Time In vivo Analysis of Pancreatic Beta-cell Autophagic Flux Reveals Impairment Before Onset of Autoimmune Diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated genomic and functional analyses of human skin-associated Staphylococcus reveals extensive inter- and intra-species diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human skin is stably colonized by a distinct microbiota that functions together with epidermal cells to maintain a protective physical barrier. Staphylococcus, a prominent genus of the skin microbiota, participates in colonization resistance, tissue repair, and host immune regulation in strain specific manners. To unlock the potential of engineering skin microbial communities, we aim to fully characterize the functional diversity of this genus within the context of the skin environment. We conducted metagenome and pan-genome analyses of isolates obtained from distinct body sites of healthy volunteers, providing a detailed biogeographic depiction of staphylococcal species that colonize our skin. S. epidermidis, S. capitis, and S. hominis were the most abundant species present in all volunteers and were detected at all body sites. Pan-genome analysis of these three species revealed that the genus-core was dominated by central metabolism genes. Species-specific core genes were enriched in host colonization functions. The majority ([~]68%) of genes were detected only in a fraction of isolate genomes, underscoring the immense strain-specific gene diversity. Conspecific genomes grouped into phylogenetic clades, exhibiting body site preference. Each clade was enriched for distinct gene-sets that are potentially involved in site tropism. Finally, we conducted gene expression studies of select isolates showing variable growth phenotypes in skin-like medium. In vitro expression revealed extensive intra- and inter-species gene expression variation, substantially expanding the functional diversification within each species. Our study provides an important resource for future ecological and translational studies to examine the role of shared and strain-specific staphylococcal genes within the skin environment.

SIGNIFICANCEThe bacterial genus Staphylococcus is a prominent member of the human skin microbiome, performing important and diverse functions such as tuning immunity, driving tissue repair, and preventing pathogen colonization. Each of these functions is carried out by a subset of staphylococcal strains, displaying differences in gene content and regulation. Delineating the genomic and functional diversity of Staphylococcus will enable researchers to unlock the potential of engineering skin communities to promote health. Here, we present a comprehensive multi-omics analysis to characterize the inter- and intra-species diversity present in human skin-associated staphylococci. Our study is the first to conduct a detailed pan-genome comparison between prominent skin staphylococcal species giving a valuable insight into gene sharing and provides an important resource.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joglekar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee-Lin, S.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deming, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashaf, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated genomic and functional analyses of human skin-associated Staphylococcus reveals extensive inter- and intra-species diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shape-changing electrode array for minimally invasive large-scale intracranial brain activity mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale brain activity mapping is important for understanding the neural basis of behaviour. Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) have high spatiotemporal resolution, bandwidth, and signal quality. However, the invasiveness and surgical risks of electrode array implantation limit its application scope. We developed an ultrathin, flexible shape-changing electrode array (SCEA) for large-scale ECoG mapping with minimal invasiveness. SCEAs were inserted into cortical surfaces in compressed states through small openings in the skull or dura and fully expanded to cover large cortical areas. MRI and histological studies on rats proved the minimal invasiveness of the implantation process and the high chronic biocompatibility of the SCEAs. High-quality micro-ECoG activities mapped with SCEAs from rodent brains during seizures and canine brains during the emergence period revealed the spatiotemporal organization of different brain states with resolution and bandwidth that cannot be achieved using existing noninvasive techniques. The biocompatibility and ability to map large-scale physiological and pathological cortical activities with high spatiotemporal resolution, bandwidth, and signal quality in a minimally invasive manner offer SCEAs as a superior tool for applications ranging from fundamental brain research to brain-machine interfaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.547140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shape-changing electrode array for minimally invasive large-scale intracranial brain activity mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying Amide-Aromatic Interactions at Molecular and Atomic Levels: Experimentally-determined Enthalpic and Entropic Contributions to Interactions of Amide sp2O, N, C and sp3C Unified Atoms with Naphthalene sp2C Atoms in Water 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to amide hydrogen bonds and the hydrophobic effect, interactions involving {pi}-bonded sp2 atoms of amides, aromatics and other groups occur in protein self-assembly processes including folding, oligomerization and condensate formation. These interactions also occur in aqueous solutions of amide and aromatic compounds, where they can be quantified. Previous analysis of thermodynamic coefficients quantifying net-favorable interactions of amide compounds with other amides and aromatics revealed that interactions of amide sp2O with amide sp2N unified atoms (presumably C=O{middle dot}{middle dot}{middle dot}H-N hydrogen bonds) and amide/aromatic sp2C (lone pair-{pi}, n-{pi}*) are particularly favorable. Sp3C-sp3C (hydrophobic), sp3C-sp2C (hydrophobic, CH-{pi}), sp2C-sp2C (hydrophobic, {pi}-{pi}) and sp3C-sp2N interactions are favorable, sp2C-sp2N interactions are neutral, while sp2O-sp2O and sp2N-sp2N self-interactions and sp2O-sp3C interactions are unfavorable. Here, from determinations of favorable effects of fourteen amides on naphthalene solubility at 10, 25 and 45 {degrees}C, we dissect amide-aromatic interaction free energies into enthalpic and entropic contributions and find these vary systematically with amide composition. Analysis of these results yields enthalpic and entropic contributions to intrinsic strengths of interactions of amide sp2O, sp2N, sp2C and sp3C unified atoms with aromatic sp2C atoms. For each interaction, enthalpic and entropic contributions have the same sign and are much larger in magnitude than the interaction free energy itself. The amide sp2O-aromatic sp2C interaction is enthalpy-driven and entropically unfavorable, consistent with direct chemical interaction (e.g. lone pair-{pi}) while amide sp3C- and sp2C-aromatic sp2C interactions are entropy-driven and enthalpically unfavorable, consistent with hydrophobic effects. These findings are relevant for interactions involving {pi}-bonded sp2 atoms in protein processes.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zytkiewicz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shkel, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rupanya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClure, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Record, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.12.548600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying Amide-Aromatic Interactions at Molecular and Atomic Levels: Experimentally-determined Enthalpic and Entropic Contributions to Interactions of Amide sp2O, N, C and sp3C Unified Atoms with Naphthalene sp2C Atoms in Water]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Re-education of myeloid immune cells to reduce regulatory T cell expansion and impede breast cancer progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.553229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized cancer therapy but has had limited utility in several solid tumors such as breast cancer, a major cause of cancer-related mortality in women. Therefore, there is considerable interest in alternate strategies to promote an anti-cancer immune response. We demonstrate that NR0B2, a protein involved in cholesterol homeostasis, functions within myeloid immune cells to modulate the NLRP3 inflammasome and reduce the expansion of immune-suppressive regulatory T cells (Treg). Loss of NR0B2 increased mammary tumor growth and metastasis. Small molecule agonists, including one developed here, reduced Treg expansion, reduced metastatic growth and improved the efficacy of ICB. This work identifies NR0B2 as a target to re-educate myeloid immune cells providing proof-of-principle that this cholesterol-homeostasis axis may have utility in enhancing ICB.

Brief SummaryImmune therapy has been disappointing for breast cancer. NR0B2 within myeloid immune cells reduces the expansion of Tregs, a highly immune suppressive subtype historically challenging to target. NR0B2 within myeloid immune cells represses the inflammasome, leading to reduced Treg expansion and subsequent tumor growth/metastasis. Activation of NR0B2 with small molecule agonists, including one developed herein, attenuates tumor growth and metastasis in murine models of mammary cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gamage, H. E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahoei, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albright, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henn, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schane, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelczyk, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendre, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krawczynska, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjoanda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sverdlov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gann, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boidot, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vegran, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanning, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apetoh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hergenrother, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.553229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Re-education of myeloid immune cells to reduce regulatory T cell expansion and impede breast cancer progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.20.554014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared and distinct neural signatures of feature and spatial attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.20.554014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The debate on whether feature attention (FA) and spatial attention (SA) share a common neural mechanism remains unresolved. Previous neuroimaging studies have identified fronto-parietal-temporal attention-related regions that exhibited consistent activation during various visual attention tasks. However, these studies have been limited by small sample sizes and methodological constraints inherent in univariate analysis. Here, we utilized a between-subject whole-brain machine learning approach with a large sample size (N = 235) to investigate the neural signatures of FA (FAS) and SA (SAS). Both FAS and SAS showed cross-task predictive capabilities, though inter-task prediction was weaker than intra-task prediction, suggesting both shared and distinct mechanisms. Specifically, the frontoparietal network exhibited the highest predictive performance for FA, while the visual network excelled in predicting SA, highlighting their respective prominence in the two attention processes. Moreover, both signatures demonstrated distributed representations across large-scale brain networks, as each cluster within the signatures was sufficient for predicting FA and SA, but none of them were deemed necessary for either FA or SA. Our study challenges traditional network-centric models of attention, emphasizing distributed brain functioning in attention, and provides comprehensive evidence for shared and distinct neural mechanisms underlying FA and SA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.20.554014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared and distinct neural signatures of feature and spatial attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic trade-offs can reverse the resource-diversityrelationship 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For species that partition resources, the classic expectation is that increasing resource diversity allows for increased species diversity. On the other hand, for neutral species, such as those competing equally for a single resource, diversity reflects a balance between the rate of introduction of novelty (for example by immigration or speciation) and the rate of extinction. Recent models of microbial metabolism have identified scenarios where metabolic trade-offs among species partitioning multiple resources can produce emergent neutral-like dynamics. In this hybrid scenario, one might expect that both resource diversity and immigration will act to boost species diversity. We show, however, that the reverse may be true: when metabolic trade-offs hold and population sizes are sufficiently large, increasing resource diversity can act to reduce species diversity, sometimes drastically. This reversal is explained by a generic transition between neutral- and niche-like dynamics, driven by the diversity of resources. The inverted resource-diversity relationship that results may be a signature of consumer-resource systems with strong metabolic trade-offs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dwyer, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic trade-offs can reverse the resource-diversityrelationship]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deletion of FAT1 in hybrid EMT cells stimulates the migration of neighboring non-mutant cells through secretion of extracellular vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells in hybrid state of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been shown to be responsible for tumor cell metastasis. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the morphological changes and acquisition of invasive phenotypes in hybrid EMT cells are still unknown. Here, we introduced the deletion of a proto-cadherin and well described oncogene, FAT1, in skin carcinoma cells to generate a hybrid state of EMT. Surprisingly, the FAT1 knock-out (KO) cells were less motile than the parental non-mutated cell line they were derived from. However, we observed that FAT1 KO cells secrete specific factors in the form of extra-cellular vesicles into their microenvironment, which promote the migration of surrounding non-mutant cells. When stimulated with these extracellular vesicles, groups of non-mutated parental cells collectively migrated faster and formed finger-like instabilities at the migrating front. Furthermore, we found that the actomyosin contractility of FAT1 KO cells in hybrid EMT states was much lower than the parental cells. It appeared that the factors secreted by FAT1 KO cells relaxed the traction forces in recipient cells. This force release likely fostered the scattering and migration of non-mutated cells surrounding FAT1 mutant cells. Thus, we characterized a non-autonomous promotion of cell invasiveness in the cancer cells surrounding FAT1-deficient cells.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=181 SRC="FIGDIR/small/556588v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (61K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@104063eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@135f9fforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b0052eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@243864_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFigure:C_FLOATNO Schematic showing how FAT1 deletion stimulates the migration of neighboring non mutant cells. FAT1 KO cells secrete extracellular vesicles that carry factors that promote migration of non-mutant control cells, possibly through relaxation of traction forces in the recipient cells.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seetharaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vianay, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fresnoy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanchoin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.06.556588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deletion of FAT1 in hybrid EMT cells stimulates the migration of neighboring non-mutant cells through secretion of extracellular vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.10.557066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurotransmitter signaling specifies sweat gland stem cell fate through SLN-mediated intracellular calcium regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.10.557066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sympathetic nerves co-develop with their target organs and release neurotransmitters to stimulate their functions after maturation. Here, we provide the molecular mechanism that during sweat gland morphogenesis, neurotransmitters released from sympathetic nerves act first to promote sweat duct elongation via norepinephrine and followed by acetylcholine to specify sweat gland stem cell fate, which matches the sequence of neurotransmitter switch. Without neuronal signals during development, the basal cells switch to exhibit suprabasal (luminal) cell features. Sarcolipin (SLN), a key regulator of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), expression is significantly down-regulated in the sweat gland myoepithelial cells upon denervation. Loss of SLN in sweat gland myoepithelial cells leads to decreased intracellular Ca2+ over time in response to ACh stimulation, as well as upregulation of luminal cell features. In cell culture experiments, we showed that contrary to the paradigm that elevation of Ca2+ promote epidermal differentiation, specification of the glandular myoepithelial (basal) cells requires high Ca2+ while lowering Ca2+ level promotes luminal (suprabasal) cell fate. Our work highlights that neuronal signals not only act transiently for mature sweat glands to function, but also exert long-term impact on glandular stem cell specification through regulating intracellular Ca2+ dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Remark, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Concepcion, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mareedu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C. P.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.10.557066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurotransmitter signaling specifies sweat gland stem cell fate through SLN-mediated intracellular calcium regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selectivity to acoustic features of human speech in the auditory cortex of the mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A better understanding of the neural mechanisms of speech processing can have a major impact in the development of strategies for language learning and in addressing disorders that affect speech comprehension. Technical limitations in research with human subjects hinder a comprehensive ex-ploration of these processes, making animal models essential for advancing the characterization of how neural circuits make speech perception possible. Here, we investigated the mouse as a model organism for studying speech processing and explored whether distinct regions of the mouse auditory cortex are sensitive to specific acoustic features of speech. We found that mice can learn to categorize frequency-shifted human speech sounds based on differences in formant transitions (FT) and voice onset time (VOT). Moreover, neurons across various auditory cortical regions were selective to these speech features, with a higher proportion of speech-selective neurons in the dorso-posterior region. Last, many of these neurons displayed mixed-selectivity for both features, an attribute that was most common in dorsal regions of the auditory cortex. Our results demonstrate that the mouse serves as a valuable model for studying the detailed mechanisms of speech feature encoding and neural plasticity during speech-sound learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohn, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baese-Berk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaramillo, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selectivity to acoustic features of human speech in the auditory cortex of the mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytogenetic resource enables mechanistic resolution of changing trends in human pluripotent stem cell aberrations linked to feeder-free culture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.21.558777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the first derivation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), the number of culture conditions has steadily increased, making hPSC culture more facile. Nonetheless, there remains the persistent issue of culture-acquired genetic changes, hampering the reproducibility of hPSC research and jeopardising their clinical use. Here, we utilised comprehensive karyotyping datasets from over 20,000 hPSC cultures sampled under different conditions to ascertain association of genetic changes with specific culture regimens. We found condition-dependent patterns of aberrations, with higher prevalence of chromosome 1q gains in recent years, associated with increased use of contemporary, feeder-free cultures. Mechanistically, we show the context-dependent selection of 1q variants is mainly driven by MDM4, a gene amplified in many cancers, located on chromosome 1q. To facilitate reproducibility of hPSC research and their safe clinical utility, we provide a unique hPSC karyotype resource for informing the risk assessment of genetic aberrations and developing strategies to suppress their occurrence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stavish, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelezauskaite, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonhard, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taapken, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntire, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laing, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerbib, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harding, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jestice, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleveld, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillenius, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looijenga, L. H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokhale, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-David, U. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbaric, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.21.558777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytogenetic resource enables mechanistic resolution of changing trends in human pluripotent stem cell aberrations linked to feeder-free culture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.558917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive Functions of Structural Variants in Human Brain Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.558917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantifying the structural variants (SVs) in nonhuman primates could provide a niche to clarify the genetic backgrounds underlying human-specific traits, but such resource is largely lacking. Here, we report an accurate SV atlas in a population of 562 rhesus macaques, verified by two public SV benchmarks, an inhouse benchmark of eight macaque genomes with long-read sequencing and another inhouse benchmark of one macaque genome with whole-genome assembly. This accurate, quantitative SV map indicates stronger purifying selection on inversions, one type of poorly-clarified SVs to date, especially for those located on regulatory regions, suggesting a strategy for prioritizing inversions with the most important functions. Based on the distribution and the evolutionary features of these inversions in macaque population, we then identified 75 human-specific inversions, clarified their functional effects and prioritized them. Notably, the top-ranked inversions have substantially shaped the human transcriptome, through their dual-effects of reconfiguring the ancestral genomic architecture and introducing regional mutation hotspots at the inverted regions. As a proof-of-concept, we linked APCDD1, located on one of these inversions with the highest rank score and downregulated in human brains, to neuronal maturation. The accumulation of human-specific mutations on its promoter region, accelerated by the formation of the inversion, contributed to the decreased expression in humans. Notably, the overexpression of APCDD1 could accelerate the neuronal maturation, while its depletion in mice delays the neuronal maturation. This study thus highlights the contribution of SVs, especially the inversions, to the distinct features in human brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.-j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.558917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive Functions of Structural Variants in Human Brain Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Drug-Free Pathogen Capture and Neutralizing Nasal Spray to Prevent Emerging Respiratory Infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.560602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiratory infections pose a global health crisis. Vaccines are pathogen specific, and new vaccines are needed for mutants and emerging pathogens. Here, we report a "drug free" prophylactic platform - a "Pathogen Capture and Neutralizing Spray" (PCANS) that acts via a multi-pronged approach to prevent a broad spectrum of respiratory infections. PCANS forms a protective coating in the nasal cavity that enhances the capture of large respiratory droplets. The coating acts as a physical barrier against a broad spectrum of viruses and bacteria, and rapidly neutralizes them, reducing the pathogen load by >99.99%. In mice, PCANS showed nasal retention for at least 8 h and was safe for daily administration. A single prophylactic dose of PCANS protected mice against supra-lethal dosages of a mouse-adapted H1N1 Influenza virus (PR8), reduced lung viral titer by >99.99%, improved survival, and suppressed pathological manifestations. Together, our data suggest PCANS as a promising daily-use prophylactic approach against current and emerging respiratory infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joseph, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baby, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintero, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mebratu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swain, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwangi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snapper, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agus, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kage, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douam, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesfaigzi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Drug-Free Pathogen Capture and Neutralizing Nasal Spray to Prevent Emerging Respiratory Infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cue-specific neuronal ensembles span intermittent rate coding of working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent, memorandum-specific neuronal spiking activity has long been hypothesized to underlie working memory. However, emerging evidence suggests a possible role for  activity-silent synaptic mechanisms. This issue remains controversial because evidence for either view has largely depended on datasets that fail to capture single-trial population dynamics or on indirect measures of neuronal spiking. We addressed this by examining the dynamics of mnemonic information on single trials obtained from large, local populations of prefrontal neurons recorded simultaneously in monkeys performing a working memory task. We show that mnemonic information does not persist in the spiking activity of prefrontal neurons, but instead alternates between  On and  Off periods during memory delays. At the level of single neurons, Off periods are driven by a coordinated loss of selectivity for memoranda and a return of firing rates to baseline levels. Further exploiting the large-scale recordings, we asked whether the functional connectivity among large neuronal ensembles depended on information held in working memory. We show that mnemonic information is available in the pattern of ensemble connectivity during the memory delay in both On and Off periods of neuronal activity. Intermittent epochs of memoranda-specific spiking therefore coexist with activity-silent mechanisms to span memory delays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panichello, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonikaitis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trepka, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cue-specific neuronal ensembles span intermittent rate coding of working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.14.562356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic basis of novel trait gain in walking fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.14.562356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major goal in biology is to understand how organisms evolve novel traits. Multiple studies have identified genes contributing to regressive evolution, the loss of structures that existed in a recent ancestor. However, fewer examples exist for genes underlying constructive evolution, the gain of novel structures and capabilities in lineages that previously lacked them. Sea robins are fish that have evolved enlarged pectoral fins, six mobile locomotory fin rays (legs) and six novel macroscopic lobes in the central nervous system (CNS) that innervate the corresponding legs. Here, we establish successful husbandry and use a combination of transcriptomics, CRISPR-Cas9 editing, and behavioral assays to identify key transcription factors that are required for leg formation and function in sea robins. We also generate hybrids between two sea robin species with distinct leg morphologies and use allele-specific expression analysis and gene editing to explore the genetic basis of species-specific trait diversity, including a novel sensory gain of function. Collectively, our study establishes sea robins as a new model for studying the genetic basis of novel organ formation, and demonstrates a crucial role for the conserved limb gene tbx3a in the evolution of chemosensory legs in walking fish.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herbert, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allard, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wucherpfennig, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourlay, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbo, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhyne, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellono, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.14.562356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic basis of novel trait gain in walking fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.562852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exceptional longevity of mammalian ovarian and oocyte macromolecules throughout the reproductive lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.562852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms contributing to age-related deterioration of the female reproductive system are complex, however aberrant protein homeostasis is a major contributor. We elucidated exceptionally stable proteins, structures, and macromolecules that persist in mammalian ovaries and gametes across the reproductive lifespan. Ovaries exhibit localized structural and cell-type specific enrichment of stable macromolecules in both the follicular and extrafollicular environments. Moreover, ovaries and oocytes both harbor a panel of exceptionally long-lived proteins, including cytoskeletal, mitochondrial, and oocyte-derived proteins. The exceptional persistence of these long-lived molecules suggest a critical role in lifelong maintenance and age-dependent deterioration of reproductive tissues.

One sentence summaryExceptionally long-lived macromolecules in mammalian ovaries and oocytes as pillars for lifelong reproductive health span.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bomba-Warczak, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillermier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edassery, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinhauser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savas, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Duncan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.18.562852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exceptional longevity of mammalian ovarian and oocyte macromolecules throughout the reproductive lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.566997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel gut probiotic engages microbiota for recovery and pathobiont clearance while preventing inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.566997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microbiota inhabiting the mammalian gut serves as a protective barrier against pathogen invasion through a mechanism known as colonization resistance. Antibiotic treatments can inadvertently disturb the gut microbiota, compromising colonization resistance and increasing hosts susceptible to infections. Non-pneumoniae Klebsiella spp. members of the gut microbiota play a crucial role in colonization resistance and clearance from the gut of pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae following antibiotic-induced perturbations. Specifically, Klebsiella strain ARO112 a gut microbiota isolate, can effectively resist and clear Escherichia coli colonization after antibiotic-induced dysbiosis.

We assessed the potential of Klebsiella sp ARO112 to promote clearance of Enterobacteriaceae pathobiont Adherent-Invasive E. coli (AIEC) in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) mouse model susceptible to inflammatory episodes. In antibiotic-treated IBD-predisposed mice infected with the AIEC, Klebsiella sp. ARO112 promoted a faster recovery of gut microbiota members potentially involved in butyrate production and accelerated pathobiont clearance. Functionally, ARO112-driven microbiota recovery promoted higher butyrate levels and prevented intestinal inflammation compared to untreated animals. Conversely, treatment with the well-known probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 enhanced AIEC colonization and inflammation. Furthermore, we assessed the safety of ARO112 as a potential next-generation probiotic; phenotypic comparison of ARO112 against closely related Enterobacteriaceae revealed its lower pathogenic potential, including being more recalcitrant to antibiotic resistance acquisition.

Overall, our results showing that Klebsiella sp. ARO112 can resolve infections while contributing to the promotion of intestinal health, underscore its potential as a biotherapy agent that can disrupt inflammation-treatment-infection cycles. This potential extends beyond IBD patients, encompassing individuals with other inflammatory-based conditions related to microbiota imbalances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cabral, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedro, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ubeda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.566997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel gut probiotic engages microbiota for recovery and pathobiont clearance while preventing inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virus specificity and nucleoporin requirements for MX2 activity are affected by GTPase function and capsid-CypA interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2/MXB) is an interferon-induced GTPase that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection by preventing nuclear import of the viral preintegration complex. The HIV-1 capsid (CA) is the major viral determinant for sensitivity to MX2, and complex interactions between MX2, CA, nucleoporins (Nups), cyclophilin A (CypA), and other cellular proteins influence the outcome of viral infection. To explore the interactions between MX2, the viral CA, and CypA, we utilized a CRISPR-Cas9/AAV approach to generate CypA knock-out cell lines as well as cells that express CypA from its endogenous locus, but with specific point mutations that would abrogate CA binding but should not affect enzymatic activity or cellular function. We found that infection of CypA knock-out and point mutant cell lines with wild-type HIV-1 and CA mutants recapitulated the phenotypes observed upon cyclosporine A (CsA) addition, indicating that effects of CsA treatment are the direct result of blocking CA-CypA interactions and are therefore independent from potential interactions between CypA and MX2 or other cellular proteins. Notably, abrogation of GTP hydrolysis by MX2 conferred enhanced antiviral activity when CA-CypA interactions were abolished, and this effect was not mediated by the CA-binding residues in the GTPase domain, or by phosphorylation of MX2 at position T151. We additionally found that elimination of GTPase activity also altered the Nup requirements for MX2 activity. Our data demonstrate that the antiviral activity of MX2 is affected by CypA-CA interactions in a virus-specific and GTPase activity-dependent manner. These findings further highlight the importance of the GTPase domain of MX2 in regulation of substrate specificity and interaction with nucleocytoplasmic trafficking pathways.

Author SummaryHIV-1 entry into the nucleus is an essential step in viral replication that involves complex interactions between the viral capsid and multiple cellular proteins, including the proline isomerase cyclophilin A. Nuclear entry of HIV-1 and other primate lentiviruses is inhibited by the antiviral protein MX2. Here, we show that direct interactions between capsid and cyclophilin A affect the antiviral activity and specificity of MX2, and that these interactions are altered when the enzymatic activity of MX2 is eliminated. We demonstrate that abolishing enzymatic activity of MX2 also alters the requirements for nuclear pore complex components for viral restriction. Our study provides new insights into how the enzymatic function of MX2 affects inhibition of lentiviral nuclear import.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bailey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flick, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kvaratskhelia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.567336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virus specificity and nucleoporin requirements for MX2 activity are affected by GTPase function and capsid-CypA interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring amino acid interactions underlying protein function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/215368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein function arises from a poorly defined pattern of cooperative energetic interactions between amino acid residues. Strategies for deducing this pattern have been proposed, but lack of benchmark data has limited experimental verification. Here, we extend deep-mutation technologies to enable measurement of many thousands of pairwise amino acid couplings in members of a protein family. The data show that despite great evolutionary divergence, homologous proteins conserve a sparse, spatially distributed network of cooperative interactions between amino acids that underlies function. This pattern is quantitatively captured in the coevolution of amino acid positions, especially as indicated by the statistical coupling analysis (SCA), providing experimental confirmation of the key tenets of this method. This work establishes a clear link between physical constraints on protein function and sequence analysis, enabling a general practical approach for understanding the structural basis for protein function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salinas, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/215368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring amino acid interactions underlying protein function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor selection dynamics in FEF explain the reaction time variance of saccades to single targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In studies of voluntary movement, a most elemental quantity is the reaction time (RT) between the onset of a visual stimulus and a saccade toward it. However, this RT demonstrates extremely high variability, which in spite of extensive research remains unexplained. It is well established that, when a visual target appears, oculomotor activity gradually builds up until a critical level is reached, at which point a saccade is triggered. Here, we further characterize the dynamics of this rise-to-threshold process based on computational work and single-neuron recordings from the frontal eye field (FEF) of behaving monkeys. We find that the baseline activity, build-up rate, and threshold level show strong, nonlinear co-dependencies that explain the distinct RT distributions observed experimentally. The results indicate that intrinsic randomness contributes little to saccade variance, which results mainly from an intricate, fundamentally deterministic mechanism of motor conflict resolution that has subtle yet highly characteristic manifestations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hauser, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanford, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/221218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor selection dynamics in FEF explain the reaction time variance of saccades to single targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/231001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prioritizing Parkinson’s Disease genes using population-scale transcriptomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/231001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 41 susceptibility loci associated with late-onset Parkinsons Disease (PD) but identifying putative causal genes and the underlying mechanisms remains challenging. To address this, we leveraged large-scale transcriptomic datasets to prioritize genes that are likely to affect PD. We found 29 gene associations in peripheral monocytes, and 44 gene associations whose expression or differential splicing in prefrontal cortex is associated with PD. This includes many novel genes but also known associations such as MAPT, for which we found that variation in exon 3 splicing explains the common genetic association. Genes identified in our analyses are more likely to interact physically with known PD genes and belong to the same or related pathways including lysosomal and innate immune function. Overall, our study provides a strong foundation for further mechanistic studies that will elucidate the molecular drivers of PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raj, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/231001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prioritizing Parkinson’s Disease genes using population-scale transcriptomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A hypermorphic Nfkbid allele represents an Idd7 locus gene contributing to impaired thymic deletion of autoreactive diabetogenic CD8+ T-cells in NOD mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In both NOD mice and humans, the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is dependent in part on autoreactive CD8+ T-cells recognizing pancreatic {beta}-cell peptides presented by often quite common MHC class I variants. Studies in NOD mice previously revealed the common H2-Kd and/or H2-Db class I molecules expressed by this strain acquire an aberrant ability to mediate pathogenic CD8+ T-cell responses through interactions with T1D susceptibility (Idd) genes outside the MHC. A gene(s) mapping to the Idd7 locus on proximal Chromosome 7 was previously shown to be an important contributor to the failure of the common class I molecules expressed by NOD mice to mediate the normal thymic negative selection of diabetogenic CD8+ T-cells. Using an inducible model of thymic negative selection and mRNA transcript analyses we initially identified an elevated Nfkbid expression variant is likely an NOD Idd7 region gene contributing to impaired thymic deletion of diabetogenic CD8+ T-cells. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic attenuation of Nfkbid expression in NOD mice resulted in improved negative selection of autoreactive diabetogenic AI4 and NY8.3 CD8+ T-cells. These results indicated allelic variants of Nfkbid represent an Idd7 gene contributing to the efficiency of intrathymic deletion of diabetogenic CD8+ T-cells. However, while enhancing thymic deletion of pathogenic CD8+ T-cells, ablation of Nfkbid expression surprisingly accelerated T1D onset in NOD mice likely at least in part by numerically decreasing regulatory T- and B-lymphocytes (Tregs/Bregs), thereby reducing their peripheral immunosuppressive effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Presa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racine, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamont, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratiu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarsani, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geurts, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stearns, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allocco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serreze, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/249094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A hypermorphic Nfkbid allele represents an Idd7 locus gene contributing to impaired thymic deletion of autoreactive diabetogenic CD8+ T-cells in NOD mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Threshold regulation and stochasticity from the MecA/ClpCP proteolytic system in Streptococcus mutans competence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/263210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many bacterial species use the MecA/ClpCP proteolytic system to block entry into genetic competence. In Streptococcus mutans, MecA/ClpCP degrades ComX (also called SigX), an alternative sigma factor for the comY operon and other late competence genes. Although the mechanism of MecA/ClpCP has been studied in multiple Streptococcus species, its role within noisy competence pathways is poorly understood. S. mutans competence can be triggered by two different peptides, CSP and XIP, but it is not known whether MecA/ClpCP acts similarly for both stimuli, how it affects competence heterogeneity, and how its regulation is overcome. We have studied the effect of MecA/ClpCP on the activation of comY in individual S. mutans cells. Our data show that MecA/ClpCP is active under both XIP and CSP stimulation, that it provides threshold control of comY, and that it adds noise in comY expression. Our data agree quantitatively with a model in which MecA/ClpCP prevents adventitious entry into competence by sequestering or intercepting low levels of ComX. Competence is permitted when ComX levels exceed a threshold, but cell-to-cell heterogeneity in MecA levels creates variability in that threshold. Therefore MecA/ClpCP provides a stochastic switch, located downstream of the already noisy comX, that enhances phenotypic diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Son, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaspar, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burne, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/263210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Threshold regulation and stochasticity from the MecA/ClpCP proteolytic system in Streptococcus mutans competence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tolerogenic transcriptome landscape in CD8+ T lymphocytes after exposure to erythrocyte-targeted antigens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our group has recently shown induction of antigen-specific T cell tolerance through targeting of the antigen to erythrocytes in situ. The tolerogenic state is characterized by initial proliferation of antigen-specific T cells and subsequent acquisition of signatures associated with both deletional, anergic and regulatory T cell phenotypes. In this study we wished to further understand the molecular mechanisms behind induction of tolerance by erythrocyte-targeted antigens. RNA sequencing was performed to determine how gene expression response is regulated in tolerized ovalbumin-specific CD8+ T cells and which molecular pathways are activated after treatment with this technology. Treatment with erythrocyte-targeted antigens led to the upregulation of genes encoding several TCR co-inhibitory receptors such as CTLA4, PD1, LAG3, TIGIT and CD200R1, and lack of upregulation of cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory signaling molecule genes. Modulation in expression of the master transcription factors Egr2/NFatc1, Nur77 family and E2f1 was also observed, all known to be associated with the natural process of establishment of peripheral tolerance. Expression of these genes differed in response to treatment with soluble ovalbumin or SIINFEKL MHCI peptide, suggesting a specific mechanism of T cell modulation and tolerance induction in response to the erythrocyte-associated forms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grimm, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gobet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaceri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaglia-Thermes, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/278457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tolerogenic transcriptome landscape in CD8+ T lymphocytes after exposure to erythrocyte-targeted antigens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fitness effects of altering gene expression noise in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression noise is an evolvable property of biological systems that describes differences in gene expression among genetically identical cells in the same environment. Prior work has shown that expression noise is heritable and can be shaped by natural selection, but the impact of variation in expression noise on organismal fitness has proven difficult to measure. Here, we quantify the fitness effects of altering expression noise for the TDH3 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that increases in expression noise can be deleterious or beneficial depending on the difference between the average expression level of a genotype and the expression level maximizing fitness. We also show that a simple model relating single-cell expression levels to population growth produces patterns that are consistent with our empirical data. We use this model to explore a broad range of average expression levels and expression noise, providing additional insight into the fitness effects of variation in expression noise.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duveau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgins-Davis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzger, B. P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tryban, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lybrook, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittkopp, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/294603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fitness effects of altering gene expression noise in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-regulation of alternative splicing by hnRNPM and ESRP1 during EMT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental developmental process that is abnormally activated in cancer metastasis. Dynamic changes in alternative splicing occur during EMT. ESRP1 and hnRNPM are splicing regulators that promote an epithelial splicing program and a mesenchymal splicing program, respectively. The functional relationships between these splicing factors in the genome-scale remain elusive. Comparing alternative splicing targets of hnRNPM and ESRP1 revealed that they co-regulate a set of cassette exon events, with the majority showing discordant splicing regulation. hnRNPM discordantly regulated splicing events show a positive correlation with splicing during EMT while concordant splicing events do not, highlighting the antagonistic role of hnRNPM and ESRP1 during EMT. Motif enrichment analysis near co-regulated exons identifies guanine-uridine rich motifs downstream of hnRNPM-repressed and ESRP1-enhanced exons, supporting a model of competitive binding to these cis-elements to antagonize alternative splicing. The set of co-regulated exons are enriched in genes associated with cell-migration and cytoskeletal reorganization, which are pathways associated with EMT. Splicing levels of co-regulated exons are associated with breast cancer patient survival and correlate with gene sets involved in EMT and breast cancer subtypes. These data identify complex modes of interaction between hnRNPM and ESRP1 in regulation of splicing in disease-relevant contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harvey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/301267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-regulation of alternative splicing by hnRNPM and ESRP1 during EMT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Movement-related activity dominates cortex during sensory-guided decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/308288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When experts are immersed in a task, do their brains prioritize task-related activity? Most efforts to understand neural activity during well-learned tasks focus on cognitive computations and specific task-related movements. We wondered whether task-performing animals explore a broader movement landscape, and how this impacts neural activity. We characterized movements using video and other sensors and measured neural activity using widefield and two-photon imaging. Cortex-wide activity was dominated by movements, especially uninstructed movements, reflecting unknown priorities of the animal. Some uninstructed movements were aligned to trial events. Accounting for them revealed that neurons with similar trial-averaged activity often reflected utterly different combinations of cognitive and movement variables. Other movements occurred idiosyncratically, accounting for trial-by-trial fluctuations that are often considered "noise". This held true for extracellular Neuropixels recordings in cortical and subcortical areas. Our observations argue that animals execute expert decisions while performing richly varied, uninstructed movements that profoundly shape neural activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Musall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gluf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/308288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Movement-related activity dominates cortex during sensory-guided decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reassortment, positive selection, and the inter-segmental patterns of divergence and polymorphism in influenza virus H3N2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/360941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reassortment in viruses with segmented genome is a major evolutionary process for their genetic diversity and adaptation. It is also crucial in generating different levels of sequence polymorphism among segments when positive selection occurs at different rates on them. Previous studies have detected intra-subtype reassortment events in human influenza H3N2 by between-segment incongruity in phylogenetic tree topology. Here, we quantitatively estimate the reassortment rate, probability that a pair of segments in a viral lineage become separated in a unit time, between hemmaglutinin (HA) and four non-antigenic segments (PB2, PB1, PA and NP) in human influenza virus H3N2. Using statistics that measure incongruity in tree topology or linkage disequilibrium between segments and performing simulations that are constrained to reproduce the various patterns of H3N2 molecular evolution, we infer that reassortment rate ranges between 0.001 and 0.01 assuming one generation to be 1/80 year. However, we find that a higher rate of reassortment is required to generate the observed pattern of ~40% less synonymous sequence polymorphism on HA relative to other non-HA segments, which results from recurrent selective sweeps by antigenic variants on the HA segment. Here, synonymous diversity was compared after correcting for difference in inferred mutation rates among segments, which we found significant. We also explored analytic approximations for inter-segmental difference in sequence diversity for a given reassortment rate to understand the underlying dynamics of recurrent positive selection. It is suggested that the effects of clonal interference and potentially demography-dependent rate of reassortment in the process of recurrent selective sweeps must be considered to fully explain the genomic pattern of diversity in H3N2 viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/360941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reassortment, positive selection, and the inter-segmental patterns of divergence and polymorphism in influenza virus H3N2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/369454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
It takes a dimer to tango: Oligomeric small heat-shock proteins dissociate to capture substrate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/369454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small heat-shock proteins (sHsps) are ubiquitous molecular chaperones, and their mutations or altered expression are linked to multiple human disease states. sHsp monomers assemble into large oligomers with dimeric substructure, and the dynamics of sHsp oligomers has led to major questions about the form that captures substrate, a critical aspect of their mechanism of action. We show that substructural dimers of plant dodecameric sHsps, Ta16.9 and homologous Ps18.1, are functional units in the initial encounter with unfolding substrate. We introduced inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds at the two dodecameric interfaces, dimeric and non-dimeric, to restrict how their assemblies can dissociate. When disulfide bonded at the non-dimeric interface, mutants of Ta16.9 and Ps18.1 (TaCT-ACD and PsCT-ACD) were inactive, but when reduced had wild-type-like chaperone activity, demonstrating that dissociation at non-dimeric interfaces is essential for activity. In addition, the size of the TaCT-ACD and PsCT-ACD covalent unit defined a new tetrahedral geometry for these sHsps, different than the Ta16.9 x-ray structure. Importantly, oxidized Tadimer (disulfide bonded at the dimeric interface) showed greatly enhanced ability to protect substrate, indicating that strengthening the dimeric interface increases chaperone efficiency. Size and secondary structure changes with temperature revealed that folded sHsp dimers interact with substrate, and support dimer stability as a determinant of chaperone efficiency. These data yield a model in which sHsp dimers capture substrate prior to assembly into larger, heterogeneous sHSP-substrate complexes for subsequent substrate refolding or degradation, and suggest that tuning the strength of the dimer interface can be used to engineer sHsp chaperone efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santhanagopalan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degiacomi, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochberg, G. K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benesch, J. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vierling, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/369454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[It takes a dimer to tango: Oligomeric small heat-shock proteins dissociate to capture substrate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How to make a rodent giant: Genomic basis and tradeoffs of gigantism in the capybara, the world’s largest rodent 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gigantism is the result of one lineage within a clade evolving extremely large body size relative to its small-bodied ancestors, a phenomenon observed numerous times in animals. Theory predicts that the evolution of giants should be constrained by two tradeoffs. First, because body size is negatively correlated with population size, purifying selection is expected to be less efficient in species of large body size, leading to a genome-wide elevation of the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitution rates (dN/dS) or mutation load. Second, gigantism is achieved through higher number of cells and higher rates of cell proliferation, thus increasing the likelihood of cancer. However, the incidence of cancer in gigantic animals is lower than the theoretical expectation, a phenomenon referred to as Petos Paradox. To explore the genetic basis of gigantism in rodents and uncover genomic signatures of gigantism-related tradeoffs, we sequenced the genome of the capybara, the worlds largest living rodent. We found that dN/dS is elevated genome wide in the capybara, relative to other rodents, implying a higher mutation load. Conversely, a genome-wide scan for adaptive protein evolution in the capybara highlighted several genes involved in growth regulation by the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway. Capybara-specific gene-family expansions included a putative novel anticancer adaptation that involves T cell-mediated tumor suppression, offering a potential resolution to Petos Paradox in this lineage. Gene interaction network analyses also revealed that size regulators function simultaneously as growth factors and oncogenes, creating an evolutionary conflict. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that gigantism in the capybara likely involved three evolutionary steps: 1) Increase in body size by cell proliferation through the ISS pathway, 2) coupled evolution of growth-regulatory and cancer-suppression mechanisms, possibly driven by intragenomic conflict, and 3) establishment of the T cell-mediated tumor suppression pathway as an anticancer adaptation. Interestingly, increased mutation load appears to be an inevitable outcome of an increase in body size.nnAuthor SummaryThe existence of gigantic animals presents an evolutionary puzzle. Larger animals have more cells and undergo exponentially more cell divisions, thus, they should have enormous rates of cancer. Moreover, large animals also have smaller populations making them vulnerable to extinction. So, how do gigantic animals such as elephants and blue whales protect themselves from cancer, and what are the consequences of evolving a large size on the  genetic health of a species? To address these questions we sequenced the genome of the capybara, the worlds largest rodent, and performed comparative genomic analyses to identify the genes and pathways involved in growth regulation and cancer suppression. We found that the insulin-signaling pathway was involved in the evolution of gigantism in the capybara. We also found a putative novel anticancer mechanism mediated by the detection of tumors by T-cells, offering a potential solution to how capybaras mitigated the tradeoff imposed by cancer. Furthermore, we show that capybara genome harbors a higher proportion of slightly deleterious mutations relative to all other rodent genomes. Overall, this study provides insights at the genomic level into the evolution of a complex and extreme phenotype, and offers a detailed picture of how the evolution of a giant body size in the capybara has shaped its genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Alvarez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryder, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindblad-Toh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/424606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How to make a rodent giant: Genomic basis and tradeoffs of gigantism in the capybara, the world’s largest rodent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/510735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution in small steps - A nearly-universal rule of negative selection on codons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/510735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The widely accepted view that evolution proceeds in small steps is based on two premises: i) negative selection acts strongly against large differences (Kimura 1983); and ii) positive selection favors small-step changes (Fisher 1930). The two premises are not biologically connected and should be evaluated separately. We now extend the approach of Tang et al. (2004) to codon evolution for the entire genome. Codon substitution rate is a function of the physico-chemical distance between amino acids (AAs), equated with the step size of evolution. This step size depends on a large number of physico-chemical properties as 46 of the 48 properties examined affect the rate. Between 9 pairs of closely-related species of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates, the evolutionary rate is indeed strongly and negatively correlated with the AA distance ({Delta}U, scaled to [0, 1]). While the analyses corroborate the published results that relied on partial genomes, there is an important difference: {Delta}U is strongly correlated with the evolutionary rate (R2 > 0.8) only when the genes are under predominant negative selection. Nevertheless, since most genes in most taxa are strongly constrained by negative selection, {Delta}U would appear to be a nearly-universal measure of codon evolution. In conclusion, the driving force of the small-step evolution at the codon level is negative selection. The unanswered question of whether positive selection may, or may not, follow the small-step rule will be addressed in a companion study (Chen, et al. 2019).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/510735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution in small steps - A nearly-universal rule of negative selection on codons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/510958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular evolution in large steps - Codon substitutions under positive selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/510958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular evolution is believed to proceed in small steps. The step size can be defined by a distance reflecting physico-chemical disparities between amino acid (AA) pairs that can be exchanged by single 1 bp mutations. We show that AA substitution rates are strongly and negatively correlated with this distance but only when positive selection is relatively weak. We use the McDonald and Kreitman (MK) test to separate the influences of positive and negative selection. While negative selection is indeed stronger on AA substitutions generating larger changes in chemical properties of amino acids, positive selection operates by different rules. For 65 of the 75 possible pairs, positive selection is comparable in strength regardless of AA distance. However, the 10 pairs under the strongest positive selection all exhibit large leaps in chemical properties. Five of the 10 pairs are shared between hominoids and Drosophila, thus hinting at a common but modest biochemical basis of adaptation across taxa. The hypothesis that adaptive changes often take large functional steps will need to be extensively tested. If validated, molecular models will need to better integrate positive and negative selection in the search for adaptive signal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/510958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular evolution in large steps - Codon substitutions under positive selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/540898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic temporal tuning of neurons in the optic tectum is shaped by multisensory experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/540898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homeostatic intrinsic plasticity is often described as an adjustment of neuronal excitability to maintain stable spiking output. Here we report that intrinsic plasticity in the tectum of Xenopus tadpoles also supports temporal tuning, wherein neurons independently adjust spiking responses to fast and slow patterns of synaptic activation. Using the dynamic clamp technique, and five different types of visual, acoustic, and multisensory conditioning, we show that in tadpoles exposed to light flashes, tectal neurons became selective for fast synaptic inputs, while neurons exposed to looming and multisensory stimuli remained responsive to longer inputs. We also report a homeostatic co-tuning between synaptic and intrinsic temporal properties in tectal cells, as neurons that naturally received fast synaptic inputs tended to be most responsive to long-lasting synaptic conductances, and the other way around. These results expand our understanding of plasticity in the brain, and inform future work on the mechanisms of sensorimotor transformation.

Significance statementWith the recent explosion of work in neural connectivity reconstruction and biologically inspired deep learning, most researchers concentrate on the topology of connections between neurons, rather than on differences in neuronal tuning. Here we show that in a sensory network in Xenopus tadpoles, different neurons are tuned, and respond stronger, to either short or long synaptic inputs. This tuning tended to be opposite to the actual dynamics of synaptic inputs each cell received, such that neurons that normally receive shorter inputs generated stronger spiking in response to longer testing currents, and the other way around. This observation shows that even in networks that dont generate oscillations, neurons reshape their temporal selectivity, to optimize their impact on distributed calculations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busch, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khakhalin, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/540898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic temporal tuning of neurons in the optic tectum is shaped by multisensory experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly Efficient Repair of the ΔF508 Mutation in Airway Stem Cells of Cystic Fibrosis Patients with Functional Rescue of the Differentiated Epithelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a monogenic autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Cl- channel. CF results in multiorgan dysfunction and ultimately mortality from respiratory sequelae. Although pharmacologic approaches have demonstrated efficacy in reducing symptoms and respiratory decline, a curative treatment modality remains elusive. Gene therapy, a promising curative strategy, has been limited due to poor correction efficiencies both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we use Cas9 and adeno-associated virus 6 (AAV6) to correct the {Delta}F508 mutation (found in [~]70% of CF alleles and [~]90% of CF patients in North America) in upper airway basal stem cells (UABCs) obtained from CF and non-CF patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). In UABCs from homozygous ({Delta}F508/{Delta}F508) and compound heterozygous ({Delta}F508/Other) CF patients, we achieved 28 {+/-} 5 % and 42 {+/-} 15% correction, respectively. In homozygous human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs), we achieved 41{+/-} 4 % correction. Upon differentiation in air-liquid interface (ALI), cultures of corrected CF cells displayed partial restoration of CFTRinh-172 sensitive Cl- currents relative to non-CF controls: 31{+/-} 5 % in UABCs and 51 {+/-} 3 % in HBECs (both from subjects homozygous for {Delta}F508 CFTR). Finally, gene edited cells embedded successfully and retained expression of cytokeratin 5 (KRT5), a basal cell marker, on a FDA-approved porcine small intestinal submucosal (pSIS) membrane previously shown to improve re-mucosalization after FESS. In summary, we present an efficient, feeder-free, selection-free and clinically compatible approach to generate cell-based therapies for CF from autologous airway stem cells. This approach represents a first step towards developing patient-specific autologous airway stem cell transplant as a curative treatment for CF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaidyanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salahudeen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellers, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bravo, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batish, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De La O, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galper, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wine, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milla, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porteus, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/561183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly Efficient Repair of the ΔF508 Mutation in Airway Stem Cells of Cystic Fibrosis Patients with Functional Rescue of the Differentiated Epithelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning-accelerated Discovery of Immune-Tumour Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/573972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an integrated framework for enabling dynamic exploration of design spaces for cancer immunotherapies with detailed dynamical simulation models on high-performance computing resources. Our framework combines PhysiCell, an open source agent-based simulation platform for cancer and other multicellular systems, and EMEWS, an open source platform for extreme-scale model exploration. We build an agent-based model of immunosurveillance against heterogeneous tumours, which includes spatial dynamics of stochastic tumour-immune contact interactions. We implement active learning and genetic algorithms using high-performance computing workflows to adaptively sample the model parameter space and iteratively discover optimal cancer regression regions within biological and clinical constraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiland, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/573972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning-accelerated Discovery of Immune-Tumour Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TeoNAM: a nested association mapping population for domestication and agronomic trait analysis in maize 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) are an important resource for mapping genes controlling complex traits in many species. While RIL populations have been developed for maize, a maize RIL population with multiple teosinte inbred lines as parents has been lacking. Here, we report a teosinte nested association mapping population (TeoNAM), derived from crossing five teosinte inbreds to the maize inbred line W22. The resulting 1257 BC1S4 RILs were genotyped with 51,544 SNPs, providing a high-density genetic map with a length of 1540 cM. On average, each RIL is 15% homozygous teosinte and 8% heterozygous. We performed joint linkage mapping (JLM) and genome-wide association study (GWAS) for 22 domestication and agronomic traits. A total of 255 QTLs from JLM were identified with many of these mapping to known genes or novel candidate genes. TeoNAM is a useful resource for QTL mapping for the discovery of novel allelic variation from teosinte. TeoNAM provides the first report that PROSTRATE GROWTH1, a rice domestication gene, is also a QTL associated with tillering in teosinte and maize. We detected multiple QTLs for flowering time and other traits for which the teosinte allele contributes to a more maize-like phenotype. Such QTL could be valuable in maize improvement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daskalska, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeValk, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawton, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegelberg, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnell, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumeyer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doebley, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/647461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TeoNAM: a nested association mapping population for domestication and agronomic trait analysis in maize]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro prototyping and rapid optimization of biosynthetic enzymes for cellular design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial cell factories offer an attractive approach for production of biobased products. Unfortunately, designing, building, and optimizing biosynthetic pathways remains a complex challenge, especially for industrially-relevant, non-model organisms. To address this challenge, we describe a platform for in vitro Prototyping and Rapid Optimization of Biosynthetic Enzymes (iPROBE). In iPROBE, cell lysates are enriched with biosynthetic enzymes by cell-free protein synthesis and then metabolic pathways are assembled in a mix-and-match fashion to assess pathway performance. We demonstrate iPROBE with two examples. First, we tested and ranked 54 different pathways for 3-hydroxybutyrate production, improving in vivo production in Clostridium by 20-fold to 14.63 {+/-} 0.48 g/L and identifying a new biosynthetic route to (S)-(+)-1,3-butanediol. Second, we used iPROBE and data-driven design to optimize a 6-step n-butanol pathway, increasing titers 4-fold across 205 pathways, and showed strong correlation between cell-free and cellular performance. We expect iPROBE to accelerate design-build-test cycles for industrial biotechnology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karim, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, Q. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juminaga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heggestad, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdalla, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubbe, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasor, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torculas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liew, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quattlebaum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Köpke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewett, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/685768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro prototyping and rapid optimization of biosynthetic enzymes for cellular design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/716662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogenic and uncertain genetic variants have clinical cardiac correlates in diverse biobank participants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/716662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenome sequencing coupled with electronic heath record data can uncover medically important genetic variation. Interpretation of rare genetic variation and its role in mediating cardiovascular phenotypes is confounded by variants of uncertain significance.nnMethods and ResultsWe analyzed the whole genome sequence of 900 racially and ethnically diverse biobank participants selected from a single US center. Participants were equally divided among European, African, Hispanic, and mixed race/ethnicities. We evaluated the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics medically actionable list of 59 genes focusing on the cardiac genes. Variation was interpreted using the most recent reports in ClinVar, a database of medically relevant human variation. We identified 19 individuals with pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in cardiac actionable genes (2%) and found evidence for clinical correlates in the electronic health record. African ancestry participants had more variants of uncertain significance in the medically actionable genes including the 30 cardiac actionable genes, even when normalized to total variant count per person. Longitudinal measures of left ventricle size, corrected for body surface area, from approximately 400 biobank participants (1,723 patient years) correlated with genetic findings. The presence of one or more uncertain variants in the actionable cardiac genes and a cardiomyopathy diagnosis correlated with increased left ventricular internal diameter in diastole and in systole. In particular, MYBPC3 was identified as a gene with excess variants of uncertain significance.nnConclusionsThese data indicate a subset of uncertain variants may confer risk and should not be considered benign.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pottinger, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puckelwartz, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesce, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen-Torvik, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chisholm, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/716662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogenic and uncertain genetic variants have clinical cardiac correlates in diverse biobank participants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In utero estrogenic endocrine disruption alters the stroma to increase extracellular matrix density and mammary gland stiffness. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In utero endocrine disruption is linked to increased risk of breast cancer later in life. Despite numerous studies establishing this linkage, the long-term molecular changes that predispose mammary cells to carcinogenic transformation are unknown. Several lines of evidence indicate the stroma mediates endocrine disruption following early-life (or in utero) exposure. Herein, we utilized BPA as a model of estrogenic endocrine disruption to analyze the long-term consequences in the stroma. Using RNA-seq transcriptional profiling of adult primary fibroblasts isolated from female mice exposed to BPA in utero, we identified deregulated genes associated with the extracellular matrix. Specifically, multiple collagen genes had increased expression in exposed mice. In line with the transcriptional data, collagen deposition is increased in adult BPA-exposed mice. We further demonstrate in vitro that fibroblasts exposed to BPA in utero remodel a collagen matrix, thereby decreasing permeability of the collagen matrix. These alterations to the mammary gland resulted in increased gland stiffness in the adult mice. Our data connects early life endocrine disruption to breast density. Interestingly, increased collagen deposition and gland stiffness were not observed in the developing glands of younger mice, suggesting risk factors for breast cancer continue to develop throughout life following these exposures. Finally, we assessed whether in utero exposure to two other endocrine disruptors, BPS and DES, also increase breast stiffness in adult mice. While DES increased breast stiffness, BPS did not, suggesting this BPA alternative may in fact pose less breast cancer risk than its predecessor. As breast stiffness, extracellular matrix density, and collagen deposition have been directly linked to breast cancer risk, these data mechanistically link endocrine disruptor exposures and molecular alterations to increased disease susceptibility in the gland.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wormsbaecher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hindman, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avendano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onua, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovalchin, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helber, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytovitch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burd, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/749044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In utero estrogenic endocrine disruption alters the stroma to increase extracellular matrix density and mammary gland stiffness.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/776351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
nkx3.2 mutant zebrafish accommodate the jaw joint loss through a phenocopy of the head shapes of Paleozoic agnathans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/776351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vertebrate jaw is a versatile feeding apparatus that facilitated explosive diversification. To function, it requires a joint between the upper and lower jaws, so jaw joint defects - such as osteoarthritis or even ankylosis - are often highly disruptive and difficult to study. To describe consequences of jaw-joint dysfunction, we engineered two independent null alleles of a single jaw-joint marker gene, nkx3.2, in zebrafish. These mutations caused zebrafish to become functionally jawless via fusion of the upper and lower jaw cartilages (ankylosis). Despite lacking jaw joints, nkx3.2 mutants survive to adulthood and accommodate this defect by: a) remodeling their skulls; and b) altering their behavior from suction feeding to ram feeding. As a result of remodeling, nkx3.2 mutants developed superficial similarities to the skull shapes observed in two lineages of ancient jawless vertebrates (anaspids and furcacaudiid thelodonts), including: a fixed open gape, reduced snout, and enlarged branchial region. However, no homology exists in individual skull elements between these taxa, and most of the modified elements in the mutant zebrafish occur outside known expression domains of nkx3.2. Therefore, we interpret the adult nkx3.2 phenotype not as a reversal to an ancestral state, but as convergence due to similar functional requirement of feeding without moveable jaws. This remarkable convergence strongly suggests that jaw movements themselves dramatically influence the development of jawed vertebrate skulls, which implies that functionally viable skull morphologies are finite, with or without functional jaws. Because nkx3.2 null zebrafish display prominent joint ankylosis, drastically modified skull shape, and altered feeding behaviors, these mutants provide a unique model with which to investigate mechanisms of skeletal remodeling and joint diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miyashita, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baddam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeeton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oel, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crump, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/776351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[nkx3.2 mutant zebrafish accommodate the jaw joint loss through a phenocopy of the head shapes of Paleozoic agnathans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/777268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monocyte reconstitution and gut microbiota composition after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/777268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMonocytes are an essential cellular component of the innate immune system that support the hosts effectivenss to combat a range of infectious pathogens. Hemopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) results in transient monocyte depletion, but the factors that regulate recovery of monocyte populations are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated whether the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota is associated with the recovery of monocyte homeostasis after HCT.nnMethodsWe performed a single-center, prospective, pilot study of 18 recipients of either autologous or allogeneic HCT. Serial blood and stool samples were collected from each patient during their HCT hospitalization. Analysis of the gut microbiota was done using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and flow cytometric analysis was used to characterize the phenotypic composition of monocyte populations.nnResultsDynamic fluctuations in monocyte reconstitution occurred after HCT and large differences were observed in monocyte frequency among patients over time. Recovery of absolute monocyte counts and monocyte subsets showed significant variability across the heterogeneous transplant types and conditioning intensities; no relationship to the microbiota composition was observed in this small cohort.nnConclusionA relationship between the microbiota composition and monocyte homeostasis could not be firmly established in this pilot study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morjaria, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peled, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becattini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Littmann, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perales, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abt, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/777268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monocyte reconstitution and gut microbiota composition after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/777532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin information content landscapes inform transcription factor and DNA interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/777532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and chromatin are fundamental to genome organization and regulation and, ultimately, cell state. Here, we use information theory to measure signatures of TF-chromatin interactions encoded in the patterns of the accessible genome, which we call chromatin information enrichment (CIE). We calculate CIE for hundreds of TF motifs across human tissues and identify two classes: low and high CIE. The 10-20% of TF motifs with high CIE associate with higher protein-DNA residence time, including different binding sites subclasses of the same TF, increased nucleosome phasing, specific protein domains, and the genetic control of both gene expression and chromatin accessibility. These results show that variations in the information content of chromatin architecture reflect functional biological variation, with implications for cell state dynamics and memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Oliveira Albanus, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyono, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varshney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitzman, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, S. C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/777532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin information content landscapes inform transcription factor and DNA interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane stiffness is a key determinant of E coli MscS channel mechanosensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prokaryotic mechanosensitive (MS) channels have an intimate relationship with membrane lipids. Membrane lipids may influence channel activity by directly interacting with bacterial MS channels or by influencing the global properties of the membrane such as area stretch and bending moduli. Previous work has implicated membrane stiffness as a key determinant of the mechanosensitivity of E. coli (Ec)MscS. Here we systematically tested this hypothesis using patch fluorometry of azolectin liposomes doped with lipids of increasing area stretch moduli. Increasing DOPE content of azolectin liposomes causes a rightward shift in the tension response curve of EcMscS. These rightward shifts are further magnified by the addition of stiffer forms of PE such as the branched chain lipid DPhPE and the fully saturated lipid DSPE. Furthermore, a comparison of the branched chain lipid DPhPC to the stiffer DPhPE showed a rightward shift in the tension response curve in the presence of the stiffer DPhPE. We show that these changes are not due to changes in membrane bending rigidity as the tension threshold of EcMscS in membranes doped with PC18:1 and PC18:3 are the same, despite a two-fold difference in their bending rigidity. We also show that after prolonged pressure application sudden removal of force in softer membranes causes a rebound reactivation of EcMscS and we discuss the relevance of this phenomenon to bacterial osmoregulation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that membrane stiffness is a key determinant of the mechanosensitivity of EcMscS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bavi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohde, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinac, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane stiffness is a key determinant of E coli MscS channel mechanosensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/800151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MetAP2 inhibition reduces food intake and body weight in a ciliopathy mouse model of obesity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/800151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ciliopathies Bardet-Biedl Syndrome and Alstrom Syndrome are genetically inherited pleiotropic disorders with primary clinical features of hyperphagia and obesity. Methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitors (MetAP2i) have been shown in preclinical and clinical studies to reduce food intake, body weight, and adiposity. Here we investigated the effects of MetAP2i administration in a mouse model of ciliopathy produced by conditional deletion of the Thm1 gene in adulthood (Thm1 cko). Thm1 cko mice show decreased hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin expression as well as hyperphagia, obesity, metabolic disease and hepatic steatosis. In obese Thm1 cko mice, two-week administration of MetAP2i reduced daily food intake and reduced body weight 17.1% from baseline (vs. 5% reduction for vehicle). This was accompanied with decreased levels of blood glucose, insulin and leptin. Further, MetAP2i reduced gonadal adipose depots and adipocyte size and improved liver morphology. This is the first report of MetAP2i reducing hyperphagia and body weight, and ameliorating metabolic indices in a mouse model of ciliopathy. These results support further investigation of MetAP2 inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy for ciliary-mediated forms of obesity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pottorf, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vath, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/800151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MetAP2 inhibition reduces food intake and body weight in a ciliopathy mouse model of obesity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic clustering reveals distinct subtypes of polycystic ovary syndrome with novel genetic associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common, complex genetic disorder affecting up to 15% of reproductive age women worldwide, depending on the diagnostic criteria applied. These diagnostic criteria are based on expert opinion and have been the subject of considerable controversy. The phenotypic variation observed in PCOS is suggestive of an underlying genetic heterogeneity, but a recent meta-analysis of European ancestry PCOS cases found that the genetic architecture of PCOS defined by different diagnostic criteria was generally similar, suggesting that the criteria do not identify biologically distinct disease subtypes. We performed this study to test the hypothesis that there are biologically relevant subtypes of PCOS.nnMethods and FindingsUnsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on quantitative anthropometric, reproductive, and metabolic traits in a genotyped discovery cohort of 893 PCOS cases and an ungenotyped validation cohort of 263 PCOS cases. We identified two PCOS subtypes: a "reproductive" group (21-23%) characterized by higher luteinizing hormone (LH) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels with relatively low body mass index (BMI) and insulin levels; and a "metabolic" group (37-39%), characterized by higher BMI, glucose, and insulin levels with lower SHBG and LH levels. We performed a GWAS on the genotyped cohort, limiting the cases to either the reproductive or metabolic subtypes. We identified alleles in four novel loci that were associated with the reproductive subtype at genome-wide significance (PRDM2/KAZN1, P=2.2x10-10; IQCA1, P=2.8x10-9; BMPR1B/UNC5C, P=9.7x10-9; CDH10, P=1.2x10-8) and one locus that was significantly associated with the metabolic subtype (KCNH7/FIGN, P=1.0x10-8). We have previously reported that rare variants in DENND1A, a gene regulating androgen biosynthesis, were associated with PCOS quantitative traits in a family-based whole genome sequencing analysis. We classified the reproductive and metabolic subtypes in this family-based PCOS cohort and found that the subtypes tended to cluster in families and that carriers of rare DENND1A variants were significantly more likely to have the reproductive subtype of PCOS. Limitations of our study were that only PCOS cases of European ancestry diagnosed by NIH criteria were included, the sample sizes for the subtype GWAS were small, and the GWAS findings were not replicated.nnConclusionsIn conclusion, we have found stable reproductive and metabolic subtypes of PCOS. Further, these subtypes were associated with novel susceptibility loci. Our results suggest that these subtypes are biologically relevant since they have distinct genetic architectures. This study demonstrates how precise phenotypic delineation can be more powerful than increases in sample size for genetic association studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dapas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, F. T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadkarni, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisk, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legro, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunaif, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/814210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic clustering reveals distinct subtypes of polycystic ovary syndrome with novel genetic associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene Expression Networks in the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge in modern biology is to understand how naturally occurring variation in DNA sequences affects complex organismal traits through networks of intermediate molecular phenotypes. Here, we performed deep RNA sequencing of 200 Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel inbred lines with complete genome sequences, and mapped expression quantitative trait loci for annotated genes, novel transcribed regions (most of which are long noncoding RNAs), transposable elements and microbial species. We identified host variants that affect expression of transposable elements, independent of their copy number, as well as microbiome composition. We constructed sex-specific expression quantitative trait locus regulatory networks. These networks are enriched for novel transcribed regions and target genes in heterochromatin and euchromatic regions of reduced recombination, and genes regulating transposable element expression. This study provides new insights regarding the role of natural genetic variation in regulating gene expression and generates testable hypotheses for future functional analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Everett, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arya, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geisz, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgante, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Armour, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turlapati, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anholt, R. R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackay, T. F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/816579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene Expression Networks in the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging multiple layers of data to predict Drosophila complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/824896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important challenge in genetics is to be able to predict complex traits accurately. Despite recent advances, prediction accuracy for most complex traits remains low. Here, we used the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP), a collection of 200 lines with whole-genome sequences and deep RNA sequencing data, to evaluate the usefulness of using high-quality gene expression levels compared to relying on genotypes for predicting three complex traits. We found that expression levels provided higher accuracy than genotypes for starvation resistance, similar accuracy for chill coma recovery, and lower accuracy for startle response. Models including both genotype and expressions levels did not outperform the best single component model. However, accuracy increased considerably for all the three traits when we included another layer of information, i.e., gene ontology (GO). We found that a limited number of GO terms, some of which had a clear biological interpretation, were strongly predictive of the traits. In summary, this study shows that integrating different sources of information can improve prediction accuracy, especially when large samples are not available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgante, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maltecca, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/824896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging multiple layers of data to predict Drosophila complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.26.573368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experience shapes initial exploration for non-generalizable spatial learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.26.573368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experience can change how individuals learn. Learning to solve a new problem can be accelerated by generalizing known rules in the new context, but the impact of experience on solving problems where generalization cannot be applied remains unclear. To study the impact of experience on solving new problems that are distinct from previously learned tasks, we examined how rats learned a new spatial navigation task after having previously learned different sets of spatial navigation tasks. The new task differed from the previous tasks in spatial layout and navigation rule, and could not be solved by applying previously learned rules. We found that different experience histories did not impact task performance in the new task. However, by examining navigation choices made by rats, we found exploration patterns during the early stage of learning in the new task was dependent on experience history. We identified these behavioral differences by analyzing each rats navigation choices and by modeling their choice sequences with a modified distance dependent Chinese restaurant process. We further pinpointed the behavioral difference to sequential turn/no turn decisions made at choice points. Our results indicate that experience can influence problem-solving strategies when learning to solve new problems. Individuals with distinct experience histories can approach new problems from different starting points but converge on the same solution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Awh, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latimer, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leveroni, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.26.573368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experience shapes initial exploration for non-generalizable spatial learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.29.573615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of SLC25A46 interaction interfaces with mitochondrial membrane fusogens Mfn2 and Opa1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.29.573615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial fusion requires the sequential merger of four bilayers to two. The outer-membrane solute carrier protein SLC25A46 interacts with both the outer and inner-membrane dynamin family GTPases Mfn1/2 and Opa1. While SLC25A46 levels are known to affect mitochondrial morphology, how SLC25A46 interacts with Mfn1/2 and Opa1 to regulate membrane fusion is not understood. In this study, we use crosslinking mass-spectrometry and AlphaFold 2 modeling to identify interfaces mediating a SLC25A46 interactions with Opa1 and Mfn2. We reveal that the bundle signaling element of Opa1 interacts with SLC25A46, and present evidence of a Mfn2 interaction involving the SLC25A46 cytosolic face. We validate these newly identified interaction interfaces and show that they play a role in mitochondrial network maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boopathy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luce, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakim, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueberheide, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.29.573615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of SLC25A46 interaction interfaces with mitochondrial membrane fusogens Mfn2 and Opa1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.29.573674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis of Voltage-Dependent Gating in BK Channels and Its Coupling to the Calcium Sensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.29.573674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The allosteric communication between pore domain, voltage sensors, and Ca2+ binding sites in the Ca2+-activated K+ channel (BK) shapes its multiple physiological roles as the preeminent signal integrator in excitable systems. BK displays shallow voltage sensitivity with very fast gating charge kinetics, yet little is known about the molecular underpinnings of this distinctive behavior. Here, we explore the mechanistic basis of coupling between voltage-sensing domains (VSDs) and calcium sensors in Aplysia BK by locking the VSDs in their resting (R196Q and R199Q) and activated (R202Q) states, with or without calcium. Cryo-EM structures of these mutants reveal unique tilts at the S4 C-terminal end, together with large side-chain rotameric excursions of the gating charges. Importantly, the VSD resting structure (R202Q) also revealed BK in its elusive fully closed state, highlighting the reciprocal relation between calcium and voltage sensors. These structures provide a plausible mechanism where voltage and Ca2+ binding converge physically and couple energetically to define the conformation of the pore domain and thus, BK full functional range.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Contreras, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perozo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.29.573674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis of Voltage-Dependent Gating in BK Channels and Its Coupling to the Calcium Sensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.30.573728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exposure and resistance to lantibiotics impact microbiota composition and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.30.573728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestinal microbiota is composed of hundreds of distinct microbial species that interact with each other and their mammalian host. Antibiotic exposure dramatically impacts microbiota compositions and leads to acquisition of antibiotic-resistance genes. Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides produced by some bacterial strains to inhibit the growth of competing bacteria. Nisin A is a lantibiotic produced by Lactococcus lactis that is commonly added to food products to reduce contamination with Gram-positive pathogens. Little is known, however, about lantibiotic-resistance of commensal bacteria inhabiting the human intestine. Herein, we demonstrate that Nisin A administration to mice alters fecal microbiome compositions and the concentration of taurine-conjugated primary bile acids. Lantibiotic Resistance System genes (LRS) are encoded by lantibiotic-producing bacterial strains but, we show, are also prevalent in microbiomes across human cohorts spanning vastly different lifestyles and 5 continents. Bacterial strains encoding LRS have enhanced in vivo fitness upon dietary exposure to Nisin A but reduced fitness in the absence of lantibiotic pressure. Differential binding of host derived, secreted IgA contributes to fitness discordance between bacterial strains encoding or lacking LRS. Although LRS are associated with mobile genetic elements, sequence comparisons of LRS encoded by distinct bacterial species suggest they have been long-term components of their respective genomes. Our study reveals the prevalence, abundance and physiologic significance of an underappreciated subset of antimicrobial resistance genes encoded by commensal bacterial species constituting the human gut microbiome, and provides insights that will guide development of microbiome augmenting strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSpadden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Donk, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.30.573728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exposure and resistance to lantibiotics impact microbiota composition and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.11.575251v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel classification framework for genome-wide association study of whole brain MRI images using deep learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.11.575251v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been widely applied in the neuroimaging field to discover genetic variants associated with brain-related traits. So far, almost all GWASs conducted in neuroimaging genetics are performed on univariate quantitative features summarized from brain images. On the other hand, powerful deep learning technologies have dramatically improved our ability to classify images. In this study, we proposed and implemented a novel machine learning strategy for systematically identifying genetic variants that lead to detectable nuances on Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI). For a specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), if MRI images labeled by genotypes of this SNP can be reliably distinguished using machine learning, we then hypothesized that this SNP is likely to be associated with brain anatomy or function which is manifested in MRI brain images. We applied this strategy to a catalog of MRI image and genotype data collected by the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) consortium. From the results, we identified novel variants that show strong association to brain phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.11.575251</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel classification framework for genome-wide association study of whole brain MRI images using deep learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.17.576100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative genomic analysis identifies unique immune environments associated with immunotherapy response in diffuse large B cell lymphoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.17.576100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients treated with bispecific antibodies (BsAb) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells fail to achieve durable treatment responses, underscoring the need for a deeper understanding of mechanisms that regulate the immune environment and response to treatment. Here, an integrative, multi-omic approach was employed to characterize DLBCL immune environments, which effectively segregated DLBCLs into four quadrants - termed DLBCL-immune quadrants (IQ) - defined by cell-of-origin and immune-related gene set expression scores. Recurrent genomic alterations were enriched in each IQ, suggesting that lymphoma cell-intrinsic alterations contribute to orchestrating unique DLBCL immune environments. In relapsed/refractory DLBCL patients, DLBCL-IQ assignment correlated significantly with clinical benefit with the CD20 x CD3 BsAb, mosunetuzumab, but not with CD19-directed CAR T cells. DLBCL-IQ provides a new framework to conceptualize the DLBCL immune landscape and uncovers the differential impact of the endogenous immune environment on outcomes to BsAb and CAR T cell treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tumuluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacNabb, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zha, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelzer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duns, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penuel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postovalova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotlov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagaev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steidl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kline, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.17.576100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative genomic analysis identifies unique immune environments associated with immunotherapy response in diffuse large B cell lymphoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.21.576316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Constraints on the Emergence of RNA through Non-Templated Primer Extension with Mixtures of Potentially Prebiotic Nucleotides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.21.576316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of RNA on the early Earth is likely to have been influenced by a series of chemical and physical processes that acted to filter out various alternative nucleic acids. For example, UV photostability is thought to have favored the survival of the canonical nucleotides. In a recent proposal for the prebiotic synthesis of the building blocks of RNA, ribonucleotides share a common pathway with arabino- and threo-nucleotides. We have therefore investigated non-templated primer extension with 2-aminoimidazole-activated forms of these alternative nucleotides to see if the synthesis of the first oligonucleotides might have been biased in favor of RNA. We show that non-templated primer extension occurs predominantly through 5'-5' imidazolium bridged dinucleotides, echoing the mechanism of template-directed primer extension. Ribo- and arabino-nucleotides exhibited comparable rates and yields of non-templated primer extension, whereas threo-nucleotides showed lower reactivity. Competition experiments with mixtures of nucleotides confirmed the bias against the incorporation of threo-nucleotides into oligonucleotides. This bias, coupled with selective prebiotic synthesis and templated copying favoring ribonucleotides, provides a plausible model for the exclusion of threo-nucleotides from primordial oligonucleotides. In contrast, the exclusion of arabino-nucleotides may have resulted primarily from biases in synthesis and in template-directed primer extension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.21.576316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Constraints on the Emergence of RNA through Non-Templated Primer Extension with Mixtures of Potentially Prebiotic Nucleotides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.22.576510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of hepatitis B/D antiviral drug Bulevirtide bound to its receptor protein NTCP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.22.576510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular entry of the hepatitis B and D viruses (HBV/HDV) require binding of the viral surface polypeptide preS1 to the hepatobiliary transporter NTCP. This interaction can be blocked by bulevirtide (BLV, formerly Myrcludex B), a preS1 derivative and approved drug for treating HDV infection. To elucidate the basis of this inhibitory function, we determined a cryo-EM structure of BLV-bound human NTCP. BLV forms two domains, a plug lodged in the bile salt transport tunnel of NTCP and a string that covers the receptors extracellular surface. The N-terminally attached myristoyl group of BLV interacts with the lipid-exposed surface of NTCP. Our structure reveals how BLV inhibits bile salt transport, rationalizes NTCP mutations that decrease the risk of HBV/HDV infection, and provides a basis for understanding the host specificity of HBV/HDV. Our results provide opportunities for structure-guided development of inhibitors that target HBV/HDV docking to NTCP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakrzewicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nosol, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irobalieva, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bang-Soerensen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldmann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glebe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geyer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locher, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.22.576510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of hepatitis B/D antiviral drug Bulevirtide bound to its receptor protein NTCP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.25.577236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Yellow and oxidation-resistant derivatives of a monomeric superfolder GFP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.25.577236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are essential tools in biology. The utility of FPs depends on their brightness, photostability, efficient folding, monomeric state, and compatibility with different cellular environments. Despite the proliferation of available FPs, derivatives of the originally identified Aequorea victoria GFP often show superior behavior as fusion tags. We recently generated msGFP2, an optimized monomeric superfolder variant of A. victoria GFP. Here, we describe two derivatives of msGFP2. The monomeric variant msYFP2 is a yellow superfolder FP with high photostability. The monomeric variant moxGFP2 lacks cysteines but retains significant folding stability, so it works well in the lumen of the secretory pathway. These new FPs are useful for common imaging applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valbuena, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krahn, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokamov, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.25.577236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Yellow and oxidation-resistant derivatives of a monomeric superfolder GFP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epitranscriptomic Reader YTHDF2 Regulates SEK1(MAP2K4)-JNK-cJUN Inflammatory Signaling in Astrocytes during Neurotoxic Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the most abundant glial cells in the CNS, astrocytes dynamically respond to neurotoxic stress, however, the key molecular regulators controlling the inflammatory status of these sentinels during neurotoxic stress have remained elusive. Herein, we demonstrate that the m6A epitranscriptomic mRNA modification tightly regulates the pro-inflammatory functions of astrocytes. Specifically, the astrocytic neurotoxic stresser, manganese (Mn), downregulated the m6A reader YTHDF2 in human and mouse astrocyte cultures and in the mouse brain. Functionally, YTHDF2 knockdown augmented, while its overexpression dampened, neurotoxic stress induced proinflammatory response, suggesting YTHDF2 serves as a key upstream regulator of inflammatory responses in astrocytes. Mechnistically, YTHDF2 RIP-sequencing identified MAP2K4 (MKK4; SEK1) mRNA as a YTHDF2 target influencing inflammatory signaling. Our target validation revealed Mn-exposed astrocytes mediates proinflammatory response by activating the phosphorylation of SEK1, JNK, and cJUN signaling. Collectively, YTHDF2 serves a key upstream  molecular switch controlling SEK1(MAP2K4)-JNK-cJUN proinflammatory signaling in astrocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malovic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ealy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goeser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palanisamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zenitsky, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anantharam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanthasamy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanthasamy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.26.577106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epitranscriptomic Reader YTHDF2 Regulates SEK1(MAP2K4)-JNK-cJUN Inflammatory Signaling in Astrocytes during Neurotoxic Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the extracellular region of the adhesion GPCR CELSR1 reveals a compact module which regulates G protein-coupling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Cadherin EGF Laminin G seven-pass G-type receptor subfamily (CELSR/ADGRC) is one of the most conserved among adhesion G protein-coupled receptors and is essential for animal development. The extracellular regions (ECRs) of CELSRs are large with 23 adhesion domains. However, molecular insight into CELSR function is sparsely available. Here, we report the 3.8 [A] cryo-EM reconstruction of the mouse CELSR1 ECR and reveal that 14 domains form a compact module mediated by conserved interactions majorly between the CADH9 and C-terminal GAIN domains. In the presence of Ca2+, the CELSR1 ECR forms a dimer species mediated by the cadherin repeats putatively in an antiparallel fashion. Cell-based assays reveal the N-terminal CADH1-8 repeat is required for cell-cell adhesion and the C-terminal CAHD9-GAIN compact module can regulate cellular adhesion. Our work provides molecular insight into how one of the largest GPCRs uses defined structural modules to regulate receptor function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bandekar, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordon, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dintzner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shearer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sando, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arac, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.26.577439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the extracellular region of the adhesion GPCR CELSR1 reveals a compact module which regulates G protein-coupling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A critical role for Pol II CTD phosphorylation in heterochromatic gene activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How gene activation works in heterochromatin, and how the mechanism might differ from the one used in euchromatin, has been largely unexplored. Previous work has shown that in SIR-regulated heterochromatin of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, gene activation occurs in the absence of covalent histone modifications and other alterations of chromatin commonly associated with transcription. Here we demonstrate that such activation occurs in a substantial fraction of cells, and this raises the possibility that an alternative activation pathway might be used. We address one such possibility, Pol II CTD phosphorylation, and explore this idea using a natural telomere-linked gene, YFR057w, as a model. Unlike covalent histone modifications, CTD phosphorylation at Ser2, Ser5 and Ser7 is abundant at the drug-induced heterochromatic gene. Particularly enriched relative to the euchromatic state is Ser2 phosphorylation. Consistent with a functional role for Ser2P, YFR057w is negligibly activated in cells deficient in the Ser2 CTD kinases Ctk1 and Bur1 even though the gene is strongly stimulated in ctk1{Delta} bur1 cells when it is placed in a euchromatic context. Collectively, our results are consistent with a critical role for Ser2 CTD phosphorylation in driving Pol II recruitment and transcription of a natural heterochromatic gene - an activity that may help supplant the need for histone epigenetic modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kainth, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.26.577526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A critical role for Pol II CTD phosphorylation in heterochromatic gene activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.16.580607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular and computational studies of ADGRG6 reveal its extracellular CUB domain as a key regulator of cAMP signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.16.580607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) transduce extracellular adhesion events into cytoplasmic signaling pathways. ADGRG6/GPR126 is an aGPCR critical for axon myelination, heart development and ear development; ADGRG6 is also associated with developmental diseases and cancers. ADGRG6 has a large, alternatively spliced, five-domain extracellular region (ECR) that samples different conformations and is essential for receptor function in vivo. However, the mechanistic details of how the ECR regulates signaling are unclear. Herein, we studied the conformational dynamics of the conserved CUB domain which is located at the distal N-terminus of the ADGRG6 ECR and is deleted in an alternatively spliced isoform ({Delta}CUB). We show that the {Delta}CUB isoform has decreased signaling and is insensitive to inclusion of an activating splice insertion (+ss). Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the CUB domain is involved in interdomain contacts to maintain a compact ECR conformation. A cancer-associated CUB domain mutant, C94Y, drastically perturbs the ECR conformation and results in elevated signaling, whereas another CUB mutant located near a conserved Ca2+-binding site, Y96A, decreases signaling. Our results suggest an ECR-mediated mechanism for ADGRG6 regulation in which the CUB domain instructs conformational changes within the ECR to regulate receptor signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dintzner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandekar, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arac, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.16.580607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular and computational studies of ADGRG6 reveal its extracellular CUB domain as a key regulator of cAMP signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.29.582359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanogap Solid-State Single-Molecule Detection at Mars, Europa, and Microgravity Conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.29.582359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Solid-state nanogap systems are an emerging technology for in-situ life detection due to their single-molecule resolution of a wide range of biomolecules, including amino acids and informational polymers, at the parts per billion to trillion level. By targeting the abundance distributions of organic molecules, this technology is a candidate for detecting ancient and extant life and discriminating between biotic and abiotic organics on future planetary missions to Mars and icy moons such as Enceladus and Europa. A benchtop system developed at Osaka University has a proven ability to detect and discriminate among single amino acids, RNA, and DNA using nanogap chips. The Electronic Life-detection Instrument for Enceladus/Europa (ELIE) prototype was subsequently developed to make this technology viable for space instrumentation through the simplification of electronics, reduction of size and weight, and automation of gap formation. Initial ground testing using a manually formed nanogap with the first ELIE prototype detected the amino acid L-proline. However, this manual adjustment approach posed limitations in maintaining a consistent gap size. To address this challenge, we integrated an automated piezo actuator to enable real-time gap control, permitting single-molecule identification of a target amino acid, L-proline, under reduced gravity (g), including Mars (g = 0.378), Europa or Lunar (g = 0.166), and microgravity conditions (g = 0.03-0.06), as validated through parabolic flight testing. Power supply noise and experimental constraints of the experiment design limited data collection to short segments of good-quality data. Nevertheless, the subsequent analysis of detected events within these segments revealed a consistent system performance and a controlled gap size across the different accelerations. This finding highlights the systems resilience to physical vibrations. Future goals are to progress the instrument towards technology readiness level 4 with further reductions of size and mass, lower noise, and additional system automation. With further development, ELIE has the potential to be an autonomous and sensitive single-molecule detection instrument for deployment throughout the solar system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Colon, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duzdevich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soderblom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuber, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taniguchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohshiro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.29.582359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanogap Solid-State Single-Molecule Detection at Mars, Europa, and Microgravity Conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.29.582869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative analysis of cis-regulatory elements in transcription with KAS-ATAC-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.29.582869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) are pivotal in orchestrating gene expression throughout diverse biological systems. Accurate identification and in-depth characterization of functional CREs are crucial for decoding gene regulation network and dynamics during cellular processes. In this study, we developed Kethoxal-Assisted Single-stranded DNA Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with Sequencing (KAS-ATAC-seq) to provide quantitative insights into transcriptional activity of CREs. A main advantage of KAS-ATAC-seq lies in its precise measurement of ssDNA levels within both proximal and distal ATAC-seq peaks, enabling the identification of transcriptional regulatory sequences in genomes. This feature is particularly adept at defining Single-Stranded Transcribing Enhancers (SSTEs). SSTEs are highly enriched with nascent RNA transcription and specific transcription factors (TFs) binding sites that determine cellular identity. Moreover, KAS-ATAC-seq provides a detailed characterization and functional implications of various SSTE subtypes; KAS-ATAC-seq signals on SSTEs exhibit more robust correlation with enhancer activities when compared with ATAC-seq data and active histone mark profiles. Our analysis of promoters and SSTEs during mouse neural differentiation demonstrates that KAS-ATAC-seq can effectively identify immediate-early activated CREs in response to retinoic acid (RA) treatment. We further discovered that ETS TFs and YY1 are critical in initiating early neural differentiation from mESCs to NPCs. Our findings indicate that KAS-ATAC-seq provides more precise annotation of functional CREs in transcription. Future applications of KAS-ATAC-seq would help elucidate the intricate dynamics of gene regulation in diverse biological processes and biomedical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.29.582869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative analysis of cis-regulatory elements in transcription with KAS-ATAC-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.582839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LDL-Binding IL-10 Reduces Vascular Inflammation in Atherosclerotic Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.582839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with the accumulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in arterial walls. Higher levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in serum are correlated with reduced plaque burden. However, cytokine therapies have not translated well to the clinic, partially due to their rapid clearance and pleiotropic nature. Here, we engineered IL-10 to overcome these challenges by hitchhiking on LDL to atherosclerotic plaques. Specifically, we constructed fusion proteins in which one domain is IL-10 and the other is an antibody fragment (Fab) that binds to protein epitopes of LDL. In murine models of atherosclerosis, we show that systemically administered Fab-IL-10 constructs bind circulating LDL and traffic to atherosclerotic plaques. One such construct, 2D03-IL-10, significantly reduces aortic immune cell infiltration to levels comparable to healthy mice, whereas non-targeted IL-10 has no therapeutic effect. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that 2D03-IL-10 preferentially associates with foamy macrophages and reduces pro-inflammatory activation markers. This platform technology can be applied to a variety of therapeutics and shows promise as a potential targeted anti-inflammatory therapy in atherosclerosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Volpatti, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton de Matos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borjas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.04.582839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LDL-Binding IL-10 Reduces Vascular Inflammation in Atherosclerotic Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Task interference as a neuronal basis for the cost of cognitive flexibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans and animals have an impressive ability to juggle multiple tasks in a constantly changing environment. This flexibility, however, worsens performance under uncertain task conditions. Here, we combined monkey electrophysiology, human psychophysics, and artificial neural network modeling to investigate the neuronal mechanisms underlying this performance cost. We developed a behavioural paradigm to measure and influence participants decision-making and perception in two distinct perceptual tasks. Our data reveal that both humans and monkeys, unlike an artificial neural network trained for the same tasks, make less accurate perceptual decisions when the task is uncertain. We generated a mechanistic hypothesis by comparing this neural network trained to produce correct choices with another network trained to replicate the participants choices. We hypothesized, and confirmed with further behavioural, physiological, and causal experiments, that the cost of task uncertainty and flexibility comes from what we term feature interference. Under uncertain conditions, interference between different tasks causes errors because it results in stronger representations of irrelevant features and entangled neuronal representations of different features. Our results suggest a tantalizing, general hypothesis: that cognitive capacity limitations, both in health and disease, stem from interference between neural representations of different stimuli, tasks, or memories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.04.583375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Task interference as a neuronal basis for the cost of cognitive flexibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.07.583776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dense, Continuous Membrane Labeling and Expansion Microscopy Visualization of Ultrastructure in Tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.07.583776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid membranes are key to the nanoscale compartmentalization of biological systems, but fluorescent visualization of them in intact tissues, with nanoscale precision, is challenging to do with high labeling density. Here, we report ultrastructural membrane expansion microscopy (umExM), which combines a novel membrane label and optimized expansion microscopy protocol, to support dense labeling of membranes in tissues for nanoscale visualization. We validated the high signal-to-background ratio, and uniformity and continuity, of umExM membrane labeling in brain slices, which supported the imaging of membranes and proteins at a resolution of [~]60 nm on a confocal microscope. We demonstrated the utility of umExM for the segmentation and tracing of neuronal processes, such as axons, in mouse brain tissue. Combining umExM with optical fluctuation imaging, or iterating the expansion process, yielded [~]35 nm resolution imaging, pointing towards the potential for electron microscopy resolution visualization of brain membranes on ordinary light microscopes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karagiannis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emenari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Symvoulidis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>IMAXT Grand Challenge Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marblestone, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasthuri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, L.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.07.583776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dense, Continuous Membrane Labeling and Expansion Microscopy Visualization of Ultrastructure in Tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive analyses of a large human gut Bacteroidales culture collection reveal species and strain level diversity and evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species of the Bacteroidales order are among the most abundant and stable bacterial members of the human gut microbiome with diverse impacts on human health. While Bacteroidales strains and species are genomically and functionally diverse, order-wide comparative analyses are lacking. We cultured and sequenced the genomes of 408 Bacteroidales isolates from healthy human donors representing nine genera and 35 species and performed comparative genomic, gene-specific, mobile gene, and metabolomic analyses. Families, genera, and species could be grouped based on many distinctive features. However, we also show extensive DNA transfer between diverse families, allowing for shared traits and strain evolution. Inter- and intra-specific diversity is also apparent in the metabolomic profiling studies. This highly characterized and diverse Bacteroidales culture collection with strain-resolved genomic and metabolomic analyses can serve as a resource to facilitate informed selection of strains for microbiome reconstitution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dylla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waligurski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaswamy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcspadden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comstock, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive analyses of a large human gut Bacteroidales culture collection reveal species and strain level diversity and evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput sequencing-based neutralization assay reveals how repeated vaccinations impact titers to recent human H1N1 influenza strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The high genetic diversity of influenza viruses means that traditional serological assays have too low throughput to measure serum antibody neutralization titers against all relevant strains. To overcome this challenge, we have developed a sequencing-based neutralization assay that simultaneously measures titers against many viral strains using small serum volumes via a workflow similar to traditional neutralization assays. The key innovation is to incorporate unique nucleotide barcodes into the hemagglutinin (HA) genomic segment, and then pool viruses with numerous different barcoded HA variants and quantify infectivity of all of them simultaneously using next-generation sequencing. With this approach, a single researcher performed the equivalent of 2,880 traditional neutralization assays (80 serum samples against 36 viral strains) in approximately one month. We applied the sequencing-based assay to quantify the impact of influenza vaccination on neutralization titers against recent human H1N1 strains for individuals who had or had not also received a vaccine in the previous year. We found that the viral strain specificities of the neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccination vary among individuals, and that vaccination induced a smaller increase in titers for individuals who had also received a vaccine the previous year--although the titers six months after vaccination were similar in individuals with and without the previous-year vaccination. We also identified a subset of individuals with low titers to a subclade of recent H1N1 even after vaccination. This study demonstrates the utility of high-throughput sequencing-based neutralization assays that enable titers to be simultaneously measured against many different viral strains. We provide a detailed experimental protocol (DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.kqdg3xdmpg25/v1) and a computational pipeline (https://github.com/jbloomlab/seqneut-pipeline) for the sequencing-based neutralization assays to facilitate the use of this method by others.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loes, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarabi, R. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huddleston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touyon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannon, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowling, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput sequencing-based neutralization assay reveals how repeated vaccinations impact titers to recent human H1N1 influenza strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.09.584243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional spatio-angular fluorescence microscopy with a polarized dual-view inverted selective-plane illumination microscope (pol-diSPIM) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.09.584243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polarized fluorescence microscopy is a valuable tool for measuring molecular orientations, but techniques for recovering three-dimensional orientations and positions of fluorescent ensembles are limited. We report a polarized dual-view light-sheet system for determining the three-dimensional orientations and diffraction-limited positions of ensembles of fluorescent dipoles that label biological structures, and we share a set of visualization, histogram, and profiling tools for interpreting these positions and orientations. We model our samples, their excitation, and their detection using coarse-grained representations we call orientation distribution functions (ODFs). We apply ODFs to create physics-informed models of image formation with spatio-angular point-spread and transfer functions. We use theory and experiment to conclude that light-sheet tilting is a necessary part of our design for recovering all three-dimensional orientations. We use our system to extend known two-dimensional results to three dimensions in FM1-43-labelled giant unilamellar vesicles, fast-scarlet-labelled cellulose in xylem cells, and phalloidin-labelled actin in U2OS cells. Additionally, we observe phalloidin-labelled actin in mouse fibroblasts grown on grids of labelled nanowires and identify correlations between local actin alignment and global cell-scale orientation, indicating cellular coordination across length scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agashe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskin, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamouille, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldenbourg, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.09.584243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional spatio-angular fluorescence microscopy with a polarized dual-view inverted selective-plane illumination microscope (pol-diSPIM)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.10.584330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pf bacteriophages hinder sputum antibiotic diffusion via electrostatic binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.10.584330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite great progress in the field, chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis, necessitating treatment with inhaled antibiotics. Pf phage is a filamentous bacteriophage produced by Pa that has been reported to act as a structural element in Pa biofilms. Pf presence has been associated with resistance to antibiotics and poor outcomes in cystic fibrosis, though the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we have investigated how Pf phages and sputum biopolymers impede antibiotic diffusion using human sputum samples and fluorescent recovery after photobleaching. We demonstrate that tobramycin interacts with Pf phages and sputum polymers through electrostatic interactions. We also developed a set of mathematical models to analyze the complex observations. Our analysis suggests that Pf phages in sputum reduce the diffusion of charged antibiotics due to a greater binding constant associated with organized liquid crystalline structures formed between Pf phages and sputum polymers. This study provides insights into antibiotic tolerance mechanisms in chronic Pa infections and may offer potential strategies for novel therapeutic approaches.

TeaserPf phages and sputum polymers reduce antibiotic diffusion via electrostatic interactions and liquid crystal formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, T. H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgener, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratochvil, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hargil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Secor, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barron, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilshorn, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spakowitz, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollyky, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.10.584330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pf bacteriophages hinder sputum antibiotic diffusion via electrostatic binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive landscapes unveil the complex evolutionary path to mammalian forelimb function and posture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The  sprawling-parasagittal postural transition is a key part of mammalian evolution, associated with sweeping reorganization of the postcranial skeleton in mammals compared to their forebears, the non-mammalian synapsids. However, disputes over forelimb function in fossil synapsids render the precise nature of the  sprawling-parasagittal transition controversial. We shed new light on the origins of mammalian posture, using evolutionary adaptive landscapes to integrate 3D humerus shape and functional performance data across a taxonomically comprehensive sample of fossil synapsids and extant comparators. We find that the earliest pelycosaur-grade synapsids had a unique mode of sprawling, intermediate between extant reptiles and monotremes. Subsequent evolution of synapsid humerus form and function showed little evidence of a direct progression from sprawling pelycosaurs to parasagittal mammals. Instead, posture was evolutionarily labile, and the ecological diversification of successive synapsid radiations was accompanied by variation in humerus morphofunctional traits. Further, synapsids frequently evolve towards parasagittal postures, diverging from the reconstructed optimal evolutionary path; the optimal path only aligns with becoming increasingly mammalian in derived cynodonts. We find the earliest support for habitual parasagittal postures in stem therians, implying that synapsids evolved and radiated with distinct forelimb trait combinations for most of their recorded history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brocklehurst, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angielczyk, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive landscapes unveil the complex evolutionary path to mammalian forelimb function and posture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutability and hypermutation antagonize immunoglobulin codon optimality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The efficacy of polyclonal antibody responses is inherently linked to paratope diversity, as generated through V(D)J recombination and somatic hypermutation (SHM). These processes arose in early jawed vertebrates; however, little is known about how immunoglobulin diversity, mutability, and hypermutation have evolved in tandem with another more ubiquitous feature of protein-coding DNA - codon optimality. Here, we explore these relationships through analysis of germline IG genes, natural V(D)J repertoires, serum VH usage, and monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression, each through the lens of multiple optimality metrics. Strikingly, proteomic serum IgG sequencing showed that germline IGHV codon optimality positively correlated with VH representation after influenza vaccination, and in vitro, codon deoptimization of mAbs with synonymous amino acid sequences caused consistent expression loss. Germline V genes exhibit a range of codon optimality that is maintained by functionality, and inversely related to mutability. SHM caused a load-dependent deoptimization of IGH VDJ repertoires within human tonsils, bone marrow, and lymph nodes (including SARS-CoV-2-specific clones from mRNA vaccinees), influenza-infected mice, and zebrafish. Comparison of natural mutation profiles to true random suggests the presence of selective pressures that constrain deoptimization. These findings shed light on immunoglobulin evolution, providing unanticipated insights into the antagonistic relationship between variable region diversification, codon optimality, and antibody secretion; ultimately, the need for diversity takes precedence over that for the most efficient expression of the antibody repertoire.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGrath, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troxell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chervin, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kent, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changrob, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, N.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbanks, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inghirami, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madariaga, M. L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutability and hypermutation antagonize immunoglobulin codon optimality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Versatile roles of protein flavinylation in bacterial extracyotosolic electron transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria perform diverse redox chemistries in the periplasm, cell wall, and extracellular space. Electron transfer for these extracytosolic activities is frequently mediated by proteins with covalently bound flavins, which are attached through post-translational flavinylation by the enzyme ApbE. Despite the significance of protein flavinylation to bacterial physiology, the basis and function of this modification remains unresolved. Here we apply genomic context analyses, computational structural biology, and biochemical studies to address the role of ApbE flavinylation throughout bacterial life. We find that ApbE flavinylation sites exhibit substantial structural heterogeneity. We identify two novel classes of flavinylation substrates that are related to characterized proteins with non-covalently bound flavins, providing evidence that protein flavinylation can evolve from a non-covalent flavoprotein precursor. We further find a group of structurally related flavinylation-associated cytochromes, including those with the domain of unknown function DUF4405, that presumably mediate electron transfer in the cytoplasmic membrane. DUF4405 homologs are widespread in bacteria and related to ferrosome iron storage organelle proteins that may facilitate iron redox cycling within ferrosomes. These studies reveal a complex basis for flavinylated electron transfer and highlight the discovery power of coupling comparative genomic analyses with high-quality structural models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meheust, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barquera, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Versatile roles of protein flavinylation in bacterial extracyotosolic electron transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.584958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergence of inputs from the basal ganglia with layer 5 of motor cortex and cerebellum in mouse motor thalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.584958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key to motor control is the motor thalamus, where several inputs converge. One excitatory input originates from layer 5 of primary motor cortex (M1L5), while another arises from the deep cerebellar nuclei (Cb). M1L5 terminals distribute throughout the motor thalamus and overlap with GABAergic inputs from the basal ganglia output nuclei, the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). In contrast, it is thought that Cb and basal ganglia inputs are segregated. Therefore, we hypothesized that one potential function of the GABAergic inputs from basal ganglia is to selectively inhibit, or gate, excitatory signals from M1L5 in the motor thalamus. Here, we tested this possibility and determined the circuit organization of mouse (both sexes) motor thalamus using an optogenetic strategy in acute slices. First, we demonstrated the presence of a feedforward transthalamic pathway from M1L5 through motor thalamus. Importantly, we discovered that GABAergic inputs from the GPi and SNr converge onto single motor thalamic cells with excitatory synapses from M1L5 and, unexpectedly, Cb as well. We interpret these results to indicate that a role of the basal ganglia is to gate the thalamic transmission of M1L5 and Cb information to cortex.

Significance StatementIn this study, we extend the common conception of the basal ganglia as an information loop: flowing from cortex to basal ganglia, to thalamus, and back to cortex. We used tricolor viral labeling and an optogenetic approach to reveal that projections from the output nuclei of the basal ganglia converge with inputs from both layer 5 of primary motor cortex and the deep cerebellar nuclei onto individual thalamic relay cells. Not only do these findings add nuance to the notion that cerebellar and basal ganglia circuits through motor thalamus are independent, but also highlight a novel intersection between basal ganglia and cortex that countervails long-held conceptions of how the brain handles motor commands.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koster, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.584958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergence of inputs from the basal ganglia with layer 5 of motor cortex and cerebellum in mouse motor thalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data Imbalance in Drug Response Prediction - Multi-Objective Optimization Approach in Deep Learning Setting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.585074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug response prediction (DRP) methods tackle the complex task of associating the effectiveness of small molecules with the specific genetic makeup of the patient. Anti-cancer DRP is a particularly challenging task requiring costly experiments as underlying pathogenic mechanisms are broad and associated with multiple genomic pathways. The scientific community has exerted significant efforts to generate public drug screening datasets, giving a path to various machine learning (ML) models that attempt to reason over complex data space of small compounds and biological characteristics of tumors. However, the data depth is still lacking compared to computer vision or natural language processing domains, limiting current learning capabilities. To combat this issue and increase the generalizability of the DRP models, we are exploring strategies that explicitly address the imbalance in the DRP datasets. We reframe the problem as a multi-objective optimization across multiple drugs to maximize deep learning model performance. We implement this approach by constructing Multi-Objective Optimization Regularized by Loss Entropy (MOORLE) loss function and plugging it into a Deep Learning model. We demonstrate the utility of proposed drug discovery methods and make suggestions for further potential application of the work to promote equitable outcomes in the healthcare field.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/AlexandrNP/MOORLE

Contactonarykov@anl.gov
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Narykov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brettin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evrard, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasanthakumari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doroshow, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.585074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data Imbalance in Drug Response Prediction - Multi-Objective Optimization Approach in Deep Learning Setting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.584851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional phases encode the response of the soil microbiome to environmental change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.584851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The metabolic activity of soil microbiomes plays a central role in carbon and nitrogen cycling. Given the changing climate, it is important to understand how the metabolism of natural communities responds to environmental change. However, the ecological, spatial, and chemical complexity of soils makes understanding the mechanisms governing the response of these communities to perturbations challenging. Here, we overcome this complexity by using dynamic measurements of metabolism in microcosms and modeling to reveal regimes where a few key mechanisms govern the response of soils to environmental change. We sample soils along a natural pH gradient, construct >1500 microcosms to perturb the pH, and quantify the dynamics of respiratory nitrate utilization, a key process in the nitrogen cycle. Despite the complexity of the soil microbiome, a minimal mathematical model with two variables, the quantity of active biomass in the community and the availability of a growth-limiting nutrient, quantifies observed nitrate utilization dynamics across soils and pH perturbations. Across environmental perturbations, changes in these two variables give rise to three functional regimes each with qualitatively distinct dynamics of nitrate utilization over time: a regime where acidic perturbations induce cell death that limits metabolic activity, a nutrientlimiting regime where nitrate uptake is performed by dominant taxa that utilize nutrients released from the soil matrix, and a resurgent growth regime in basic conditions, where excess nutrients enable growth of initially rare taxa. The underlying mechanism of each regime is predicted by our interpretable model and tested via amendment experiments, nutrient measurements, and sequencing. Further, our data suggest that the long-term history of environmental variation in the wild influences the transitions between functional regimes. Therefore, quantitative measurements and a mathematical model reveal the existence of qualitative regimes that capture the mechanisms and dynamics of a community responding to environmental change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huggins, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tikhonov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.15.584851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional phases encode the response of the soil microbiome to environmental change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered Flt3L Drives Tolerogenic State to Attenuate Anti-drug Antibody Responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune reactions to protein drugs present substantial challenges to protein replacement for treating congenital diseases and metabolic deficiencies, due to the lack of endogenous tolerance or the protein drugs partial or total non-human origin. We sought to transiently modify the immune environment when the adaptive response to the drug antigen is mounted to lessen future reactions upon continued therapeutic treatment, without modifying the drug itself. Herein, we characterize a recombinant fusion of the cytokine Flt3L to serum albumin and describe a novel pathway of Flt3L-mediated immune regulation. We highlight reduced activation of dendritic cells (DC) as well as an increased frequency of DCs expressing LAP, a TGF-{beta} precursor. These effects in combination with low doses of the exogenous antigen led to less TH2 differentiation. This enabled a tolerance-biasing induction regimen to significantly decrease anti-drug antibodies upon repeated exposure to a clinically used, immunogenic fungal enzyme, rasburicase. This induction regimen reduced the Tfh compartment and increased Tfh cells expressing Foxp3 and PD-L1, suggesting a regulatory response. Overall, we introduce the use of a Flt3L variant as an induction therapeutic to modulate the innate immune response, thereby attenuating the adaptive reaction to antigenic protein drugs and addressing an unmet clinical need.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alpar, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Refvik, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slezak, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauterbach, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesser, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medellin, J. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered Flt3L Drives Tolerogenic State to Attenuate Anti-drug Antibody Responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.585780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel non-immunogenic trained immunity inducing small molecule with improved anti-tumor properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.585780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trained immunity refers to the non-specific innate immune memory response triggered by the epigenetic and metabolic rewiring of innate immune cells. A strengthened innate immune system significantly improves disease resistance. However, very few trained immunity-inducing molecules have been identified. Almost all molecules for training are primarily immunogenic and then subsequently induce training. Non-immunogenic molecules that induce training could be employed in therapies without the concern of adverse inflammatory reactions. We identified a small molecule, A1155463, that modulates cellular metabolism to induce trained immunity in macrophages in-vitro. We show that nanomolar concentrations of these compounds uniquely alter only cellular metabolism without leading to apoptosis. We further observed that these compounds could induce training in an in-vivo model in mice. A1155463 training improved anti-tumor resistance to B16.F10 melanoma cells. The effect was enhanced upon combination with checkpoint therapy. In summary, we report the discovery of a novel trained immunity-inducing small molecule with enhanced anti-tumor properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ajit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser-Kahn, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.22.585780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel non-immunogenic trained immunity inducing small molecule with improved anti-tumor properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generative Adversarial Networks Accurately Reconstruct Pan-Cancer Histology from Pathologic, Genomic, and Radiographic Latent Features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Artificial intelligence models have been increasingly used in the analysis of tumor histology to perform tasks ranging from routine classification to identification of novel molecular features. These approaches distill cancer histologic images into high-level features which are used in predictions, but understanding the biologic meaning of such features remains challenging. We present and validate a custom generative adversarial network - HistoXGAN - capable of reconstructing representative histology using feature vectors produced by common feature extractors. We evaluate HistoXGAN across 29 cancer subtypes and demonstrate that reconstructed images retain information regarding tumor grade, histologic subtype, and gene expression patterns. We leverage HistoXGAN to illustrate the underlying histologic features for deep learning models for actionable mutations, identify model reliance on histologic batch effect in predictions, and demonstrate accurate reconstruction of tumor histology from radiographic imaging for a  virtual biopsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Howard, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hieromnimon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolezal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochanny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feiger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickery, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khramtsova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.22.586306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generative Adversarial Networks Accurately Reconstruct Pan-Cancer Histology from Pathologic, Genomic, and Radiographic Latent Features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.23.586420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerated dimensionality reduction of single -cell RNA sequencing data with fastglmpca 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.23.586420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryMotivated by theoretical and practical issues that arise when applying Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to count data, Townes et al introduced "Poisson GLM-PCA", a variation of PCA adapted to count data, as a tool for dimensionality reduction of single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data. However, fitting GLM-PCA is computationally challenging. Here we study this problem, and show that a simple algorithm, which we call "Alternating Poisson Regression" (APR), produces better quality fits, and in less time, than existing algorithms. APR is also memory-efficient, and lends itself to parallel implementation on multi-core processors, both of which are helpful for handling large single-cell RNA-seq data sets. We illustrate the benefits of this approach in two published single-cell RNA-seq data sets. The new algorithms are implemented in an R package, fastglmpca.

Availability and implementationThe fastglmpca R package is released on CRAN for Windows, macOS and Linux, and the source code is available at github.com/stephenslab/fastglmpca under the open source GPL-3 license. Scripts to reproduce the results in this paper are also available in the GitHub repository.

Contactmstephens@uchicago.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available on BioRxiv online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbonetto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.23.586420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerated dimensionality reduction of single -cell RNA sequencing data with fastglmpca]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.24.586461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The repercussions of timing in the invasion of synthetic bacterial communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.24.586461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities regularly experience ecological invasions that can lead to changes in composition and function. Factors thought to affect the outcome of invasions, like diversity and resource use, vary over the course of community assembly, potentially altering susceptibility to arriving invaders. We used synthetic bacterial communities to evaluate the success and impact of invasions occurring at different times during the community assembly process. Fifteen distinct communities were subjected to each of three bacterial invaders at the initial assembly of the community ("initial"), 24 hours into community assembly ("early"), when the community was still undergoing transient dynamics, and 7 days into community assembly ("late"), once the community had settled into its final composition. Communities were passaged daily and characterized through sequencing after reaching a stable composition. Invasions were most successful and had their largest effect on composition when they occurred before a community had settled into a stable composition. Surprisingly, we found instances where an invader was ultimately excluded yet had profound and long-lasting effects on invaded communities. We also found that common community members were more greatly impacted by invaders than rare community members. Higher invasion success and impact were associated with lower community resource use efficiency, which varied throughout assembly. Our results demonstrate that microbial communities experiencing transient community dynamics are more prone to invasion, a finding relevant to efforts to modify the composition of microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dooley, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.24.586461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The repercussions of timing in the invasion of synthetic bacterial communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.584801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Higher amplitudes of visual networks are associated with trait but not state- depression. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.584801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite depression being a leading cause of global disability, neuroimaging studies have struggled to identify replicable neural correlates of depression or explain limited variance. This challenge may, in part, stem from the intertwined state (current symptoms; variable) and trait (general propensity; stable) experiences of depression.

Here, we sought to disentangle state from trait experiences of depression by leveraging a longitudinal cohort and stratifying individuals into four groups: those in remission ( trait depression group), those with large longitudinal severity changes in depression symptomatology ( state depression group), and their respective matched control groups (total analytic n=1,030). We hypothesized that spatial network organization would be linked to trait depression due to its temporal stability, whereas functional connectivity between networks would be more sensitive to state-dependent depression symptoms due to its capacity to fluctuate.

We identified 15 large-scale probabilistic functional networks from resting-state fMRI data and performed group comparisons on the amplitude, connectivity, and spatial overlap between these networks, using matched control participants as reference. Our findings revealed higher amplitude in visual networks for the trait depression group at the time of remission, in contrast to controls. This observation may suggest altered visual processing in individuals predisposed to developing depression over time. No significant group differences were observed in any other network measures for the trait-control comparison, nor in any measures for the state-control comparison. These results underscore the overlooked contribution of visual networks to the psychopathology of depression and provide evidence for distinct neural correlates between state and trait experiences of depression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barch, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bijsterbosch, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.584801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Higher amplitudes of visual networks are associated with trait but not state- depression.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contributions of mirror-image hair cell orientation to mouse otolith organ and zebrafish neuromast function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Otolith organs in the inner ear and neuromasts in the fish lateral-line harbor two populations of hair cells oriented to detect stimuli in opposing directions. The underlying mechanism is highly conserved: the transcription factor EMX2 is regionally expressed in just one hair cell population and acts through the receptor GPR156 to reverse cell orientation relative to the other population. In mouse and zebrafish, loss of Emx2 results in sensory organs that harbor only one hair cell orientation and are not innervated properly. In zebrafish, Emx2 also confers hair cells with reduced mechanosensory properties. Here, we leverage mouse and zebrafish models lacking GPR156 to determine how detecting stimuli of opposing directions serves vestibular function, and whether GPR156 has other roles besides orienting hair cells. We find that otolith organs in Gpr156 mouse mutants have normal zonal organization and normal type I-II hair cell distribution and mechano-electrical transduction properties. In contrast, gpr156 zebrafish mutants lack the smaller mechanically-evoked signals that characterize Emx2-positive hair cells. Loss of GPR156 does not affect orientation-selectivity of afferents in mouse utricle or zebrafish neuromasts. Consistent with normal otolith organ anatomy and afferent selectivity, Gpr156 mutant mice do not show overt vestibular dysfunction. Instead, performance on two tests that engage otolith organs is significantly altered - swimming and off-vertical-axis rotation. We conclude that GPR156 relays hair cell orientation and transduction information downstream of EMX2, but not selectivity for direction-specific afferents. These results clarify how molecular mechanisms that confer bi-directionality to sensory organs contribute to function, from single hair cell physiology to animal behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ono, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarysta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jukic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, V. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deans, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eatock, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kindt, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarchini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.26.586740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contributions of mirror-image hair cell orientation to mouse otolith organ and zebrafish neuromast function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative analysis of the genome, transcriptome, and proteome identifies causal mechanisms of complex traits. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present multi-integration of transcriptome-wide association studies and colocalization (Multi-INTACT), an algorithm that models multiple gene products (e.g. encoded RNA transcript and protein levels) to implicate causal genes and relevant gene products. In simulations, Multi-INTACT achieves higher power than existing methods, maintains calibrated false discovery rates, and detects the true causal gene product(s). We apply Multi-INTACT to GWAS on 1,408 metabolites, integrating the GTEx expression and UK Biobank protein QTL datasets. Multi-INTACT infers 52% to 109% more metabolite causal genes than protein-alone or expression-alone analyses and indicates both gene products are relevant for most gene nominations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pique-Regi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fauman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laakso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehnke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.28.587202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative analysis of the genome, transcriptome, and proteome identifies causal mechanisms of complex traits.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 participate in DNA damage repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 (SMARCA2/4) are paralogs and act as the key enzymatic subunits in the SWI/SNF complex for chromatin remodeling. However, the role of SMARCA2/4 in DNA damage response remains unclear. Here, we show that SMARCA2/4 relocate to DNA lesions in response to DNA damage, which requires their ATPase activities. Moreover, these ATPase activities are also required for the relocation of other subunits in the SWI/SNF complex to DNA lesions. Interestingly, the relocation of SMARCA2/4 is independent of {gamma}H2AX, ATM, ATR, p300/CBP, or PARP1/2, indicating that it may directly recognize DNA lesions as a DNA damage sensor. Lacking SMARCA2/4 prolongs the retention of {gamma}H2AX, RNF8 and BRCA1 at DNA lesions and impairs RAD51-dependent homologous recombination repair. Moreover, the treatment of SMARCA2/4 inhibitor sensitizes tumor cells to PARP inhibitor treatment. Collectively, this study reveals SMARCA2/4 as a DNA damage repair factor for double-strand break repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.28.587286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 participate in DNA damage repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DO BIRDS SHOW UNIQUE MACROEVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS OF SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM COMPARED TO OTHER AMNIOTES? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Withdrawal StatementThe authors have withdrawn their manuscript because it was overlooked that the data downloaded from the CD-ROMs accompanying Dunning (2007) had been previously filtered through statistical testing, which affected subsequent interpretation of the dataset. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author. The manuscript is undergoing major revisions that substantially impact the overall conclusions. The authors thank an anonymous peer reviewer for bringing this issue to attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saitta, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DO BIRDS SHOW UNIQUE MACROEVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS OF SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM COMPARED TO OTHER AMNIOTES?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RosetteArray Platform for Quantitative High-Throughput Screening of Human Neurodevelopmental Risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural organoids have revolutionized how human neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are studied. Yet, their utility for screening chemical hazards and prospective therapeutics for NDDs is limited by a lack of morphological reproducibility and cost-effective scalability. Here, we describe the RosetteArray platform, which can be used as an off-the-shelf, 96-well plate assay that standardizes incipient forebrain and spinal cord organoid morphogenesis as adherent, micropatterned, 3-D, singularly polarized neural rosette tissues ([~]200 and [~]800 per well, respectively). Seeded directly from cryopreserved human pluripotent stem cells, RosetteArrays are cultured over 6-8 days and fixed, immunostained and imaged in situ to enable artificial intelligence-based quantitative analysis. By screening the inception of [~]75,000 neural organoids throughout this manuscript, we provide proof-of-concept demonstrations of the platforms utility for detecting developmental neurotoxicity hazard and screening genetic and environmental factors known to cause clinical Neural Tube Defect risk. Given the documented perturbation of rosette morphogenesis in neural organoid models of several NDDs, the RosetteArray platform could enable quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) of human neurodevelopmental risk across regulatory and precision medicine applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lundin, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorchak, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krucki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izban, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cicero, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iskandar, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashton, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RosetteArray Platform for Quantitative High-Throughput Screening of Human Neurodevelopmental Risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perceptual Resolution of Ambiguity: Can Tuned, Divisive Normalization Account for both Interocular Similarity Grouping and Difference Enhancement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our visual system usually provides a unique and functional representation of the external world. At times, however, the visual system has more than one compelling interpretation of the same retinal stimulus; in this case, neural populations compete for perceptual dominance to resolve ambiguity. Spatial and temporal context can guide perceptual experience. Recent evidence shows that ambiguous retinal stimuli are sometimes resolved by enhancing either similarity or differences among multiple percepts. Divisive normalization is a canonical neural computation that enables context-dependent sensory processing by attenuating a neurons response by other neurons. Experiments here show that divisive normalization can account for perceptual representations of either similarity enhancement (so-called grouping) or difference enhancement, offering a unified framework for opposite perceptual outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peiso, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shevell, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perceptual Resolution of Ambiguity: Can Tuned, Divisive Normalization Account for both Interocular Similarity Grouping and Difference Enhancement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary origin of synovial joints 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synovial joints, characterized by reciprocally congruent and lubricated articular surfaces separated by a cavity, are hypothesized to have evolved from continuous cartilaginous joints for increased mobility and improved load bearing. To test the evolutionary origins of synovial joints, we examine the morphology, genetic, and molecular mechanisms required for the development and function of the joints in elasmobranchs and cyclostomes. We find the presence of cavitated and articulated joints in elasmobranchs, such as the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea) and bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum), and the expression of lubrication-related proteoglycans such as aggrecan and glycoproteins such as hyaluronic acid receptor (CD44) at the articular surfaces in little skates. Sea lampreys (Petromyozon marinus), a representative of cyclostomes, are devoid of articular cavities but express proteoglycan-linking proteins throughout their cartilaginous skeleton, suggesting that the expression of proteoglycans is primitively not limited to the articular cartilage. Analysis of the development of joints in the little skate reveals the expression of growth differentiation factor-5 (Gdf5) and {beta}-catenin at the joint interzone before the process of cavitation, indicating the involvement of BMP and Wnt-signaling pathway, and reliance on muscle contraction for the process of joint cavitation, similar to tetrapods. In conclusion, our results show that synovial joints are present in elasmobranchs but not cyclostomes, and therefore, synovial joints originated in the common ancestor of extant gnathostomes. A review of fossils from the extinct clades along the gnathostome stem further shows that synovial joints likely arose in the common ancestor of gnathostomes. Our results have implications for understanding how the evolution of synovial joints around 400 mya in our vertebrate ancestors unlocked motor behaviors such as feeding and locomotion.

Author summaryWe owe our mobility and agility to synovial joints, characterized by a lubricated joint cavity between the bony elements. Due to the cavity, synovial joints function by bones sliding relative to each other, allowing an extensive range of motion and heightened stability compared to fused or cartilaginous joints that function by bending. Using histological and protein expression analysis, we show that reciprocally articulated, cavitated, and lubricated joints are present in elasmobranchs such as skates and sharks but not in cyclostomes such as the sea lamprey. Furthermore, the development of the little skate joints relies on genetic regulatory mechanisms such as BMP and Wnt-signalling, similar to tetrapods. Thus, our results show that synovial joints are present in elasmobranchs but not in cyclostomes. In conclusion, synovial joints originated in the common ancestor of jawed vertebrates. Furthermore, a review of fossil taxa along the gnathostome stem shows that cavitated joints that function by relative sliding of articulating surfaces originated at the common ancestor of all gnathostomes. Our results have consequences for understanding how the evolution of cavitated and lubricated joints in ancient vertebrates impacted behaviors like feeding and locomotion 400 million years ago.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haridy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary origin of synovial joints]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variable orthogonality of RDF-large serine integrase interactions within the phiC31 family 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large serine integrases are phage- (or mobile element-) encoded enzymes that catalyse site-specific recombination reactions between a short DNA sequence on the phage genome (attP) and a corresponding host genome sequence (attB), thereby integrating the phage DNA into the host genome. Each integrase has its unique pair of attP and attB sites, a feature that allows them to be used as orthogonal tools for genome modification applications. In the presence of a second protein, the Recombination Directionality Factor (RDF), integrase catalyses the reverse, excisive reaction, generating new recombination sites, attR and attL. In addition to promoting attR x attL reaction, the RDF inhibits attP x attB recombination. This feature makes the directionality of integrase reactions programmable, allowing them to be useful for building synthetic biology devices. In this report, we describe the degree of orthogonality of both integrative and excisive reactions for three related integrases ({phi}C31, {phi}BT1, and TG1) and their RDFs. Among these, TG1 integrase is the most active, showing near complete recombination in both attP x attB and attR x attL reactions, and the most directional in the presence of its RDF. Our findings show that there is varying orthogonality among these three integrases - RDF pairs: {phi}C31 integrase was the least selective, with all three RDFs activating it for attR x attL recombination. Similarly, {phi}C31 RDF was the least effective among the three RDFs in promoting the excisive activities of the integrases, including its cognate {phi}C31 integrase. {phi}BT1 and TG1 RDFs were noticeably more effective than {phi}C31 RDF at inhibiting attP x attB recombination by their respective integrases, making them more suitable for building reversible genetic switches. AlphaFold-Multimer predicts very similar structural interactions between each cognate integrase - RDF pair. The binding surface on RDF is much more conserved than the binding surface on integrase, an indication that specificity is determined more by the integrase than the RDF. Overall, the observed weak integrase/RDF orthogonality across the three enzymes emphasizes the need for identifying and characterizing more integrase - RDF pairs. Additionally, the ability of a particular integrases preferred reaction direction to be controlled to varying degrees by non-cognate RDFs provides a path to tunable, non-binary genetic switches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baksh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olorunniji, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.587898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variable orthogonality of RDF-large serine integrase interactions within the phiC31 family]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.07.588424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Positive Selection on Rare Variants Underlying the Cold Adaptation of Wild Boar 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.07.588424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The wide geographical distribution of Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) offers a natural experiment to study the thermoregulation. Here, we conducted whole-genome resequencing and chromatin profiling experiments on the local populations from cold regions (northern and northeastern Asia) and warm regions (southeastern Asia and southern China). Using genome-wide scans of four methods, we detected candidate genes underlying cold-adaptation with significant enrichment of pathways related to thermogenesis, fat cell development, and adipose tissue regulation. We also found two enhancer variants under positive selection, an intronic variant of IGF1R (rs341219502) and an exonic variant of BRD4 (rs327139795), which showed the highest differentiation between cold and warm region populations of wild boar and domestic pigs. Moreover, these rare variants were absent in outgroup species and warm-region wild boar but nearly fixed in cold-region populations, suggesting their de novo origins in cold-region populations. The experiments of CUT&Tag chromatin profiling showed that rs341219502 of IGF1R is associated with the gain of three novel transcription factors involving regulatory changes in enhancer function, while rs327139795 of BRD4 could result in the loss of a phosphorylation site due to amino acid alteration. We also found three genes (SLCO1C1, PDE3A, and TTC28) with selection signals in both wild boar and native human populations from Siberia, which suggests convergent molecular adaptation in mammals. Our study shows the adaptive evolution of genomic molecules underlying the remarkable environmental flexibility of wild boar.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakovlic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sablin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thi, T. N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprem, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.07.588424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Positive Selection on Rare Variants Underlying the Cold Adaptation of Wild Boar]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synergistic innate immune activation and anti-tumor immunity through combined STING and TLR4 stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous work has shown that innate immune sensing of tumors involves the host STING pathway, which leads to IFN-{beta} production, dendritic cell (DC) activation, and T cell priming against tumor antigens. This observation has led to the development of STING agonists as a potential cancer therapeutic. However, despite promising results in mouse studies using transplantable tumor models, clinical testing of STING agonists has shown activity in only a minority of patients. Thus, further study of innate immune pathways in anti-tumor immunity is paramount. Innate immune activation in response to a pathogen rarely occurs through stimulation of only one signaling pathway, and activating multiple innate immune pathways similar to a natural infection is one possible strategy to improve the efficacy of STING agonists. To test this, we performed experiments with the STING agonist DMXAA alone or in combination with several TLR agonists. We found that LPS + DMXAA induced significantly greater IFN-{beta} transcription than the sum of either agonist alone. To explain this synergy, we assayed each step of STING pathway signaling. LPS did not increase STING protein aggregation, IRF3 phosphorylation, or IRF3 nuclear translocation beyond what occurred with DMXAA alone. However, since the IFN-{beta} promoter also includes NF-{kappa}B binding sites, we additionally examined the NF-{kappa}B pathway. In fact, LPS increased the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the NF-{kappa}B subunit p65, and NF-{kappa}B signaling was required for the observed synergy. Intratumoral injection of suboptimal doses of LPS + DMXAA resulted in significantly improved tumor control of B16 melanoma in vivo compared to either agonist alone. Our results suggest that combinatorial signaling through TLR4 and STING results in optimal innate signaling via co-involvement of NF-{kappa}B and IRF3, and that combined engagement of these two pathways has therapeutic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Higgs, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajewski, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.08.588610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synergistic innate immune activation and anti-tumor immunity through combined STING and TLR4 stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.587443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in oxycodone-taking behaviors are linked to disruptions in reward-guided, decision-making functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.587443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Problematic opioid use that emerges in a subset of individuals may be due to pre-existing disruptions in the biobehavioral mechanisms that regulate drug use. The identity of these mechanisms is not known, but emerging evidence suggests that suboptimal decision-making that is observable prior to drug use may contribute to the pathology of addiction and, notably, serve as a powerful phenotype for interrogating biologically based differences in opiate-taking behaviors. The current study investigated the relationship between decision-making phenotypes and opioid-taking behaviors in male and female Long Evans rats. Adaptive decision-making processes were assessed using a probabilistic reversal-learning task and oxycodone- (or vehicle, as a control) taking behaviors assessed for 32 days using a saccharin fading procedure that promoted dynamic intake of oxycodone. Tests of motivation, extinction, and reinstatement were also performed. Computational analyses of decision-making and opioid-taking behaviors revealed that attenuated reward-guided decision-making was associated with greater self-administration of oxycodone and addiction-relevant behaviors. Moreover, pre-existing impairments in reward-guided decision-making observed in female rats was associated with greater oxycodone use and addiction-relevant behaviors when compared to males. These results provide new insights into the biobehavioral mechanisms that regulate opiate-taking behaviors and offer a novel phenotypic approach for interrogating sex differences in addiction susceptibility and opioid use disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaRocco, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villiamma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiLeone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.09.587443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in oxycodone-taking behaviors are linked to disruptions in reward-guided, decision-making functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.588910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of the substrate specificity of an RNA ligase ribozyme from phosphorimidazole- to triphosphate-activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.588910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The acquisition of new RNA functions through evolutionary processes would have been essential for the diversification of RNA-based primordial biology and its subsequent transition to modern biology. However, the mechanisms by which RNAs access new functions remain unclear. Do ribozymes need completely new folds to support new but related functions, or is re-optimization of the active site sufficient? What are the roles of neutral and adaptive mutations in evolutionary innovation? Here we address these questions experimentally by focusing on the evolution of substrate specificity in RNA-catalyzed RNA assembly reactions. We use directed in vitro evolution to show that a ligase ribozyme that uses prebiotically relevant 5'-phosphorimidazole-activated substrates can be evolved to catalyze ligation with substrates that are 5'-activated with the biologically relevant triphosphate group. Interestingly, despite catalyzing a related reaction, the new ribozyme folds into a completely new structure and exhibits promiscuity by catalyzing RNA ligation with both triphosphate and phosphorimidazole-activated substrates. Although distinct in sequence and structure, the parent phosphorimidazolide ligase and the evolved triphosphate ligase ribozymes can be connected by a series of point mutations where the intermediate sequences retain at least some ligase activity. The existence of a quasi-neutral pathway between these distinct ligase ribozymes suggests that neutral drift is sufficient to enable the acquisition of new substrate specificity, thereby providing opportunities for subsequent adaptive optimization. The transition from RNA-catalyzed RNA assembly using phosphorimidazole-activated substrates to triphosphate-activated substrates may have set the stage for the later evolution of the protein enzymes that use monomeric triphosphates (NTPs) for RNA synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DasGupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nisler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.11.588910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of the substrate specificity of an RNA ligase ribozyme from phosphorimidazole- to triphosphate-activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.588932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
β-glucan induced trained immunity enhances antibody levels in a vaccination model in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.588932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trained immunity improves disease resistance by strengthening our first line of defense, the innate immune system. Innate immune cells, predominantly macrophages, are epigenetically and metabolically rewired by {beta}-glucan, a fungal cell wall component, to induce trained immunity. These trained macrophages exhibit increased co-stimulatory marker expression and altered cytokine production. Signaling changes from antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages, polarize T-cell responses. Recent work has shown that trained immunity can generally enhance protection against infection, and some work has shown increased protection with specific vaccines. It has been hypothesized that the trained cells themselves potentially modulate adaptive immunity in the context of vaccines. However, the mechanistic link between trained immunity on subsequent vaccinations to enhance antibody levels has not yet been identified. We report that trained immunity induced by a single dose of {beta}-glucan increased antigen presentation in bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and CD4+ T cell proliferation in-vitro. Mice trained with a single dose of {beta}-glucan a week before vaccination elicited higher antigen-specific antibody levels than untrained mice. Further experiments validate that macrophages mediate this increase. This effect persisted even after vaccinations with 100 times less antigen in trained mice. We report {beta}-glucan training as a novel prophylactic method to enhance the effect of subsequent vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ajit, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberger, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser-Kahn, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.11.588932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[β-glucan induced trained immunity enhances antibody levels in a vaccination model in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chk2 homologue Mek1 limits Exo1-dependent DNA end resection during meiotic recombination in S. cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The conserved Rad2/XPG family 5--3 exonuclease, Exonuclease 1 (Exo1), plays many roles in DNA metabolism including during resolution of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) via homologous recombination. Prior studies provided evidence that the end-resection activity of Exo1 is downregulated in yeast and mammals by Cdk1/2 family cyclin-dependent and checkpoint kinases, including budding yeast kinase Rad53 which functions in mitotic cells. Here we provide evidence that the master meiotic kinase Mek1, a paralogue of Rad53, limits 5-3 single strand resection at the sites of programmed meiotic DNA breaks. Mutational analysis suggests that the mechanism of Exo1 suppression by Mek1 differs from that of Rad53.

Article SummaryMeiotic recombination involves formation of programmed DNA double strand breaks followed by 5 to 3 single strand specific resection by nucleases including Exo1. We find that the activity of budding yeast Exo1 is downregulated during meiotic recombination by the master meiotic kinase Mek1. The mechanism of downregulation of Exo1 by Mek1 in meiosis does not depend on the same phospho-sites as those used by the mitotic kinase Rad53, a relative of Mek1 that downregulates Exo1 in mitosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bishop, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.589255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chk2 homologue Mek1 limits Exo1-dependent DNA end resection during meiotic recombination in S. cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.13.589350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA complexes with nicks and gaps: thermodynamic and kinetic effects of coaxial stacking and dangling ends 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.13.589350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple RNA strands can interact in solution and assume a large variety of configurations dictated by their potential for base pairing. Although duplex formation from two complementary oligonucleotides has been studied in detail, we still lack a systematic characterization of the behavior of higher order complexes. Here we focus on the thermodynamic and kinetic effects of an upstream oligonucleotide on the binding of a downstream oligonucleotide to a common template, as we vary the sequence and structure of the contact interface. We show that coaxial stacking in RNA is well correlated with but much more stabilizing than helix propagation over an analogous intact double helix step (median {Delta} {Delta} G37{degrees}C {approx} 1.7 kcal/mol). Consequently, approximating coaxial stacking in RNA with the helix propagation term leads to large discrepancies between predictions and our experimentally determined melting temperatures, with an offset of {approx} 10{degrees}C. Our kinetic study reveals that the hybridization of the downstream probe oligonucleotide is impaired (lower kon) by the presence of the upstream oligonucleotide, with the thermodynamic stabilization coming entirely from an extended lifetime (lower koff) of the bound downstream oligonucleotide, which can increase from seconds to months. Surprisingly, we show that the effect of nicks is dependent on the length of the stacking oligonucleotides, and we discuss the binding of ultrashort (1 [~] 4 nt) oligonucleotides that are relevant in the context of the origin of life. The thermodynamic and kinetic data obtained in this work allow for the prediction of the formation and stability of higher order multi-stranded complexes.

Graphic entry for the Table of Contents (TOC)

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Todisco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radakovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.13.589350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA complexes with nicks and gaps: thermodynamic and kinetic effects of coaxial stacking and dangling ends]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide mRNA condensation precedes stress granule formation and excludes stress-induced transcripts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.15.589678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress-induced mRNP condensation is conserved across eukaryotes, resulting in stress granule formation under intense stresses, yet the mRNA composition and function of these condensates remain unclear. Exposure of ribosome-free mRNA following stress is thought to cause condensation and stress granule formation through mRNA-sequence-dependent interactions, leading to disproportionate condensation of long mRNAs. Here we show that, in striking contrast, virtually all mRNAs condense in response to multiple stresses in budding yeast with minor length dependence and often without stress granule formation. New transcripts escape mRNP condensation, enabling their selective translation. Inhibiting translation initiation causes formation of mRNP condensates that are distinct from stress granules and P-bodies; these translation-initiation-inhibited condensates (TIICs) are omnipresent, even in unstressed cells. Stress-induced mRNAs are excluded from TIICs due to the timing of their expression, indicating determinants of escape that are independent of sequence. Together, our results reveal a previously undetected level of translation-linked molecular organization and stress-responsive regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glauninger, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bard, J. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong Hickernell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Airoldi, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, E. W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.15.589678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome-wide mRNA condensation precedes stress granule formation and excludes stress-induced transcripts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proinflammatory stress activates neutral sphingomyelinase 2 based generation of a ceramide-enriched β cell EV subpopulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta} cell extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role as paracrine effectors in islet health, yet mechanisms connecting {beta} cell stress to changes in EV cargo and potential impacts on diabetes remain poorly defined. We hypothesized that {beta} cell inflammatory stress engages neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2)-dependent EV formation pathways, generating ceramide-enriched EVs that could impact surrounding {beta} cells. Consistent with this, proinflammatory cytokine treatment of INS-1 {beta} cells and human islets concurrently increased {beta} cell nSMase2 and ceramide expression, as well as EV ceramide staining. Direct chemical activation or genetic knockdown of nSMase2, or treatment with a GLP-1 receptor agonist also modulated cellular and EV ceramide. Small RNA sequencing of ceramide-enriched EVs identified a distinct set of miRNAs linked to {beta} cell function and identity. Coculture experiments using CD9-GFP tagged INS-1 cell EVs demonstrated that either cytokine treatment or chemical nSMase2 activation increased EV transfer to recipient cells. Children with recent-onset T1D showed no abnormalities in circulating ceramide-enriched EVs, suggesting a localized, rather than systemic phenomenon. These findings highlight nSMase2 as a regulator of {beta} cell EV cargo and identify ceramide-enriched EV populations as a contributor to EV-related paracrine signaling under conditions of {beta} cell inflammatory stress.

Article HighlightsO_ST_ABSa. Why did we undertake this study?C_ST_ABSMechanisms connecting {beta} cell stress to changes in extracellular vesicle (EV) cargo and potential impacts on diabetes are poorly defined.

b. What is the specific question we wanted to answer?Does {beta} cell inflammatory stress engage neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2)-dependent EV formation pathways to generate ceramide-enriched EVs.

c. What did we find?Proinflammatory cytokine treatment of {beta} cells increased {beta} cell ceramide expression, along with EV ceramide in part via increases in nSMase2. Ceramide-enriched EVs housed a distinct set of miRNAs linked to insulin signaling. Both cytokine treatment and nSMase2 activation increase EV transfer to other {beta} cells.

d. What are the implications of our findings?Our findings highlight nSMase2 as a regulator of {beta} cell EV cargo and identify ceramide-enriched EV populations as a contributor to EV-related paracrine signaling under conditions of {beta} cell inflammatory stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris Kawano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enriquez, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.589943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proinflammatory stress activates neutral sphingomyelinase 2 based generation of a ceramide-enriched β cell EV subpopulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complex-based Ligand-Binding Proteins Redesign by Equivariant Diffusion-based Generative Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins, serving as the fundamental architects of biological processes, interact with ligands to perform a myriad of functions essential for life. Designing functional ligand-binding proteins is pivotal for advancing drug development and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we introduce ProteinReDiff, an efficient computational framework targeting the redesign of ligand-binding proteins. Using equivariant diffusion-based generative models, ProteinReDiff enables the creation of high-affinity ligand-binding proteins without the need for detailed structural information, leveraging instead the potential of initial protein sequences and ligand SMILES strings. Our evaluations across sequence diversity, structural preservation, and ligand binding affinity underscore ProteinReDiffs potential to advance computational drug discovery and protein engineering. Our source code is publicly available at https://github.com/HySonLab/Protein_Redesign.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, V. T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hy, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.589997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complex-based Ligand-Binding Proteins Redesign by Equivariant Diffusion-based Generative Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dependence of Contextual Modulation in Macaque V1 on Interlaminar Signal Flow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In visual cortex, neural correlates of subjective perception can be generated by modulation of activity from beyond the classical receptive field (CRF). In macaque V1, activity generated by nonclassical receptive field (nCRF) stimulation involves different intracortical circuitry than activity generated by CRF stimulation, suggesting that interactions between neurons across V1 layers differ under CRF and nCRF stimulus conditions. Using Neuropixels probes, we measured border ownership modulation within large, local populations of V1 neurons. We found that neurons in single columns preferred the same side of objects located outside of the CRF. In addition, we found that cross-correlations between pairs of neurons situated across feedback/horizontal and input layers differed between CRF and nCRF stimulation. Furthermore, independent of the comparison with CRF stimulation, we observed that the magnitude of border ownership modulation increased with the proportion of information flow from feedback/horizontal layers to input layers. These results demonstrate that the flow of signals between layers covaries with the degree to which neurons integrate information from beyond the CRF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trepka, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.18.590176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dependence of Contextual Modulation in Macaque V1 on Interlaminar Signal Flow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Information theory for data-driven model reduction in physics and biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Model reduction is the construction of simple yet predictive descriptions of the dynamics of many-body systems in terms of a few relevant variables. A prerequisite to model reduction is the identification of these relevant variables, a task for which no general method exists. Here, we develop a systematic approach based on the information bottleneck to identify the relevant variables, defined as those most predictive of the future. We elucidate analytically the relation between these relevant variables and the eigenfunctions of the transfer operator describing the dynamics. Further, we show that in the limit of high compression, the relevant variables are directly determined by the slowest-decaying eigenfunctions. Our information-based approach indicates when to optimally stop increasing the complexity of the reduced model. Furthermore, it provides a firm foundation to construct interpretable deep learning tools that perform model reduction. We illustrate how these tools work in practice by considering uncurated videos of atmospheric flows from which our algorithms automatically extract the dominant slow collective variables, as well as experimental videos of cyanobacteria colonies in which we discover an emergent synchronization order parameter.

Significance StatementThe first step to understand natural phenomena is to intuit which variables best describe them. An ambitious goal of artificial intelligence is to automate this process. Here, we develop a framework to identify these relevant variables directly from complex datasets. Very much like MP3 compression is about retaining information that matters most to the human ear, our approach is about keeping information that matters most to predict the future. We formalize this insight mathematically and systematically answer the question of when to stop increasing the complexity of minimal models. We illustrate how interpretable deep learning tools built on these ideas reveal emergent collective variables in settings ranging from satellite recordings of atmospheric fluid flows to experimental videos of cyanobacteria colonies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch-Janusz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fruchart, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seara, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rust, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitelli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Information theory for data-driven model reduction in physics and biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.20.590387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimally and vaguely informative priors to combat practical parameter non-identifiability of hidden Markov models exemplified by ion channel data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.20.590387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hidden Markov models (HMMs) for biomolecules suffer from various forms of parameter non-identifiability. This poses severe challenges to both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. However, Bayesian inference offers effective means of overcoming these pathologies. We study the role of prior distributions in the face of practical parameter non-identifiability in Bayesian inference applied to prototypical patch clamp data of ligand-gated ion channels. We advocate the use of minimally informative priors, as they increase the accuracy and decrease the uncertainty of the inference. For complex HMMs, stronger prior assumptions are needed to render the posterior sufficiently proper. This can be achieved by confining the parameter space to physically motivated limits. Another beneficial assumption is finite cooperativity of ligand-binding and unbinding events, which introduces a bias towards non-cooperativity but still allows for a non-vanishing degree of cooperativity that is inferred from the data. Despite its vagueness, our prior renders the posterior sufficiently proper for all datasets that we considered without imposing the assumption of non-cooperativity. Combining all prior factors allows for meaningful inferences with a dataset of a thousand times lower quality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Münch, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmauder, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habeck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.20.590387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimally and vaguely informative priors to combat practical parameter non-identifiability of hidden Markov models exemplified by ion channel data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unified theory for predicting pathogen mutual invasibility and co-circulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key aim in the dynamics and control of infectious diseases is predicting competitive outcomes of pathogen interactions. Observed pathogen community structure indicates both considerable coexistence of related variants and spectacular instances of replacement, notably in seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2. However, an overall comparative quantitative framework for invasion and coexistence remains elusive. Inspired by modern ecological coexistence theory, we address this gap by developing pathogen invasion theory (PIT) and test the resulting framework against empirical systems. PIT predicts near-universal mutual invasibility across major pathogen systems, including seasonal influenza strains and SARS-CoV-2 variants. Predicting co-circulation from mutual invasibility further depends on the extent of overcompensatory susceptible depletion dynamics. Our analyses highlight the central role of immuno-epidemiological factors in determining pathogen coexistence and community structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenfell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.590623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unified theory for predicting pathogen mutual invasibility and co-circulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Testing frameworks for early life effects: the developmental constraints and adaptive responsehypotheses do not explain key fertility outcomes in wild female baboons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In evolutionary ecology, two classes of explanations are frequently invoked to explain "early life effects" on adult outcomes. Developmental constraints (DC) explanations contend that costs of early adversity arise from limitations adversity places on optimal development. Adaptive response (AR) hypotheses propose that later life outcomes will be worse when early and adult environments are poorly "matched." Here, we use recently proposed mathematical definitions for these hypotheses and a quadratic-regression based approach to test the long-term consequences of variation in developmental environments on fertility in wild baboons. We evaluate whether low rainfall and/or dominance rank during development predict three female fertility measures in adulthood, and whether any observed relationships are consistent with DC and/or AR. Neither rainfall during development nor the difference between rainfall in development and adulthood predicted any fertility measures. Females who were low-ranking during development had an elevated risk of losing infants later in life, and greater change in rank between development and adulthood predicted greater risk of infant loss. However, both effects were statistically marginal and consistent with alternative explanations, including adult environmental quality effects. Consequently, our data do not provide compelling support for either of these common explanations for the evolution of early life effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenbaum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberts, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archie, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.23.590627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Testing frameworks for early life effects: the developmental constraints and adaptive responsehypotheses do not explain key fertility outcomes in wild female baboons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.590828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interferon-sensitized hematopoietic progenitors dynamically alter organismal immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.590828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation has enduring impacts on organismal immunity. However, the precise mechanisms by which tissue-restricted inflammation conditions systemic responses are poorly understood. Here, we leveraged a highly compartmentalized model of skin inflammation and identified a surprising type I interferon (IFN)- mediated activation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) that results in profound changes to systemic host responses. Post-inflamed mice were protected from atherosclerosis and had worse outcomes following influenza virus infection. This IFN-mediated HSPC modulation was dependent on IFNAR signaling and could be recapitulated with the administration of recombinant IFN. Importantly, the transfer of post-inflamed HSPCs was sufficient to transmit the immune suppression phenotype. IFN modulation of HSPCs was rooted both in long-term changes in chromatin accessibility and the emergence of an IFN- responsive functional state from multiple progenitor populations. Collectively, our data reveal the profound and enduring effect of transient inflammation and more specifically type I IFN signaling and set the stage for a more nuanced understanding of HSPC functional modulation by peripheral immune signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guillamot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subudhi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paraskevopoulou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prystupa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeaton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laskou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannemann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahoe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiseman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aifantis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.24.590828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interferon-sensitized hematopoietic progenitors dynamically alter organismal immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.590980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PROSTATE CELL HETEROGENEITY AND CXCL17 UPREGULATION IN MOUSE STEROID HORMONE IMBALANCE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.24.590980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent age-related condition often characterized by debilitating urinary symptoms. Its etiology is believed to stem from hormonal imbalance, particularly an elevated estradiol-to-testosterone ratio and chronic inflammation. Our previous studies using a mouse steroid hormone imbalance model identified a specific increase in macrophages that migrate and accumulate in the prostate lumen where they differentiate into lipid-laden foam cells in mice implanted with testosterone and estradiol pellets, but not in sham animals. The current study focused on further characterizing the cellular heterogeneity of the prostate in this model as well as identifying the specific transcriptomic signature of the recruited foam cells. Moreover, we aimed to identify the epithelia-derived signals that drive macrophage infiltration and luminal translocation.

Male C57BL/6J mice were implanted with slow-release testosterone and estradiol pellets (T+E2) and harvested the ventral prostates two weeks later for scRNA-seq analysis, or performed sham surgery. We identified Ear2+ and Cd72+ macrophages that were elevated in response to steroid hormone imbalance, whereas a Mrc1+ resident macrophage population did not change. In addition, an Spp1+ foam cell cluster was almost exclusively found in T+E2 mice. Further markers of foam cells were also identified, including Gpnmb and Trem2, and GPNMB was confirmed as a novel histological marker with immunohistochemistry. Foam cells were also shown to express known pathological factors Vegf, Tgfb1, Ccl6, Cxcl16 and Mmp12. Intriguingly, a screen for chemokines identified the upregulation of epithelial-derived Cxcl17, a known monocyte attractant, in T+E2 prostates suggesting that it might be responsible for the elevated macrophage number as well as their translocation to the lumen.

Our study identified macrophage subsets that respond to steroid hormone imbalance as well as further confirmed a potential pathological role of luminal foam cells in the prostate. These results underscore a pathological role of the identified prostate foam cells and suggests CXCL17-mediated macrophage migration as a critical initiating event.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silver, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanman, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semmes, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovics, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.24.590980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PROSTATE CELL HETEROGENEITY AND CXCL17 UPREGULATION IN MOUSE STEROID HORMONE IMBALANCE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRWD1 establishes epigenetic states for germinal center initiation, maintenance, and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germinal center (GC) B cells segregate into three subsets that compartmentalize the antagonistic molecular programs of selection, proliferation, and somatic hypermutation. In bone marrow, the epigenetic reader BRWD1 orchestrates and insulates the sequential stages of cell proliferation and Igk recombination. We hypothesized BRWD1 might play similar insulative roles in the periphery. In Brwd1-/- follicular B cells, GC initiation and class switch recombination following immunization were inhibited. In contrast, in Brwd1-/- GC B cells there was admixing of chromatin accessibility across GC subsets and transcriptional dysregulation including induction of inflammatory pathways. This global molecular GC dysregulation was associated with specific defects in proliferation, affinity maturation, and tolerance. These data suggest that GC subset identity is required for some but not all GC-attributed functions. Furthermore, these data demonstrate a central role for BRWD1 in orchestrating epigenetic transitions at multiple steps along B cell developmental and activation pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wright, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veselits, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attaway, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, Y. m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durkee, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veselits, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maienschein-Cline, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.591154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRWD1 establishes epigenetic states for germinal center initiation, maintenance, and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.590671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A pervasive large conjugative plasmid mediates multispecies biofilm formation in the intestinal microbiota increasing resilience to perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.590671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although horizontal gene transfer is pervasive in the intestinal microbiota, we understand only superficially the roles of most exchanged genes and how the mobile repertoire affects community dynamics. Similarly, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the ability of a community to recover after a perturbation. Here, we identified and functionally characterized a large conjugative plasmid that is one of the most frequently transferred elements among Bacteroidales species and is ubiquitous in diverse human populations. This plasmid encodes both an extracellular polysaccharide and fimbriae, which promote the formation of multispecies biofilms in the mammalian gut. We use a hybridization-based approach to visualize biofilms in clarified whole colon tissue with unprecedented 3D spatial resolution. These biofilms increase bacterial survival to common stressors encountered in the gut, increasing strain resiliency, and providing a rationale for the plasmids recent spread and high worldwide prevalence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Bayona, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Said, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmekki, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheahan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldor, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comstock, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.29.590671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A pervasive large conjugative plasmid mediates multispecies biofilm formation in the intestinal microbiota increasing resilience to perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.591955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduction of Neuroinflammation and Seizures in a Mouse Model of CLN1 Batten Disease using the Small Molecule Enzyme Mimetic, N-Tert-Butyl Hydroxylamine. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.591955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN1 Batten Disease) is a devastating pediatric lysosomal storage disease caused by pathogenic variants in the CLN1 gene, which encodes the depalmitoylation enzyme, palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1). CLN1 patients present with visual deterioration, psychomotor dysfunction, and recurrent seizures until neurodegeneration results in death, typically before fifteen years of age. Histopathological features of CLN1 include aggregation of lysosomal autofluorescent storage material (AFSM), as well as profound gliosis. The current management of CLN1 is relegated to palliative care. Here, we examine the therapeutic potential of a small molecule PPT1 mimetic, N-tert-butyl hydroxylamine (NtBuHA), in a Cln1-/- mouse model. Treatment with NtBuHA reduced AFSM accumulation both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, NtBuHA treatment in Cln1-/- mice reduced neuroinflammation, mitigated epileptic episodes, and normalized motor function. Live cell imaging of Cln1-/- primary cortical neurons treated with NtBuHA partially rescued aberrant synaptic calcium dynamics, suggesting a potential mechanism contributing to the therapeutic effects of NtBuHA in vivo. Taken together, our findings provide supporting evidence for NtBuHA as a potential treatment for CLN1 Batten Disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fyke, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chelsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zak, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Nakouzi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koster, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshii, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.01.591955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduction of Neuroinflammation and Seizures in a Mouse Model of CLN1 Batten Disease using the Small Molecule Enzyme Mimetic, N-Tert-Butyl Hydroxylamine.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type and dynamic state govern genetic regulation of gene expression in heterogeneous differentiating cultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying the molecular effects of human genetic variation across cellular contexts is crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying disease-associated loci, yet many cell-types and developmental stages remain underexplored. Here we harnessed the potential of heterogeneous differentiating cultures (HDCs), an in vitro system in which pluripotent cells asynchronously differentiate into a broad spectrum of cell-types. We generated HDCs for 53 human donors and collected single-cell RNA-sequencing data from over 900,000 cells. We identified expression quantitative trait loci in 29 cell-types and characterized regulatory dynamics across diverse differentiation trajectories. This revealed novel regulatory variants for genes involved in key developmental and disease-related processes while replicating known effects from primary tissues, and dynamic regulatory effects associated with a range of complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jangi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tayeb, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.02.592174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type and dynamic state govern genetic regulation of gene expression in heterogeneous differentiating cultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cysteine Rich Intestinal Protein 2 is a copper-Responsive regulator of skeletal muscle differentiation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.03.592485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element required for respiration, neurotransmitter synthesis, oxidative stress response, and transcriptional regulation. Imbalance in Cu homeostasis can lead to several pathological conditions, affecting neuronal, cognitive, and muscular development. Mechanistically, Cu and Cu-binding proteins (Cu-BPs) have an important but underappreciated role in transcription regulation in mammalian cells. In this context, our lab investigates the contributions of novel Cu-BPs in skeletal muscle differentiation using murine primary myoblasts. Through an unbiased synchrotron X-ray fluorescence-mass spectrometry (XRF/MS) metalloproteomic approach, we identified the murine cysteine rich intestinal protein 2 (mCrip2) in a sample that showed enriched Cu signal, which was isolated from differentiating primary myoblasts derived from mouse satellite cells. Immunolocalization analyses showed that mCrip2 is abundant in both nuclear and cytosolic fractions. Thus, we hypothesized that mCrip2 might have differential roles depending on its cellular localization in the skeletal muscle lineage. mCrip2 is a LIM-family protein with 4 conserved Zn2+-binding sites. Homology and phylogenetic analyses showed that mammalian Crip2 possesses histidine residues near two of the Zn2+-binding sites (CX2C-HX2C) which are potentially implicated in Cu+-binding and competition with Zn2+. Biochemical characterization of recombinant human hsCRIP2 revealed a high Cu+-binding affinity for two and four Cu+ ions and limited redox potential. Functional characterization using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of mCrip2 in primary myoblasts did not impact proliferation, but impaired myogenesis by decreasing the expression of differentiation markers, possibly attributed to Cu accumulation. Transcriptome analyses of proliferating and differentiating mCrip2 KO myoblasts showed alterations in mRNA processing, protein translation, ribosome synthesis, and chromatin organization. CUT&RUN analyses showed that mCrip2 associates with a select set of gene promoters, including MyoD1 and metallothioneins, acting as a novel Cu-responsive or Cu-regulating protein. Our work demonstrates novel regulatory functions of mCrip2 that mediate skeletal muscle differentiation, presenting new features of the Cu-network in myoblasts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verdejo-Torres, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoa-Aponte, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrazco-Carrillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilla-Pinto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitisemanu, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Gonzalez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flinn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezacki, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanzirotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz-Frade, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navea, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaby-Haas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hainer, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PADILLA-BENAVIDES, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.03.592485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cysteine Rich Intestinal Protein 2 is a copper-Responsive regulator of skeletal muscle differentiation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Energy partitioning in the cell cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Living systems are driven far from thermodynamic equilibrium through the continuous consumption of ambient energy1. In the cell cortex, this energy is invested in the formation of diverse patterns in chemical and mechanical activities, whose unique spatial and temporal dynamics determine cell phenotypes and behaviors2-6. However, how cells partition internal energy between chemical and mechanical work is unknown7-9. Here we measured the entropy production rate (EPR) of both the chemical and mechanical subsystems of the cell cortex across a broad range of periodic patterns as the system is driven further from equilibrium via manipulation of the Rho GTPase pathway, which controls cortical actin filaments (F-actin) and myosin-II. We find that at lower levels of Rho GAP (GTPase activating protein) expression, which produce pulses or "choppy" Rho and F-actin waves, energy is comparably partitioned between the chemical and mechanical subsystems and is subject to the constraint of Onsager reciprocity. Within the range of reciprocity, the EPR is maximized in choppy waves that resemble the waves associated with cell division3,10. However, as the cortex is driven even further from equilibrium into elaborate labyrinthine or spiral traveling wave trains via increased GAP expression, reciprocity is broken, marking an increasingly differential partitioning of energy and an uncoupling of chemical and mechanical activities. We further demonstrate that energy partitioning and reciprocity are determined by the competition between the timescales of chemical reaction and mechanical relaxation. These results indicate that even within coupled cellular subsystems, both the relative proportions of energy partitioned to each subsystem and the ultimate phenotypic outcome vary dramatically as a function of the overall energy investment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seara, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaud, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bement, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murrell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.592707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Energy partitioning in the cell cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protection against Clostridioides difficile disease by a naturally avirulent C. difficile strain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) strains belonging to the epidemic BI/NAP1/027 (RT027) group have been associated with increased transmissibility and disease severity. In addition to the major toxin A and toxin B virulence factors, RT027 strains also encode the CDT binary toxin. Our lab previously identified a toxigenic RT027 isolate, ST1-75, that is avirulent in mice despite densely colonizing the colon. Here, we show that co-infecting mice with the avirulent ST1-75 and virulent R20291 strains protects mice from colitis due to rapid clearance of the virulent strain and persistence of the avirulent strain. Although avirulence of ST1-75 is due to a mutation in the cdtR gene, which encodes a response regulator that modulates the production of all three C. difficile toxins, the ability of ST1-75 to protect against acute colitis is not directly attributable to the cdtR mutation. Metabolomic analyses indicate that the ST1-75 strain depletes amino acids more rapidly than the R20291 strain and supplementation with amino acids ablates ST1-75s competitive advantage, suggesting that the ST1-75 strain limits the growth of virulent R20291 bacteria by amino acid depletion. Since the germination kinetics and sensitivity to the co-germinant glycine are similar for the ST1-75 and R20291 strains, our results identify the rapidity of in vivo nutrient depletion as a mechanism providing strain-specific, virulence-independent competitive advantages to different BI/NAP1/027 strains. They also suggest that the ST1-75 strain may, as a biotherapeutic agent, enhance resistance to CDI in high-risk patients.

ImportanceClostridioides difficile infections (CDI) are prevalent in healthcare settings and are associated with high recurrence rates. Therapies to prevent CDI, including recent FDA-approved live biotherapeutic products, are costly and have not been used to prevent primary infections. While a nontoxigenic C. difficile strain (NTCD-M3) protects against virulent CDI in animals and reduced CDI recurrence in a phase 2 clinical trial, protection against CDI recurrence in humans was variable and required high doses of the nontoxigenic strain. Here we show that an avirulent C. difficile isolate, ST1-75, efficiently outcompetes virulent C. difficile strains in mice when co-infected at a 1:1 ratio. Our data suggest that inter-strain competition results from ST1-75s more rapid depletion of amino acids than the virulent R20291 strain. Our study identifies inter-strain nutrient depletion as a potentially exploitable mechanism to reduce the incidence of CDI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSpadden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalfe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullowney, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortier, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.592814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protection against Clostridioides difficile disease by a naturally avirulent C. difficile strain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593360v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eubacterium rectale detoxification mechanism increases resilience of the gut environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593360v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lachnospiraceae members were highly detected in dysbiotic IL-10 KO mice that displayed similar physiological outcomes as control mice. Lachnospiraceae is a highly diverse family of microbes that have been shown to display both commensal and pathogenic characteristics in the colon environment. We investigated the impact of genetic variation in five Lachnospiraceae strains on lowering cellular inflammation and ROS levels. Cell free spent media (CFSM) from Eubacterium rectale resulted in lowered ROS, and nitric oxide levels in stressed colon cells. We demonstrated through an array of multi  omics and molecular techniques that glutathione (GSH) biosynthesized by E. rectale was able to alleviate host ROS damage. We further showed downregulation of cell stress and immune response genes by host RNA sequencing, which is evidence that E. rectale microbial products promote recovery and alleviate ROS stress.

HighlightsO_LILachnospiraceae detection correlated with lower host inflammation in vertically transmitted dysbiotic mice
C_LIO_LICell free spent media from E. rectale lowered ROS and nitric oxide levels when introduced to stressed Caco-2 cells more effectively than 4 other strains of Lachnospiraceae
C_LIO_LIEubacterium rectale spent media products include high levels of glutathione (GSH), carbohydrates, and amino acids
C_LIO_LIEubacterium rectale potential gene function for glutathione biosynthesis and metabolism found in the genome
C_LIO_LILower expression of repair and stress genes of intestinal cells treated with hydrogen peroxide was observed with E. rectale CFSM as well as treatment with 15 mM GSH
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richie, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiechman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingold, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heeren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogranichniy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plattner, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593360</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eubacterium rectale detoxification mechanism increases resilience of the gut environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel expectation-maximization approach to infer general diploid selection from time-series genetic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detecting and quantifying the strength of selection is a main objective in population genetics. Since selection acts over multiple generations, many approaches have been developed to detect and quantify selection using genetic data sampled at multiple points in time. Such time series genetic data is commonly analyzed using Hidden Markov Models, but in most cases, under the assumption of additive selection. However, many examples of genetic variation exhibiting non-additive mechanisms exist, making it critical to develop methods that can characterize selection in more general scenarios. Here, we extend a previously introduced expectation-maximization algorithm for the inference of additive selection coefficients to the case of general diploid selection, in which the heterozygote and homozygote fitness are parameterized independently. We furthermore introduce a framework to identify bespoke modes of diploid selection from given data, a heuristic to account for variable population size, and a procedure for aggregating data across linked loci to increase power and robustness. Using extensive simulation studies, we find that our method accurately and efficiently estimates selection coefficients for different modes of diploid selection across a wide range of scenarios; however, power to classify the mode of selection is low unless selection is very strong. We apply our method to ancient DNA samples from Great Britain in the last 4,450 years, and detect evidence for selection in six genomic regions, including the well-characterized LCT locus. Our work is the first genome-wide scan characterizing signals of general diploid selection.

Author SummaryNatural selection increases the likelihood that beneficial genetic variants are passed from parent to offspring and thus forms the basis of genetic adaptation to novel environments. Genomic data sampled at multiple timepoints, such as genetic material extracted from ancient remains (ancient DNA) or data from evolve and resequence experiments, can enable more precise identification of genetic variants subject to selective pressure than contemporary samples alone. However, most methods for identifying genetic variation under selection focus on additive selection, where the fitness of the heterozygote is exactly intermediate between the homozygotes. Leveraging genetic data at multiple timepoints, we develop a method to detect additive and non-additive selection as well as to infer the most likely dominance mechanism. We apply our methods to a dataset of ancient DNA from Great Britain dated less than 4,450 years before present and identify six regions with signals of recent selection, including one at the TFR2 locus that has not been previously reported as a target of selection. Our work enables more accurate quantification of non-additive selection dynamics and can be used to test more complex models of selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fine, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinruecken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel expectation-maximization approach to infer general diploid selection from time-series genetic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional brain networks predicting sustained attention are not specific to perceptual modality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sustained attention is essential for daily life and can be directed to information from different perceptual modalities including audition and vision. Recently, cognitive neuroscience has aimed to identify neural predictors of behavior that generalize across datasets. Prior work has shown strong generalization of models trained to predict individual differences in sustained attention performance from patterns of fMRI functional connectivity. However, it is an open question whether predictions of sustained attention are specific to the perceptual modality in which they are trained. In the current study we test whether connectome-based models predict performance on attention tasks performed in different modalities. We show first that a predefined network trained to predict adults visual sustained attention performance generalizes to predict auditory sustained attention performance in three independent datasets (N1=29, N2=60, N3=17). Next, we train new network models to predict performance on visual and auditory attention tasks separately. We find that functional networks are largely modality-general, with both model-unique and shared model features predicting sustained attention performance in independent datasets regardless of task modality. Results support the supposition that visual and auditory sustained attention rely on shared neural mechanisms and demonstrate robust generalizability of whole-brain functional network models of sustained attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corriveau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terashima, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.15.594382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional brain networks predicting sustained attention are not specific to perceptual modality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative and systematic NMR measurements of sequence-dependent A-T Hoogsteen dynamics uncovers unique conformational specificity in the DNA double helix 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The propensities to form lowly-populated short-lived conformations of DNA could vary with sequence, providing an important source of sequence-specificity in biochemical reactions. However, comprehensively measuring how these dynamics vary with sequence is challenging. Using 1H CEST and 13C R1{rho} NMR, we measured Watson-Crick to Hoogsteen dynamics for an A-T base pair in thirteen trinucleotide sequence contexts. The Hoogsteen population and exchange rate varied 4-fold and 16-fold, respectively, and were dependent on both the 3- and 5-neighbors but only weakly dependent on monovalent ion concentration (25 versus 100 mM NaCl) and pH (6.8 versus 8.0). Flexible TA and CA dinucleotide steps exhibited the highest Hoogsteen populations, and their kinetics rates strongly depended on the 3-neighbor. In contrast, the stiffer AA and GA steps had the lowest Hoogsteen population, and their kinetics were weakly dependent on the 3-neighbor. The Hoogsteen lifetime was especially short when G-C neighbors flanked the A-T base pair. The Hoogsteen dynamics had a distinct sequence-dependence compared to duplex stability and minor groove width. Thus, our results uncover a unique source of sequence-specificity hidden within the DNA double helix in the form of A-T Hoogsteen dynamics and establish the utility of 1H CEST to quantitively measure sequence-dependent DNA dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manghrani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangadurai, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szekely, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guseva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Hashimi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.15.594415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative and systematic NMR measurements of sequence-dependent A-T Hoogsteen dynamics uncovers unique conformational specificity in the DNA double helix]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of microchannel width on axons for brain-on-chip applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Technologies for axon guidance for in vitro disease models and bottom up investigations are increasingly being used in neuroscience research. One of the most prevalent patterning methods is using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microstructures due to compatibility with microscopy and electrophysiology which enables systematic tracking of axon development with precision and efficiency. Previous investigations of these guidance platforms have noted axons tend to follow edges and avoid sharp turns; however, the specific impact of spatial constraints remains only partially explored. We investigated the influence of microchannel width beyond a constriction point, as well as the number of available microchannels, on axon growth dynamics. Further, by manipulating the size of micron/submicron-sized PDMS tunnels we investigated the space restriction that prevents growth cone penetration showing that restrictions smaller than 350nm were sufficient to exclude axons. This research offers insights into the interplay of spatial constraints, axon development, and neural behavior. The findings are important for designing in vitro platforms and in vivo neural interfaces for both fundamental neuroscience and translational applications in rapidly evolving neural implant technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vulic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasm, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihle, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.16.594497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of microchannel width on axons for brain-on-chip applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Mechanically Resilient Soft Hydrogel Improves Drug Delivery for Treating Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis in Physically Active Joints 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intra-articular delivery of disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) is likely to be most effective in early post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) when symptoms are minimal and patients are physically active. DMOAD delivery systems therefore must withstand repeated mechanical loading without affecting the drug release kinetics. Although soft materials are preferred for DMOAD delivery, mechanical loading can compromise their structural integrity and disrupt drug release. Here, we report a mechanically resilient soft hydrogel that rapidly self-heals under conditions resembling human running while maintaining sustained release of the cathepsin-K inhibitor L-006235 used as a proof-of-concept DMOAD. Notably, this hydrogel outperformed a previously reported hydrogel designed for intra-articular drug delivery, used as a control in our study, which neither recovered nor maintained drug release under mechanical loading. Upon injection into mouse knee joints, the hydrogel showed consistent release kinetics of the encapsulated agent in both treadmill-running and non-running mice. In a mouse model of aggressive PTOA exacerbated by treadmill running, L-006235 hydrogel markedly reduced cartilage degeneration. To our knowledge, this is the first hydrogel proven to withstand human running conditions and enable sustained DMOAD delivery in physically active joints, and the first study demonstrating reduced disease progression in a severe PTOA model under rigorous physical activity, highlighting the hydrogels potential for PTOA treatment in active patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slaughter, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandya, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagchandani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfassam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, R. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weldon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elickhoff, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botelho, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhasan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.16.594611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Mechanically Resilient Soft Hydrogel Improves Drug Delivery for Treating Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis in Physically Active Joints]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Structure Inspired Drug Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug discovery starts with known function, either of a compound or a protein, in-turn prompting investigations to probe 3D structure of the compound-protein interface. As protein structure determines function, we hypothesized that unique 3D structural motifs represent primary information denoting unique function that can drive discovery of novel agents. Using a physics-based protein structure analysis platform developed by us, designed to conduct computationally intensive analysis at supercomputing speeds, we probed a high-resolution protein x-ray crystallographic library developed by us. We selected 3D structural motifs whose function was not otherwise established, that offered environments supporting binding of drug-like chemicals and were present on proteins that were not established therapeutic targets. For each of eight potential binding pockets on six different proteins we accessed a 60 million compound library and used our analysis platform to evaluate binding. Using eight-day colony formation assays acquired compounds were screened for efficacy against human breast, prostate, colon and lung cancer cells and toxicity against human bone marrow stem cells. Compounds selectively inhibiting cancer growth segregated to two pockets on separate proteins. The compound, Dxr2-017, exhibited selective activity against human melanoma cells in the NCI-60 cell line screen, had an IC50 of 19 nM against human melanoma M14 cells in our eight-day assay, while over 2100-fold higher concentrations inhibited stem cells by less than 30%. We show that Dxr2-017 induces anoikis, a unique form of programmed cell death in need of targeted therapeutics. The predicted target protein for Dxr2-017 is expressed in bacteria, not in humans. This supports our strategy of focusing on unique 3D structural motifs. It is known that functionally important 3D structures are evolutionarily conserved. Here we demonstrate proof-of-concept that protein structure represents high value primary data to support discovery of novel therapeutics. This approach is widely applicable.

Author summaryWe introduce the concept that protein 3D structure represents primary information which can support downstream investigations, in this instance leading to the discovery of novel anticancer therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qiao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binkowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broughan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiltz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheidt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.17.594634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Structure Inspired Drug Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.18.594825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bursts from the past: Intrinsic properties link a network model to zebra finch song 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.18.594825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal intrinsic excitability is a mechanism implicated in learning and memory that is distinct from synaptic plasticity. Prior work in songbirds established that intrinsic properties (IPs) of premotor basal-ganglia-projecting neurons (HVCX) relate to learned song. Here we find that temporal song structure is related to specific HVCX IPs: HVCX from birds who sang longer songs including longer invariant vocalizations (harmonic stacks) had IPs that reflected increased post-inhibitory rebound. This suggests a rebound excitation mechanism underlying the ability of HVCX neurons to integrate over long periods of time throughout the song and represent sequence information. To explore this, we constructed a network model of realistic neurons showing how in-vivo HVC bursting properties link rebound excitation to network structure and behavior. These results demonstrate an explicit link between neuronal IPs and learned behavior. We propose that sequential behaviors exhibiting temporal regularity require IPs to be included in realistic network-level descriptions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Medina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margoliash, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.18.594825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bursts from the past: Intrinsic properties link a network model to zebra finch song]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.594594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temperature-Dependent Fold-Switching Mechanism of the Circadian Clock Protein KaiB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.594594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The oscillator of the cyanobacterial circadian clock relies on the ability of the KaiB protein to switch reversibly between a stable ground-state fold (gsKaiB) and an unstable fold-switched fold (fsKaiB). Rare fold-switching events by KaiB provide a critical delay in the negative feedback loop of this post-translational oscillator. In this study, we experimentally and computationally investigate the temperature dependence of fold switching and its mechanism. We demonstrate that the stability of gsKaiB increases with temperature compared to fsKaiB and that the Q10 value for the gsKaiB [-&gt;] fsKaiB transition is nearly three times smaller than that for the reverse transition. Simulations and native-state hydrogen-deuterium exchange NMR experiments suggest that fold switching can involve both subglobally and near-globally unfolded intermediates. The simulations predict that the transition state for fold switching coincides with isomerization of conserved prolines in the most rapidly exchanging region, and we confirm experimentally that proline isomerization is a rate-limiting step for fold switching. We explore the implications of our results for temperature compensation, a hallmark of circadian clocks, through a kinetic model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liwang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sood, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoszewski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marianchuk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.21.594594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temperature-Dependent Fold-Switching Mechanism of the Circadian Clock Protein KaiB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in olfactory behavior and neurophysiology in Long Evans Rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.21.595192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In many species, olfactory abilities in females are more sensitive than those in males. Studies in humans show that women have lower olfactory thresholds and are better able to discriminate and identify odors than men. In mice, odorants elicit faster activation from a larger number of olfactory sensory neurons in females than males. Our study explores sex differences in olfaction in Long Evans rats from a behavioral and electrophysiological perspective. Local field potentials (LFPs) in the olfactory bulb (OB) represent the coordinated activity of bulbar neurons. Olfactory gamma (65-120 Hz) and beta (15-30 Hz) oscillations have been functionally linked to odor perception. Spontaneous and odor-evoked OB LFPs were recorded from awake rats at the same time for 12 days. Odors used included urine of both sexes and monomolecular odorants characterized previously for correlation of volatility with behavior and OB oscillations. Sampling duration, baseline gamma and beta power, and odor-elicited beta and gamma power were analyzed. We find that females sample odorants for a shorter duration than males (close to 1s difference). While baseline gamma and beta power do not show significant differences between the two sexes, odor-elicited gamma and beta power in females is significantly lower than in males. Neither sampling duration nor beta and gamma power in females varied systematically with day of estrus. We further verify that variance of these behavioral and physiological measures is not different across sexes, adding to growing evidence that researchers need not be concerned about often- claimed additional variance in female subjects.

New and NoteworthyOlfaction plays a large role in evolutionary processes. However, we know little about sex differences in olfactory bulb neurophysiology, and many scientists believe that females are more variable due to estrus. We show that female rats sniff odors for shorter durations than males and have lower power in neural oscillations related to cognition. Estrus was not related to variance in any measures. Finally, males and females show equal variance on these behavioral and physiological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maheshwar, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.21.595192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in olfactory behavior and neurophysiology in Long Evans Rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRASH2p: Closed-loop Two Photon Imaging in Freely Moving Animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Direct measurement of neural activity in freely moving animals is essential for understanding how the brain controls and represents behaviors. Genetically encoded calcium indicators report neural activity as changes in fluorescence intensity, but brain motion confounds quantitative measurement of fluorescence. Translation, rotation, and deformation of the brain and the movements of intervening scattering or auto-fluorescent tissue all alter the amount of fluorescent light captured by a microscope. Compared to single-photon approaches, two photon microscopy is less sensitive to scattering and off-target fluorescence, but more sensitive to motion, and two photon imaging has always required anchoring the microscope to the brain. We developed a closed-loop resonant axial-scanning high-speed two photon (CRASH2p) microscope for real-time 3D motion correction in unrestrained animals, without implantation of reference markers. We complemented CRASH2p with a novel scanning strategy and a multi-stage registration pipeline. We performed volumetric ratiometrically corrected functional imaging in the CNS of freely moving Drosophila larvae and discovered previously unknown neural correlates of behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McNulty, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckscher, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwankpa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skanata, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershow, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRASH2p: Closed-loop Two Photon Imaging in Freely Moving Animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical role of Gα12 and Gα13 proteins in TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myofibroblast differentiation, characterized by accumulation of cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix proteins by fibroblasts, is a key process in wound healing and pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis. Transforming growth factor-{beta} (TGF-{beta}) is the most powerful known driver of myofibroblast differentiation. TGF-{beta} signals through transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate Smad transcription factors (Smad2/3) leading to activation of transcription of target genes. Heterotrimeric G proteins mediate a distinct signaling from seven-transmembrane G protein coupled receptors, not commonly linked to Smad activation. We asked if G protein signaling plays any role in TGF-{beta}-induced myofibroblast differentiation, using primary cultured human lung fibroblasts. Activation of Gs by cholera toxin blocked TGF-{beta}-induced myofibroblast differentiation without affecting Smad2/3 phosphorylation. Inhibition of Gi by pertussis toxin, or siRNA-mediated combined knockdown of Gq and G11 had no significant effect on TGF-{beta}-induced myofibroblast differentiation. A combined knockdown of G12 and G13 resulted in a drastic inhibition of TGF-{beta}-stimulated expression of myofibroblast marker proteins (collagen-1, fibronectin, smooth-muscle -actin), with siG12 being significantly more potent than siG13. Mechanistically, a combined knockdown of G12 and G13 resulted in a substantially reduced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 in response to TGF-{beta}, which was accompanied by a significant decrease in the expression of TGF{beta} receptors (TGFBR1, TGFBR2) and of Smad3 under siG12/13 conditions. In conclusion, our study uncovers a novel role of G12/13 proteins in the control of TGF-{beta} signaling and myofibroblast differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reed, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamanaka, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetin-Atalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutlu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mongin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulin, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical role of Gα12 and Gα13 proteins in TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal segmentation in cephalopod arms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prehensile arms of the cephalopod are among these animals most remarkable features, but the neural circuitry governing arm and sucker movements remains largely unknown. We studied the neuronal organization of the adult axial nerve cord (ANC) of Octopus bimaculoides with molecular and cellular methods. The ANCs, which lie in the center of every arm, are the largest neuronal structures in the octopus, containing four times as many neurons as found in the central brain. In transverse cross section, the cell body layer (CBL) of the ANC wraps around its neuropil (NP) with little apparent segregation of sensory and motor neurons or nerve exits. Strikingly, when studied in longitudinal sections, the ANC is segmented. ANC neuronal cell bodies form columns separated by septa, with 15 segments overlying each pair of suckers. The segments underlie a modular organization to the ANC neuropil: neuronal cell bodies within each segment send the bulk of their processes directly into the adjoining neuropil, with some reaching the contralateral side. In addition, some nerve processes branch upon entering the NP, forming short-range projections to neighboring segments and mid-range projections to the ANC segments of adjoining suckers. The septa between the segments are employed as ANC nerve exits and as channels for ANC vasculature. Cellular analysis establishes that adjoining septa issue nerves with distinct fiber trajectories, which across two segments (or three septa) fully innervate the arm musculature. Sucker nerves also use the septa, setting up a nerve fiber "suckerotopy" in the sucker-side of the ANC. Comparative anatomy suggests a strong link between segmentation and flexible sucker-laden arms. In the squid Doryteuthis pealeii, the arms and the sucker- rich club of the tentacles have segments, but the sucker-poor stalk of the tentacles does not. The neural modules described here provide a new template for understanding the motor control of octopus soft tissues. In addition, this finding represents the first demonstration of nervous system segmentation in a mollusc.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olson, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragsdale, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal segmentation in cephalopod arms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond variability: a novel gene expression stability metric to unveil homeostasis and regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The concept of gene expression stability within a homeostatic cell is explored through the gene homeostasis Z-index, a measure that highlights genes under active regulation in response to internal and external stimuli. This index reveals distinct regulatory activities and patterns in different organs, such as enhanced synaptic transmission in pancreatic islets. The research indicates that traditional mean-based methods may miss these nuances, underlining the significance of new metrics in identifying gene regulation specifics in cellular adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.596283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond variability: a novel gene expression stability metric to unveil homeostasis and regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The curses of performing differential expression analysis using single-cell data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differential expression analysis is pivotal in single-cell transcriptomics for unraveling cell-type- specific responses to stimuli. While numerous methods are available to identify differentially expressed genes in single-cell data, recent evaluations of both single-cell-specific methods and methods adapted from bulk studies have revealed significant shortcomings in performance. In this paper, we dissect the four major challenges in single-cell DE analysis: normalization, excessive zeros, donor effects, and cumulative biases. These "curses" underscore the limitations and conceptual pitfalls in existing workflows. In response, we introduce a novel paradigm addressing several of these issues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.596315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The curses of performing differential expression analysis using single-cell data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Patient-Specific Morphoelastic Growth Model of Aortic Dissection Evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human aorta undergoes complex morphologic changes that indicate the evolution of disease. Finite element analysis enables the prediction of aortic pathologic states, but the absence of a biomechanical understanding hinders the applicability of this computational tool. We incorporate geometric information from computed tomography angiography (CTA) imaging scans into finite element analysis (FEA) to predict a trajectory of future geometries for four aortic disease patients. Through defining a geometric correspondence between two patient scans separated in time, a patient-specific FEA model can recreate the deformation of the aorta between the two time points, showing pathologic growth drives morphologic heterogeneity. A shape-size geometric feature space plotting the variance of the shape index versus the inverse square root of aortic surface area ({delta}[S] vs. [Formula]) quantitatively demonstrates the simulated breakdown in aortic shape. An increase in {delta}[S] closely parallels the true geometric progression of aortic disease patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khabaz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pocivavsek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.596335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Patient-Specific Morphoelastic Growth Model of Aortic Dissection Evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The theory of massively repeated evolution and full identifications of Cancer Driving Nucleotides (CDNs) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumorigenesis, like most complex genetic traits, is driven by the joint actions of many mutations. At the nucleotide level, such mutations are Cancer Driving Nucleotides (CDNs). The full sets of CDNs are necessary, and perhaps even sufficient, for the understanding and treatment of each cancer patient. Currently, only a small fraction of CDNs is known as most mutations accrued in tumors are not drivers. We now develop the theory of CDNs on the basis that cancer evolution is massively repeated in millions of individuals. Hence, any advantageous mutation should recur frequently and, conversely, any mutation that does not is either a passenger or deleterious mutation. In the TCGA cancer database (sample size n = 300 - 1000), point mutations may recur in i out of n patients. This study explores a wide range of mutation characteristics to determine the limit of recurrences (i*) driven solely by neutral evolution. Since no neutral mutation can reach i* = 3, all mutations recurring at i [&ge;] 3 are CDNs. The theory shows the feasibility of identifying almost all CDNs if n increases to 100,000 for each cancer type. At present, only < 10% of CDNs have been identified. When the full sets of CDNs are identified, the evolutionary mechanism of tumorigenesis in each case can be known and, importantly, gene targeted therapy will be far more effective in treatment and robust against drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liufu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The theory of massively repeated evolution and full identifications of Cancer Driving Nucleotides (CDNs)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the discovered Cancer Driving Nucleotides (CDNs)-Distributions across genes, cancer types and patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.29.596367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central goal of cancer genomics is to identify, in each patient, all the cancer driving mutations. Among them, point mutations are referred to as Cancer Driving Nucleotides (CDNs), which recur in cancers. The companion study shows that the probability of i recurrent hits in n patients would decrease exponentially with i; hence, any mutation with i [&ge;] 3 hits in the TCGA database is a high-probability CDN. This study characterizes the 50[~]150 CDNs identifiable for each cancer type of TCGA (while anticipating 10 times more undiscovered ones) as follows: i) CDNs tend to code for amino acids of divergent chemical properties. ii) At the genic level, far more CDNs (>5-fold) fall on non-canonical than canonical cancer driving genes (CDGs). Most undiscovered CDNs are expected to be on unknown CDGs. iii) CDNs tend to be more widely shared among cancer types than canonical CDGs, mainly because of the higher resolution at the nucleotide than the whole-gene level. iv) Most important, among the 50[~]100 coding region mutations carried by a cancer patient, 5[~]8 CDNs are expected but only 0[~]2 CDNs have been identified at present. This low level of identification has hampered functional test and gene targeted therapy. We show that, by expanding the sample size to 105, most CDNs can be identified. Full CDN identification will then facilitate the design of patient-specific targeting against multiple CDN-harboring genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liufu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the discovered Cancer Driving Nucleotides (CDNs)-Distributions across genes, cancer types and patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.596977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced Treatment Efficiency of Holmium:YAG Laser Lithotripsy by Using PEDOT:PSS Nanofluid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.596977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Urinary stone disease, characterized by the formation of hard mineral deposits in the urinary tract, has seen a rising prevalence in the U.S. in recent years. This condition often leads to severe pain and typically requires medical intervention. Laser lithotripsy, a minimally invasive treatment, uses laser energy to fragment urinary stones into smaller pieces, facilitating easier removal or natural passage. Among available laser technologies, the holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser has established itself as the gold standard over the past three decades. Efforts to improve Ho:YAG laser ablation efficiency have largely focused on adjusting laser parameters such as pulse energy and frequency. In this study, we proposed a nanoplasmonic engineering strategy by incorporating nanoparticles (NPs) with strong near-infrared (NIR) absorption into the fluid surrounding the stone, enhancing the light-matter interaction. Using a 0.03 wt.% PEDOT:PSS nanofluid, stone ablation efficiency improved by 38-727% in spot treatment and 26-75% in scanning treatment with a clinical laser lithotripter. The highly absorbing nanofluid accelerates vapor tunnel formation, boosts laser energy transmission to the stone, and permeates stone pores to enhance damage, without increasing thermal tissue injury risk. Cytotoxicity tests also confirmed minimal toxicity at appropriate concentrations. This nanofluid-based approach offers a promising advancement for more efficient and safer laser lithotripsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anees, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.01.596977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced Treatment Efficiency of Holmium:YAG Laser Lithotripsy by Using PEDOT:PSS Nanofluid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.05.597134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid evolution of fine-scale recombination during domestication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.05.597134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombination serves as a pivotal force propelling the evolution of genomic diversity in sexually reproducing organisms. Despite its fundamental role, the evolutionary dynamics of recombination rates and their implications for genome evolution remain largely elusive. The domestication of animals, which is characterized by dynamic selection pressures, offers a unique lens to explore this issue. Here, we constructed a fine-scale recombination map leveraging whole-genome data from domestic chickens, encompassing both contemporary commercial breeds and the wild progenitor, the Red Junglefowl (RJF). Our analysis revealed the rapid evolution of the recombination landscape within and across chicken populations, with significant variation in recombination coldspots and hotspots, particularly in commercial breeds. The occurrence of coldspots and the disappearance of hotspots are closely associated with selective sweeps.Contrary to prevailing observations in most species, we observed a weakly negative correlation between recombination rates and the frequency of introgressed ancestry from other RJF subspecies. Our findings provide valuable insights into the intricate interplay of evolutionary forces shaping the evolution of recombination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, T.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esmailizadeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.-p.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.05.597134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid evolution of fine-scale recombination during domestication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infiltrating lipid-rich macrophage subpopulations identified as a regulator of increasing prostate size in human benign prostatic hyperplasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages exhibit marked phenotypic heterogeneity within and across disease states, with lipid metabolic reprogramming contributing to macrophage activation and heterogeneity. Chronic inflammation has been observed in human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues, however macrophage activation states and their contributions to this hyperplastic disease have not been defined. We postulated that a shift in macrophage phenotypes with increasing prostate size could involve metabolic alterations resulting in prostatic epithelial or stromal hyperplasia. Single-cell RNA-seq of CD45+ transition zone leukocytes from 10 large (>90 grams) and 10 small (<40 grams) human prostates was conducted. Macrophage subpopulations were defined using marker genes. BPH macrophages do not distinctly categorize into M1 and M2 phenotypes. Instead, macrophages with neither polarization signature preferentially accumulate in large versus small prostates. Specifically, macrophage subpopulations with altered lipid metabolism pathways, demarcated by TREM2 and MARCO expression, significantly accumulate with increased prostate volume. TREM2+ and MARCO+ macrophage abundance positively correlates with patient body mass index and urinary symptom scores. TREM2+ macrophages have significantly higher neutral lipid than TREM2- macrophages from BPH tissues. Lipid-rich macrophages were observed to localize within the stroma in BPH tissues. In vitro studies indicate that lipid-loaded macrophages increase prostate epithelial and stromal cell proliferation compared to control macrophages. These data define two new BPH immune subpopulations, TREM2+ and MARCO+ macrophages, and suggest that lipid-rich macrophages may exacerbate lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with large prostates. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the therapeutic benefit of targeting these cells in BPH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lanman, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meco, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitchev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolliegbo, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipovich, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothandaraman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cresswell, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talaty, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoniak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higgins, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfand, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratliff, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.597992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infiltrating lipid-rich macrophage subpopulations identified as a regulator of increasing prostate size in human benign prostatic hyperplasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpretation of two-sample Mendelian randomization for binary exposures and outcome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTwo-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) is widely applied to binary exposures and outcomes. Yet standard MR models rely on linear effect assumptions that are difficult to interpret for binary traits. Although liability-based interpretations have been suggested, it remains unclear whether conventional summary-data MR is formally justified in this setting or what causal parameter it identifies.

MethodsWe develop a liability-threshold framework in which binary traits arise from underlying continuous liabilities. We derive explicit relationships between genome-wide association study (GWAS) coefficients obtained from logistic or linear regression on binary traits and marginal genetic associations on the liability scale. Under small genetic effects, typical for complex traits, observed-scale GWAS coefficients are approximately proportional to liability-scale associations.

ResultsThis proportionality implies that standard two-sample MR methods remain statistically coherent for binary traits. MR applied to binary exposures or outcomes estimates a scaled causal effect between underlying liabilities rather than an effect on the observed binary scale. The scaling factor depends primarily on trait prevalence and is directly computable. Simulations and UK Biobank analyses confirm that, after rescaling, MR using binary traits recovers liability-scale causal effects consistent with analyses based on continuous traits.

ConclusionsWe provide a formal statistical justification for summary-data MR with binary traits and clarify the causal parameter being estimated. These results support routine MR practice for binary exposures and outcomes while enabling coherent interpretation of effect sizes.

Key MessagesO_LIThe interpretation of two-sample MR with binary exposures or outcomes is often unclear because GWAS analyses are performed on the observed binary scale.
C_LIO_LIUnder a liability threshold framework with small genetic effects, GWAS coefficients from logistic or linear regression on binary traits are approximately proportional to genetic associations on an underlying continuous liability scale.
C_LIO_LIConsequently, conventional summary-data MR applied to binary or ordinal traits remains valid and estimates a scaled causal effect between liabilities, requiring no modification of existing methods.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.09.598150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpretation of two-sample Mendelian randomization for binary exposures and outcome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.598334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suppression of T cell function by phosphoethanolamine, a metabolite enriched in tumor interstitial fluid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.598334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nutrient stress represents a significant barrier for antitumor immunity, and tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) often contains metabolites that hinder immune function. However, it is difficult to isolate the effects of tumor nutrient stress from other suppressive factors. Thus, we employed a chemically-defined cell culture medium based on the metabolomic profile of TIF: Tumor Interstitial Fluid Medium (TIFM). Culture of CD8+ T cells in TIFM limited cell expansion and impaired CD8+ T cell effector functions upon restimulation, suggesting tumor nutrient stress alone is sufficient to drive T cell dysfunction. We identified phosphoethanolamine (pEtn), a phospholipid intermediate, as a driver of T cell dysfunction. pEtn dampened TCR signaling by depleting T cells of diacylglycerol required for TCR signal transduction. Reduction of pEtn accumulation in tumors improved intratumoral T cell function and tumor control, suggesting pEtn accumulation plays a dominant role in TME immunosuppression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilfahrt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lontos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AminiTabrizi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivadeneira, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgoffe, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.10.598334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suppression of T cell function by phosphoethanolamine, a metabolite enriched in tumor interstitial fluid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.12.598694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATF4 and mTOR regulate metabolic reprogramming in TGF-β-treated lung fibroblasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.12.598694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal disease characterized by the TGF-{beta}-dependent activation of lung fibroblasts, leading to excessive deposition of collagen proteins and progressive replacement of healthy lung with scar tissue. We and others have shown that fibroblast activation is supported by metabolic reprogramming, including the upregulation of the de novo synthesis of glycine, the most abundant amino acid found in collagen protein. How fibroblast metabolic reprogramming is regulated downstream of TGF-{beta} is incompletely understood. We and others have shown that TGF-{beta}-mediated activation of the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) and downstream upregulation of Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4) promote increased expression of the enzymes required for de novo glycine synthesis; however, whether mTOR and ATF4 regulate other metabolic pathways in lung fibroblasts has not been explored. Here, we used RNA sequencing to determine how both ATF4 and mTOR regulate gene expression in human lung fibroblasts following TGF-{beta}. We found that ATF4 primarily regulates enzymes and transporters involved in amino acid homeostasis as well as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. mTOR inhibition resulted not only in the loss of ATF4 target gene expression, but also in the reduced expression of glycolytic enzymes and mitochondrial electron transport chain subunits. Analysis of TGF-{beta}-induced changes in cellular metabolite levels confirmed that ATF4 regulates amino acid homeostasis in lung fibroblasts while mTOR also regulates glycolytic and TCA cycle metabolites. We further analyzed publicly available single cell RNAseq data sets and found increased expression of ATF4 and mTOR metabolic targets in pathologic fibroblast populations from the lungs of IPF patients. Our results provide insight into the mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming in lung fibroblasts and highlight novel ATF4 and mTOR-dependent pathways that may be targeted to inhibit fibrotic processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, K. W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atalay, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetin-Atalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Leary, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szafran, J. C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meliton, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamaa, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutlu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamanaka, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.12.598694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATF4 and mTOR regulate metabolic reprogramming in TGF-β-treated lung fibroblasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.13.598777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acetylation of the yeast Hsp40 chaperone protein Ydj1 fine-tunes proteostasis and translational fidelity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.13.598777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteostasis, the maintenance of cellular protein balance, is essential for cell viability and is highly conserved across all organisms. Newly synthesized proteins, or "clients," undergo sequential processing by Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp90 chaperones to achieve proper folding and functionality. Despite extensive characterization of post-translational modifications (PTMs) on Hsp70 and Hsp90, the modifications on Hsp40 remain less understood. This study aims to elucidate the role of lysine acetylation on the yeast Hsp40, Ydj1. By mutating acetylation sites on Ydj1s J-domain to either abolish or mimic constitutive acetylation, we observed that preventing acetylation had no noticeable phenotypic impact, whereas acetyl-mimic mutants exhibited various defects indicative of impaired Ydj1 function. Proteomic analysis revealed several Ydj1 interactions affected by J-domain acetylation, notably with proteins involved in translation. Further investigation uncovered a novel role for Ydj1 acetylation in stabilizing ribosomal subunits and ensuring translational fidelity. Our data suggest that acetylation may facilitate the transfer of Ydj1 between Ssa1 and Hsp82. Collectively, this work highlights the critical role of Ydj1 acetylation in proteostasis and translational fidelity.

Author SummaryCells require a suite of chaperone and co-chaperone proteins to maintain a healthy balance of functional proteins. A large number of modifications on chaperone and co-chaperone proteins have been identified, but their functional importance has not been fully explored. In this study, we identify acetylation sites on the yeast co-chaperone Ydj1 that impact its interactions with major chaperones and client proteins including those involved in protein synthesis. This work sheds light on how modifications on co-chaperones can also play an important role in the health of the proteome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrader, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoskins, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kline, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchem, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitika,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truman, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.13.598777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acetylation of the yeast Hsp40 chaperone protein Ydj1 fine-tunes proteostasis and translational fidelity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.15.599126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conditional frequency spectra as a tool for studying selection on complex traits in biobanks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.15.599126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural selection on complex traits is difficult to study in part due to the ascertainment inherent to genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The power to detect a trait-associated variant in GWAS is a function of frequency and effect size -- but for traits under selection, the effect size of a variant determines the strength of selection against it, constraining its frequency. To account for GWAS ascertainment, we propose studying the joint distribution of allele frequencies across populations, conditional on the frequencies in the GWAS cohort. Before considering these conditional frequency spectra, we first characterized the impact of selection and non-equilibrium demography on allele frequency dynamics forwards and backwards in time. We then used these results to understand conditional frequency spectra under realistic human demography. Finally, we investigated empirical conditional frequency spectra for GWAS variants associated with 106 complex traits, finding compelling evidence for either stabilizing or purifying selection. Our results provide insight into polygenic score portability and other properties of variants ascertained with GWAS, highlighting the utility of conditional frequency spectra.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.15.599126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conditional frequency spectra as a tool for studying selection on complex traits in biobanks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.16.599132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elasticity and Thermal Stability are Key Determinants of Hearing Rescue by Mini-Protocadherin-15 Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.16.599132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protocadherin-15 is a core protein component of inner-ear hair-cell tip links pulling on transduction channels essential for hearing and balance. Protocadherin-15 defects can result in non-syndromic deafness or Usher syndrome type 1F (USH1F) with hearing loss, balance deficits, and progressive blindness. Three rationally engineered shortened versions of protocadherin-15 (mini-PCDH15s) amenable for gene therapy have been used to rescue function in USH1F mouse models. Two can successfully or partially rescue hearing, while another one fails. Here we show that despite varying levels of hearing rescue, all three mini-PCDH15 versions can rescue hair-cell mechanotransduction. Negative-stain electron microscopy shows that all three versions form dimers like the wild-type protein, while crystal structures of some engineered fragments show that these can properly fold and bind calcium ions essential for function. In contrast, simulations predict distinct elasticities and nano differential scanning fluorimetry shows differences in melting temperature measurements. Our data suggest that elasticity and thermal stability are key determinants of sustained hearing rescue by mini-PCDH15s.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De-la-Torre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brower, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Perez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanchenko, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corey, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotomayor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Indzhykulian, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.16.599132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elasticity and Thermal Stability are Key Determinants of Hearing Rescue by Mini-Protocadherin-15 Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.16.599227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanosensitive FHL2 tunes endothelial function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.16.599227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endothelial tissues are essential mechanosensors in the vasculature and facilitate adaptation to various blood flow-induced mechanical cues. Defects in endothelial mechanoresponses can perturb tissue remodelling and functions leading to cardiovascular disease progression. In this context, the precise mechanisms of endothelial mechanoresponses contributing to normal and diseased tissue functioning remain elusive. Here, we sought to uncover how flow-mediated transcriptional regulation drives endothelial mechanoresponses in healthy and atherosclerotic-prone tissues. Using bulk RNA sequencing, we identify novel mechanosensitive genes in response to healthy unidirectional flow (UF) and athero-prone disturbed flow (DF). We find that the transcription as well as protein expression of Four-and-a-half LIM protein 2 (FHL2) are enriched in athero-prone DF both in vitro and in vivo. We then demonstrate that the exogenous expression of FHL2 is necessary and sufficient to drive discontinuous adherens junction morphology and increased tissue permeability. This athero-prone phenotype requires the force-sensitive binding of FHL2 to actin. In turn, the force-dependent localisation of FHL2 to stress fibres promotes microtubule dynamics to release the RhoGEF, GEF-H1, and activate the Rho-ROCK pathway. Thus, we unravelled a novel mechanochemical feedback wherein force-dependent FHL2 localisation promotes hypercontractility. This misregulated mechanoresponse creates highly permeable tissues, depicting classic hallmarks of atherosclerosis progression. Overall, we highlight crucial functions for the FHL2 force-sensitivity in tuning multi-scale endothelial mechanoresponses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seetharaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devany, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Bodegraven, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chmiel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzu-Pin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, W.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.16.599227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanosensitive FHL2 tunes endothelial function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.599965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteroides expand the functional versatility of a universal transcription factor and transcribed DNA to program capsule diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.599965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human gut Bacteroides species encode numerous (eight or more) tightly regulated capsular polysaccharides (CPS). Specialized paralogs of the universal transcription elongation factor NusG, called UpxY (Y), and an anti-Y UpxZ (Z) are encoded by the first two genes of each CPS operon. The Y-Z regulators combine with promoter inversions to limit CPS transcription to a single operon in most cells. Y enhances transcript elongation whereas Z inhibits noncognate Ys. How Y distinguishes among cognate CPS operons and how Z inhibits only noncognate Ys are unknown. Using in-vivo nascent-RNA sequencing and promoter-less in vitro transcription (PIVoT), we establish that Y recognizes a paused RNA polymerase via sequences in both the exposed non-template DNA and the upstream duplex DNA. Y association is aided by novel  pause-then-escape nascent RNA hairpins. Z binds non-cognate Ys to directly inhibit Y association. This Y-Z hierarchical regulatory program allows Bacteroides to create CPS subpopulations for optimal fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saba, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engstrom, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garje, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comstock, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.21.599965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteroides expand the functional versatility of a universal transcription factor and transcribed DNA to program capsule diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.599993v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lectins and polysaccharide EPS I have flow-responsive roles in the attachment and biofilm mechanics of plant pathogenic Ralstonia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.599993v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial biofilm formation and attachment to hosts are mediated by carbohydrate- binding lectins, exopolysaccharides, and their interactions in the extracellular matrix (ECM). During tomato infection Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum (Rps) GMI1000 highly expresses three lectins: LecM, LecF, and LecX. The latter two are uncharacterized. We evaluated the roles in bacterial wilt disease of LecF, a fucose-binding lectin, LecX, a xylose-binding lectin, and the Rps exopolysaccharide EPS I. Interestingly, single and double lectin mutants attached to tomato roots better and formed more biofilm under static conditions in vitro. Consistent with this finding, static bacterial aggregation was suppressed by heterologous expression of lecFGMI1000 and lecXGMI1000 in other Ralstonia strains that naturally lack these lectins. Crude ECM from a {Delta}lecF/X double mutant was more adhesive than the wild-type ECM, and LecF and LecX increased Rps attachment to ECM. The enhanced adhesiveness of the {Delta}lecF/X ECM could explain the double mutants hyper-attachment in static conditions. Unexpectedly, mutating lectins decreased Rps attachment and biofilm viscosity under shear stress, which this pathogen experiences in plant xylem. LecF, LecX, and EPS I were all essential for biofilm development in xylem fluid flowing through cellulose-coated microfluidic channels. These results suggest that under shear stress, LecF and LecX increase Rps attachment by interacting with the ECM and plant cell wall components like cellulose. In static conditions such as on root surfaces and in clogged xylem vessels, the same lectins suppress attachment to facilitate pathogen dispersal. Thus, Rps lectins have a dual biological function that depends on the physical environment.

Author SummaryBacterial wilt diseases caused by Ralstonia species inflict significant losses on diverse, globally important agricultural plants. The pathogen first colonizes roots and ultimately the water-transporting xylem. There it attaches to host cell walls and other bacterial cells to form biofilms that eventually block xylem vessels and disrupt sap flow. It is not well known how Ralstonia spp. modulate attachment, but precise control of both attachment and dispersal is critical for successful host colonization over the disease cycle. Excessive adhesion could trap bacteria in a toxic or nutrient-depleted environment. Conversely, insufficient adhesion in a flowing environment could displace bacteria from an optimal niche. We provide evidence of dual, environment-specific roles of carbohydrate-binding lectins and exopolysaccharide EPS I in Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum (Rps) attachment. In static conditions, which Rps experiences on a host root, two lectins suppress bacterial aggregation and adhesion to roots. However, in flowing conditions, which Rps experiences in healthy xylem vessels, the same two lectins and EPS I are essential for biofilm development. The lectins increase the biofilm viscosity and support colony structural integrity, likely by interacting with polysaccharides in the biofilm matrix. This novel multifunctionality of bacterial lectins reveals how pathogens adapt to a physically dynamic host environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carter, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope-Arguello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrich, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prom, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manikantan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe-Power, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.21.599993</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lectins and polysaccharide EPS I have flow-responsive roles in the attachment and biofilm mechanics of plant pathogenic Ralstonia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.601040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Insights into the Roles of PARP4 and NAD+ in the Human Vault Cage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.27.601040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vault is a massive ribonucleoprotein complex found across Eukaryota. The major vault protein (MVP) oligomerizes into an ovular cage, which contains several minor vault components (MVCs) and is thought to transport transiently bound "cargo" molecules. Vertebrate vaults house a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (known as PARP4 in humans), which is the only MVC with known enzymatic activity. Despite being discovered decades ago, the molecular basis for PARP4s interaction with MVP remains unclear. In this study, we determined the structure of the human vault cage in complex with PARP4 and its enzymatic substrate NAD+. The structures reveal atomic-level details of the protein-binding interface, as well as unexpected NAD+-binding pockets within the interior of the vault cage. In addition, proteomics data show that human vaults purified from wild-type and PARP4-depleted cells interact with distinct subsets of proteins. Our results thereby support a model in which PARP4s specific incorporation into the vault cage helps to regulate vaults selection of cargo and its subcellular localization. Further, PARP4s proximity to MVPs NAD+-binding sites could support its enzymatic function within the vault.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lodwick, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roganowicz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.27.601040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Insights into the Roles of PARP4 and NAD+ in the Human Vault Cage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.26.600880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole Tissue Imaging of Cellular Boundaries at Sub-Micron Resolutions for Automatic Cell Segmentation: Applications in Epithelial Bending of Ectodermal Appendages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.26.600880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For decades, biologists have relied on confocal microscopy to understand cellular morphology and fine details of tissue structure. However, traditional confocal microscopy of tissues faces limited light penetration, typically less than 100 {micro}m, due to tissue opacity. To address this challenge, researchers have developed tissue clearing protocols compatible with confocal microscopy. Unfortunately, these protocols often struggle to retain cell boundary markers, especially at high resolutions necessary for precise cell segmentation. In this work, we introduce a method that preserves cell boundary markers and matches the refractive index of tissues with water. This technique enables the use of high-magnification, long working distance water-dipping objectives. The sub-micron resolutions achieved with this approach allows us to automatically segment each individual cell using a trained neural network segmentation model. These segmented images facilitate the quantification of cell properties and morphology of the entire three-dimensional tissue. As a demonstration of this methodology, we first examine mandibles of transgenic mice that express fluorescent proteins in their cell membranes. We then extend this technique to a non-model animal, the catshark, investigating the cellular properties of its dental lamina and dermal denticles - invaginating and evaginating ectodermal structures, respectively. Our technique thus provides a powerful tool to quantify in high throughput the 3D structures of cells and tissues during organ morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norris, S. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubin, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.26.600880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole Tissue Imaging of Cellular Boundaries at Sub-Micron Resolutions for Automatic Cell Segmentation: Applications in Epithelial Bending of Ectodermal Appendages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uridine Phosphorylase-1 supports metastasis of mammary cancer by altering immune and extracellular matrix landscapes of the lung 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the mechanisms that facilitate early events in metastatic seeding is key to developing therapeutic approaches to reduce metastasis - the leading cause of cancer-related death. Using whole animal screens in genetically engineered mouse models of cancer we have identified circulating metabolites associated with metastasis. Specifically, we highlight the pyrimidine uracil as a prominent metastasis-associated metabolite. Uracil is generated by neutrophils expressing the enzyme uridine phosphorylase-1 (UPP1), and neutrophil specific Upp1 expression is increased in cancer. Altered UPP1 activity influences expression of adhesion molecules on the surface of neutrophils, leading to decreased neutrophil motility in the pre-metastatic lung. Furthermore, we find that UPP1-expressing neutrophils suppress T-cell proliferation, and the UPP1 product uracil can increase fibronectin deposition in the extracellular microenvironment. Consistently, knockout or inhibition of UPP1 in mice with mammary tumours increases the number of T-cells and reduces fibronectin content in the lung and decreases the proportion of mice that develop lung metastasis. These data indicate that UPP1 influences neutrophil behaviour and extracellular matrix deposition in the lung and suggest that pharmacological targeting of this pathway could be an effective strategy to reduce metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whyte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vande Voorde, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumpton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhayade, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dornier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiesheu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlane, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fercoq, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehesa Caballero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilroy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redmond, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzierozynski, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apiz Saab, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halbrook, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strathdee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackstadt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macpherson, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffelt, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blyth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansom, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uridine Phosphorylase-1 supports metastasis of mammary cancer by altering immune and extracellular matrix landscapes of the lung]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.04.602054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methamphetamine-induced adaptation of learning rate dynamics depend on baseline performance. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.04.602054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to calibrate learning according to new information is a fundamental component of an organisms ability to adapt to changing conditions. Yet, the exact neural mechanisms guiding dynamic learning rate adjustments remain unclear. Catecholamines appear to play a critical role in adjusting the degree to which we use new information over time, but individuals vary widely in the manner in which they adjust to changes. Here, we studied the effects of a low dose of methamphetamine (MA), and individual differences in these effects, on probabilistic reversal learning dynamics in a within-subject, double-blind, randomized design. Participants first completed a reversal learning task during a drug-free baseline session to provide a measure of baseline performance. Then they completed the task during two sessions, one with MA (20 mg oral) and one with placebo (PL). First, we showed that, relative to PL, MA modulates the ability to dynamically adjust learning from prediction errors. Second, this effect was more pronounced in participants who performed moderately low at baseline. These results present novel evidence for the involvement of catecholaminergic transmission on learning flexibility and highlights that baseline performance modulates the effect of the drug.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirschner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molla, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassar, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullsperger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.04.602054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methamphetamine-induced adaptation of learning rate dynamics depend on baseline performance.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nematode Extracellular Protein Interactome Expands Connections between Signaling Pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multicellularity was accompanied by the emergence of new classes of cell surface and secreted proteins. The nematode C. elegans is a favorable model to study cell surface interactomes, given its well-defined and stereotyped cell types and intercellular contacts. Here we report our C. elegans extracellular interactome dataset, the largest yet for an invertebrate. Most of these interactions were unknown, despite recent datasets for flies and humans, as our collection contains a larger selection of protein families. We uncover new interactions for all four major axon guidance pathways, including ectodomain interactions between three of the pathways. We demonstrate that a protein family known to maintain axon locations are secreted receptors for insulins. We reveal novel interactions of cystine-knot proteins with putative signaling receptors, which may extend the study of neurotrophins and growth-factor-mediated functions to nematodes. Finally, our dataset provides insights into human disease mechanisms and how extracellular interactions may help establish connectomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nawrocka, W. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltrusaitis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nematode Extracellular Protein Interactome Expands Connections between Signaling Pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Objective Markers of Sustained Attention Fluctuate Independently of Mind-Wandering Reports 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sustained attention fluctuates between periods of good and poor attentional performance. Two major methodologies exist to study these fluctuations: an objective approach that identifies "in-the-zone" states of consistent response times (RTs) and "out-of-the-zone" states of erratic RTs and a subjective approach that asks participants whether they are on-task or mind wandering. Although both approaches effectively predict attentional lapses, it remains unclear whether they capture the same or distinct attentional fluctuations. We combined both approaches within a single sustained attention task requiring frequent responses and response inhibition to rare targets to explore their consistency (N=40). Behaviorally, both objective out-of-the-zone and subjective mind-wandering states were associated with more attentional lapses. However, the percentage of time spent out-of-the-zone did not differ between on-task and mind-wandering periods and both objective and subjective states independently predicted error-proneness, suggesting that the two methods do not capture the same type of attention fluctuations. Whereas attentional preparation before correct inhibitions was greater during out-of-the-zone compared to in-the-zone periods, preparation did not differ by subjective state. In contrast, post-error slowing differed by both objective and subjective states, but in opposite directions: slowing was observed when participants were objectively out-of-the-zone or subjectively on-task. Overall, our results provide evidence that objective and subjective approaches capture distinct attention fluctuations during sustained attention tasks. Integrating both objective and subjective measures is crucial for fully understanding the mechanisms underlying our ability to remain focused.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chidharom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnefond, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Objective Markers of Sustained Attention Fluctuate Independently of Mind-Wandering Reports]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust coexistence in ecological competitive communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Darwin already recognized that competition is fiercest among conspecifics, a principle that later made intraspecific competition central to ecological theory through concepts such as niche differentiation and limiting similarity. Beyond shaping coexistence, strong intraspecific competition can also stabilize community dynamics by ensuring that populations return to equilibrium after disturbance. Here we investigate a more fundamental question: how intraspecific competition influences the very existence of a steady state (feasibility) in large random ecological communities dominated by competition. We show that, analogous to classical results on stability, there is a critical level of intraspecific competition above which a feasible steady state is guaranteed to exist. We derive a general expression for the probability of feasibility and prove that, asymptotically (as species number grows), the transition to stability occurs before the transition to feasibility with probability one. Thus, in large competitive communities, any feasible equilibrium is automatically stable. This ordering persists even when many species in the initial pool cannot coexist and extinctions occur: the dynamics prune the community, shifting feasibility and stability thresholds but never reversing their order. These results imply that large competitive communities generically converge to a globally stable equilibrium, making sustained oscillations or chaos unlikely--consistent with experimental observations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lechon-Alonso, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemos-Costa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allesina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.10.602979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust coexistence in ecological competitive communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.12.603292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context-dependent roles for autophagy in myeloid cells in tumor progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.12.603292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autophagy is known to suppress tumor initiation by removing genotoxic stresses in normal cells. Conversely, autophagy is also known to support tumor progression by alleviating metabolic stresses in neoplastic cells. Centered on this pro-tumor role of autophagy, there have been many clinical trials to treat cancers through systemic blocking of autophagy. Such systemic inhibition affects both tumor cells and non-tumor cells, and the consequence of blocked autophagy in non-tumor cells in the context of tumor microenvironment is relatively understudied. Here, we examined the effect of autophagy-deficient myeloid cells on the progression of autophagy-competent tumors. We found that blocking autophagy only in myeloid cells modulated tumor progression markedly but such effects were context dependent. In a tumor implantation model, the growth of implanted tumor cells was substantially reduced in mice with autophagy-deficient myeloid cells; T cells infiltrated deeper into the tumors and were responsible for the reduced growth of the implanted tumor cells. In an oncogene-driven tumor induction model, however, tumors grew faster and metastasized more in mice with autophagy- deficient myeloid cells. These data demonstrate that the autophagy status of myeloid cells plays a critical role in tumor progression, promoting or suppressing tumor growth depending on the context of tumor-myeloid cell interactions. This study indicates that systemic use of autophagy inhibitors in cancer therapy may have differential effects on rates of tumor progression in patients due to effects on myeloid cells and that this warrants more targeted use of selective autophagy inhibitors in a cancer therapy in a clinical setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominici, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macleod, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KRON, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.12.603292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context-dependent roles for autophagy in myeloid cells in tumor progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.15.603519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient tree-topologies and gene-flow processes among human lineages in Africa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.15.603519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The deep history of human evolution in Africa remains intensely debated with increasingly complex models being proposed. To investigate human evolutionary history in Africa, we sequenced and investigated 73 novel high-quality whole genomes from 14 Central and Southern African populations with diverse cultural practices. With extensive simulations and machine-learning Approximate Bayesian Computation inferences, we reconstruct jointly their complex history of divergences and migrations. We find vast genome-wide diversity within and among populations, often uncorrelated with geography and cultural practices. This shows the necessity to explicitly consider local genomic patterns, without merging samples from differentiated populations indiscriminately into larger a priori categories to reconstruct human evolutionary histories. We find that tree-like population-histories with long periods of drift between short pulses of unidirectional gene-flow best explain the data, in contrast to continuous gene-flow. Without the need to invoke archaic admixture, the detailed patterns of genomic variation can be accurately fitted to a model where the lineage ancestral to Khoe-San populations diverged around 300,000 years ago from a lineage ancestral to rainforest hunter-gatherers and neighboring agriculturalists. Finally, throughout history, the short periods of gene-flow each coincide with epochs of major ecological and cultural changes in Sub-Saharan Africa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Breton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjodin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zervakis, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froment, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sjostrand, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewlett, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soodyall, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlebusch, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakobsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.15.603519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient tree-topologies and gene-flow processes among human lineages in Africa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.603797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CACHE Challenge #1: targeting the WDR domain of LRRK2, a Parkinson's Disease associated protein. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.603797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CACHE challenges are a series of prospective benchmarking exercises meant to evaluate progress in the field of computational hit-finding. Here we report the results of the inaugural CACHE #1 challenge in which 23 computational teams each selected up to 100 commercially available compounds that they predicted would bind to the WDR domain of the Parkinsons disease target LRRK2, a domain with no known ligand and only an apo structure in the PDB. The lack of known binding data and presumably low druggability of the target is a challenge to computational hit finding methods. Seventy-three of the 1955 procured molecules bound LRRK2 in an SPR assay with KD lower than 150 M and were advanced to a hit expansion phase where computational teams each selected up to 50 analogs each. Binding was observed in two orthogonal assays with affinities ranging from 18 to 140 M for seven chemically diverse series. The seven successful computational workflows varied in their screening strategies and techniques. Three used molecular dynamics to produce a conformational ensemble of the targeted site, three included a fragment docking step, three implemented a generative design strategy and five used one or more deep learning steps. CACHE #1 reflects a highly exploratory phase in computational drug design where participants sometimes adopted strikingly diverging screening strategies. Machine-learning accelerated methods achieved similar results to brute force (e.g. exhaustive) docking. First-in-class, experimentally confirmed compounds were rare and weakly potent, indicating that recent advances are not sufficient to effectively address challenging targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ackloo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrowsmith, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ban, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barden, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beranek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berenger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolotokova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bret, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breznik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carosati, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherkasov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Della Corte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denzinger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Draga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edfeldt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eguida, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenhuth, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuerll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiabi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glavatskikh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgulla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenther, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunnarsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guseve, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutkin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillisch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irwin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isayev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarrett, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kireev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klebe</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.18.603797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CACHE Challenge #1: targeting the WDR domain of LRRK2, a Parkinson's Disease associated protein.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.17.601450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of mixtures of birds and insects in weather radar data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.17.601450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Weather radars are increasingly used to study the spatial-temporal dynamics of airborne birds and insects. These two taxa often co-occur and separating their contributions remains a major analytical challenge. Most studies have restricted analyses to locations, seasons, and periods when one or the other taxa dominates. In this study, we describe an analytical method to estimate the proportion of birds and insects from vertical profiles of biological reflectivities, using a minimal number of assumptions on the airspeeds of birds and insects. We evaluated our method on understudied regions where airborne insect density is too high for existing approaches of studying bird migration with weather radars: the tropics (Colombia) and the southern temperate zone (Southeast Australia). Our method estimates that bird and insect signals routinely reach similar magnitudes in these regions. Retrieved patterns across daily and annual cycles reflected expected biological patterns that are indicative of migratory and non-migratory movements in both climates and migration systems. Compared to fixed airspeed thresholding, we obtain finer separation and retain more spatial-temporal complexity that is crucial to revealing aerial habitat use of both taxa. Our analytical procedure is readily implemented into existing software, empowering ecologists to explore aerial ecosystems outside the northern temperate zone, as well as diurnal migration of birds and insects that remains heavily understudied.

Lay summaryO_LIWe developed a new method to differentiate between birds and insects in weather radar data.
C_LIO_LIThis method uses minimal assumptions about the flight speeds of birds and insects.
C_LIO_LIWe tested the method in regions with high insect density: the tropics (Colombia) and southern temperate zone (Southeast Australia).
C_LIO_LIOur method estimated proportions of birds and insects that captured expected patterns of daily and annual movements, which were indicative of migratory and non-migratory movement of both taxa.
C_LIO_LIUnlike fixed airspeed criteria for bird and insect separation, our approach provides a more detailed understanding of aerial habitat use by both birds and insects.
C_LIO_LIThis method can be easily added to existing software, helping ecologists study bird and insect movements in less-studied areas and ecosystems.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drucker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Herrera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dokter, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.17.601450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of mixtures of birds and insects in weather radar data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.17.603923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-Silico Analyses of Molecular Force Sensors for Mechanical Characterization of Biological Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.17.603923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical forces play key roles in biological processes such as cell migration and sensory perception. In recent years molecular force sensors have been developed as tools for in situ force measurements. Here we use all-atom steered molecular dynamics simulations to predict and study the relationship between design parameters and mechanical properties for three types of molecular force sensors commonly used in cellular biological research: two peptide-and one DNA-based. The peptide-based sensors consist of a pair of fluorescent proteins, which can undergo Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET), linked by spider silk (GPGGA)n or synthetic (GGSGGS)n disordered regions. The DNA-based sensor consists of two fluorophore-labeled strands of DNA that can be unzipped or sheared upon force application with a FRET signal as readout of dissociation. We simulated nine sensors, three of each kind. After equilibration, flexible peptide linkers of three different lengths were stretched by applying forces to their N-and C-terminal C atoms in opposite directions. Similarly, we equilibrated a DNA-based sensor and pulled on the phosphate atom of the terminal guanine of one strand and a selected phosphate atom on the other strand in the opposite direction. These simulations were performed at constant velocity (0.01 nm/ns - 10 nm/ns) and constant force (10 pN - 500 pN) for all versions of the sensors. Our results show how the force response of these sensors depends on their length, sequence, configuration and loading rate. Mechanistic insights gained from simulations analyses indicate that interpretation of experimental results should consider the influence of transient formation of secondary structure in peptide-based sensors and of overstretching in DNA-based sensors. These predictions can guide optimal fluorophore choice and facilitate the rational design of new sensors for use in protein, DNA, hybrid systems, and molecular devices.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEBiomolecular structures involved in various biological processes, including muscle function and sensory perception, generate, convey, and respond to mechanical forces. In-vivo accurate measurement of these forces is challenging but needed to understand biological function. Here we present a comprehensive computational analysis of three different types of molecular force sensors used to report pico-Newton level forces in biomolecular systems. Our atom-level simulation predictions provide mechanistic insight that can facilitate experimental data interpretation, selection of sensor design parameters, and the development of new force sensors tailored to specific applications and environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotomayor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.17.603923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-Silico Analyses of Molecular Force Sensors for Mechanical Characterization of Biological Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.604029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic regulation of H2A.Zub and H3K27me3 by ambient temperature in plant cell fate determination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.604029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crucial to plant development, ambient temperature triggers intricate mechanisms enabling adaptive responses to temperature variations. The precise coordination of chromatin modifications in shaping cell fate under diverse temperatures remains elusive. Our study, integrating comprehensive transcriptome, epigenome profiling and genetics, unveils that lower ambient temperature (16{degrees}C) restores developmental defects caused by H3K27me3 loss in PRC2 mutants by specifically depositing H2A.Zub at ectopically expressed embryonic genes, such as ABI3 and LEC1. This deposition leads to re-silencing of these genes and compensates for H3K27me3 depletion. PRC1-mediated H2A.Zub and PRC2-catalyzed H3K27me3 play roles in silencing transcription of these embryonic genes for post-germination development. Low temperature decelerates H2A.Z turnover at specific loci likely by attenuating the interaction between TOE1 and H2A.Z chaperone, sustaining repression of embryonic genes and alleviating requirement for PRC2-H3K27me3 at post-germination stage. Our findings offer mechanistic insights into the cooperative epigenetic layers facilitating plants adaptation to varying environmental temperatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.18.604029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic regulation of H2A.Zub and H3K27me3 by ambient temperature in plant cell fate determination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.604796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FhlA is a Formate Binding Protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.604796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Escherichia coli uses glycolysis and mixed acid fermentation and produces formate as by product. One system E. coli uses for formate oxidation is formate hydrogen lyase complex (FHL). The expression of the FHL complex is dependent on formate and regulated by the transcriptional regulator FhlA. The structure of FhlA is composed of three domains. The N-terminal domain is putatively responsible for formate binding and FhlA oligomerization as a tetramer, the central portion of FhlA contains a AAA+ domain that hydrolyzes ATP, and the C-terminal domain binds DNA. Formate enhances FhlA-mediated expression of FHL; however, FhlA direct interaction with formate has never been demonstrated. Formate-protein interactions are challenging to assess, due to the small and ubiquitous nature of the molecule. Here, we have developed three techniques to assess formate-protein interaction. We use these techniques to confirm that FhlA binds formate in the N-terminal domain in vitro, and that this interaction is partially dependent on residues E183 and E363, consistent with previous reports. This study is a proof of concept that these techniques can be used to assess other formate-protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al Fardan, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koestler, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.24.604796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FhlA is a Formate Binding Protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.604976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overlapping Cortical Substrate of Biomechanical Control and Subjective Agency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.604976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Every movement requires the nervous system to solve a complex biomechanical control problem, but this process is mostly veiled from ones conscious awareness. Simultaneously, we also have conscious experience of controlling our movements--our sense of agency (SoA). Whether SoA corresponds to those neural representations that implement actual neuromuscular control is an open question with ethical, medical, and legal implications. If SoA is the conscious experience of control, this predicts that SoA can be decoded from the same brain structures that implement the so-called "inverse dynamics" computations for planning movement. We correlated human (male and female) fMRI measurements during hand movements with the internal representations of a deep neural network (DNN) performing the same hand control task in a biomechanical simulation- revealing detailed cortical encodings of sensorimotor states, idiosyncratic to each subject. We then manipulated SoA by usurping control of participants muscles via electrical stimulation, and found that the same voxels which were best explained by modeled inverse dynamics representations-- which, strikingly, were located in canonically visual areas--also predicted SoA. Importantly, model-brain correspondences and robust SoA decoding could both be achieved within single subjects, enabling relationships between motor representations and awareness to be studied at the level of the individual.

Significance StatementThe inherent complexity of biomechanical control problems is belied by the seeming simplicity of directing movements in our subjective experience. This aspect of our experience suggests we have limited conscious access to the neural and mental representations involved in controlling the body - but of which of the many possible representations are we, in fact, aware? Understanding which motor control representations percolate into awareness has taken on increasing importance as emerging neural interface technologies push the boundaries of human autonomy. In our study, we leverage machine learning models that have learned to control simulated bodies to localize biomechanical control representations in the brain. Then, we show that these brain regions predict perceived agency over the musculature during functional electrical stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veillette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nith, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusbaum, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.24.604976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overlapping Cortical Substrate of Biomechanical Control and Subjective Agency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.604985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imperfect symmetry facilitated the evolution of specificity and high-order stoichiometry in vertebrate hemoglobin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.604985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many proteins form paralogous multimers - molecular complexes in which evolutionarily related proteins are arranged into specific quaternary structures. Little is known about the mechanisms by which they acquired their stoichiometry (the number of total subunits in the complex) and heterospecificity (the preference of subunits for their paralogs rather than other copies of the same protein). Here we use ancestral protein reconstruction and biochemical experiments to study historical increases in stoichiometry and specificity during the evolution of vertebrate hemoglobin (Hb), a 2{beta}2 heterotetramer that evolved from a homodimeric ancestor after a gene duplication. We show that the mechanisms for this evolutionary transition were simple. One hydrophobic substitution in subunit {beta} after the gene duplication was sufficient to cause the ancestral dimer to homotetramerize with high affinity across a new interface. During this same interval, a single-residue deletion in subunit  at the older interface conferred specificity for the heterotetrameric form and the trans-orientation of subunits within it. These sudden transitions in stoichiometry and specificity were possible because the interfaces in Hb are isologous - involving the same surface patch on interacting subunits, rotated 180{degrees} relative to each other. This architecture amplifies the impacts of individual mutations on stoichiometry and specificity, especially in higher-order complexes, and allows single substitutions to differentially affect heteromeric vs homomeric interactions. Our findings suggest that elaborate and specific symmetrical molecular complexes may often evolve via simple genetic and physical mechanisms.

Significance statementMany molecular complexes are made up of proteins related by gene duplication, but how these assemblies evolve is poorly understood. Using ancestral protein reconstruction and biochemical experiments, we dissected how vertebrate hemoglobin, which comprises two copies each of two related proteins, acquired this architecture from a homodimeric ancestor. Each aspect of this transition - from dimer to tetramer and homomer to heteromer - had a simple genetic basis: a single-site amino acid change in each protein drove these changes in size and specificity. These transitions were possible because hemoglobins architecture is symmetric, which amplified the effect of small biochemical changes on the assembly of the complex. Many protein complexes are symmetrical, suggesting that they too may have evolved via simple genetic mechanisms.

Classification: Major classification - Biological Sciences Minor classifications - Biochemistry/Evolution
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cortez-Romero, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laganowsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.24.604985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imperfect symmetry facilitated the evolution of specificity and high-order stoichiometry in vertebrate hemoglobin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.605005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Illuminating microbial mat assembly: Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexota cooperate to structure light-responsive biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.24.605005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial mats are stratified communities often dominated by unicellular and filamentous phototrophs within an exopolymer matrix. It is challenging to quantify the dynamic responses of community members in situ as they experience steep gradients and rapid fluctuations of light. To address this, we developed a binary consortium using two representative isolates from hot spring mats: the unicellular oxygenic phototrophic cyanobacterium Synechococcus OS-B (Syn OS-B) and the filamentous anoxygenic phototroph Chloroflexus MS-CIW-1 (Chfl MS-1). We quantified the motility of individual cells and entire colonies and demonstrated that Chfl MS-1 formed bundles of filaments that moved in all directions with no directional bias to light. Syn OS- B was slightly less motile but exhibited positive phototaxis. This binary consortium displayed cooperative behavior by moving further than either species alone and formed ordered arrays where both species aligned with the light source. No cooperative motility was observed when a non-motile pilB mutant of Syn OS-B was used instead of Syn OS-B. The binary consortium also produced more adherent biofilm than individual species, consistent with the close interspecies association revealed by electron microscopy. We propose that cyanobacteria and Chloroflexota cooperate in forming natural microbial mats, by colonizing new niches and building robust biofilms.

SignificanceMicrobial mats are dense, layered communities with ancient origins and widespread occurrence, but how they assemble is not well understood. To investigate how microbial motility, physical interactions, and responses to light affect mat assembly, we developed a binary consortium from representative hot spring mat isolates. Individually, the Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexota isolates displayed significant differences in motility and biofilm formation. When combined, the consortium exhibited enhanced motility towards light and formed more robust biofilms. This model consortium approach complements in situ studies by directly testing the role of motility and physical cooperation in shaping microbial mats, and could inform biofilm applications in industrial settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bunbury, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calatrava, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malkovskiy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joubert, L.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.24.605005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Illuminating microbial mat assembly: Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexota cooperate to structure light-responsive biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of the influenza B M2 proton channel (BM2) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza B viruses have co-circulated during most seasonal flu epidemics and can cause significant human morbidity and mortality due to their rapid mutation, emerging drug resistance, and severe impact on vulnerable populations. The influenza B M2 proton channel (BM2) plays an essential role in viral replication, but the mechanisms behind its symmetric proton conductance and the involvement of a second histidine (His27) cluster remain unclear. Here we perform the membrane-enabled continuous constant-pH molecular dynamics simulations on wildtype BM2 and a key H27A mutant to explore its pH-dependent conformational switch. Simulations capture the activation as the first histidine (His19) protonates and reveal the transition at lower pH values compared to AM2 is a result of electrostatic repulsions between His19 and pre-protonated His27. Crucially, we provide an atomic-level understanding of the symmetric proton conduction by identifying pre-activating channel hydration in the C-terminal portion. This research advances our understanding of the function of BM2 function and lays the groundwork for further chemically reactive modeling of the explicit proton transport process as well as possible anti-flu drug design efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.605324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of the influenza B M2 proton channel (BM2)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.28.604986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
12-Lipoxygenase Inhibition Suppresses Islet Immune and Inflammatory Responses and Delays Autoimmune Diabetes in Human Gene Replacement Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.28.604986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing {beta} cells and involves an interplay between {beta} cells and cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. We investigated the therapeutic potential of targeting 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX), an enzyme implicated in inflammatory pathways in {beta} cells and macrophages, using a mouse model in which the endogenous mouse Alox15 gene is replaced by the human ALOX12 gene. Our finding demonstrated that VLX-1005, a potent 12-LOX inhibitor, effectively delayed the onset of autoimmune diabetes in human gene replacement non-obese diabetic mice. By spatial proteomics analysis, VLX-1005 treatment resulted in marked reductions in infiltrating T and B cells and macrophages with accompanying increases in immune checkpoint molecule PD-L1, suggesting a shift towards an immune-suppressive microenvironment. RNA sequencing analysis of isolated islets and polarized proinflammatory macrophages revealed significant alteration of cytokine-responsive pathways and a reduction in interferon response after VLX-1005 treatment. Our studies demonstrated that the ALOX12 human replacement gene mouse provides a platform for the preclinical evaluation of LOX inhibitors and supports VLX-1005 as an inhibitor of human 12-LOX that engages the enzymatic target and alters the inflammatory phenotypes of islets and macrophages to promote the delay of autoimmune diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nargis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muralidharan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enriquez, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaylan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratuagntham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figatner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadler, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxer, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tersey, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.28.604986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[12-Lipoxygenase Inhibition Suppresses Islet Immune and Inflammatory Responses and Delays Autoimmune Diabetes in Human Gene Replacement Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.30.605871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scaling and Merging Time-Resolved Laue Data with Variational Inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.30.605871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Time-resolved X-ray crystallography (TR-X) at synchrotrons and free electron lasers is a promising technique for recording dynamics of molecules at atomic resolution. While experimental methods for TR-X have proliferated and matured, data analysis is often difficult. Extracting small, time-dependent changes in signal is frequently a bottleneck for practitioners. Recent work demonstrated this challenge can be addressed when merging redundant observations by a statistical technique known as variational inference (VI). However, the variational approach to time-resolved data analysis requires identification of successful hyperparameters in order to optimally extract signal. In this case study, we present a successful application of VI to time-resolved changes in an enzyme, DJ-1, upon mixing with a substrate molecule, methylglyoxal. We present a strategy to extract high signal-to-noise changes in electron density from these data. Furthermore, we conduct an ablation study, in which we systematically remove one hyperparameter at a time to demonstrate the impact of each hyperparameter choice on the success of our model. We expect this case study will serve as a practical example for how others may deploy VI in order to analyze their time-resolved diffraction data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zielinski, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolamore, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henning, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollack, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srajer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hekstra, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.30.605871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scaling and Merging Time-Resolved Laue Data with Variational Inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.30.605911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How different immersive environments affect intracortical brain computer interfaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.30.605911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWAs brain-computer interface (BCI) research advances, many new applications are being developed. Tasks can be performed in different environments, and whether a BCI user can switch environments seamlessly will influence the ultimate utility of a clinical device. Here we investigate the importance of the immersiveness of the virtual environment used to train BCI decoders on the resulting decoder and its generalizability between environments. Two participants who had intracortical electrodes implanted in their precentral gyrus used a BCI to control a virtual arm, either viewed immersively through virtual reality goggles or at a distance on a flat television monitor. Each participant performed better with a decoder trained and tested in the environment they had used the most prior to the study, one for each environment type. The neural tuning to the desired movement was minimally influenced by the immersiveness of the environment. Finally, in further testing with one of the participants, we found that decoders trained in one environment generalized well to the other environment, but the order in which the environments were experienced within a session mattered. Overall, experience with an environment was more influential on performance than the immersiveness of the environment, but BCI performance generalized well after accounting for experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tortolani, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunigk, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobinov, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boninger, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collinger, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopoulos, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.30.605911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How different immersive environments affect intracortical brain computer interfaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.606048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What the Average Really Means: Dissociating Effect Size and Effect Prevalence using p-curve Mixtures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.31.606048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much research in the behavioral sciences aims to characterize the "typical" person. A statistically significant group-averaged effect size is often interpreted as evidence that the typical person shows an effect, but that is only true under certain distributional assumptions for which explicit evidence is rarely presented. Mean effect size varies with both within-participant effect size and population prevalence (proportion of population showing effect). Few studies consider how prevalence affects mean effect size estimates and existing estimators of prevalence are, conversely, confounded by uncertainty about effect size. We introduce a widely applicable Bayesian method, the p-curve mixture model, that jointly estimates prevalence and effect size by probabilistically clustering participant-level data based on their likelihood under a null distribution. Our approach, for which we provide a software tool, outperforms existing prevalence estimation methods when effect size is uncertain and is sensitive to differences in prevalence or effect size across groups or conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veillette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusbaum, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.606048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What the Average Really Means: Dissociating Effect Size and Effect Prevalence using p-curve Mixtures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.07.607063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
YTHDF1 mediates translational control by m6A mRNA methylation in adaptation to environmental challenges 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.07.607063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals adapt to environmental challenges with long-term changes at the behavioral, circuit, cellular, and synaptic levels which often require new protein synthesis. The discovery of reversible N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications of mRNA has revealed an important layer of post-transcriptional regulation which affects almost every phase of mRNA metabolism and therefore translational control. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the significant role of m6A in cell differentiation and survival, but its role in adult neurons is understudied. We used cell-type specific gene deletion of Mettl14, which encodes one of the subunits of the m6A methyltransferase, and Ythdf1, which encodes one of the cytoplasmic m6A reader proteins, in dopamine D1 receptor expressing or D2 receptor expressing neurons. Mettl14 or Ythdf1 deficiency blunted responses to environmental challenges at the behavioral, cellular, and molecular levels. In three different behavioral paradigms, gene deletion of either Mettl14 or Ythdf1 in D1 neurons impaired D1-dependent learning, whereas gene deletion of either Mettl14 or Ythdf1 in D2 neurons impaired D2-dependent learning. At the cellular level, modulation of D1 and D2 neuron firing in response to changes in environments was blunted in all three behavioral paradigms in mutant mice. Ythdf1 deletion resembled impairment caused by Mettl14 deletion in a cell type-specific manner, suggesting YTHDF1 is the main mediator of the functional consequences of m6A mRNA methylation in the striatum. At the molecular level, while striatal neurons in control mice responded to elevated cAMP by increasing de novo protein synthesis, striatal neurons in Ythdf1 knockout mice didnt. Finally, boosting dopamine release by cocaine drastically increased YTHDF1 binding to many mRNA targets in the striatum, especially those that encode structural proteins, suggesting the initiation of long-term neuronal and/or synaptic structural changes. While the m6A-YTHDF1 pathway has similar functional significance at cellular level, its cell type specific deficiency in D1 and D2 neurons often resulted in contrasting behavioral phenotypes, allowing us to cleanly dissociate the opposing yet cooperative roles of D1 and D2 neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sammudin, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullere, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thinakaran, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.07.607063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[YTHDF1 mediates translational control by m6A mRNA methylation in adaptation to environmental challenges]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay between the cyclophilin homology domain of RANBP2 and MX2 regulates HIV-1 capsid dependencies on nucleoporins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interlinked interactions between the viral capsid (CA), nucleoporins (Nups), the antiviral protein myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2/MXB) influence HIV-1 nuclear entry and the outcome of infection. Although RANBP2/NUP358 has been repeatedly identified as a critical player in HIV-1 nuclear import and MX2 activity, the mechanism by which RANBP2 facilitates HIV-1 infection is not well understood. To explore the interactions between MX2, the viral CA, and RANBP2, we utilized CRISPR-Cas9 to generate cell lines expressing RANBP2 from its endogenous locus but lacking the C-terminal cyclophilin (Cyp) homology domain, and found that both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection were reduced significantly in RANBP2{Delta}Cyp cells. Importantly, although MX2 still localized to the nuclear pore complex in RANBP2{Delta}Cyp cells, antiviral activity against HIV-1 was decreased. By generating cells expressing specific point mutations in the RANBP2-Cyp domain we determined that the effect of the RANBP2-Cyp domain on MX2 anti-HIV-1 activity is due to direct interactions between RANBP2 and CA. We further determined that CypA and RANBP2-Cyp have similar effects on HIV-1 integration targeting. Finally, we found that the Nup requirements for HIV infection and MX2 activity were altered in cells lacking the RANBP2-Cyp domain. These findings demonstrate that the RANBP2-Cyp domain affects viral infection and MX2 sensitivity by altering CA-specific interactions with cellular factors that affect nuclear import and integration targeting.

Significance StatementHIV-1 entry into the nucleus is an essential step in viral replication that involves complex interactions between the viral capsid and multiple cellular proteins, including nucleoporins such as RANBP2. Nups also mediate the function of the antiviral protein MX2, however determining the precise role of Nups in HIV infection has proved challenging due to the complex nature of the nuclear pore and significant pleiotropic effects elicited by Nup depletion. We have used precise gene editing to assess the role of the Cyp domain of RANBP2 in HIV-1 infection and MX2 activity. We find that this domain affects viral infection, nucleoporin requirements, MX2 sensitivity, and integration targeting in a CA-specific manner, providing detailed insights into how RANBP2 contributes to HIV-1 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flick, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venbakkam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layish, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.-W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radhakrishnan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kvaratskhelia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelman, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.12.607676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay between the cyclophilin homology domain of RANBP2 and MX2 regulates HIV-1 capsid dependencies on nucleoporins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.16.607330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenetic analysis of Centralspindlin and Ect2 provides mechanistic insights into the emergence of Metazoa and multicellularity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.16.607330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obligate multicellularity evolved at least 5 times in eukaryotes, including at the origin of Metazoa 1, 2. The molecular events leading to the acquisition of multicellularity are not understood in any lineage. Here, I present an integrated analysis into the emergence of three regulators of cytokinesis and the Metazoan kingdom. Phylogenetic analysis and structural modeling indicate that three interacting essential regulators of cytokinesis, Kif23, Cyk4, and Ect2, are highly conserved across all Metazoa. These proteins cooperate to link the plane of cell division with the position of the spindle during anaphase and subsequently nucleate the assembly of stable intercellular bridges 3-6, structures prevalent in Metazoan germlines 7. The closest relatives of Metazoa, Choanoflagellata, encode Kif23 and Ect2 orthologs. In contrast, choanoflagellate species variably encode members of paralogous sets of proteins related to Cyk4, some of which are predicted to interact with Kif23. These findings, in conjunction with prior knowledge, suggests that the evolutionary refinement of these three cytokinetic regulators was a proximal prerequisite for the evolution of defining features of Metazoa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glotzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.16.607330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenetic analysis of Centralspindlin and Ect2 provides mechanistic insights into the emergence of Metazoa and multicellularity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Mechanisms of Feedback Processing and Behavioral Adaptation during Neurofeedback Training 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The acquisition of new skills is facilitated by providing individuals with feedback that reflects their performance. This process creates a closed loop that involves feedback processing and regulation recalibration to promote effective training. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based neurofeedback is unique in applying this principle by delivering direct feedback on the self-regulation of brain activity. Understanding how feedback-driven learning occurs requires examining how feedback is evaluated and how regulation adjusts in response to feedback signals. In this pre-registered mega-analysis, we re-analyzed data from eight intermittent fMRI neurofeedback studies (N = 153 individuals) to investigate brain regions where activity and connectivity are linked to feedback processing and regulation recalibration (i.e., regulation after feedback) during training. We harmonized feedback scores presented during training in these studies and computed their linear associations with brain activity and connectivity using parametric general linear model analyses. We observed that, during feedback processing, feedback scores were positively associated with (1) activity in the reward system, dorsal attention network, default mode network, and cerebellum; and with (2) reward system-related connectivity within the salience network. During regulation recalibration, no significant associations were observed between feedback scores and either activity or associative learning-related connectivity. Our results suggest that neurofeedback is processed in the reward system, supporting the theory that reinforcement learning shapes this form of brain training. In addition, the involvement of large-scale networks in feedback processing, continuously transitioning between evaluating external feedback and internally assessing the adopted cognitive state, suggests that higher-level processing is integral to this type of learning. Our findings highlight the pivotal role of performance-related feedback as a driving force in learning, potentially extending beyond neurofeedback training to other feedback-based processes.

Key PointsWe conducted a pre-registered mega-analysis integrating data from eight fMRI neurofeedback studies to examine feedback processing and regulation recalibration during neurofeedback training.

During feedback processing, feedback was associated with activity in the reward system, dorsal attention network, default mode network, and cerebellum; as well as with reward system-related connectivity within the salience network.

We found no positive results during regulation blocks; however, additional analyses suggest that recalibration may have already occurred during feedback presentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pamplona, G. S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zweerings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lor, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deErney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roecher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taebi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellrung, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amano, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheinost, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermans, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathiak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharnowski, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.19.608543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Mechanisms of Feedback Processing and Behavioral Adaptation during Neurofeedback Training]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608860v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stabilizing selection generates selection against introgressed DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.20.608860v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA introgressed from one population into another is often deleterious to the recipient population if the two populations have diverged genetically from one another. Previous explanations of this phenomenon have posited negative interactions between donor-population alleles and the recipient populations genome or environment, or higher genetic load in the donor population. Here, we show that stabilizing selection on quantitative traits--even around the same optimal trait values in the two populations and when the populations are demographically identical--generates selection against the minor-parent ancestry in a population formed via unequal admixture of the two populations. We calculate the rate at which minor-parent ancestry is purged under this mechanism, both in the early generations after admixture and in the long term, and we verify these calculations with whole-genome simulations. Because of its ubiquity, stabilizing selection offers a general mechanism for the deleterious effect of introgressed ancestry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.20.608860</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stabilizing selection generates selection against introgressed DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large serine integrases utilise scavenged phage proteins as directionality cofactors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombination directionality factors (RDFs) for large serine integrases (LSIs) are cofactor proteins that control the directionality of recombination to favor excision over insertion. Although RDFs are predicted to bind their cognate LSIs in similar ways, there is no overall common structural theme across LSI RDFs, leading to the suggestion that some of them may be moonlighting proteins with other primary functions. To test this hypothesis, we searched for characterized proteins with structures similar to the predicted structures of known RDFs. Our search shows that the RDFs for two LSIs, TG1 integrase and Bxb1 integrase, show high similarities to a single stranded DNA binding (SSB) protein and an editing exonuclease, respectively. We present experimental data to show that TG1 RDF is a functional SSB protein. We used mutational analysis to validate the integrase-RDF interface predicted by AlphaFold2 multimer for TG1 integrase and its RDF, and establish that control of recombination directionality is mediated via protein-protein interaction at the junction of recombinases second DNA binding domain and the base of the coiled coil domain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alsaleh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena Reyes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baksh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taiwo-Aiyerin, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pigli, Y. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olorunniji, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.608926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large serine integrases utilise scavenged phage proteins as directionality cofactors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying the seasonal reproductive cycle in three species of Malagasy fruit bats with implications for pathogen and population dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.21.608949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bats (order Chiroptera) are hosts for highly virulent zoonotic pathogens. Many bats demonstrate seasonally varying antiviral responses, including antibody responses which have been observed to peak during the nutritionally depleted dry-season and female gestation periods, suggesting some impact of resource deficits on bat virus immunity. Given the frequent overlap in these energetically demanding periods, it is likely that endocrinological changes associated with pregnancy might partially explain the aforementioned pattern in antibody dynamics. Regardless, we know little about the seasonality of reproduction in many fruit bat species, despite the importance of reproductive biology to informing conservation management (e.g. population viability) and disease dynamics. Here, we aimed to elucidate the reproductive biology of three species of endemic fruit bat native to the island of Madagascar: Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, and Rousettus madagascarensis. To do so, we leveraged plasma samples collected in part with a longitudinal field study, from 2018 to 2020. We adapted three standard reproductive assays previously validated in humans to quantify seasonal changes in reproductive hormones for bats and applied a mixture model approach to determine hormone cutoffs for pregnancy. As expected, we found that pregnant females showed the highest levels of estradiol and progesterone and adult males the highest levels of testosterone. Additionally, female P. rufus and R. madagascariensis showed clear seasonality in reproduction with peaks in estradiol and progesterone in August and October, respectively. Seasonality was less clearly discernible in the female E. dupreanum and male data. In general, we found that the commercially available assays were successful in quantifying endocrinological hormones for bats; when paired with histological embryo sections or field data, these offer a powerful tool to elucidate bat reproductive calendars.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cornelius Ruhs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kettenburg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrianiaina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaivoson, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grewe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.608949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying the seasonal reproductive cycle in three species of Malagasy fruit bats with implications for pathogen and population dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transmembrane channel-like 4 and 5 proteins at microvillar tips are potential ion channels and lipid scramblases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microvilli--membrane bound actin protrusions on the surface of epithelial cells--are sites of critical processes including absorption, secretion, and adhesion. Increasing evidence suggests microvilli are mechanosensitive, but underlying molecules and mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we localize transmembrane channel-like proteins 4 and 5 (TMC4 and 5) and calcium and integrin binding protein 3 (CIB3) to microvillar tips in intestinal epithelial cells, near glycocalyx insertion sites. We find that TMC5 colocalizes with CIB3 in cultured cells and that a TMC5 fragment forms a complex with CIB3 in vitro. Homology and AlphaFold2 models reveal a putative ion permeation pathway in TMC4 and 5, and molecular dynamics simulations predict both proteins can conduct ions and perform lipid scrambling. These findings raise the possibility that TMC4 and 5 interact with CIB3 at microvillar tips to form a mechanosensitive complex, akin to TMC1 and 2, and CIB2 and 3, within the mechanotransduction channel complex at the tips of inner ear stereocilia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ebrahim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballesteros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agyemang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystofiak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotomayor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.22.609173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transmembrane channel-like 4 and 5 proteins at microvillar tips are potential ion channels and lipid scramblases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.24.609522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing real-time phase detection in diverse rhythmic biological signals for phase-specificneuromodulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.24.609522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractClosed-loop, phase-specific neurostimulation is a powerful method to modulate ongoing brain activity for clinical and research applications. Phase-specific stimulation relies on estimating the phase of an ongoing oscillation in real time and issuing a control command at a target phase. Phase detection algorithms based on Fast Fourier transform (FFT) are widely used due to their computational efficiency and robustness. However, it is unclear how algorithm performance depends on the spectral properties of the input signal and how algorithm parameters can be optimized. We used offline simulation to evaluate the performance of three algorithms (endpoint-corrected Hilbert Transform, Hilbert Transform and phase mapping) on three rhythmic biological signals with distinct spectral properties (rodent hippocampal theta potential, human EEG alpha and human essential tremor). First, we found that algorithm performance was more strongly influenced by signal amplitude and frequency variation compared with signal to noise ratio. Second, our simulations showed that the size of the data window for phase estimation was critical for the performance of FFT-based algorithms, where the optimal data window corresponds to the period of the oscillation. We validated this prediction with real time phase detection of hippocampal theta oscillations in freely behaving rats performing spatial navigation. Our findings define the relationship between signal properties and algorithm performance and provide a convenient method for optimizing FFT-based phase detection algorithms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liufu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leveroni, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shridhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.24.609522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing real-time phase detection in diverse rhythmic biological signals for phase-specificneuromodulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GageTracker: a tool for dating gene age by micro- and macro-synteny with high speed and accuracy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the advent of the Earth Genome Project, an increasing number of species' genomes presents exciting opportunities for exploring genetic and phenotypic diversity in organisms. Determining the origin time of genes facilitates the elucidation of crucial genetic mechanisms underlying significant biological evolutionary questions such as the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life, the emergence of mammals, the origin of humans, as well as the development of species- or lineage-specific traits. However, accurately determining the origin time of these genes in species separated by long evolutionary distances remains a major challenge in bioinformatics as these genes often undergo significant changes in their genome sequences, making it difficult to trace them back to their origin. Here, we proposed a new approach for dating gene age based on the micro- and macro-synteny algorithms. This approach employs the parallel computation of orthologous genome alignments across multiple species. Our method was integrated into the GageTracker (Gene Age Tracker) software, providing a fast and accurate way to trace gene age with minimal user input, available at https://github.com/RiversDong/GageTracker. Benchmarked against the simMammals dataset (Alignathon), GageTracker achieved the same high-quality genome alignments as the optimized LastZ aligner, but improved operation speed by 1.4-7 times. In a separate analysis of 12 Drosophila genomes, GageTracker efficiently assessed the ages of 23,720 genes (including ~13,965 protein-coding genes) in just ~22 hours with default parameters. When comparing with the GenTree database (recognized as the most comprehensive and accurate tool for evaluating gene age), GageTracker achieved an impressive ~94.4% accuracy and ~99% macro consistency in assessing the age of protein-coding genes. Moreover, for the ~5.6% conflicting genes, GageTracker displayed slightly higher support rates than GenTree, as evidenced by data from OrthoDB, FlyBase, and Ensembl ortholog databases. Notably, younger genes identified by GageTracker exhibited a preferential expression pattern in the testis, further reinforcing the reliability of GageTracker in accurately tracing gene age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GageTracker: a tool for dating gene age by micro- and macro-synteny with high speed and accuracy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unsupervised learning of progress coordinates during weighted ensemble simulations: Application to millisecond protein folding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge for many rare-event sampling strategies is the identification of progress coordinates that capture the slowest relevant motions. Machine-learning methods that can identify progress coordinates in an unsupervised manner have therefore been of great interest to the simulation community. Here, we developed a general method for identifying progress coordinates "on-the-fly" during weighted ensemble (WE) rare-event sampling via deep learning (DL) of outliers among sampled conformations. Our method identifies outliers in a latent space model of the systems sampled conformations that is periodically trained using a convolutional variational autoencoder. As a proof of principle, we applied our DL-enhanced WE method to simulate a millisecond protein folding process. To enable rapid tests, our simulations propagated discrete-state synthetic molecular dynamics trajectories using a generative, fine-grained Markov state model. Results revealed that our on-the-fly DL of outliers enhanced the efficiency of WE by >3-fold in estimating the folding rate constant. Our efforts are a significant step forward in the unsupervised learning of slow coordinates during rare event sampling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brace, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unsupervised learning of progress coordinates during weighted ensemble simulations: Application to millisecond protein folding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated Tbx3 / Tbx5 transcriptional control of the adult ventricular conduction system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cardiac conduction system (CCS) orchestrates the electrical impulses that enable coordinated contraction of the cardiac chambers. The T-box transcription factors TBX3 and TBX5 are required for cardiac conduction system development and associated with overlapping and distinct human cardiac conduction system diseases. We evaluated the coordinated role of Tbx3 and Tbx5 in the murine ventricular conduction system (VCS). We engineered a compound Tbx3:Tbx5 conditional knockout allele for both genes located in cis on mouse chromosome 5. Conditional deletion of both T-box transcriptional factors in the ventricular conduction system, using the VCS-specific MinK:Cre, caused loss of VCS function and molecular identity. Combined Tbx3 and Tbx5 deficiency in the adult VCS led to conduction defects, including prolonged PR and QRS intervals and elevated susceptibility to ventricular tachycardia. These electrophysiological defects occurred prior to detectable alterations in cardiac contractility or histologic morphology, indicative of a primary conduction system defect. Tbx3:Tbx5 double knockout VCS cardiomyocytes revealed a transcriptional shift towards non-CCS-specialized working myocardium, indicating a change to their cellular identity. Furthermore, optical mapping revealed a loss of VCS-specific conduction system propagation. Collectively, these findings indicate that Tbx3 and Tbx5 coordinate to control VCS molecular fate and function, with implications for understanding cardiac conduction disorders in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burnicka-Turek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trampel, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laforest, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rytkin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efimov, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated Tbx3 / Tbx5 transcriptional control of the adult ventricular conduction system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.30.610485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic control of commensal induced Th2 Responses and Intestinal immunopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.30.610485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the initiation of T-helper (Th)-2 immunity is crucial for addressing allergic diseases that have been linked to the commensal microbiota. However, Th2 responses are notably absent from known host-microbiota intestinal immune circuits. Notably, the commensal protist Tritrichomonas induces a transient innate ILC2 circuit rather than a chronic Th2 circuit. Canonical Th2 responses rely on the induction of IL-4 production by innate cells. This study shows that the absence of Tet2, a DNA demethylase, reprograms naive T cells to autonomously produce IL-4 upon T cell receptor stimulation, bypassing the need for IL-4 from innate cells for Th2 differentiation. Loss of this checkpoint induces chronic Th2 responses to Tritrichomonas, associated with IL-25-dependent barrier dysfunction and increased susceptibility to allergic pathology in response to dietary antigens.

Sentence SummaryRegulation of cell autonomous IL-4 in T cells is critical to prevent dysregulated Th2 immunity to commensals and predisposition to allergy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sangani, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meisel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riesenfeld, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinterleitner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.30.610485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic control of commensal induced Th2 Responses and Intestinal immunopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610822v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
β-Glucan Reprograms Neutrophils to Induce Disease Tolerance Against Influenza A Virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610822v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTDisease tolerance is an evolutionarily conserved host defence strategy that preserves tissue integrity and physiology without affecting pathogen load. Unlike host resistance, the mechanisms underlying disease tolerance remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated whether an adjuvant ({beta}-glucan) can reprogram innate immunity to provide protection against Influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Here we observe that {beta}-glucan treatment reduced the morbidity and mortality against IAV infection, independent of host resistance (viral load). Increased survival of {beta}-glucan treated mice against IAV is associated with the accumulation of neutrophils via RoR{gamma}t+ T cells in the lung tissue. Using gain-and-loss-of-function approaches, we demonstrate that {beta}- glucan reprogrammed neutrophils are essential for promoting disease tolerance, limiting pulmonary tissue damage, and enhancing survival against IAV infection. {beta}-glucan treatment promotes granulopoiesis in a type 1 interferon-dependent manner that leads to the generation of a unique subset of neutrophils, which are less mature with higher mitochondrial mass utilizing mitochondrial oxidative (OXPHOS) metabolism. Collectively, our data indicate that {beta}-glucan reprograms hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to generate neutrophils with a novel "regulatory" function, which is required for promoting disease tolerance and maintaining lung tissue integrity against viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadeghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pernet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yipp, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soehnlein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divangahi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.02.610822</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[β-Glucan Reprograms Neutrophils to Induce Disease Tolerance Against Influenza A Virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A type 1 immune-stromal cell network mediates disease tolerance and barrier protection against intestinal infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 1 immunity mediates host defense through pathogen elimination, but whether this pathway also impacts tissue function is unknown. Here we demonstrate that rapid induction of IFN{gamma} signaling coordinates a multi-cellular response that is critical to limit tissue damage and maintain gut motility following infection of mice with a tissue-invasive helminth. IFN{gamma} production is initiated by antigen-independent activation of lamina propria CD8+ T cells following MyD88-dependent recognition of the microbiota during helminth-induced barrier invasion. IFN{gamma} acted directly on intestinal stromal cells to recruit neutrophils that limited parasite-induced tissue injury. IFN{gamma} sensing also limited the expansion of smooth muscle actin-expressing cells to prevent pathological gut dysmotility. Importantly, this tissue-protective response had limited impact on parasite burden, indicating that IFN{gamma} supports a disease tolerance defense strategy. Our results have important implications for managing the pathophysiological sequelae of post-infectious gut dysfunction and chronic inflammatory diseases associated with stromal remodelling.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIType 1 immunity is required for disease tolerance to tissue-invasive infection.
C_LIO_LIGut-resident CD8+ T cells produce IFN{gamma} in an antigen-independent, yet microbiota-dependent manner.
C_LIO_LIIFN{gamma} signaling recruits neutrophils in a cell-extrinsic manner to limit helminth-induced tissue injury.
C_LIO_LIDirect sensing of IFN{gamma} by intestinal stroma is essential to limit tissue damage and maintain gut motility during infection.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westfall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karo-Atar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roestel, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandato, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melichar, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abadie, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinh, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenig, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divangahi, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregorieff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.611190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A type 1 immune-stromal cell network mediates disease tolerance and barrier protection against intestinal infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mast cells promote pathology and susceptibility in tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.611333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), infects approximately one-fourth of the worlds population. We reported an increased accumulation of mast cells (MCs) in the lungs of macaques with active pulmonary TB (PTB), compared with those with latent TB infection (LTBI). MCs respond in vitro to Mtb exposure via degranulation and by inducing proinflammatory cytokines. In the current study, we demonstrate an increased production of chymase by MCs in granulomas of humans and macaques with PTB. Single-cell (sc) RNA sequencing analysis revealed distinct MC transcriptional programs between LTBI and PTB, with PTB associated MCs enriched in interferon gamma, oxidative phosphorylation, and MYC signaling. In a mouse model, MC deficiency led to improved control of Mtb infection that coincided with reduced accumulation of lung myeloid cells and diminished lung inflammation at chronic stages of infection. Airway transfer of MCs into wild-type Mtb infected mice showed increased neutrophils, decreased recruited macrophages, and elevated Mtb dissemination to the spleen. Together, these findings highlight MCs as active drivers of TB pathogenesis and potential targets for host-directed therapies for TB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taneja, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Moreno, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhimanyu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naqvi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Leon, D. T.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Martinez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Alvarez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luna-Rivero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuniga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khader, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.611333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mast cells promote pathology and susceptibility in tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A trans-synaptic IgLON adhesion molecular complex directly contacts and clusters a nicotinic receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The localization and clustering of neurotransmitter receptors at appropriate postsynaptic sites is a key step in the control of synaptic transmission. Here, we identify a novel paradigm for the synaptic localization of an ionotropic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) based on the direct interaction of its extracellular domain with a cell adhesion molecule of the IgLON family. Our results show that RIG-5 and ZIG-8, which encode the sole IgLONs in C. elegans, are tethered in the pre- and postsynaptic membranes, respectively, and interact in vivo through their first immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domains. In addition, ZIG-8 traps ACR-16 via a direct cis-interaction between the ZIG-8 Ig2 domain and the base of the large extracellular AChR domain. Such mechanism has never been reported, but all these molecules are conserved during evolution. Similar interactions may directly couple Ig superfamily adhesion molecules and members of the large family of Cys-loop ionotropic receptors, including AChRs, in the mammalian nervous system, and may be relevant in the context of IgLON-associated brain diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mialon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrash, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bessereau, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinan-Lucarre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A trans-synaptic IgLON adhesion molecular complex directly contacts and clusters a nicotinic receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type-specific splicing of transcription regulators and Ptbp1 by Rbfox1/2/3 in the developing neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How master splicing regulators crosstalk with each other and to what extent transcription regulators are differentially spliced remain unclear in the developing brain. Here, cell-type-specific RNA-Seq of the developing neocortex uncover that transcription regulators are enriched for differential splicing, altering protein isoforms or inducing nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Transient expression of Rbfox proteins in radial glia progenitors induces neuronal splicing events preferentially in transcription regulators such as Meis2 and Tead1. Surprisingly, Rbfox proteins promote the inclusion of a mammal-specific alternative exon and a previously undescribed poison exon in Ptbp1. Simultaneous ablation of Rbfox1/2/3 in the neocortex downregulates neuronal isoforms and disrupts radial neuronal migration. Furthermore, the progenitor isoform of Meis2 promotes Tgfb3 transcription, while the Meis2 neuron isoform promotes neuronal differentiation. These observations indicate that transcription regulators are differentially spliced between cell types in the developing neocortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kauffman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.612108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type-specific splicing of transcription regulators and Ptbp1 by Rbfox1/2/3 in the developing neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-allometric expansion and enhanced compartmentalization of Purkinje cell dendrites in the human cerebellum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Purkinje cell (PC) dendrites are optimized to integrate the vast cerebellar input array and drive the sole cortical output. PCs are classically seen as stereotypical computational units, yet mouse PCs are morphologically diverse and those with multi-branched structure can receive non-canonical climbing fiber (CF) multi-innervation that confers independent compartment-specific signaling. While otherwise uncharacterized, human PCs are universally multi-branched. Do they exceed allometry to achieve enhanced integrative capacities relative to mouse PCs? To answer this, we used several comparative histology techniques in adult human and mouse to analyze cellular morphology, parallel fiber (PF) and CF input arrangement, and regional PC demographics. Human PCs are substantially larger than previously described; they exceed allometric constraint by cortical thickness and are the largest neuron in the brain with 6-7cm total dendritic length. Unlike mouse, human PC dendrites ramify horizontally to form a multi-compartment motif that we show can receive multiple CFs. Human spines are denser (6.9 vs 4.9 spines/m), larger ([~]0.36 vs 0.29m), and include an unreported  spine cluster structure--features that may be congruent with enhanced PF association and amplification as human-specific adaptations. By extrapolation, human PCs may receive 500,000 to 1 million synaptic inputs compared with 30-40,000 in mouse. Collectively, human PC morphology and input arrangement is quantitatively and qualitatively distinct from rodent. Multi-branched PCs are more prevalent in posterior and lateral cerebellum, co-varying with functional boundaries, supporting the hypothesis that this morphological motif permits expanded input multiplexing and may subserve task-dependent needs for input association.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Busch, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.612113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-allometric expansion and enhanced compartmentalization of Purkinje cell dendrites in the human cerebellum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.612318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A circular engineered sortase for interrogating histone H3 in chromatin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.612318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reversible modification of the histone H3 N-terminal tail is critical in regulating chromatin structure, gene expression, and cell states, while its dysregulation contributes to disease pathogenesis. Understanding the crosstalk between H3 tail modifications in nucleosomes constitutes a central challenge in epigenetics. Here we describe an engineered sortase transpeptidase, cW11, that displays highly favorable properties for introducing scarless H3 tails onto nucleosomes. This approach significantly accelerates the production of both symmetrically and asymmetrically modified nucleosomes. We demonstrate the utility of asymmetrically modified nucleosomes produced in this way in dissecting the impact of multiple modifications on eraser enzyme processing and molecular recognition by a reader protein. Moreover, we show that cW11 sortase is very effective at cutting and tagging histone H3 tails from endogenous histones, facilitating multiplex "cut-and-paste" middle down proteomics with tandem mass tags. This cut-and-paste proteomics approach permits the quantitative analysis of histone H3 modification crosstalk after treatment with different histone deacetylase inhibitors. We propose that these chemoenzymatic tail isolation and modification strategies made possible with cW11 sortase will broadly power epigenetics discovery and therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whedon, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abeywardana, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairall, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois-Coyne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Ioannes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armache, K.-J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwabe, J. W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.10.612318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A circular engineered sortase for interrogating histone H3 in chromatin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early Life Neuroimaging: The Generalizability of Cortical Area Parcellations Across Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebral cortex consists of distinct areas that develop through intrinsic embryonic patterning and postnatal experiences. Accurate parcellation of these areas in neuroimaging studies improves statistical power and cross-study comparability. Given significant brain changes in volume, microstructure, and connectivity during early life, we hypothesized that cortical areas in 1- to 3-year-olds would differ markedly from neonates and increasingly resemble adult patterns as development progresses.

Here, we parcellated the cerebral cortex into putative areas using local functional connectivity gradients in 92 toddlers at 2 years old. We demonstrate high reproducibility of these cortical regions across 1- to 3-year-olds in two independent datasets. The area boundaries in 1- to 3-year-olds were more similar to those in adults than those in neonates. While the age-specific group area parcellation better fit the underlying functional connectivity in individuals during the first 3 years, adult area parcellations might still have some utility in developmental studies, especially in children older than 6 years. Additionally, we provide connectivity-based community assignments of the parcels, showing fragmented anterior and posterior components based on the strongest connectivity, yet alignment with adult systems when weaker connectivity was included.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dierker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenley, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobolewski, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labonte, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feczko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sylvester, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elison, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barch, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luby, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyser, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laumann, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggebrecht, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheelock, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.612056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early Life Neuroimaging: The Generalizability of Cortical Area Parcellations Across Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic regulation of global proteostasis dynamics by RBBP5 ensures mammalian organismal health 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteostasis is vital for cellular health, with disruptions leading to aging, neurodegeneration and metabolic disorders. Traditionally, proteotoxic stress responses were studied as acute reactions to various noxious factors; however, recent evidence reveals that many proteostasis genes exhibit [~]12h ultradian rhythms under physiological conditions in mammals, driven by an XBP1s-dependent 12h oscillator. By examining the chromatin landscape of this oscillator, we identified RBBP5 as an essential epigenetic regulator of global proteostasis dynamics. Mechanistically, as the core subunit of the SET1/COMPASS complex, RBBP5 co-activates XBP1s to facilitate dynamic proteostasis gene expression by marking promoter-proximal H3K4me3, which further recruits the Integrator Complex and SWI/SNF chromatin remodelers. Functionally, RBBP5 is indispensable for regulating both the 12h oscillator and acute transcriptional response to various proteotoxic stresses, including ER stress and nutrient deprivation. RBBP5 ablation causes increased susceptibility to proteotoxic stress, chronic inflammation, and hepatic steatosis in mice, along with impaired autophagy and reduced cell survival in vitro. In humans, lower RBBP5 expression is associated with reduced adaptive stress-response gene expression and hepatic steatosis. Our findings not only highlight a previously unrecognized epigenetic timing mechanism distinct from circadian regulation but also establish RBBP5 as a central regulator of proteostasis, essential for cellular resilience and organismal health.

One sentence summaryRBBP5 regulates global mammalian proteostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kubra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dion, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sipula, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurczak, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.13.612812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic regulation of global proteostasis dynamics by RBBP5 ensures mammalian organismal health]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biofabrication of Small Vascular Graft with Acellular Human Amniotic Membrane: A Proof-of-Concept Study in Pig 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthetic vascular grafts, such as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), are commonly used for large vessel surgeries [internal diameter (ID) [&ge;] 10 mm] but present significant challenges in medium to small vessels (ID < 10 mm) due to increased risks of thrombosis, stenosis, and infection. In this study, we developed a small-diameter vascular graft using decellularized human amniotic membrane (DAM graft) (ID = 6 mm) and transplanted it into porcine carotid arteries, comparing it with ePTFE grafts to assess inflammation, biocompatibility, patency, and overall function. One-week post-implantation, ultrasound imaging confirmed blood patency in both graft types. However, after one-month, gross examination revealed pronounced neointimal hyperplasia in ePTFE grafts, while DAM grafts maintained open lumens without signs of stenosis or thrombosis. Histological analysis showed extensive fibrous tissue formation in ePTFE grafts, resulting in luminal narrowing, whereas DAM grafts displayed sustained lumen patency and vascular integration. Immunofluorescence confirmed reduced inflammation and improved tissue organization in DAM grafts, characterized by lower macrophage infiltration and better cellular architecture. These findings suggest that DAM grafts offer superior biocompatibility and significantly lower risks of neointimal hyperplasia, making them a promising alternative for small-diameter vascular surgeries compared to ePTFE grafts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aung, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stellpflug, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenneth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tefft, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.11.612466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biofabrication of Small Vascular Graft with Acellular Human Amniotic Membrane: A Proof-of-Concept Study in Pig]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM Structure of Phospholipase Cϵ Defines N-terminal Domains and their Roles in Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phospholipase C{varepsilon} (PLC{varepsilon}) increases intracellular Ca2+ and protein kinase C (PKC) activity in the cardiovascular system in response to stimulation of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The ability of PLC{varepsilon} to respond to these diverse inputs is due, in part, to multiple, conformationally dynamic regulatory domains. However, this heterogeneity has also limited structural studies of the lipase to either individual domains or its catalytic core. Here, we report the 3.9 [A] reconstruction of the largest fragment of PLC{varepsilon} to date in complex with an antigen binding fragment (Fab). The structure reveals that PLC{varepsilon} contains a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and four tandem EF hands, including subfamily-specific insertions and intramolecular interactions with the catalytic core. The structure, together with a model of the holoenzyme, suggest that part of the N-terminus and PH domain form a continuous surface that could engage cytoplasmic leaflets of the plasma and perinuclear membranes, contributing to activity. Functional characterization of this surface confirm it is critical for maximum basal and G protein-stimulated activities. This study provides new insights into the autoinhibited, basal conformation of PLC{varepsilon} and the first mechanistic insights into how it engages cellular membranes for activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samassekou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garland-Kuntz, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohri, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muralidharan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdan, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gick, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyon, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.11.612521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM Structure of Phospholipase Cϵ Defines N-terminal Domains and their Roles in Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bird Name-a-thon: Categorizing English bird names using crowdsourcing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Common names of species are important for communicating with the general public. In principle, these names should provide an accessible way to engage with and identify species. The common names of species have historically been labile without standard guidelines, even within a language. Currently, there is no systematic assessment of how often common names communicate identifiable and biologically relevant characteristics about species. This is a salient issue in ornithology, where common names are used more often than scientific names for species of birds in written and spoken English, even by professional researchers. To gain a better understanding of the types of terminology used in the English-language common names of bird species, a group of 85 professional ornithologists and non-professional contributors classified unique descriptors in the common names of all recognized species of birds. In the AvianLexiconAtlas database produced by this work, each species common name is assigned to one of ten categories associated with aspects of avian biology, ecology, or human culture. Across 10,906 species of birds, 89% have names describing the biology of the species, while the remaining 11% of species have names derived from human cultural references, human names, or local non-English languages. Species with common names based on features of avian biology are more likely to be related to each other or be from the same geographic region. The crowdsourced data collection also revealed that many common names contain specialized or historic terminology unknown to many of the data collectors, and we include these terms in a glossary and gazetteer alongside the dataset. The AvianLexiconAtlas can be used as a quantitative resource to assess the state of terminology in English-language common names of birds. Future research using the database can shed light on historical approaches to nomenclature and how people engage with species through their names.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morrison, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandolfi, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguillon, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archard, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassarre, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baquero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, K. F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonney, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catanach, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catanach, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavoshan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulson-Castillo, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hack, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leighton, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda Moreno, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mota, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noguchi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwigwe, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pegan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provost, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasband, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salter, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvernail, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skeen, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto-Patino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warshauer, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zalinski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>S</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.13.612884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bird Name-a-thon: Categorizing English bird names using crowdsourcing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.14.613041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mosaic of whole-body representations in human motor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.14.613041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how the body is represented in motor cortex is key to understanding how the brain controls movement. The precentral gyrus (PCG) has long been thought to contain largely distinct regions for the arm, leg and face (represented by the "motor homunculus"). However, mounting evidence has begun to reveal a more intermixed, interrelated and broadly tuned motor map. Here, we revisit the motor homunculus using microelectrode array recordings from 20 arrays that broadly sample PCG across 8 individuals, creating a comprehensive map of human motor cortex at single neuron resolution. We found whole-body representations throughout all sampled points of PCG, contradicting traditional leg/arm/face boundaries. We also found two speech-preferential areas with a broadly tuned, orofacial-dominant area in between them, previously unaccounted for by the homunculus. Throughout PCG, movement representations of the four limbs were interlinked, with homologous movements of different limbs (e.g., toe curl and hand close) having correlated representations. Our findings indicate that, while the classic homunculus aligns with each areas preferred body region at a coarse level, at a finer scale, PCG may be better described as a mosaic of functional zones, each with its own whole-body representation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deo, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okorokova, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Card, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nason-Tomaszewski, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wairagkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamdar, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacobacci, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acosta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochberg, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavisky, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AuYong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandarinath, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henderson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.14.613041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mosaic of whole-body representations in human motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into terminal arabinosylation biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall arabinan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of drug-resistant strains exacerbates the global challenge of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Central to the pathogenicity of Mtb is its complex cell envelope, which serves as a barrier against both immune system and pharmacological attacks. Two key components of this envelope, arabinogalactan (AG) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) are complex polysaccharides that contain integral arabinan domains important for cell wall structural and functional integrity. The arabinofuranosyltransferase AftB terminates the synthesis of these arabinan domains by catalyzing the addition of {beta}-(1[-&gt;]2)-linked terminal arabinofuranose residues. Here, we present the cryo-EM structures of Mycobacterium chubuense AftB in its apo and donor substrate analog-bound form, determined to 2.9 [A] and 3.4 [A] resolution, respectively. Our structures reveal that AftB has a GT-C fold transmembrane (TM) domain comprised of eleven TM helices and a periplasmic cap domain. AftB has an irregular tube-shaped cavity that bridges the two proposed substrate binding sites. By integrating structural analysis, biochemical assays, and molecular dynamics simulations, we elucidate the molecular basis of the reaction mechanism of AftB and propose a model for catalysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, P.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokarz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, C.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowary, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stansfeld, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nygaard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into terminal arabinosylation biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall arabinan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic studies of mycobacterial glycolipid biosynthesis by the mannosyltransferase PimE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberculosis (TB), exceeded in mortality only by COVID-19 among global infectious diseases, is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The pathogenicity of Mtb is largely attributed to its complex cell envelope, which includes a class of glycolipids called phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs), found uniquely in mycobacteria and its related corynebacterineae. These glycolipids maintain the integrity of the mycobacterial cell envelope, regulate its permeability, and mediate host-pathogen interactions. PIMs consist of a phosphatidyl-myo-inositol core decorated with one to six mannose residues and up to four acyl chains. The mannosyltransferase PimE catalyzes the transfer of the fifth PIM mannose residue from a polyprenyl phosphate-mannose (PPM) donor. This step in the biosynthesis of higher-order PIMs contributes to the proper assembly and function of the mycobacterial cell envelope; however, the structural basis for substrate recognition and the catalytic mechanism of PimE remain poorly understood. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of PimE from Mycobacterium abscessus captured in its apo form and in a product-bound complex with the reaction product Ac1PIM5 and the by-product polyprenyl phosphate (PP), determined at 3.0 [A] and 3.5 [A], respectively. The structures reveal the active site within a distinctive binding cavity that accommodates both donor and acceptor substrates/products. Within the cavity, we identified residues involved in substrate coordination and catalysis, which we confirmed through in vitro enzymatic assays and further validated by in vivo complementation experiments. Molecular dynamics simulations were applied to identify the access pathways and the dynamics involved in substrate binding. Integrating structural, biochemical, genetic, and computational experiments, our study provides comprehensive insights into how PimE functions, opening potential avenues for development of novel anti-TB therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borges, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobre, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufrisne, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacometti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteves, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timoteo, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokarz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cater, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stansfeld, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nygaard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic studies of mycobacterial glycolipid biosynthesis by the mannosyltransferase PimE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Dysregulated Zinc Secretion Detects Early Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Lesions and Response to KRASG12D Inhibitor Treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.15.613145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal cancer, primarily due to late-stage diagnosis and limited treatment options. Zinc homeostasis is markedly dysregulated in PDAC and this dysregulation can be probed by administering a secretagogue to stimulate zinc secretion (SSZS) in the exocrine pancreas and imaging this secretion with a zinc sensitive MRI probe. This study demonstrates the potential of SSZS MRI for early detection, monitoring treatment response, and assessing recurrence after treatment withdrawal in PDAC. Our approach relies on interrogating the pancreas, circumventing the challenge of locating small, elusive tumors. By SSZS MRI, we detected PDAC by observing the unique zinc hypersecretory activity of the pancreas when malignancy is present. We observed dysregulation of zinc transporters in both human and mouse pancreas containing PDAC and confirmed secretagogue-stimulated zinc secretion in vitro and in vivo. We found that combining secretagogues such as secretin and caerulein maximized zinc secretion and as such MRI signal in the pancreas. Notably, SSZS MRI detected treatment responses to KRAS G12D inhibition within 3-5 days and identified cancer recurrence as early as one day post-treatment withdrawal. Additionally, secretagogue stimulation improved treatment responses and delayed recurrence in both treatment models. These findings suggest that SSZS MRI could significantly enhance PDAC diagnosis and management, providing a novel, non-invasive imaging modality to improve patient outcomes.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEThis study demonstrates the utility of secretagogue-stimulated zinc secretion (SSZS) MRI in detecting pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) at early stages, monitoring treatment responses, and assessing cancer recurrence, thereby offering a promising non-invasive imaging modality to improve PDAC patient management and outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jordan, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sojoodi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moloudi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagan, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantazopoulos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigand-Whittier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotile, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavallai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsay, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardeesy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qadan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanabe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caravan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.15.613145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Dysregulated Zinc Secretion Detects Early Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Lesions and Response to KRASG12D Inhibitor Treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Craters on the melanoma surface facilitate tumor-immune interactions and demonstrate pathologic response to checkpoint blockade in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunotherapy leads to cancer eradication despite the tumors immunosuppressive environment. Here, we used extended long-term in-vivo imaging and high-resolution spatial transcriptomics of endogenous melanoma in zebrafish, and multiplex imaging of human melanoma, to identify domains that facilitate immune response during immunotherapy. We identified crater-shaped pockets at the margins of zebrafish and human melanoma, rich with beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) and antigen recognition molecules. The craters harbor the highest density of CD8+ T cells in the tumor. In zebrafish, CD8+ T cells formed prolonged interactions with melanoma cells within craters, characteristic of antigen recognition. Following immunostimulatory treatment, the craters enlarged and became the major site of activated CD8+ T cell accumulation and tumor killing that was B2M dependent. In humans, craters predicted immune response to ICB therapy, showing response better than high T cell infiltration. This marks craters as potential new diagnostic tool for immunotherapy success and targets to enhance ICB response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ludin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stirtz, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirmal, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfaff, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerison, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricciuti, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreau, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanhope, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afeyan, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sefton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Formato, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoytema van Konijnenburg, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajadhyaksha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorger, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodi, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodig, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zon, L. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Craters on the melanoma surface facilitate tumor-immune interactions and demonstrate pathologic response to checkpoint blockade in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beta cell extracellular vesicle PD-L1 as a novel regulator of CD8+ T cell activity and biomarker during the evolution of Type 1 Diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aims/hypothesisSurviving beta cells in type 1 diabetes respond to inflammation by upregulating programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to engage immune cell programmed death-1 (PD-1) and limit destruction by self-reactive immune cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their cargo can serve as biomarkers of beta cell health and contribute to islet intercellular communication. We hypothesized that the inflammatory milieu of type 1 diabetes increases PD-L1 in beta cell EV cargo and that EV PD-L1 may protect beta cells against immune-mediated cell death.

MethodsBeta cell lines and human islets were treated with proinflammatory cytokines to model the proinflammatory type 1 diabetes microenvironment. EVs were isolated using ultracentrifugation or size exclusion chromatography and analysed via immunoblot, flow cytometry, and ELISA. EV PD-L1: PD-1 binding was assessed using a competitive binding assay and in vitro functional assays testing the ability of EV PD-L1 to inhibit NOD CD8 T cells. Plasma EV and soluble PD-L1 were assayed in plasma of individuals with islet autoantibody positivity (Ab+) or recent-onset type 1 diabetes and compared to non-diabetic controls.

ResultsPD-L1 protein colocalized with tetraspanin-associated proteins intracellularly and was detected on the surface of beta cell EVs. 24-h IFN- or IFN-{square} treatment induced a two-fold increase in EV PD-L1 cargo without a corresponding increase in number of EVs. IFN exposure predominantly increased PD-L1 expression on the surface of beta cell EVs and beta cell EV PD-L1 showed a dose-dependent capacity to bind PD-1. Functional experiments demonstrated specific effects of beta cell EV PD-L1 to suppress proliferation and cytotoxicity of murine CD8 T cells. Plasma EV PD-L1 levels were increased in islet Ab+ individuals, particularly in those with single Ab+, Additionally, in from individuals with either Ab+ or type 1 diabetes, but not in controls, plasma EV PD-L1 positively correlated with circulating C-peptide, suggesting that higher EV-PD-L1 could be protective for residual beta cell function.

Conclusions/interpretationIFN exposure increases PD-L1 on the beta cell EV surface. Beta cell EV PD-L1 binds PD1 and inhibits CD8 T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Circulating EV PD-L1 is higher in islet autoantibody positive patients compared to controls. Circulating EV PD-L1 levels correlate with residual C-peptide at different stages in type 1 diabetes progression. These findings suggest that EV PD-L1 could contribute to heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes progression and residual beta cell function and raise the possibility that EV PD-L1 could be exploited as a means to inhibit immune-mediated beta cell death.

Research in contextO_ST_ABSWhat is already known about this subject? (maximum of 3 bullet points)C_ST_ABSO_LIExtracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as paracrine effectors in the islet microenvironment in health and disease.
C_LIO_LIInterferon-alpha (IFN-) and IFN-gamma (IFN-{square}) are key cytokines contributing to type 1 diabetes pathophysiology and islet IFN signalling increases beta cell programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression.
C_LIO_LIUp-regulation of beta cell PD-L1 in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model delays progression of type 1 diabetes.
C_LI

What is the key question? (one bullet point only; formatted as a question)O_LIDo beta cells exposed to IFNs upregulate EV PD-L1 and can these changes be detected in circulation?
C_LI

What are the new findings? (maximum of 3 bullet points)O_LIIFN- or IFN-{square} exposure increases beta cell EV PD-L1 cargo in beta cell lines and human islets.
C_LIO_LIPD-L1 is present on the surface of beta cell EVs, binds PD-1 and EV PD-L1 inhibits proliferation, activation and cytotoxicity of murine CD8 T cells.
C_LIO_LIEV PD-L1 levels are higher in islet autoantibody positive individuals compared to nondiabetic controls and levels of circulating EV PD-L1 positively correlate with residual beta cell function in islet autoantibody positive individuals as well as in individuals with recent-onset type 1 diabetes.
C_LI

How might this impact on clinical practice in the foreseeable future? (one bullet point only)O_LIA beneficial effect of PD-L1+ EVs could ultimately be harnessed as an intervention to prevent autoimmune beta cell destruction. Circulating EV PD-L1 cargo has potential as a minimally invasive and informative biomarker to offer insights into the pathogenesis and progression of type 1 diabetes.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cater, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivera, A. D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans-Molina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eizirik, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piganelli, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beta cell extracellular vesicle PD-L1 as a novel regulator of CD8+ T cell activity and biomarker during the evolution of Type 1 Diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Response to "Protein sequence landscapes are not so simple: on reference-free versus reference-based inference" 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently reanalyzed 20 combinatorial mutagenesis datasets using a novel reference-free analysis (RFA) method and showed that high-order epistasis contributes negligibly to protein sequence-function relationships in every case. Dupic, Phillips, and Desai (DPD) commented on a preprint of our work. In our published paper, we addressed all the major issues they raised, but we respond directly to them here. 1) DPDs claim that RFA is equivalent to estimating reference-based analysis (RBA) models by regression neglects fundamental differences in how the two formalisms dissect the causal relationship between sequence and function. It also misinterprets the observation that using regression to estimate any truncated model of genetic architecture will always yield the same predicted phenotypes and variance partition; the resulting estimates correspond to those of the RFA formalism but are inaccurate representations of the true RBA model. 2) DPDs claim that high-order epistasis is widespread and significant while somehow explaining little phenotypic variance is an artifact of two strong biases in the use of regression to estimate RBA models: this procedure underestimates the phenotypic variance explained by RBA epistatic terms while at the same time inflating the magnitude of individual terms. 3) DPD erroneously claim that RFA is "exactly equivalent" to Fourier analysis (FA) and background-averaged analysis (BA). This error arises because DPD used an incorrect mathematical definition of RFA and were misled by a simple numerical relationship among the models that only holds only for the simplest kinds of datasets. 4) DPD argue that using a nonlinear transformation to account for global nonlinearities in sequence-function relationships is often unnecessary and may artifactually absorb specific epistatic interactions. We show that nonspecific epistasis caused by a limited dynamic range affects datasets of all types, even when the phenotype is represented on a free-energy scale. Moreover, using a nonlinear transformation in a joint fitting procedure does not underestimate specific epistasis under realistic conditions, even if the data are not affected by nonspecific epistasis. The conclusions of our work therefore hold: the genetic architecture of all 20 protein datasets we analyzed can be efficiently and accurately described in an RFA framework by first-order amino acid effects and pairwise interactions with a simple model of global nonlinearity. We are grateful for DPDs commentary, which helped us improve our paper.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzger, B. P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Response to "Protein sequence landscapes are not so simple: on reference-free versus reference-based inference"]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution, diversity, and genetic architecture of sex in waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of separate sexes is hypothesized to occur through distinct pathways involving few large-effect or many small-effect alleles. However, we lack empirical evidence for how these different genetic architectures shape the transition from quantitative variation in sex expression to distinct male and female phenotypes. To explore these processes, we leveraged the recent transition of Amaranthus tuberculatus to dioecy within a predominantly monoecious genus, along with a sex-phenotyped population genomic dataset, and six newly generated chromosome-level haplotype phased assemblies. We identify a [~]3 Mb region strongly associated with sex through complementary SNP genotype and sequence-depth based analyses. Comparative genomics of these proto-sex chromosomes within the species and across the Amaranthus genus demonstrates remarkable variability in their structure and genic content, including numerous polymorphic inversions. No such inversion underlies the extended linkage we observe associated with sex determination. Instead, we identify a complex presence/absence polymorphism reflecting substantial Y-haplotype variation--structured by ancestry, geography, and habitat-- but only partially explaining phenotyped sex. Just over 10% of sexed individuals show phenotype-genotype mismatch in the sex-linked region, and along with observation of leakiness in the phenotypic expression of sex, suggest additional modifiers of sex and dynamic gene content within and between the proto-X and Y. Together, this work reveals a complex genetic architecture of sex determination in A. tuberculatus characterized by the maintenance of substantial haplotype diversity, and variation in the expression of sex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kreiner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todesco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bercovich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elphinstone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranel, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieseberg, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution, diversity, and genetic architecture of sex in waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Family-Wide Photoproximity Profiling of Integrin Protein Social Networks in Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrin family transmembrane receptors mediate dynamic interactions between cells and their extracellular microenvironment. The heterogeneous interaction partners of integrins directly regulate cell adhesion, motility, proliferation, and intracellular signaling. Despite the recognized importance of protein-protein interactions and the formation of signaling hubs around integrins, the ability to detect and quantify these dynamic binding partners with high spatial and temporal resolution remains challenging. Here, we developed an integrin-family-directed quantitative photoproximity protein interaction (PhotoPPI) profiling method to detect and quantify native integrin-centered protein social networks on live cells and tissues without the need for genetic manipulation, antibodies, or non-physiologic cell culture conditions. We drafted quantitative maps of integrin-centered protein social networks, highlighting conserved and unique binding partners between different cell types and cellular microenvironments. Comparison of integrin social networks in cancer cell lines of diverse tissue of origin and disease state identified specific AND-gate binding partners involved cell migration, microenvironmental interactions and proliferation that serve as markers of tumor cell metastatic state. Finally, we identified unique combinations - or barcodes - of integrin-proximal proteins on the surface of pre- and post-metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells whose expression strongly correlate with both positive and negative disease progression and outcomes in TNBC patients. Taken together, these data provide the first family-wide high-resolution maps of native protein interactors on live cells and identify dynamic integrin-centered social networks as potential AND-gate markers of cell identity, microenvironmental context and disease state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlos, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harter, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moellering, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Family-Wide Photoproximity Profiling of Integrin Protein Social Networks in Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The TMRCA of general genealogies in populations of variable size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.19.613917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We study the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of a sample of finite size in a wide class of genealogical models for populations with deterministically varying size. This is made possible by recently developed results on inhomogeneous phase-type random variables, allowing us to obtain the density and the moments of the TMRCA of time-dependent coalescent processes in terms of matrix formulas. We also provide matrix simplifications permitting a more straightforward calculation. With these results, the TMRCA provides an explanatory variable to distinguish different evolutionary scenarios, and to infer model parameters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wemces, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penaloza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinruecken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siri-Jegousse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.19.613917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The TMRCA of general genealogies in populations of variable size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614132v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic responses of human lung innate and adaptive immune cells highlight the roles of genes at asthma risk loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614132v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleThe lung is a unique immunological niche with diverse immune cell types. The effects of stimulation through innate and adaptive immune receptors on human lung immune cells has largely been extrapolated from studies of blood immune cells. While multiple immune cell types and many genes have been implicated as contributing to asthma, the dynamics of these in human lung immune cells following activation will yield insights into asthma pathogenesis and lung immunity more broadly.

Methods and MeasurementsHuman lung immune cells from 6 donors were isolated. Mixed leukocytes were treated separately with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), F(ab)2-anti-human-IgM/IgG + IL4 and anti-CD3/CD28 for 4 and 18 hours and underwent single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq). Lung immune cell types were annotated, and gene expression compared across conditions. Genes at prior asthma-associated genetic loci were characterized across cell types, treatments and timepoints. Expression of non-classical class II genes associated with asthma, HLA-DQA2 and HLA-DQB2, and their protein products was characterized with immunohistochemistry.

Main ResultsWe characterized gene expression in 116,697 lung immune cells. Cell-, treatment-, and timepoint-specific effects on gene expression were detected in all lung immune cell populations. Correlation of gene expression between lung and blood lymphocyte populations decreased following stimulation. Among the genes that were differentially expressed, 97 receptor:ligand pairs had changes with treatments. 96.0% of genes at asthma risk loci demonstrated differential expression in at least one cell type and at least one treatment. B cells were the cell type with the highest expression of HLA-DQA2 and HLA-DQB2 which increased with anti-IgM/IgG treatment and the HLA-DQ{beta}2 protein was identified in lung B cells from a donor with asthma.

ConclusionsHuman lung immune activation elicits a broad range of cellular responses that deviate from those of blood immune cells and are relevant to asthma. Lung B cells expressing HLA-DQA2 and HLA-DQB2 appear to be involved in a novel antigen presentation pathway that contributes to asthma risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoettler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.614132</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic responses of human lung innate and adaptive immune cells highlight the roles of genes at asthma risk loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficacy and limitations of combined A2.CAR Treg and anti-CD154 therapy in a mouse model of haplo-mismatched heart transplantation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Successful allograft specific tolerance induction would eliminate the need for daily immunosuppression and improve post-transplant quality of life. Adoptive cell therapy with regulatory T cells expressing donor-specific Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CAR-Tregs) is a promising strategy, but as monotherapy, cannot prolong the survival with allografts with multiple MHC mismatches. Using an HLA-A2-transgenic haplo-mismatched heart transplantation model in immunocompetent C57Bl/6 recipients, we show that HLA-A2-specific (A2) CAR Tregs was able to synergize with low dose of anti-CD154 to enhance graft survival. Using haplo-mismatched grafts expressing the 2W-OVA transgene and tetramer-based tracking of 2W- and OVA-specific T cells, we showed that in mice with accepted grafts, A2.CAR Tregs inhibited endogenous non-A2 donor- specific T cell, B cell and antibody responses, and promoted a significant increase in endogenous FoxP3+Tregs with indirect donor-specificity. By contrast, in mice where A2.CAR Tregs failed to prolong graft survival, FoxP3neg A2.CAR T cells preferentially accumulated in rejecting allografts and endogenous donor-specific responses were not controlled. This study therefore provides the first evidence for synergy between A2.CAR Tregs and CD154 blockade to promote infectious tolerance in immunocompetent recipients of haplo-mismatched heart grafts and defines features of A2.CAR Tregs when they fail to reshape host immunity towards allograft tolerance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Durgam, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosado sanchez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mojibian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hynes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegre, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levings, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.614149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficacy and limitations of combined A2.CAR Treg and anti-CD154 therapy in a mouse model of haplo-mismatched heart transplantation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intranasal immunization with CPAF combined with cyclic-di-AMP induces a memory CD4 T cell response and reduces bacterial burden following intravaginal infection with Chlamydia muridarum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection globally, and a vaccine is urgently needed to stop transmission and disease. Chlamydial Protease Activity Factor (CPAF) is an immunoprevalent and immunodominant antigen for CD4 T cells and B cells, which makes it a strong vaccine candidate. Due to the tolerogenic nature of the female genital tract (FGT) and its lack of secondary lymphoid tissue, effective induction of protective cell-mediated immunity will likely require potent and safe mucosal adjuvants. To address this need, we produced CPAF in a cell-free protein synthesis platform and adjuvanted it with the TLR9-agonist CpG1826, STING (stimulator of interferon genes) agonist cyclic-di-AMP (CDA), and/or the squalene oil-in-water nanoemulsion, AddaS03. We determined that intranasal immunization with CPAF plus CDA was well tolerated in female mice, induced CD4 T cells that produced IL-17A or IFN{gamma}, significantly reduced bacterial shedding, and shortened the duration of infection in mice intravaginally challenged with Chlamydia muridarum. These data demonstrate the potential for CDA as a mucosal adjuvant for vaccines against Chlamydia genital tract infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poston, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girardi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwarycz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yount, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanlan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaras Salas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lammert, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruno, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozzelle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser-Kahn, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darville, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.614154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intranasal immunization with CPAF combined with cyclic-di-AMP induces a memory CD4 T cell response and reduces bacterial burden following intravaginal infection with Chlamydia muridarum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.22.614329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Navigating Memorability Landscapes: Hyperbolic Geometry Reveals Hierarchical Structures in Object Concept Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.22.614329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Why are some object concepts (e.g., birds, cars, vegetables, etc.) more memorable than others? Prior studies have suggested that features (e.g., color, animacy, etc.) and typicality (e.g., robin vs. penguin) of object images influences the likelihood of being remembered. However, a complete understanding of object memorability remains elusive. In this study, we examine whether the geometric relationship between object concepts explains differences in their memorability. Specifically, we hypothesize that image concepts will be geometrically arranged in hierarchical structures and that memorability will be explained by a concepts depth in these hierarchical trees. To test this hypothesis, we construct a Hyperbolic representation space of object concepts (N=1,854) from the THINGS database (Hebart et al., 2019), which consists of naturalistic images of concrete objects, and a space of 49 feature dimensions derived from data-driven models. Using ALBATROSS (Stier, A. J., Giusti, C., & Berman, M. G., In prep), a stochastic topological data analysis technique that detects underlying structures of data, we demonstrate that Hyperbolic geometry efficiently captures the hierarchical organization of object concepts above and beyond a traditional Euclidean geometry and that hierarchical organization is related to memorability. We find that concepts closer to the center of the representational space are more prototypical and also more memorable. Importantly, Hyperbolic distances are more predictive of memorability and prototypicality than Euclidean distances, suggesting that concept memorability and typicality are organized hierarchically. Taken together, our work presents a novel hierarchical representational structure of object concepts that explains memorability and typicality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stier, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bainbridge, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.22.614329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Navigating Memorability Landscapes: Hyperbolic Geometry Reveals Hierarchical Structures in Object Concept Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.24.614498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasticity in the pectoral fin skeleton is induced by altered foraging regime in a South American cichlid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.24.614498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fins of fishes are remarkably diverse, and this variation is tied to the ecology and locomotor mode of a species. While numerous genetic factors are known to pattern fins in development, it is unclear how developmental plasticity shapes the fin skeleton. Here, we analyze the cichlid Satanoperca daemon, raised under three distinct feeding regimes, and show that plasticity is pervasive across the pectoral fin skeleton with foraging mode impacting patterning of both the endoskeleton and dermal skeleton. Radials and fin rays were {micro}CT scanned and analyzed using a combination of linear measures and geometric morphometrics. Anteroposterior patterning of both radials and fin rays are affected by feeding regime. Notably, S. daemon pectoral fin rays show distinct patterns of fin ray branching between treatments, suggesting altered fin stiffness. We argue that the observed changes in the fin likely reflect developmental plasticity resultant from altered swimming behaviors when fishes are challenged to forage in different ways. These data show how non-genetic mechanisms can shape both the endoskeleton and dermal skeleton of fins, and that foraging mode can induce plastic changes in skeletal elements that do not directly interface with food items.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwiatkowski, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodburn, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piggott, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haridy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiello, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albertson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.24.614498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasticity in the pectoral fin skeleton is induced by altered foraging regime in a South American cichlid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial oxidation of the carbohydrate fuel driven by pyruvate dehydrogenase robustly enhances stemness of older and geriatric Intestinal Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsAging impairs Intestinal Stem Cell (ISC) function and attenuates their regenerative capacity. Although the transcriptional landscape governing ISC fate during aging has been described, almost nothing is known about how metabolite handling regulates ISC renewal and maintains stemness. We investigated how mitochondrial metabolism of glucose and fatty acid-derived carbons, regulated by the gatekeeper, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) rescues ISC stemness in older and geriatric mice and humans.

MethodsProximal small intestinal organoids (enteroids) generated from pinch biopsy specimens obtained from young (21-25y) and older individuals (64-75y), and GFP-sorted single ISCs from Lgr5-EGFP mice (2-24 months) were used to examine hallmarks of ISC stemness. Mitochondrial morphology was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR), ATP (mitoATP), and glycolytic ATP production were measured in the presence of full and single metabolic substrates (pyruvate, glutamate, and fatty acids) in whole cell and isolated mitochondria using the high throughput Seahorse XF technology. Carbon flux through TCA cycle was determined by 13C6-glucose tracing and measuring 13C enrichment in TCA cycle intermediates using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.

ResultsAge induced decline in ISC stemness is driven by a dramatic decrease in PDH activity that shuttles pyruvate away from the TCA cycle. Restoring PDH activity by inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) drives glucose-derived carbon entry into TCA cycle and subsequently increases mitochondrial OCR and mitoATP, collectively rescuing the decline in stemness in aging ISCs. The observed shift in fuel preference from fatty acids to glucose is unaltered by PDK4 inhibition.

ConclusionPDH upregulation rescues age-induced decline in ISC stemness in humans and mice via directing glucose derived carbons to TCA cycle and increasing mitoATP production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awwad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahid, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labampa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustafson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaresan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial oxidation of the carbohydrate fuel driven by pyruvate dehydrogenase robustly enhances stemness of older and geriatric Intestinal Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Neural Underpinnings of Aphantasia: A Case Study of Identical Twins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.23.614521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aphantasia is a condition characterized by reduced voluntary mental imagery. As this lack of mental imagery disrupts visual memory, understanding the nature of this condition can provide important insight into memory, perception, and imagery. Here, we leveraged the power of case studies to better characterize this condition by running a pair of identical twins, one with aphantasia and one without, through mental imagery tasks in an fMRI scanner. We identified objective, neural measures of aphantasia, finding less visual information in their memories which may be due to lower connectivity between frontoparietal and occipitotemporal lobes of the brain. However, despite this difference, we surprisingly found more visual information in the aphantasic twin's memory than anticipated, suggesting that aphantasia is a spectrum rather than a discrete condition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Megla, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bainbridge, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.23.614521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Neural Underpinnings of Aphantasia: A Case Study of Identical Twins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.24.614747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ADENYLATE CYCLASE 3 MEDIATES CAROTID BODY ACTIVATION AND AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION IN A SLEEP APNEA MODEL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.24.614747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) experience chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). OSA patients and CIH-treated rodents exhibit autonomic dysfunction, characterized by overactive sympathetic nervous system and hypertension, mediated through hyperactive carotid body (CB) chemoreflex. Activation of olfactory receptor 78 (Olfr78) by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is implicated in CB activation and autonomic responses to CIH, but the downstream signaling pathways remain unknown. Given that odorant receptor signaling is coupled to adenylyl cyclase 3 (Adcy3), we hypothesized that Adcy3-dependent cAMP contributes to CB and autonomic responses to CIH. Our findings show that CIH increases cAMP levels in the CB, a response absent in Adcy3, Cth, and Olfr78 null mice. CBs from Cth and Olfr78 mutant mice lacked persulfidation response to CIH, indicating that Adcy3 activation by CIH requires Olfr78 activation by H2S. CIH also enhanced glomus cell Ca2+ influx, an effect absent in Cnga2 and Adcy3 mutants, suggesting that CIH-induced cAMP mediates enhanced Ca2+ responses through cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. Furthermore, Adcy3 null mice did not exhibit neither CB activation nor autonomic dysfunction by CIH. These results demonstrate that Adcy3-dependent cAMP is a downstream signaling pathway to H2S/Olfr78, mediating CIH-induced CB activation and autonomic dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanduri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildreth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PRABHAKAR, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.24.614747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ADENYLATE CYCLASE 3 MEDIATES CAROTID BODY ACTIVATION AND AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION IN A SLEEP APNEA MODEL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.29.615714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial motility patterns adapt smoothly in response to spatial confinement and disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.29.615714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In unconfined environments, bacterial motility patterns are an explicit expression of the internal states of the cell. Bacteria operating a run-and-tumble behavioral program swim forward when in a  run state, and are stalled in place when in a reorienting  tumble state. However, in natural environments, motility dynamics often represent a convolution of bacterial behavior and environmental constraints. Recent investigations showed that Escherichia coli swimming through highly confined porous media exhibit extended periods of  trapping punctuated by forward  hops, a seemingly drastic restructuring of run-and-tumble behavior. We introduce a microfluidic device to systematically explore bacterial movement in a range of spatially structured environments, bridging the extremes of unconfined and highly confined conditions. We observe that trajectories reflecting unconstrained expression of run-and-tumble behavior and those reflecting  hop-and-trap dynamics coexist in all structured environments considered, with ensemble dynamics transitioning smoothly between these two extremes. We present a unifying  swim-and-stall framework to characterize this continuum of observed motility patterns and demonstrate that bacteria employing a consistent set of behavioral rules can present motility patterns that smoothly transition between the two extremes. Our results indicate that the control program underlying run-and-tumble motility is robust to changes in the environment, allowing flagellated bacteria to navigate and adapt to a diverse range of complex, dynamic habitats using the same set of behavioral rules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetherington, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FitzGerald, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.29.615714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial motility patterns adapt smoothly in response to spatial confinement and disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.29.615698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Host-Tree Foliage on Polymorphism in an Insect Pathogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.29.615698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The theory of host-pathogen interactions has successfully shown that persistent pathogen virulence may be explained through tradeoffs between different pathogen fitness components, but classical theory cannot explain pathogen coexistence. More recent theory invokes both tradeoffs and environmental heterogeneity, but resembles classical theory in focusing on a limited range of possible tradeoffs, and therefore has seen few applications. To better understand the usefulness of tradeoff theory for explaining pathogen coexistence in nature, we measured components of pathogen fitness in two distantly related morphotypes of a baculovirus that infects larvae of the Douglas-fir tussock moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata). We show that the two morphotypes vary in multiple components of fitness, including the probability of infection given exposure to the pathogen, the incubation time of the pathogen, variability in the incubation time of the pathogen, and the detectability of the pathogen. Moreover, because the baculovirus is transmitted when host larvae accidentally consume infectious virus particles while feeding on foliage of the insects host trees, the strength and direction of the differences in fitness components of the two morphotypes depends on the host-tree species on which host larvae consume the virus. Through simulations of a model parameterized using our experimental data, we demonstrate how several varying fitness components can work in concert to promote strain coexistence, particularly highlighting the role of variability in incubation time. Our results suggest that the two morphotypes may coexist because of variation in forest tree-species composition, providing important empirical evidence that tradeoffs and environmental heterogeneity can together modulate pathogen competition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freedman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polivka, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.29.615698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Host-Tree Foliage on Polymorphism in an Insect Pathogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Baby Open Brains: An Open-Source Repository of Infant Brain Segmentations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reproducibility of neuroimaging research on infant brain development remains limited due to highly variable protocols and processing approaches. Progress towards reproducible pipelines is limited by a lack of benchmarks such as gold standard brain segmentations. Addressing this core limitation, we constructed the Baby Open Brains (BOBs) Repository, an open source resource comprising manually curated and expert-reviewed infant brain segmentations. Markers and expert reviewers manually segmented anatomical MRI data from 71 infant imaging visits across 51 participants, using both T1w and T2w images per visit. Anatomical images showed dramatic differences in myelination and intensities across the 1 to 9 month age range, emphasizing the need for densely sampled gold standard manual segmentations in these ages. The BOBs repository is publicly available through the Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain (MIDB) Open Data Initiative, which links S3 storage, Datalad for version control, and BrainBox for visualization. This repository represents an open-source paradigm, where new additions and changes can be added, enabling a community-driven resource that will improve over time and extend into new ages and protocols. These manual segmentations and the ongoing repository provide a benchmark for evaluating and improving pipelines dependent upon segmentations in the youngest populations. As such, this repository provides a vitally needed foundation for early-life large-scale studies such as HBCD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feczko, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoyell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagonis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bower, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavender, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goradia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heisler-Roman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houghton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiffmeyer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundquist, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucena, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mummaneni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myricks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narnur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrone, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiners, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueter, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saw, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiklasky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisnowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacoub, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyser, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elison, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Baby Open Brains: An Open-Source Repository of Infant Brain Segmentations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein-protein interactions shape trans-regulatory impact of genetic variation on protein expression and complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most genetic variants influence complex traits by affecting gene regulation. Yet, despite comprehensive catalogs of molecular QTLs, linking trait-associated variants to biological functions remains difficult. In this study, we re-analyzed large maps of protein QTLs (pQTLs) to show that genes with trans-pQTLs but without cis-pQTLs are under strong selective constraints and are highly enriched in GWAS loci. We found that trans-pQTLs and their trans targets are highly enriched in interacting protein pairs, and trans-pQTLs in coding regions are significantly enriched at protein-protein interactions (PPI) interfaces. By leveraging existing PPI annotations for trans-pQTL mapping, we identified 26,028 trans-pQTLs influencing 1,061 PPI clusters. The trans-pQTLs of PPIs colocalized with 66% GWAS loci per trait on average for 50 complex traits, helping in many cases to link GWAS loci to cellular function. Finally, we identified trans-pQTL effects at multiple autoimmune GWAS loci that converge on the same PPIs, pinpointing protein complexes and signaling pathways that show promising therapeutic target potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein-protein interactions shape trans-regulatory impact of genetic variation on protein expression and complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of riboflavin biosynthesis in mycobacteria establishes 5-amino-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-A-RU) as key precursor of MAIT cell agonists 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells exhibit an intrinsic ability to recognize and respond to microbial infections. The semi-invariant antigen recognition receptor of MAIT cells specifically detects the non-polymorphic antigen-presenting molecule, major histocompatibility complex class I-related protein 1 (MR1), which primarily binds riboflavin-derived metabolites of microbial origin. To further interrogate the dependence of these antigens on riboflavin biosynthesis in mycobacteria, we deleted individual genes in the riboflavin biosynthesis pathways in Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and evaluated the impact thereof on MAIT cell activation. Blocking the early steps of the pathway by deletion of RibA2 or RibG profoundly reduced, but did not completely ablate, MAIT cell activation by Msm or Mtb, whereas deletion of RibC, which catalyzes the last step in the pathway, had no significant effect. Interestingly, deletion of RibH specifically enhanced MAIT cell recognition of Mtb whereas loss of lumazine synthase (RibH) activity had no impact on MAIT cell activation by Msm. MAIT cell activation by Msm was likewise unaffected by blocking the production of the MAIT cell antagonist, Fo (by inhibiting its conversion from the riboflavin pathway intermediate, 5-amino-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-A-RU), through the deletion of fbiC). Together, these results confirm a central role for 5-AR-U in generating mycobacterial MR1 ligands and reveal similarities and differences between Msm and Mtb in terms of the impact of riboflavin pathway disruption on MAIT cell activation.

Author summaryMucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an abundant population of innate-like T-cells which respond to microbial infections. These specialized cells recognize the MR1 molecule, which presents microbial metabolites derived from riboflavin (vitamin B2) biosynthesis. These cells are enriched in the airways and in some cases reduced in the peripheral blood of tuberculosis (TB) infected individuals suggestive of a role in the early response to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of deleting individual genes in the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway on MAIT cell activation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium smegmatis. Our findings revealed that disrupting early stages in the pathway profoundly reduced but did not eliminate MAIT cell activation by both mycobacterial species. However, blocking the penultimate step in the pathway, catalyzed by the enzyme, lumazine synthase, led specifically to increased MAIT cell recognition of M. tuberculosis. Our results confirm the pivotal role of the riboflavin pathway intermediate, 5-A-RU, in generating mycobacterial ligands that serve as MAIT cell agonists. By enhancing our understanding of how MAIT cells recognize mycobacterial infections, the results of this study could inform strategies for the development of vaccines and/or immunotherapies for TB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chengalroyen, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oketade, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raphela, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarbrick, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewinsohn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehaffy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobos, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewinsohn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.03.616430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of riboflavin biosynthesis in mycobacteria establishes 5-amino-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-A-RU) as key precursor of MAIT cell agonists]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A preprocessing toolbox for 2-photon subcellular calcium imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recording the spiking activity from subcellular compartments of neurons such as axons and dendrites during behavior with 2-photon calcium imaging is increasingly common yet remains challenging due to low signal-to-noise, inaccurate region-of-interest (ROI) identification, movement artifacts, and difficulty in grouping ROIs from the same neuron. To address these issues, we present a computationally efficient pre-processing pipeline for subcellular signal detection, movement artifact identification, and ROI grouping. For subcellular signal detection, we capture the frequency profile of calcium transient dynamics by applying Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on smoothed time-series calcium traces collected from axon ROIs. We then apply band-pass filtering methods (e.g. 0.05 to 0.12 Hz) to select ROIs that contain frequencies that match the power band of transients. To remove motion artifacts from z-plane movement, we apply Principal Component Analysis on all calcium traces and use a Bottom-Up Segmentation change-point detection model on the first principal component. After removing movement artifacts, we further identify calcium transients from noise by analyzing their prominence and duration. Finally, ROIs with high activity correlation are grouped using hierarchical or k-means clustering. Using axon ROIs in the CA1 region, we confirm that both clustering methods effectively determine the optimal number of clusters in pairwise correlation matrices, yielding similar groupings to "ground truth" data. Our approach provides a guideline for standardizing the extraction of physiological signals from subcellular compartments during behavior with 2-photon calcium imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.04.616737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A preprocessing toolbox for 2-photon subcellular calcium imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.06.616878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic infections can generate SARS-CoV-2-like bursts of viral evolution without epistasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.06.616878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants have arisen during the first years of the pandemic, often bearing many new mutations. Several explanations have been offered for the surprisingly sudden emergence of multiple mutations that enhance viral fitness, including cryptic transmission, spillover from animal reservoirs, epistasis between mutations, and chronic infections. Here, we simulated pathogen evolution combining within-host replication and between-host transmission. We found that, under certain conditions, chronic infections can lead to SARS-CoV-2-like bursts of mutations even without epistasis. Chronic infections can also increase the global evolutionary rate of a pathogen even in the absence of clear mutational bursts. Overall, our study supports chronic infections as a plausible origin for highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 variants. More generally, we also describe how chronic infections can influence pathogen evolution under different scenarios.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Horta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strahan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.06.616878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic infections can generate SARS-CoV-2-like bursts of viral evolution without epistasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.616922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR tiling deletion screens reveal functional enhancers of neuropsychiatric risk genes and allelic compensation effects (ACE) on transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.616922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise transcriptional regulation is critical for cellular function and development, yet the mechanism of this process remains poorly understood for many genes. To gain a deeper understanding of the regulation of neuropsychiatric disease risk genes, we identified a total of 39 functional enhancers for four dosage-sensitive genes, APP, FMR1, MECP2, and SIN3A, using CRISPR tiling deletion screening in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-induced excitatory neurons. We found that enhancer annotation provides potential pathological insights into disease-associated copy number variants. More importantly, we discovered that allelic enhancer deletions at SIN3A could be compensated by increased transcriptional activities from the other intact allele. Such allelic compensation effects (ACE) on transcription is stably maintained during differentiation and, once established, cannot be reversed by ectopic SIN3A expression. Further, ACE at SIN3A occurs through dosage sensing by the promoter. Together, our findings unravel a regulatory compensation mechanism that ensures stable and precise transcriptional output for SIN3A, and potentially other dosage-sensitive genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maliskova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takagi, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.616922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR tiling deletion screens reveal functional enhancers of neuropsychiatric risk genes and allelic compensation effects (ACE) on transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catabolism of extracellular glutathione supplies amino acids to support tumor growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Restricting amino acids from tumors is an emerging therapeutic strategy with significant promise. While typically considered an intracellular antioxidant with tumor-promoting capabilities, glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide of cysteine, glutamate, and glycine that can be catabolized, yielding amino acids. The extent to which GSH-derived amino acids are essential to cancers is unclear. Here, we find that GSH catabolism promotes tumor growth. We show that depletion of intracellular GSH does not perturb tumor growth, and extracellular GSH is highly abundant in the tumor microenvironment, highlighting the potential importance of GSH outside of tumors. We find supplementation with GSH can rescue cancer cell survival and growth in cystine-deficient conditions, and this rescue is dependent on the catabolic activity of {gamma}-glutamyltransferases (GGTs). Finally, pharmacologic targeting of GGTs activity prevents the breakdown of circulating GSH, lowers tumor cysteine levels, and slows tumor growth. Our findings indicate a non-canonical role for GSH in supporting tumors by acting as a reservoir of amino acids. Depriving tumors of extracellular GSH or inhibiting its breakdown is potentially a therapeutically tractable approach for patients with cancer. Further, these findings change our view of GSH and how amino acids, including cysteine, are supplied to cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hecht, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zocchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuttle, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazarin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozgurses, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheehan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alimohammadi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munger, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asantewaa, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blick-Nitko, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoeller, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasiliou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coloff, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeNicola, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catabolism of extracellular glutathione supplies amino acids to support tumor growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An atlas of conserved transcription factor binding sites reveals the cell type-resolved gene regulatory landscape of flowering plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that bind DNA to control where and when genes are expressed. In plants, dozens of TF families interact with distinct sets of binding sites (TFBSs) that reflect each TFs role in organismal function and species-specific adaptations. However, defining these roles and understanding broader patterns of regulatory evolution remains challenging, as predicted TFBSs may lack a clear impact on transcription, and experimentally-derived TF binding maps to date are modest in scale or restricted to model organisms. Here, we present a scalable TFBS assay that we leveraged to create an atlas of nearly 3,000 genome-wide binding site maps for 360 TFs in 10 species spanning 150 million years of flowering plant evolution. We find that TF orthologs from distant species retain nearly identical binding preferences, suggesting that regulatory evolution primarily arises from gain and loss of TFBSs. Within lineages however, conserved TFBSs are over-represented and found in regions harboring signatures of functional regulatory elements. Moreover, genes with conserved TFBSs showed a striking enrichment for cell type-specific expression in single-nuclei RNA atlases, providing a robust marker of each TFs activity and developmental role. Finally, we compare distant lineages, illustrating how ancient regulatory modules were recruited and rewired to enable adaptations underlying the evolutionary success of grasses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baumgart, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Cruz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenblum, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilworth, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garretson, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosjean, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshinaga, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaby, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An atlas of conserved transcription factor binding sites reveals the cell type-resolved gene regulatory landscape of flowering plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of the dynamics of a complex, multipathway reaction: Insulin dimer dissociation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protein hormone insulin forms a homodimer that must dissociate to bind to its receptor. Understanding the kinetics and mechanism of dissociation is essential for rational design of therapeutic analogs. In addition to its physiological importance, this dissociation process serves as a paradigm for coupled (un)folding and (un)binding. Based on previous free energy simulations, insulin dissociation is thought to involve multiple pathways with comparable free energy barriers. Here, we analyze the mechanism of insulin dimer dissociation using a recently developed computational framework for estimating kinetic statistics from short-trajectory data. These statistics indicate that the likelihood of dissociation (the committor) closely tracks the decrease in the number of (native and nonnative) intermonomer contacts and the increase in the number of water contacts at the dimer interface; the transition state with equal likelihood of association and dissociation corresponds to an encounter complex with relatively few native contacts and many nonnative contacts. We identify four pathways out of the dimer state and quantify their contributions to the rate, as well as their exchange, by computing reactive fluxes. We show that both the pathways and their extents of exchange can be understood in terms of rotations around three axes of the dimer structure. Our results provide insights into the kinetics of insulin analogues and, more generally, how to characterize complex, multipathway processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of the dynamics of a complex, multipathway reaction: Insulin dimer dissociation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Xenopus respiratory system reveals common tetrapod mechanisms for growth, regeneration and healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, we have seen a significant increase in our understanding of the mechanisms of development, regeneration, and healing of the respiratory system. However, most of these studies have been limited by their focus on mammalian systems. Here, we aimed to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms that are active during lung growth and tissue repair in amphibians, specifically Xenopus tropicalis (X. tropicalis). First, we analyzed the stem cell composition and signaling pathways that are active in epithelial and mesenchymal cells during lung growth. Then, we established a protocol for lung injury to assess the types of stem cells underlying tissue repair. In mammals, Sftpc+ (AT2) cells are alveolar stem cells that can differentiate to Krt8+ cells during lung homeostasis and post-injury repair. In this study, we identified Sftpc+ cells and Krt8+ cells, along with the activity of key developmental signaling pathways, Hippo and Wnt, during lung maturation at post-metamorphosis stages. We then established a protocol for lung injury using chemically induced injury with bleomycin, which damages the lung through oxidative stress. The results show an elevation in collagen post-injury, indicating bleomycins effect in causing lung fibrosis. X. tropicalis froglets survived 42 days post-injury, with a continuous decrease in fibrosis. To explore this effect, we analyzed the distribution of lung stem cells; Sox9 protein levels and Sftp gene expression were downregulated at the alveoli 42 days post-injury. The decrease in stem cell marker expression 42 days post-injury suggests they are differentiating as part of the healing process. Nevertheless, we could still detect them after a few weeks of healing. These results suggest that X. tropicalis has a regenerative capacity for lung tissue repair and that the same signaling pathways and stem cells are active in both amphibians and mammalian lungs during lung growth, regeneration, and healing. These findings show for the first time the physiological similarities between the anuran and the mammalian lung during growth and tissue repair processes, suggesting X. tropicalis as a potential animal model to study lung regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perry, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaidani, N.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shubin, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Xenopus respiratory system reveals common tetrapod mechanisms for growth, regeneration and healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in cortical grasp-related activity before and after object contact 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transition from hand opening to grasping a coffee cup happens smoothly, yet the neural systems underlying this behavior undergo a significant state change at the onset of grasp. At this moment, the motor system begins to control contact forces and the somatosensory system receives a barrage of cutaneous signals that convey information about contact forces and the objects local features (e.g., edges, texture, and curvature). These cutaneous signals supplement the ongoing flow of proprioceptive input that encodes hand posture as well as muscle forces. How object identity is represented in sensorimotor cortex across this transition remains unknown. In the present study, we sought to quantify the object-specific neural signals in individual neurons of the primary motor cortex (M1) and Brodmann areas 3a, 3b/1, and 2 of the somatosensory cortex in macaque monkeys. Before contact, object-specific information was carried mainly by M1 and proprioceptive area 3a, but this information did not generalize between the periods before and after contact. This observation is consistent with the abruptly changing force signals at contact affecting the assumed postural representation of the object, rather than each modality maintaining an invariant identity. After contact, despite a general decrease in firing rates, information about object identity increased and was encoded with high efficiency across sensorimotor cortex. Cutaneous areas 3b and 1, largely uninformative before contact, became highly informative once objects were grasped. Area 2, which receives both cutaneous and musculotendinous inputs, conveyed little object-specific information before contact, when it too became strongly informative, consistent with its integrative role. Thus, M1 and 3a serve as the main carriers of object information before contact, while cutaneous and integrative somatosensory circuits dominate after contact. This shift highlights the profound change in the coding of object identify in the sensorimotor cortex during contact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobinov, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okorokova, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in cortical grasp-related activity before and after object contact]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-Driven Equation-Free Dynamics Applied to Many-Protein Complexes: The Microtubule Tip Relaxation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubules (MTs) constitute the largest components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and play crucial roles in various cellular processes, including mitosis and intracellular transport. The property allowing MTs to cater to such diverse roles is attributed to dynamic instability, which is coupled to the hydrolysis of GTP (guanosine-5-triphosphate) to GDP (guanosine-5-diphosphate) within the {beta}-tubulin monomers. Understanding the equilibrium dynamics and the structural features of both GDP- and GTP-complexed MT tips, especially at an all-atom level, remains challenging for both experimental and computational methods because of their dynamic nature and the prohibitive computational demands of simulating large, many-protein systems. This study employs the "equation-free" multiscale computational method to accelerate the relaxation of all-atom simulations of MT tips toward their putative equilibrium conformation. Using large MT lattice systems (14 protofilaments x 8 heterodimers) comprising [~]21-38 million atoms, we applied this multiscale approach to leapfrog through time and nearly double the computational efficiency in realizing relaxed all-atom conformations of GDP- and GTP-complexed MT tips. Commencing from an initial 4 s unbiased all-atom simulation, we interleave coarse projective "equation-free" jumps with short bursts of all-atom molecular dynamics simulation to realize an additional effective simulation time of 1.875 s. Our 5.875 s of effective simulation trajectories for each system expose the subtle yet essential differences in the structures of MT tips as a function of whether {beta}-tubulin monomer is complexed with GDP or GTP, as well as the lateral interactions within the MT tip, offering a refined understanding of features underlying MT dynamic instability. The approach presents a robust and generalizable framework for future explorations of large biomolecular systems at atomic resolution.

SIGNIFICANCEThe dynamic instability of microtubules (MTs) is essential for a plethora of biological functions, from cell division to intracellular transport. Despite their importance, current computational models often struggle to handle the large-scale, long-term dynamics of all-atom simulations. This computational study employs the "equation-free" method to accelerate relaxation of the all-atom structures of MT tips in both GDP and GTP states which nearly halves the computational demands of simulating very large biomolecular systems. Our findings expose subtle but crucial structural differences between GDP-bound and GTP-bound MTs, particularly in the number of protofilament clusters, and is consistent with a relatively stronger lateral interactions in GTP-bound MT tips.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasetty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skora, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidone, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-Driven Equation-Free Dynamics Applied to Many-Protein Complexes: The Microtubule Tip Relaxation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.12.614958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active RNA synthesis patterns nuclear condensates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.12.614958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular condensates are membraneless compartments that organize biochemical processes in cells. In contrast to well-understood mechanisms describing how condensates form and dissolve, the principles underlying condensate patterning - including their size, number and spacing in the cell - remain largely unknown. We hypothesized that RNA, a key regulator of condensate formation and dissolution, influences condensate patterning. Using nucleolar fibrillar centers (FCs) as a model condensate, we found that inhibiting ribosomal RNA synthesis significantly alters the patterning of FCs. Physical theory and experimental observations support a model whereby active RNA synthesis generates a non-equilibrium state that arrests condensate coarsening and thus contributes to condensate patterning. Altering FC condensate patterning by expression of the FC component TCOF1 impairs ribosomal RNA processing, linking condensate patterning to biological function. These results reveal how non-equilibrium states driven by active chemical processes regulate condensate patterning, which is important for cellular biochemistry and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banani, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goychuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dall'Agnese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henninger, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.12.614958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active RNA synthesis patterns nuclear condensates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIF-1α regulates mitochondrial function in bone marrow-derived macrophages, but not in tissue-resident alveolar macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIF-1 plays a critical role in shaping macrophage phenotype and effector function. We have previously shown that tissue-resident alveolar macrophages (TR-AMs) have extremely low glycolytic capacity at steady-state, but can shift toward glycolysis under hypoxic conditions. Here, using inducible HIF-1 knockout (Hif1a-/-) TR-AMs and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and show that TR-AM HIF-1 is required for the glycolytic shift under prolyl hydroxylase inhibition, but is dispensable at steady-state for inflammatory effector function. In contrast, HIF-1 deletion in BMDMs led to diminished glycolytic capacity at steady-state and reduced inflammatory capacity, but higher mitochondrial function. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed enhanced c-Myc transcriptional activity in Hif1a-/- BMDMs, and upregulation of gene pathways related to ribosomal biogenesis and cellular proliferation. The findings highlight the heterogeneity of HIF-1 function in distinct macrophage populations and provide new insight into how HIF-1 regulates gene expression, inflammation, and metabolism in macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woods, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetin-Atalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meliton, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamaa, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, K. W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haugen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamanaka, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutlu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIF-1α regulates mitochondrial function in bone marrow-derived macrophages, but not in tissue-resident alveolar macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed single-cell imaging reveals diverging subpopulations with distinct senescence phenotypes during long-term senescence induction. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular senescence is a phenotypic state that contributes to the progression of age-related disease through secretion of pro-inflammatory factors known as the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Understanding the process by which healthy cells become senescent and develop SASP factors is critical for improving the identification of senescent cells and, ultimately, understanding tissue dysfunction. Here, we reveal how the duration of cellular stress modulates the SASP in distinct subpopulations of senescent cells. We used multiplex, single-cell imaging to build a proteomic map of senescence induction in human epithelial cells induced to senescence over the course of 31 days. We map how the expression of SASP proteins increases alongside other known senescence markers such as p53, p21, and p16INK4a. The aggregated population of cells responded to etoposide with an accumulation of stress response factors over the first 11 days, followed by a plateau in most proteins. At the single-cell level, however, we identified two distinct senescence cell populations, one defined primarily by larger nuclear area and the second by higher protein concentrations. Trajectory inference suggested that cells took one of two discrete molecular paths from unperturbed healthy cells, through a common transitional subpopulation, and ending at the discrete terminal senescence phenotypes. Our results underscore the importance of using single-cell proteomics to identify the mechanistic pathways governing the transition from senescence induction to a mature state of senescence characterized by the SASP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sessions, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loops, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diekman, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvis, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed single-cell imaging reveals diverging subpopulations with distinct senescence phenotypes during long-term senescence induction.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct and indirect selection in a proofreading polymerase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The traits that affect evolvability are subject to indirect selection, as these traits affect the course of evolution over many generations rather than the direct replicative fitness of an individual. However, the evolution of evolvability-determining traits is often difficult to study because putative evolvability alleles often have confounding direct fitness effects of unknown origin and size. Here, we study theoretically and experimentally the evolution of mutation rates in proofreading polymerases with orthogonal control of direct and indirect selection. Mutagenic DNA polymerases enjoy a long-time fitness advantage by enhancing the rate of acquiring beneficial mutations. However, this is offset by a short-time fitness penalty, which we trace to a counterintuitive trade-off between mutation rates and activity in proofreading polymerases. Since these fitness effects act on different timescales, no one number characterizes the fitness of a mutator allele. We find unusual dynamic features in the resulting evolutionary dynamics, such as kinetic exclusion, selection by dynamic environments, and Rock-Paper-Scissors dynamics in the absence of ecology. Our work has implications for the evolution of mutation rates and more broadly, evolution in the context of an anti-correlation between mutation rates and short term fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Husain, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdeva, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravasio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peruzzo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct and indirect selection in a proofreading polymerase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic Studies of Small Molecule Ligands Selective to RNA Single G Bulges 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small-molecule RNA binders have emerged as an important pharmacological modality. A profound understanding of the ligand selectivity, binding mode, and influential factors governing ligand engagement with RNA targets is the foundation for rational ligand design. Here, we report a novel class of coumarin derivatives exhibiting selective binding affinity towards single G RNA bulges. Harnessing the computational power of all-atom Gaussian accelerated Molecular Dynamics (GaMD) simulations, we unveiled a rare minor groove binding mode of the ligand with a key interaction between the coumarin moiety and the G bulge. This predicted binding mode is consistent with results obtained from structure-activity-relationship (SAR) studies and transverse relaxation measurements by NMR spectroscopy. We further generated 444 molecular descriptors from 69 coumarin derivatives and identified key contributors to the binding events, such as charge state and planarity, by lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression. Strikingly, small structure perturbations on these key contributors, such as the addition of a methyl group that disrupts the planarity of the ligand resulted in > 100-fold reduction in the binding affinity. Our work deepened the understanding of RNA-small molecule interactions and integrated a new generalizable platform for the rational design of selective small-molecule RNA binders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hegde, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koirala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reibarkh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battaile, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmstrom, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccirilli, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic Studies of Small Molecule Ligands Selective to RNA Single G Bulges]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simple models of non-random mating and environmental transmission bias standard human genetics statistical methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is recognition among human complex-trait geneticists that not only are many common assumptions made for the sake of statistical tractability (e.g., random mating, independence of parent/offspring environments) unlikely to apply in many contexts, but that methods reliant on such assumptions can yield misleading results, even in large samples. Investigations of the consequences of violating these assumptions so far have focused on individual perturbations operating in isolation. Here, we analyze widely used estimators of genetic architectural parameters, including LD-score regression and both population-based and within-family GWAS, across a broad array of perturbations to classical assumptions, such as multivariate assortative mating and vertical transmission (parental effects on offspring phenotypes not mediated by genetic inheritance). We find that widely-used statistical approaches are unreliable across a broad range of perturbations, and that structural sources of confounding often operate synergistically to distort conclusions. For example, mild multivariate assortative mating and vertical transmission together can dramatically inflate heritability estimates and GWAS false positive rates. Further, GWAS will become progressively more polluted by off-target associations as sample sizes increase. Given these challenges, we introduce xftsim, a forward time simulation library capable of modeling a wide range of genetic architectures, mating regimes, and transmission dynamics, to facilitate the systematic comparison of existing approaches and the development of robust methods. Together, our findings illustrate the importance of comprehensive sensitivity analysis and present a valuable tool for future research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Border, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caggiano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankararaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schork, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turley, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.16.618755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simple models of non-random mating and environmental transmission bias standard human genetics statistical methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical blur affects differently ON and OFF visual pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human eye has a crystalline lens that focuses retinal images at the point of fixation. Outside this fixation region, images are distorted by optical blur, which increases light scatter and reduces the spatial resolution and contrast processed by neuronal pathways. The spectacle lenses that humans use for optical correction also minify or magnify the images, affecting neuronal surround suppression in visual processing. Because light and dark stimuli are processed with ON and OFF pathways that have different spatial resolution, contrast sensitivity and surround suppression, optical blur and image magnification should affect differently the two pathways and the perception of lights and darks. Our results provide support for this prediction in cats and humans. We demonstrate that optical blur expands ON receptive fields while shrinking OFF receptive fields, as expected from the expansion of light stimuli and shrinkage of dark stimuli with light scatter. Spectacle-induced image magnification also shrinks OFF more than ON receptive fields, as expected from the stronger surround suppression in OFF than ON pathways. Optical blur also decreases the population response of OFF more than ON pathways, consistent with the different effects of light scatter on dark and light stimuli and the ON-OFF pathway differences in contrast sensitivity. Based on these results, we conclude that optical blur and image magnification reduce the receptive field sizes and cortical responses of OFF more than ON pathways, making the ON-OFF response balance a reliable signal to optimize the size and quality of the retinal image.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIOptical blur affects ON and OFF pathways differently.
C_LIO_LIBlur expands ON but shrinks OFF receptive fields, weakening OFF more than ON signals.
C_LIO_LIMagnification from positive blur reduces OFF more than ON signal strength and latency.
C_LIO_LION-OFF response balance can signal retinal image quality and guide eye growth.
C_LI

IN BRIEFPons et al. demonstrate that optical blur affects differently the receptive field properties and responses from ON and OFF visual pathways, revealing a new relation between ON/OFF pathway balance and blurred visual perception. The results highlight a new role of ON and OFF pathways in optimizing retinal image quality that can have implications for the regulation of eye growth.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pons, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazade, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.17.618707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical blur affects differently ON and OFF visual pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.619136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved principles of spatial biology define tumor heterogeneity and response to immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.619136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The complexity of tumor microenvironments (TMEs) poses a substantial challenge to understanding tumor heterogeneity and clinical outcomes. By studying an ensemble of 262 diverse solid tumors, we uncovered a conserved, hierarchical architecture of transcriptionally covarying regions we term Spatial Groups (SGs). SGs corresponded to discrete biological units as benchmarked against multiple spatial technologies, and their nested organization revealed context-dependent constraints within tumors. Using SGs for comparing tumors, we derived a pantumor classification where immune spatial heterogeneity was the dominant axis of variation. This classification stratified response to immune checkpoint blockade in an out-of-sample cohort of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Statistical approximation techniques defined a sparse set of protein markers capturing system-level properties of TME spatial biology, demonstrating a framework for distilling genome-wide information into clinically deployable diagnostics. Our findings position the architecture of SGs as a general model unifying TME structure with biological function and clinical translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Behera, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giba, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pen, U.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Lello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doran, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esposito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezeshk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bestvina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kline, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garassino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.18.619136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved principles of spatial biology define tumor heterogeneity and response to immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.619139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inducible, but not constitutive, pancreatic REG/Reg isoforms are regulated by intestinal microbiota and pancreatic diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.619139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The REG/Reg gene locus encodes for a conserved family of potent antimicrobial but also pancreatitis-associated proteins. Here we investigated whether REG/Reg family members differ in their baseline expression levels and abilities to be regulated in the pancreas and gut upon perturbations. We found, in human and mouse, pancreas and gut differed in REG/Reg isoform levels and preferences, with duodenum most resembling the pancreas. Pancreatic acinar cells and intestinal enterocytes were the dominant REG producers. Intestinal symbiotic microbes regulated the expression of the same, select Reg members in gut and pancreas. These Reg members had the most STAT3-binding sites close to the transcription start sites and were partially IL-22 dependent. We thus categorized them as "inducible" and others as "constitutive". Indeed, also in models of pancreatic-ductal adenocarcinoma and pancreatitis, only inducible Reg members were upregulated in pancreas. While intestinal Reg expression remained unchanged upon pancreatic perturbation, pancreatitis altered the microbial composition of the duodenum and feces shortly after disease onset. Our study reveals differential usage and regulation of REG/Reg isoforms as a mechanism for tissue-specific innate immunity, highlights the intimate connection of pancreas and duodenum, and implies a gut-to-pancreas communication axis resulting in a coordinated Reg response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komnick, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepulveda, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieves-Ortiz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meador, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndatabaye, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatkhullina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu-Woods, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naydenkov, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kent, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiansen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madariaga, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witkowski, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismagilov, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esterhazy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.18.619139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inducible, but not constitutive, pancreatic REG/Reg isoforms are regulated by intestinal microbiota and pancreatic diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.19.619222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correlating Disordered Activation Domain Ensembles with Gene Expression Levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.19.619222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factor proteins bind to specific DNA promoter sequences and initiate gene transcription. In eukaryotes, most transcription factors contain intrinsically disordered activation domains (ADs) that regulate their transcriptional activity. Like other disordered protein regions, ADs do not have a fixed three-dimensional structure and instead exist in an ensemble of conformations. Disordered ensembles contain sequence-encoded structural preferences which are often linked to their function. We hypothesize this link exists between the structural preferences of disordered AD ensembles and their ability to induce gene expression. To test this, we used FRET microscopy to measure the ensemble dimensions of two activation domains, HIF-1 and CITED2, in live cells, and correlate this structural information with transcriptional activity. We find that point mutations that expanded the HIF-1 ensemble increased transcriptional activity, while those that compacted it reduced activity. Conversely, CITED2 showed no correlation between ensemble dimensions and activity. Our results reveal a sequence-dependent relationship between AD ensemble dimensions and their transcriptional activity.

WHY IT MATTERSTranscription factors have activation domains (ADs) that bind to coactivator complexes to initiate gene transcription. Despite their key role, a comprehensive understanding of what drives their transcriptional activity has remained elusive. Efforts to understand AD activity have largely focused on their amino acid composition. In recent years, it is increasingly realized that the structural ensembles of disordered proteins contain biases that dictate their structural properties. For ADs, ensemble structures remain poorly explored, especially in relation to their activity. Here we report a mutational study of two ADs, HIF-1 and CITED2, that examines how ensemble dimensions correlate with activity. Our findings suggest that ensemble dimensions may drive activity in some ADs, and that AD ensemble dimensions can be modulated not only through mutations, but also through changes in the cellular environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flores, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuevas-Zepeda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staller, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sukenik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.19.619222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correlating Disordered Activation Domain Ensembles with Gene Expression Levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.19.619233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mosaic of Somatic Mutations in the Ancient and Still-Living Aspen Clone, Pando 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.19.619233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While evolutionary biology traditionally focuses on the spread of mutations within populations, the dynamics of mutational spread within individuals, particularly in long-lived clonally-spreading organisms, remain poorly understood. Here we examine the genetic structure of  Pando, Earths largest known quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) clone. We sequenced over 500 samples across Pando and neighboring clones, including multiple tissue types. At fine spatial scales, we detected significant genetic structure, particularly in leaf tissue, but this signal weakened across larger distances, suggesting either rapid root growth homogenizes the system over time or mechanisms exist that prevent widespread mutation transmission. Phylogenetic analyses date Pando between [~]12,000 and 37,000 years old, supported by continuous aspen pollen presence in nearby lake sediments. Tissues accumulated mutations at different rates, with leaves showing significantly higher mutation loads than roots or branches. This work provides the first quantitative age estimate for this remarkable organism and offers initial insights into the spatial dynamics of somatic mutation in a massive clonal plant. While our reduced-representation sequencing approach limits detection of rare variants, these findings establish a foundation for understanding how long-lived modular organisms accumulate and distribute genetic variation, questions that will benefit from future high-coverage whole-genome sequencing across tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pineau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mock, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraklow, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunelle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pageot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gompert, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.19.619233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mosaic of Somatic Mutations in the Ancient and Still-Living Aspen Clone, Pando]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Executive control can query hidden human memories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When we try to retrieve a representation from visual long-term memory there is a chance that we will fail to recall seeing it even though the memory is stored in our brain. Here we show that although mechanisms of explicit memory retrieval are sometimes unable to retrieve stored memories, that mechanisms of executive control can quickly query memory and determine if a representation is stored therein. Our findings suggest that the representations stored in human memory that cannot be accessed explicitly at that moment are nonetheless directly accessible by the brains higher level control mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Executive control can query hidden human memories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multigenerational Proteolytic Inactivation of Restriction Upon Subtle Genomic Hypomethylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Restriction-modification (R-M) systems, present in most bacterial genomes, protect against phage infection by detecting and degrading invading foreign DNA. However, like many prokaryotic anti-phage systems, R-M systems pose a significant risk of auto-immunity, exacerbated by the presence of hundreds to thousands of potential cleavage sites in the bacterial genome. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, restriction inactivation upon growth at high temperatures was previously described, however, which system is being inactivated, the underlying mechanism, as well as the timing of recovery, remain unknown. Here, we report that P. aeruginosa Type I methyltransferase (HsdMS) and restriction endonuclease (HsdR) components are degraded by two Lon-like proteases when replicating above 41 {degrees}C, which induces partial genome hypomethylation and simultaneously prevents self-targeting, respectively. Interestingly, upon return to 37 {degrees}C, methyltransferase activity returns gradually, with restriction activity not fully recovering for over 60 bacterial generations, representing the longest bacterial memory to our knowledge. Forced expression of HsdR over the first 45 generations is toxic, demonstrating the fitness benefit of HsdR inactivation. Our findings demonstrate that type I R-M is tightly regulated post-translationally with a remarkable memory effect to ensure genomic stability and emphasize the importance of mitigating auto-toxicity for bacterial defense systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shmidov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avihu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebenthal-Loinger, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karako-Lampert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoshani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy-Denomy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.21.619520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multigenerational Proteolytic Inactivation of Restriction Upon Subtle Genomic Hypomethylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis for Voltage Gating and Dalfampridine Binding in the Shaker Potassium Channel Revealed by Closed-State Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons depend on the coordinated activation of voltage-dependent sodium and potassium channels. Potassium channels of the Shaker family regulate neuronal excitability through voltage-dependent opening and closing of their ion conduction pore. This family of channels is an important therapeutic target, particularly in multiple sclerosis where the inhibitor dalfampridine (4-aminopyridine) is used to improve nerve conduction. The molecular details of how the voltage sensor domain drives opening of the pore domain has been limited by the lack of closed-state structures, also impairing the search for novel drugs. Using AlphaFold2-based conformational sampling methods we identify a structural model for the closed Shaker potassium channel where movement of the voltage sensor drives the opening trough interactions between the S4-S5 linker and S6 helix. We show experimentally that breakage of a backbone hydrogen bond is a critical part of the activation pathway. Through docking we identify a hydrophobic cavity formed by the pore domain helices that binds dalfampridine in the closed state. Our results demonstrate how voltage sensor movement drives pore opening and provide a structural framework for developing new therapeutic agents targeting the closed state. We anticipate this work will enable structure-based drug design efforts focused on state-dependent modulation of voltage-gated ion channels for the treatment of neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinto-Anwandter, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis for Voltage Gating and Dalfampridine Binding in the Shaker Potassium Channel Revealed by Closed-State Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organic opto-nanobiointerface enables multiscale biomodulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.23.619813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virtually all organic material on Earth has been produced converting solar energy through photosynthesis in chloroplasts, a sack-like, double membrane organelle in plants and algae, where transmembrane electron transfer occurs from lumen to stroma. Although animals hardly harness the power of photosynthesis, their bioelectrical signals extensively regulate complex electrophysiological behaviors, rendering it a superior target for biomedical innovation. Here, a crude structural mimicry of chloroplast has led us to discover that hollow sphere graphitic carbon nitride nanoparticles (hg-C3N4 NPs) endowed non-genetic, subcellular and intercellular photo-modulation of various excitable and non-excitable cells, accumulatively achieving modulation at tissue/organ function level. The homogeneous hg-C3N4 NPs showed responsiveness to light via both photoelectrochemical and photothermal mechanisms. The hg-C3N4 NPs can be spontaneously internalized with excellent cytocompatibility. Using a focusing laser, the hg-C3N4 NPs enable intracellular optical stimulation with subcellular resolution, inducing calcium transient release in multiple cells and propagation in primary cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. At multicellular scale, optical pacing and synchronization of cardiomyocyte beating is readily achieved by LED. Further, we demonstrate that hg-C3N4 nanoparticles can be safely delivered into the mouse eye and elicit measurable cortical and behavioral light responses in a subset of animals in a model of advanced retinal degeneration. Finally, application of hg-C3N4 NPs to porcine retinal tissue ex vivo confirmed their modulation capability to directly activate RGCs activity under LED photostimulation. Taken together, these nanostructured biomimetic photocatalytic NPs offer high resolution, leadless optical probing, non-invasive delivery and great biocompatibility, serving as a versatile tool for addressing a range of complex biomedical challenges through subcellular, intercellular and tissue-level photo-modulation across a broad spectrum of scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mueller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalatanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klompmaker, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakobsen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joergensen, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askou, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidsen, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzakis, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corydon, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leinonen, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.23.619813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organic opto-nanobiointerface enables multiscale biomodulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.26.620442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autocatalytic assembly of a chimeric aminoacyl-RNA synthetase ribozyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.26.620442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autocatalytic reactions driving the self-assembly of biological polymers are important for the origin of life, yet few experimental examples of such reactions exist. Here we report an autocatalytic assembly pathway that generates a chimeric, amino acid-bridged aminoacyl-RNA synthetase ribozyme. The noncovalent complex of ribozyme fragments initiates low level aminoacylation of one of the fragments, which after loop-closing ligation generates a highly active covalently-linked chimeric ribozyme. The generation of this ribozyme is increasingly efficient over time due to the autocatalytic assembly cycle that sustains the ribozyme over indefinite cycles of serial dilution. Due to its trans activity, this ribozyme also assembles ribozymes distinct from itself, such as the hammerhead, suggesting that RNA aminoacylation, coupled with nonenzymatic ligation, could have facilitated the emergence and propagation of ribozymes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Radakovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todisco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.26.620442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autocatalytic assembly of a chimeric aminoacyl-RNA synthetase ribozyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probabilistic Fine-mapping of Putative Causal Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrative genetic analysis of molecular and complex trait data, including colocalization analysis and transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS), has shown promise in linking GWAS findings to putative causal genes (PCGs) underlying complex diseases. However, existing methods have notable limitations: TWAS tend to produce an excess of false-positive PCGs, while colocalization analysis often lacks sufficient statistical power, resulting in many false negatives. This paper introduces a probabilistic fine-mapping method, INTERFACE, which is designed to identify putative causal genes while accounting for direct variant-to-trait effects within genomic regions harboring multiple gene candidates. INTERFACE lever-ages interpretable, data-informed priors that incorporate both colocalization and TWAS evidence, enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of PCG inference and setting it apart from existing methods. Additionally, INTERFACE implements analytical measures to improve the accuracy of gene-to-trait effect estimation. We apply INTERFACE to METSIM plasma metabolite GWASs and UK Biobank pQTL data to identify causal genes regulating blood metabolite levels and demonstrate the unique biological insights INTERFACE provides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okamoto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pique-Regi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fauman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laakso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehnke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.27.620482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probabilistic Fine-mapping of Putative Causal Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extinction vortices are driven more by a shortage of beneficial mutations than by deleterious mutation accumulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Habitat loss contributes to extinction risk in multiple ways. Genetically, small populations can face an "extinction vortex" -- a positive feedback loop between declining fitness and declining population size. Two distinct genetic mechanisms can drive a long-term extinction vortex: i) ineffective selection in small populations allows deleterious mutations to fix, driving "mutational meltdown", and ii) smaller populations generate fewer beneficial mutations essential for long-term adaptation, a mechanism we term "mutational drought". To determine their relative importance, we ask whether, for a population near its critical size for persistence, changes in population size have a larger effect on the beneficial vs. deleterious component of fitness flux. In stable environments, we find that mutational drought is nearly as significant as mutational meltdown. Drought is more important than meltdown when populations must also adapt to a changing environment, unless the beneficial mutation rate is extremely high. Linkage disequilibria from background selection under realistically high deleterious mutation rates modestly increase the importance of mutational drought. Long-term conservation efforts should consider adaptive potential, not just deleterious load.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mawass, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matheson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.25.620329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extinction vortices are driven more by a shortage of beneficial mutations than by deleterious mutation accumulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fragment-based development of small molecule inhibitors targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis	 cholesterol metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the worlds most deadly infectious pathogen and new drugs are urgently required to combat the emergence of multi-(MDR) and extensively-(XDR) drug resistant strains. The bacterium specifically upregulates sterol uptake pathways in infected macrophages and the metabolism of host-derived cholesterol is essential for Mtbs long-term survival in vivo. Here, we report the development of antitubercular small molecules that inhibit the Mtb cholesterol oxidases CYP125 and CYP142, which catalyze the initial step of cholesterol metabolism. An efficient biophysical fragment screen was used to characterize the structure-activity relationships of CYP125 and CYP142, and identify a non-azole small molecule 1a that can bind to the heme cofactor of both enzymes. A structure-guided fragment-linking strategy was used to optimize the binding affinity of 1a, yielding a potent dual CYP125/142 inhibitor 5m (KD CYP125/CYP142 = 0.04/0.16 {micro}M). Compound 5m potently inhibits the catalytic activity of CYP125 and CYP142 in vitro (KI values < 0.1 {micro}M), and rapidly depletes Mtb intracellular ATP (IC50 = 0.15 {micro}M). The compound has antimicrobial activity against both drug susceptible and MDR Mtb (MIC99 values 0.4 - 1.5 {micro}M) in extracellular assays, and inhibits the growth of Mtb in human macrophages (MIC = 1.7 {micro}M) with good selectivity over mammalian cytotoxicity (LD50 [&ge;] 50 {micro}M). The combination of small molecule inhibitors and structural data reported here provide useful tools to study the role of cholesterol metabolism in Mtb and are a promising step towards novel antibiotics targeting bioenergetic pathways, which could be used to help combat MDR-TB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kavanagh, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amadi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tunnicliffe, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boshoff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanourakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebello-Lopez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega-Muro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leys, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fragment-based development of small molecule inhibitors targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis	 cholesterol metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypoxia induces extensive protein and proteolytic remodeling of the cell surface in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in cancer progression. Hypoxia is a hallmark of the TME and induces a cascade of molecular events that affects cellular processes involved in metabolism, metastasis, and proteolysis. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), tumor tissues are extremely hypoxic. Here, we leveraged mass spectrometry technologies to examine hypoxia-induced alterations in the abundance and proteolytic modifications to cell surface and secreted proteins. Across four PDAC cell lines, we discovered extensive proteolytic remodeling of cell surface proteins involved in cellular adhesion and motility. Looking outward at the surrounding secreted space, we identified hypoxia-regulated secreted and proteolytically-shed proteins that are responsible for regulating the humoral immune and inflammatory response and an upregulation of proteins involved in metabolic processing and tissue development. Combining cell surface N-terminomics and secretomics to evaluate the cellular response to hypoxia enabled us to identify significantly altered candidate proteins which may serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in PDAC. Furthermore, this approach provides a blue print for studying dysregulated extracellular proteolysis in other cancers and inflammatory diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lui, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkemo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.30.621099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypoxia induces extensive protein and proteolytic remodeling of the cell surface in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.29.620913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Counterfactual Diffusion Models for Mechanistic Explainability of Artificial Intelligence Models in Pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.29.620913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning can extract predictive and prognostic biomarkers from histopathology whole slide images. However, explainable artificial intelligence approaches widely used in digital pathology, such as attention heatmaps and class activation mapping, offer only limited interpretability regarding the features captured by classifiers. Here, we present MoPaDi (Morphing histoPathology Diffusion), a framework for generating counterfactual explanations for histopathology images that reveal which morphological or style features drive classifier predictions. MoPaDi combines diffusion autoencoders with task-specific multiple instance learning classifiers to manipulate images and flip predictions by modifying relevant features. We evaluated the framework on multiple datasets spanning colorectal, breast, liver, and lung cancers, including tissue type, cancer subtype, and biomarker (microsatellite instability) classification tasks. We assessed counterfactual explanations through quantitative analyses, pathologists evaluations, and independent foundation model-based classifiers. We found that MoPaDi was able to generate realistic counterfactual histopathology images, enabling pathologists to identify morphological features associated with the change in model predictions. Unlike conventional reviews of highly attended regions typical in digital pathology, MoPaDi explanations enabled pathologists to directly identify morphological features driving the classifiers predictions from a limited number of top-contributing tiles. Consistent with the literature, our biomarker classifier associated high microsatellite instability with mucinous differentiation, glandular patterns, and lymphocytic infiltration. Furthermore, MoPaDi revealed that changes in classifier predictions were mainly driven by morphological alterations rather than staining differences. Overall, MoPaDi is a practical framework for counterfactual explanations in computational pathology that reveals model-specific drivers of classification and increases trust in deep learning models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zigutyte, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reitsam, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foersch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrero, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Truhn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kather, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.29.620913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Counterfactual Diffusion Models for Mechanistic Explainability of Artificial Intelligence Models in Pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.31.621311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association of oropharyngeal cancer recurrence with tumor-intrinsic and immune-mediated sequelae of reduced genomic instability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.31.621311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLimited understanding of the biology predisposing certain human papillomavirus-related (HPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) to relapse impedes therapeutic personalization. We aimed to identify molecular traits that distinguish recurrence-prone tumors.

Methods50 HPV+ OPSCCs that later recurred (cases) and 50 non-recurrent controls matched for stage, therapy, and smoking history were RNA-sequenced. Groups were compared by gene set enrichment analysis, and select differences were validated by immunohistochemistry. Features discriminating groups were scored in each tumor using gene set variation analysis, and scores were evaluated for recurrence prediction ability.

ResultsCases downregulated pathways linked to anti-tumor immunity (FDR-adjusted p<.05) and contained fewer tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (p<.001), including cytotoxic T-cells (p=.005). Cases also upregulated pathways related to cell division and other aspects of tumor progression. Upregulated and downregulated pathways were respectively used to define a tumor progression score (TPS) and immune suppression score (ISS) for each tumor. Correlation between TPS and ISS (r=.603, p<.001) was potentially explained by observed upregulation of DNA repair pathways in cases, which might enhance their progression directly and by limiting cytosolic DNA-induced inflammation. Accordingly, cases contained fewer double-strand breaks based on staining for phospho-RPA32 (p=.006) and {gamma}-H2AX (p=.005) and downregulated pro-inflammatory components of the cytoplasmic DNA sensing pathway. A combined score derived from TPS and ISS optimized recurrence prediction and stratified survival in a manner generalizable to three external cohorts.

ConclusionsWe provide novel evidence that limiting genomic instability makes tumor-intrinsic and immune-mediated contributions to HPV+ OPSCC recurrence risk, opening opportunities to detect and target this treatment-resistant biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sannigrahi, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghav, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrank, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Califano, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukens, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirabello, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimunov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimotty, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diab, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalaly, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.31.621311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association of oropharyngeal cancer recurrence with tumor-intrinsic and immune-mediated sequelae of reduced genomic instability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.620124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct lipid interactions control SARS-CoV-2 M protein conformational dynamics and virus assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.620124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
M is the most abundant structural membrane protein in coronaviruses and is essential for the formation of infectious virus particles. SARS-CoV-2 M adopts two conformations, Mshort and Mlong, and regulated transition between states is hypothesized to coordinate viral assembly and budding. However, the factors that regulate M conformation and roles for each state are unknown. Here, we discover a direct M-sphingolipid interaction that controls M conformational dynamics and virus assembly. We show M binds Golgi-enriched anionic lipids including ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P). Molecular dynamics simulations show C1P interaction promotes a long to short transition and energetically stabilizes Mshort. Cryo-EM structures show C1P specifically binds Mshort at a conserved site bridging transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions. Disrupting Mshort-C1P interaction alters M subcellular localization, reduces interaction with Spike and E, and impairs subsequent virus-like particle cell entry. Together, these results show endogenous signaling lipids regulate M structure and support a model in which Mshort is stabilized in the early endomembrane system to organize other structural proteins prior to viral budding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dutta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bass, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahelin, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brohawn, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.04.620124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct lipid interactions control SARS-CoV-2 M protein conformational dynamics and virus assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fishnet mesh of centrin-Sfi1 drives ultrafast calcium-activated contraction of the giant cell Spirostomum ambiguum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.07.622534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spirostomum is a giant unicellular ciliate that contracts to a quarter of its body length in less than five milliseconds, achieving an order of magnitude higher fractional shortening rate than actomyosin-based systems. This ultrafast contraction is powered by myonemes, calcium-activated protein networks at the cortex whose biochemical mechanism remain unclear. We quantify changes in cortical microtubules, membrane ruffles, and the fishnet-like myoneme mesh during contraction, and develop multiscale models that connect local myoneme shortening to whole-cell shape change. Centrin and an Sfi1 homolog co-localize with the myoneme by immunofluorescence and localize to the myoneme by immunogold electron microscopy. Coarse-grained mesh simulations reproduce the measured deformations and show that fishnet geometry, together with volume conservation, leads to uniform contraction. Finally, we reconstitute a Spirostomum centrin-Sfi1 repeat complex in vitro and measure calcium-dependent compaction and self-association, supporting a molecular basis for myoneme contractility. Together, these results support a multiscale model in which calcium-responsive centrin- Sfi1 structures are the central contractile element in Spirostomum and suggest design principles for fast, calcium-triggered, chemomechanical contractile networks that operate without actomyosin or ATP.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMany cells change shape using actomyosin, but some protists contract using calcium-activated protein networks called myonemes. We combine quantitative imaging, electron microscopy, multiscale modeling, and in vitro reconstitution to link molecular-scale mechanisms to the millisecond shortening of the giant ciliate Spirostomum. Centrin and an Sfi1 homolog co-localize in a fishnet-like cortical mesh, and simulations show that this geometry can reproduce the observed whole-cell shape change under volume conservation. Purified centrin-Sfi1 complexes undergo calcium-dependent compaction and self-association, supporting a protein-scale switch that can drive myoneme contraction. These results connect calcium signaling to whole-cell mechanics and suggest principles for designing fast, ATP-independent bioin-spired actuators and synthetic cellular machinery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lannan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floyd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaikuntanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honts, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elting, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.07.622534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fishnet mesh of centrin-Sfi1 drives ultrafast calcium-activated contraction of the giant cell Spirostomum ambiguum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.10.622859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ROSIE: AI generation of multiplex immunofluorescence staining from histopathology images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.10.622859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) is a common and inexpensive histopathology assay. Though widely used and information-rich, it cannot directly inform about specific molecular markers, which require additional experiments to assess. To address this gap, we present ROSIE, a deep-learning framework that computationally imputes the expression and localization of dozens of proteins from H&E images. Our model is trained on a dataset of over 1000 paired and aligned H&E and multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) samples from 20 tissues and disease conditions, spanning over 16 million cells. Validation of our in silico mIF staining method on held-out H&E samples demonstrates that the predicted biomarkers are effective in identifying cell phenotypes, particularly distinguishing lymphocytes such as B cells and T cells, which are not readily discernible with H&E staining alone. Additionally, ROSIE facilitates the robust identification of stromal and epithelial microenvironments and immune cell subtypes like tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which are important for understanding tumor-immune interactions and can help inform treatment strategies in cancer research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieniosek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakkar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charville, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schürch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huyghe, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giba, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behera, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevino, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.10.622859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ROSIE: AI generation of multiplex immunofluorescence staining from histopathology images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.10.622873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysical Basis of Paracellular Barrier Modulation by a Pan-Claudin-Binding Molecule 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.10.622873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Claudins are a 27-member protein family that form and fortify specialized cell contacts in endothelium and epithelium called tight junctions. Tight junctions restrict paracellular transport across tissues by forming molecular barriers between cells. Claudin-binding molecules thus hold promise for modulating tight junction permeability to deliver drugs or as therapeutics to treat tight junction-linked disease. The development of claudin-binding molecules, however, is hindered by their intractability and small targetable surfaces. Here, we determine that a synthetic antibody fragment (sFab) we developed binds directly to 10 claudin subtypes with nanomolar affinity by targeting claudins paracellular-exposed surface. Application of this sFab to cells that model intestinal epithelium show that it opens the paracellular barrier comparable to a known, but application limited, tight junction modulator. This novel pan-claudin-binding molecule can probe claudin or tight junction structure and holds potential as a broad modulator of tight junction permeability for basic or translational applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ogbu, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandriota, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de las Alas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffey, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vecchio, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.10.622873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysical Basis of Paracellular Barrier Modulation by a Pan-Claudin-Binding Molecule]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.622734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural Language Prompts Guide the Design of Novel Functional Protein Sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.622734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The advent of natural language interaction with machines has ushered in new innovations in text-guided generation of images, audio, video, and more. In this arena, we introduce Biological Multi-Modal Model (BioM3), as a novel framework for designing functional proteins via natural language prompts. This framework integrates natural language with protein design through a three-stage process: aligning protein and text representations in a joint embedding space learned using contrastive learning, refinement of the text embeddings, and conditional generation of protein sequences via a discrete autoregressive diffusion model. BioM3 synthe-sizes protein sequences with detailed descriptions of the protein structure, lineage, and function from text annotations to enable the conditional generation of novel sequences with desired attributes through natural language prompts. We present in silico validation of the model predictions for subcellular localization prediction, reaction classification, remote homology detection, scaffold in-painting, and structural plausibility, and in vivo and in vitro experimental tests of natural language prompt-designed synthetic analogs of Src-homology 3 (SH3) domain proteins that mediate signaling in the Sho1 osmotic stress response pathway in bakers yeast. BioM3 possesses state-of-the-art performance in zero-shot prediction and homology detection tasks, and generates proteins with native-like tertiary folds and wild-type levels of experimentally assayed function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Praljak, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socolich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.622734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural Language Prompts Guide the Design of Novel Functional Protein Sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Impact of Charge Regulation and Ionic Intranuclear Environment on the Nucleosome Core Particle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We theoretically investigate how the intranuclear environment influences the charge of a nucleosome core particle (NCP) - the fundamental unit of chromatin consisting of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins. The molecular-based theory explicitly considers the size, shape, conformations, charges, and chemical states of all molecular species - thereby linking the structural state with the chemical/charged state of the system. We investigate how variations in monovalent and divalent salt concentrations, as well as pH, affect the charge distribution across different regions of an NCP and quantify the impact of charge regulation. The effective charge of an NCP emerges from a delicate and complex balance involving the chemical dissociation equilibrium of the amino acids and the DNA-phosphates, the electrostatic interaction between them, and the translational entropy of the mobile solution ions, i.e., counter ion release and ion condensation. From our results, we note the significant effect of divalent magnesium ions on the charge and electrostatic energy as well as the counterion cloud that surrounds an NCP, as a function of magnesium concentration, charge neutralization, and even charge inversion is predicted - in line with experimental observation of NCPs. The strong Mg-dependence of the nucleosome charge state arises from ion bridges between two DNA-phosphates and one Mg + ion. We demonstrate that to describe and predict the charged state of an NCP properly, it is essential to consider molecular details, such as DNA-phosphate ion condensation and the acid-base equilibrium of the amino acids that comprise the core histone proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nap, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coraor, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virk, R. K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pablo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szleifer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Impact of Charge Regulation and Ionic Intranuclear Environment on the Nucleosome Core Particle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.622506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semaphorin 4A maintains functional diversity of the hematopoietic stem cell pool 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.12.622506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic stem cell pools are comprised of diverse, highly specialized subsets whose individual contribution is critical for the overall regenerative function. In the bone marrow, myeloid-biased HSC (myHSC) are indispensable for replenishment of myeloid cells and platelets during inflammatory response but at the same time, become irreversibly damaged during inflammation and aging. Here, we identify an extrinsic factor, Semaphorin 4A (Sema4A), which non cell-autonomously confers myHSC resilience to inflammatory stress. We show that the absence of Sema4A, myHSC inflammatory hyper-responsiveness in young mice drives excessive myHSC expansion, myeloid bias and profound loss of regenerative function with age. Mechanistically, Sema4A is mainly produced by neutrophils, signals via a cell surface receptor Plexin D1 and safeguards myHSC epigenetic state. Our study shows that by selectively protecting a distinct stem cell subset, an extrinsic factor preserves functional diversity of somatic stem cell pool throughout organismal lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toghani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahammadov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosse, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyedhassantehrani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radtke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiem, H.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlesso, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradeep, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiades, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinston, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottgens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beerman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toghani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nerlov, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietras, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesnieres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumanogoh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worzfeld, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheong, J.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josefowicz, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharchenko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scadden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scialdone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silberstein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.622506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semaphorin 4A maintains functional diversity of the hematopoietic stem cell pool]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scPrediXcan integrates advances in deep learning and single-cell data into a powerful cell-type-specific transcriptome-wide association study framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) help identify disease causing genes, but often fail to pinpoint disease mechanisms at the cellular level because of the limited sample sizes and sparsity of cell-type-specific expression data. Here we propose scPrediXcan which integrates state-of-the-art deep learning approaches that predict epigenetic features from DNA sequences with the canonical TWAS framework. Our prediction approach, ctPred, predicts cell-type-specific expression with high accuracy and captures complex gene regulatory grammar that linear models overlook. Applied to type 2 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus, scPrediXcan outperformed the canonical TWAS framework by identifying more candidate causal genes, explaining more genome-wide association studies (GWAS) loci, and providing insights into the cellular specificity of TWAS hits. Overall, our results demonstrate that scPrediXcan represents a significant advance, promising to deepen our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying complex diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeluwa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyasimi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madduri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scPrediXcan integrates advances in deep learning and single-cell data into a powerful cell-type-specific transcriptome-wide association study framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A highly conserved sRNA downregulates multiple genes, including a sigma54 transcriptional activator, in the virulence mode of Bordetella pertussis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial sRNAs together with the RNA chaperone Hfq post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by affecting ribosome binding or mRNA stability. In the human pathogen Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, hundreds of sRNAs have been identified, but their roles in B. pertussis biology are mostly unknown. Here we characterize a Hfq-dependent sRNA (S17), whose level is dramatically higher in the virulence (Bvg+) mode. We show that transcription from a {sigma}A-dependent promoter yields a long form of 190 nucleotides (nts) that is processed by RNase E to generate a shorter, more stable form (S17S) of 67 nts. Using RNA-seq and RT-qPCR, we identify 92 genes whose expression significantly increases in the absence of S17. Of these genes, 70 contain sequences at/near their ribosome binding sites (RBSs) that are complementary to single-stranded (ss) regions (Sites 1 or 2) of S17S. The identified genes include those encoding multiple transporters and 3 transcriptional regulators. Using a lacZ translational reporter system, we demonstrate that S17S directly represses one of these genes, BP2158, a {sigma}54- dependent transcriptional regulator, suggesting the repression of a {sigma}54 regulon in the Bvg+ mode. We find that the S17S region containing Sites 1 and 2 is 100% conserved throughout various Betaproteobacteria species, and the S17S target sites are often conserved in the homologs of the B. pertussis target genes. We speculate that S17S regulation represents a highly conserved process that fine-tunes gene expression in the Bvg+ mode of B. pertussis and perhaps under other conditions in related bacteria.

IMPORTANCERegulation of gene expression involves controlling transcription, translation, and transcript degradation. sRNAs with short sequences complementary to an mRNA sequence are involved in post-transcriptional regulation by aiding or interfering with either ribosome binding or nuclease attack. In the human pathogen Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, hundreds of sRNA have been identified, but their functions remain largely unknown. We have characterized a sRNA that is abundant in the virulence mode of B. pertussis and serves to down-regulate multiple genes including transcriptional regulators and various transporters. We demonstrate that this sRNA directly represses a transcriptional factor, suggesting that it influences the regulation of specific B. pertussis regulons. The high conservation of this sRNA and its targets within Betaproteobacteria suggests a conserved pathway for gene regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skopova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knipling, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elaksher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majdalani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stibitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.19.624354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A highly conserved sRNA downregulates multiple genes, including a sigma54 transcriptional activator, in the virulence mode of Bordetella pertussis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.624565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organization of the apical extracellular matrix during tubular organ formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.624565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The apical extracellular matrix (aECM) plays a critical role in epithelial tube morphogenesis during organ formation, but its composition and organization remain poorly understood. Using the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland (SG) as a model, we identify Papss, an enzyme that synthesizes the universal sulfate donor PAPS, as a critical regulator of tube lumen expansion. Papss mutants show a disorganized apical membrane, condensed aECM, and disruptions in Golgi structures and intracellular trafficking. SG-specific expression of wild-type Papss, but not the catalytically inactive form, rescues the defects in Papss mutants, suggesting that defects in sulfation are the underlying cause of the phenotypes. Additionally, we identify two zona pellucida (ZP) domain proteins, Piopio (Pio) and Dumpy (Dpy), as key components of the SG aECM. In the absence of Papss, Pio is gradually lost in the aECM, while the Dpy-positive aECM structure is condensed and dissociates from the apical membrane, leading to a thin lumen. Mutations in dpy or pio, or in Notopleural, which encodes a matriptase that cleaves Pio to form the luminal Pio pool, result in a SG lumen with alternating bulges and constrictions, with the loss of pio leading to the loss of Dpy in the lumen. Our findings underscore the essential role of sulfation in organizing the aECM during tubular organ formation and highlight the mechanical support provided by ZP domain proteins in maintaining luminal diameter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Woodward, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishwakarma, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.20.624565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organization of the apical extracellular matrix during tubular organ formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.624585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sub-therapeutic Concentrations of Antibiotics Induce Prophage-driven Superinfection Exclusion and Fitness Cost in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.624585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria and other microbes can naturally produce antibiotics within their native soil environment, but often at sub-inhibitory concentrations; consequently, the exact role of antibiotics within bacterial native communities remains unknown. We have shown that subtherapeutic quantities of naturally occurring antibiotics can induce the Pseudomonas prophage Pf4, and superinfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells by this phage leads to their reduced virulence, as demonstrated by impaired twitching motility, compromised macrophage evasion, and increased killing by macrophages in vitro. Thus, the production of subtherapeutic concentrations of antibiotics by environmental microbes may provide the producers an evolutionary advantage associated with reduced fitness induced by prophages in the competing bacteria. Collectively, these results reveal the role of naturally occurring antibiotics in altering fitness by phage-mediated superinfection exclusion and provide potential clinical implications in the application of phage therapy.

Significance StatementThis study provides insights into the mechanisms by which sub-inhibitory concentrations of environmentally-produced antibiotics induce Pseudomonas aeruginosa prophages, revealing a potential evolutionary strategy for competitive advantage among bacteria. By activating prophages, antibiotics can induce fitness defects in neighboring bacteria, impacting their motility, phagocytosis, and survival within macrophages. Such previously unrecognized role for environmental antibiotics in bacterial ecosystems may offer insights into enhancing phage therapy by exploiting phage-antibiotic synergies. Understanding phage-host interactions can enhance therapeutic strategies to mitigate bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bucher, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puente, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sehdev, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czyz, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.20.624585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sub-therapeutic Concentrations of Antibiotics Induce Prophage-driven Superinfection Exclusion and Fitness Cost in Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.21.624706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The C-terminus of the multi-drug efflux pump EmrE prevents proton leak by gating transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.21.624706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The model multi-drug efflux pump from Escherichia coli, EmrE, can perform multiple types of transport leading to different biological outcomes, conferring resistance to some drug substrates and enhancing susceptibility to others. While transporters have traditionally been classified as antiporters, symporters, or uniporters, there is growing recognition that some transporters may exhibit mixed modalities. This raises new questions about the regulation and mechanisms of these transporters. Here we show that the C-terminal tail of EmrE acts as a secondary gate, preventing proton leak in the absence of drug. Substrate binding unlocks this gate, allowing transport to proceed. Truncation of the C-terminal tail ({Delta}107-EmrE) leads to altered pH regulation of alternating access, an important kinetic step in the transport cycle, as measured by NMR. {Delta}107-EmrE has increased proton leak in proteoliposome assays and bacteria expressing this mutant have reduced growth. MD simulations of {Delta}107-EmrE show formation of a water wire from the open face of the transporter to the primary binding site in the core, facilitating proton leak. In WT-EmrE, the C-terminal tail forms specific interactions that block formation of the water wire. Together these data strongly support the C-terminus of EmrE acting as a secondary gate that regulates access to the primary binding site in the core of the transporter.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brousseau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henzler-Wildman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.21.624706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The C-terminus of the multi-drug efflux pump EmrE prevents proton leak by gating transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.23.624953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visual speech enhances auditory onset timing and envelope tracking through distinct mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.23.624953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seeing a speakers face facilitates speech recognition in challenging listening environments. Prior work has shown that visual speech contains timing information to aid auditory speech processing, yet how these signals are integrated within the auditory system during audiovisual speech perception remains poorly understood. Observation of preparatory mouth movements may initiate phase reset of intrinsic oscillations, potentially sensitizing the auditory system for receptive speech processing, while observation of mouth movements post speech onset may facilitate entrainment to the speech envelope. Yet, little work has been done to test whether visual speech enhances encoding of auditory speech onset, speech envelope tracking, or both, and through independent or overlapping mechanisms. To investigate this, we examined the ways in which visual speech timing information alters theta band power and phase using human intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings in a large group of patients with epilepsy (n = 21). Prior to speech onset, preparatory mouth movements elicited theta phase reset (increased inter-trial phase coherence; ITPC) throughout the superior temporal gyrus (STG), which is thought to enhance speech onset encoding. Following speech onset, visual speech modulated theta ITPC only at anterior STG electrodes while theta power was modulated at posterior STG electrodes. Pre- and post-speech onset were spatially and temporally dissociated, consistent with the hypothesis that audiovisual speech onset encoding and envelope tracking mechanisms are partially distinct. Crucially, congruent and incongruent visual speech, designed here to have identical visual timing information about speech onset time, but different visual mouth evolution, produced only a small difference in the phase of theta band oscillations in the anterior STG, highlighting a more restricted role of visual speech in ongoing auditory entrainment. These results support the hypothesis that visual speech improves the precision of auditory speech encoding through two separate mechanisms, with auditory speech onset encoded throughout the entire STG and ongoing speech envelope tracking within anterior STG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stacey, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasade, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towle, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Issa, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brang, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.23.624953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visual speech enhances auditory onset timing and envelope tracking through distinct mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.24.625046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impacts of urbanization on the health of American Robins (Turdus migratorus) in Chicagoland 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.24.625046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wild animals in urbanized environments face several unique challenges, including increased anthropogenic stressors, decreased natural food availability and quality, and increased pollutant exposure. While some work has shown that individual urbanization stressors can have negative impacts on aspects of wild bird physiology, other studies have demonstrated ambiguous or sometimes positive interactions. As such, the impact of multiple, coincident urban stressors on avian health still needs to be fully understood. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap by holistically measuring multiple physiological markers of American robin (Turdus migratorius) health across a gradient of urbanization throughout Chicagoland. We predicted that birds using highly urbanized habitats would experience higher heavy metal contamination, higher oxidative stress, lower body condition, higher avian malaria burden, and decreased measures of immune response compared to exurban birds in the Chicagoland area. Multiple linear models revealed that robins in more urbanized areas exhibited higher levels of heavy metal contamination and slightly elevated levels of associated physiological impairments compared to their counterparts in exurban sites. Additionally, noise and light pollution were significantly associated with oxidative stress and infection status, respectively, albeit in different directions. Overall, our findings underscore how the complex environmental changes that accompany urbanization can impact the health of urban bird populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riccardi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglass, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehnert, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbst, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grewe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelius Ruhs, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.24.625046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impacts of urbanization on the health of American Robins (Turdus migratorus) in Chicagoland]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A contextual fear conditioning paradigm in head-fixed mice exploring virtual reality. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Contextual fear conditioning is a classical laboratory task that tests associative memory formation and recall. Techniques such as multi-photon microscopy and holographic stimulation offer tremendous opportunities to understand the neural underpinnings of these memories. However, these techniques generally require animals to be head-fixed. There are few paradigms that test contextual fear conditioning in head-fixed mice, and none where the behavioral outcome following fear conditioning is freezing, the most common measure of fear in freely moving animals. To address this gap, we developed a contextual fear conditioning paradigm in head-fixed mice using virtual reality (VR) environments. We designed an apparatus to deliver tail shocks (unconditioned stimulus, US) while mice navigated a VR environment (conditioned stimulus, CS). The acquisition of contextual fear was tested when the mice were reintroduced to the shock-paired VR environment the following day. We tested three different versions of this paradigm and, in all of them, observed an increased conditioned fear response characterized by increased freezing behavior. This was especially prominent during the first trial in the shock-paired VR environment, compared to a neutral environment where the mice received no shocks. Our results demonstrate that head-fixed mice can be fear conditioned in VR, discriminate between a feared and neutral VR context, and display freezing as a conditioned response, similar to freely behaving animals. Furthermore, using a two-photon microscope, we imaged from large populations of hippocampal CA1 neurons before, during, and following contextual fear conditioning. Our findings reconfirmed those from the literature on freely moving animals, showing that CA1 place cells undergo remapping and show narrower place fields following fear conditioning. Our approach offers new opportunities to study the neural mechanisms underlying the formation, recall, and extinction of contextual fear memories. As the head-fixed preparation is compatible with multi-photon microscopy and holographic stimulation, it enables long-term tracking and manipulation of cells throughout distinct memory stages and provides subcellular resolution for investigating axonal, dendritic, and synaptic dynamics in real-time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratigan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Rodriguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A contextual fear conditioning paradigm in head-fixed mice exploring virtual reality.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stereoselectivity of Aminoacyl-RNA Loop-closing Ligation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The origin of amino acid homochirality remains an unresolved question in the origin of life. The requirement of enantiopure nucleotides for nonenzymatic RNA copying strongly suggests that homochirality of nucleotides and RNA arose early. However, this leaves open the question of whether and how homochiral RNA subsequently imposed biological homochirality on other metabolites including amino acids. Previous studies have reported moderate stereoselectivity for various aminoacyl-RNA transfer reactions. Here we examine aminoacyl-RNA loop-closing ligation, a reaction that  captures aminoacylated RNA in a stable phosphoramidate product, such that the amino acid bridges two nucleotides in the RNA backbone. We find that the rate of this reaction is much higher for RNA aminoacylated with L-amino acids than D-amino acids. We present an RNA sequence that near-exclusively captures L-amino acids in loop-closing ligation. Finally, we demonstrate that ligation of aminoacyl-L-RNA results in inverse stereoselectivity for D-amino acids. The observed stereochemical link between D-RNA and L-amino acids in the synthesis of RNA stem-loops containing bridging amino acids constitutes a stereoselective structure building process. We suggest that this process led to a selection for the evolution of aminoacyl-RNA synthetase ribozymes that were selective for L-amino acids, thereby setting the stage for the subsequent evolution of homochiral peptide and ultimately protein synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todisco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radakovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stereoselectivity of Aminoacyl-RNA Loop-closing Ligation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular characterization of the archaic HLA-B*73:01 allele reveals presentation of a unique peptidome and skewed engagement by KIR2DL2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HLA class I alleles of archaic origin may have been retained in modern humans because they provide immunity against diseases to which archaic humans had evolved resistance. According to this model, archaic introgressed alleles were somehow distinct from those that evolved in African populations. Here we show that HLA-B*73:01, a rare allotype with putative archaic origins, has a relatively rare peptide binding motif with an unusually long-tailed peptide length distribution. We also find that HLA-B*73:01 combines a restricted and unique peptidome with high-cell surface expression, characteristics that make it well-suited to combat one or a number of closely-related pathogens. Furthermore, a crystal structure of HLA-B*73:01 in complex with KIR2DL2 highlights differences from previously solved structures with HLA-C molecules. These molecular characteristics distinguish HLA-B*73:01 from other HLA class I alleles previously investigated and may have provided early modern human migrants that inherited this allele with a selective advantage as they colonized Europe and Asia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ross, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilton, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodwick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slezak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guethlein, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMurtrey, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulberger, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.25.625330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular characterization of the archaic HLA-B*73:01 allele reveals presentation of a unique peptidome and skewed engagement by KIR2DL2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An updated reference genome sequence and annotation reveals gene losses and gains underlying naked mole-rat biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The naked mole-rat (NMR; Heterocephalus glaber) is a eusocial subterranean rodent with a highly unusual set of physiological traits that has attracted great interest amongst the scientific community. However, the genetic basis of most of these traits has not been elucidated. To facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying NMR physiology and behaviour, we generated a long-read chromosomal-level genome assembly of the NMR. This genome was subsequently annotated and incorporated into multiple whole genome alignments in the Ensembl database. Our long-read assembly identified thousands of repeats and genes that were previously unassembled in the NMR and improved the results of routinely used short-read sequencing-based experiments such as RNA-seq, snRNA-seq, and ATAC-seq. We identified several spermatozoa related gene losses that may underlie the unique degenerative sperm phenotype in NMRs (IRGC, FSCB, AKAP3, MROH2B, CATSPER1, DCDC2C, ATP1A4, TEKT5, and ZAN), and an additional gene loss related to the established NK-cell absence in NMRs (PILRB). We resolved several tandem duplications in genes related to pathways underlying unique NMR adaptations including hypoxia tolerance, oxidative stress, and nervous system protection (TINF2, TCP1, KYAT1). Lastly, we describe our ongoing efforts to generate a reference telomere-to-telomere assembly in the NMR which includes the resolution of complex gene families. This new reference genome should accelerate the discovery of the genetic underpinnings of NMR physiology and adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokolowski, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miclaus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nater, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faykoo-Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekzema, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuzarte, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvi, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdmann, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumaragurubaran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayerl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimpour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungerleider, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fergal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hourlier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lischer, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leordean, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haggerty, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruggmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An updated reference genome sequence and annotation reveals gene losses and gains underlying naked mole-rat biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.624905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin Structures from Integrated AI and Polymer Physics Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.27.624905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The physical organization of the genome in three-dimensional space regulates many biological processes, including gene expression and cell differentiation. Three-dimensional characterization of genome structure is critical to understanding these biological processes. Direct experimental measurements of genome structure are challenging; computational models of chromatin structure are therefore necessary. We develop an approach that combines a particle-based chromatin polymer model, molecular simulation, and machine learning to efficiently and accurately estimate chromatin structure from indirect measures of genome structure. More specifically, we introduce a new approach where the interaction parameters of the polymer model are extracted from experimental Hi-C data using a graph neural network (GNN). We train the GNN on simulated data from the underlying polymer model, avoiding the need for large quantities of experimental data. The resulting approach accurately estimates chromatin structures across all chromosomes and across several experimental cell lines despite being trained almost exclusively on simulated data. The proposed approach can be viewed as a general framework for combining physical modeling with machine learning, and it could be extended to integrate additional biological data modalities. Ultimately, we achieve accurate and high-throughput estimations of chromatin structure from Hi-C data, which will be necessary as experimental methodologies, such as single-cell Hi-C, improve.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schultz, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyhl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pablo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.27.624905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin Structures from Integrated AI and Polymer Physics Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Study design and the sampling of deleterious rare variants in biobank-scale datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One key component of study design in population genetics is the "geographic breadth" of a sample (i.e., how broad a region across which individuals are sampled). How the geographic breadth of a sample impacts observations of rare, deleterious variants is unclear, even though such variants are of particular interest for biomedical and evolutionary applications. Here, in order to gain insight into the effects of sample design on ascertained genetic variants, we formulate a stochastic model of dispersal, genetic drift, selection, mutation, and geographically concentrated sampling. We use this model to understand the effects of the geographic breadth of sampling effort on the discovery of negatively selected variants. We find that samples which are more geographically broad will discover a greater number variants as compared geographically narrow samples (an effect we label "discovery"); though the variants will be detected at lower average frequency than in narrow samples (e.g. as singletons, an effect we label "dilution"). Importantly, these effects are amplified for larger sample sizes and moderated by the magnitude of fitness effects. We validate these results using both population genetic simulations and empirical analyses in the UK Biobank. Our results are particularly important in two contexts: the association of large-effect rare variants with particular phenotypes and the inference of negative selection from allele frequency data. Overall, our findings emphasize the importance of considering geographic breadth when designing and carrying out genetic studies, especially at biobank scale.

SignificanceAs genetic studies grow, researchers are increasingly seeking to identify rare genetic variants with large impacts on traits. In this paper, we combine theoretical methods and data analysis to show how differences in sampling with respect to geographic location can influence the number and frequency of genetic variants that are found. Our results suggest that geographically broad samples will include more distinct genetic variants, though each variant will be found at a lower frequency, as compared to geographically narrow samples. Our results can help researchers to consider the implications of study design on expected results when constructing new genetic samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steiner, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddanda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ianni-Ravn, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porras, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Study design and the sampling of deleterious rare variants in biobank-scale datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread gene-environment interactions shape the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized COVID-19 patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies performed in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have uncovered various loci significantly associated with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease severity. However, the underlying cis-regulatory genetic factors that contribute to heterogeneity in the response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and their impact on clinical phenotypes remain enigmatic. Here, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing to quantify genetic contributions to cis-regulatory variation in 361,119 peripheral blood mononuclear cells across 63 COVID-19 patients during acute infection, 39 samples collected in the convalescent phase, and 106 healthy controls. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping across cell types within each disease state group revealed thousands of cis-associated variants, of which hundreds were detected exclusively in immune cells derived from acute COVID-19 patients. Patient-specific genetic effects dissipated as infection resolved, suggesting that distinct gene regulatory networks are at play in the active infection state. Further, 17.2% of tested loci demonstrated significant cell state interactions with genotype, with pathways related to interferon responses and oxidative phosphorylation showing pronounced cell state-dependent variation, predominantly in CD14+ monocytes. Overall, we estimate that 25.6% of tested genes exhibit gene-environment interaction effects, highlighting the importance of environmental modifiers in the transcriptional regulation of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Our findings underscore the importance of expanding the study of regulatory variation to relevant cell types and disease contexts and argue for the existence of extensive gene-environment effects among patients responding to an infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Randolph, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre-Gamboa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet-Ratnasingham, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakanishi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandolino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larochelle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumaine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.626676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread gene-environment interactions shape the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized COVID-19 patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.625936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian Least-Squares Supertrees (BLeSS): flexible inference of large time-calibrated phylogenies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.625936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWTime-calibrated phylogenies are key to macroevolutionary hypothesis testing and parameter inference, but their estimation is difficult when the number of tips is large. Despite its attractive properties, the joint Bayesian inference of topology and divergence times remains computationally prohibitive for large supermatrices. Historically, supertrees represented a popular alternative to supermatrix-based phylogenetic methods, but most of the existing supertree techniques do not accommodate branch lengths or topological uncertainty, rendering them unfit to supply input for modern comparative methods. Here, we present Bayesian Least-Squares Supertrees (BLeSS), a new approach that takes a profile of time trees with partially overlapping leaf sets as its input, and returns the joint posterior distribution of supertree topologies and divergence times as its output. Building upon the earlier exponential error model and average consensus techniques, BLeSS transforms the profile into path-length distance matrices, computes their arithmetic average, and uses MCMC to sample time-calibrated supertrees according to their least-squares fit to the average distance matrix. We provide a fast, flexible, and validated implementation of BLeSS in the program RevBayes, and test its performance using a comprehensive set of simulations. We show that the method performs well across a wide range of conditions, including variation in missing data treatment and the steepness of the error function. Finally, we apply BLeSS to an empirical dataset comprising 33 time trees for 260 species of carnivorans, illustrating its ability to recover well-supported clades and plausible node ages, and discuss how the method can best be used in practice, outlining possible extensions and performance boosts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cerny, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slater, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.29.625936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian Least-Squares Supertrees (BLeSS): flexible inference of large time-calibrated phylogenies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.05.627050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetic Implications of IP6 Anion Binding on the Molecular Switch of the HIV-1 Capsid Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.05.627050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 capsid proteins (CA) self-assemble into a fullerene-shaped capsid, enabling cellular transport and nuclear entry of the viral genome. A structural switch comprising the Thr-Val-Gly-Gly (TVGG) motif either assumes a disordered coil or a 310 helix conformation to regulate hexamer or pentamer assembly, respectively. The cellular polyanion inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) binds to a positively charged pore of CA capsomers rich in arginine and lysine residues mediated by electrostatic interactions. Both IP6 binding and TVGG coil-to-helix transition are essential for pentamer formation. However, the connection between IP6 binding and TVGG conformational switch remains unclear. Using extensive atomistic simulations, we show that IP6 imparts structural order at the central ring, which results in multiple kinetically controlled events leading to the coil- to-helix conformational change of the TVGG motif. IP6 facilitates the helix-to-coil transition by allowing the formation of intermediate conformations. Our results identify the key kinetic role of IP6 in HIV-1 pentamer formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudait, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeager, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.05.627050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetic Implications of IP6 Anion Binding on the Molecular Switch of the HIV-1 Capsid Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.05.627079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new universal chimeric-antigen receptor (CAR)- fragment antibody binder (FAB) split system for cancer immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.05.627079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has shown extraordinary results in treating hematological cancer. However, many patients relapse because of heterogeneous antigen expression and outgrowth of antigen lost variants. Other problems include on-target-off-tumor toxicity and the requirement for manufacturing of complex cellular products. Universal and modular CAR constructs offer significantly improved flexibility, safety and cost-effectiveness over conventional CAR constructs. Here we present a new chimeric-antigen receptor (CAR)-fragment antibody binder (Fab) platform based on an engineered protein G variant (GA1) and Fab scaffolds that present exquisite specificity and selectivity on antibody capture. The expression of GA1CAR on human CD8+T cells leads to antigen recognition and T cell effector function that can be modulated according to the affinity of the CAR for the Fab scaffold and of the Fab for the target. GA1CAR-T cells can recognize multiple Fab-antigen pairs on breast and ovarian cancer cell lines. Adoptive transfer of GA1CAR-T cells/Fabs in breast cancer xenograft models leads to effective tumor control. Rapid re-direction of the CAR-T cells to a new target can be achieved by using different Fabs. GA1CAR expression confers favorable phenotypic properties to T cells including a higher effector function upon exposure to antigen as compared to conventional scFv CAR-T cells. This highly versatile "plug and play" CAR-T platform has potential for application in personalized therapy, preventing antigen loss variant escape, decreasing toxicity and increasing access.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arauz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warzecha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masoumi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saaf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widlo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slezak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zieminska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usatyuk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weichselbaum, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.05.627079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new universal chimeric-antigen receptor (CAR)- fragment antibody binder (FAB) split system for cancer immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inkube: An all-in-one solution for neuron culturing, electrophysiology, and fluidic exchange 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Culturing neuronal networks in vitro is a tedious and time-consuming endeavor. In addition, how the composition of the culture medium and environmental variables such as temperature, osmolarity, and pH affect the spiking behavior of neuronal cultures is difficult to study using electrophysiology. In this work, we present "inkube", an incubation system that has been combined with an electrophysiology setup and a fully automatic perfusion system. This setup allows for the precise measurement and control of the temperature of up to 4 microelectrode arrays (MEAs) in parallel. In addition, neuronal activity can be electrically induced and recorded from the MEAs. inkube can continuously monitor the medium level to automatically readjust osmolarity. Using inkubes unique capability to precisely control the environmental variables of a neural culture, we found that medium evaporation influences the spiking response. Moreover, decreasing medium temperature by only 1.5{degrees}C significantly affected spike latency, a measure commonly used to show plasticity in in vitro experiments. We finally provide a proof-of-concept experiment for drug screening applications, where inkube automatically and precisely varies the concentration of magnesium ions in the medium. Given its high level of autonomy, the system can record, stimulate, and control the medium continuously without user intervention. Both the hardware and the software of inkube are completely open-source.

HighlightsO_LILow-cost, open-hardware/open-software electrophysiology setup
C_LIO_LIFull incubation solution: Temperature, CO2, and humidity control
C_LIO_LIPerfusion system for automatic fluidic exchange and drug testing with volume feedback
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maurer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fassbind, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duru, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spacone, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodde, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voros, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihle, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.06.627248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inkube: An all-in-one solution for neuron culturing, electrophysiology, and fluidic exchange]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.12.628073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specificity, length, and luck: How genes are prioritized by rare and common variant association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.12.628073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Standard genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and rare variant burden tests are essential tools for identifying trait-relevant genes. Although these methods are conceptually similar, we show by analyzing association studies of 209 quantitative traits in the UK Biobank that they systematically prioritize different genes. This raises the question of how genes should ideally be prioritized. We propose two prioritization criteria: 1) trait importance -- how much a gene quantitatively affects a trait; and 2) trait specificity -- a genes importance for the trait under study relative to its importance across all traits. We find that GWAS prioritize genes near trait-specific variants, while burden tests prioritize trait-specific genes. Because non-coding variants can be context specific, GWAS can prioritize highly pleiotropic genes, while burden tests generally cannot. Both study designs are also affected by distinct trait-irrelevant factors, complicating their interpretation. Our results illustrate that burden tests and GWAS reveal different aspects of trait biology and suggest ways to improve their interpretation and usage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milind, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjorgjieva, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.12.628073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specificity, length, and luck: How genes are prioritized by rare and common variant association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The first comorbidity networks in companion dogs in the Dog Aging Project 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comorbidity and its association with age are of great interest in geroscience. However, there are few model organisms that are well-suited to study comorbidities that will have high relevance to humans. In this light, we turn our attention to the companion dog. The companion dog shares many morbidities with humans. Thus, a better understanding of canine comorbidity relationships could benefit both humans and dogs. We present an analysis of canine comorbidity networks from the Dog Aging Project, a large epidemiological cohort study of companion dogs in the United States. We included owner-reported health conditions that occurred in at least 60 dogs (n=160) and included only dogs that had at least one of those health conditions (n=26,614). We constructed an undirected comorbidity network using a Poisson binomial test, adjusting for age, sex, sterilization status, breed background (i.e., purebred vs. mixed-breed), and weight. The comorbidity network reveals well-documented comorbidities, such as diabetes with cataracts and blindness, and hypertension with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In addition, this network also supports less well-studied comorbidity relationships, such as proteinuria with anemia. A directed comorbidity network accounting for time of reported condition onset suggests that diabetes precedes cataracts, elbow/hip dysplasia before osteoarthritis, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca before corneal ulcer, which are consistent with the canine literature. Analysis of age-stratified networks reveals that global centrality measures increase with age and are the highest in the Senior group compared to the Young Adult and Mature Adult groups. Only the Senior group identified the association between hypertension and CKD. Our results suggest that comorbidity network analysis is a promising method to enhance clinical knowledge and canine healthcare management.

Author SummaryCompanion dogs age alongside humans and suffer many of the same diseases, making them an ideal "real-world" model for human health. Using owner-reported data from 26,614 dogs enrolled in the nationwide Dog Aging Project, we built the first large-scale maps--called comorbidity networks--that show which canine diseases tend to appear together and in what order. The networks correctly highlighted well-known pairings such as diabetes with cataracts and blindness, and hypertension with chronic kidney disease. They also revealed under-appreciated links--for example, protein loss in urine associated with anaemia--suggesting new avenues for veterinary research and care. By adding the reported date of diagnosis, we could infer likely sequences of the diseases: diabetes generally preceded cataracts, hip dysplasia came before osteoarthritis, and dry-eye disease often led to corneal ulcers. When we split the data by life stage, we saw disease webs become denser and more centred on a few key conditions as dogs grew older, echoing patterns seen in people. Together, these findings show that network analysis of large pet-health datasets can guide clinicians, inform breeding and prevention strategies, and ultimately improve the wellbeing of both dogs and humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creevy, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Promislow, D. E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.629088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The first comorbidity networks in companion dogs in the Dog Aging Project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.627509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image Processing in the Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures (A2CPS) Project 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.627509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures (A2CPS) project is a large-scale, multi-site initiative aimed at identifying biomarkers and biosignatures that predict the transition from acute to chronic pain. The project is collecting multimodal, longitudinal data from over 2,500 individuals at risk for developing chronic pain after surgery. Here we describe the neuroimaging component of A2CPS, including the acquisition protocols, processing pipelines, and contents of the initial data release. The imaging protocol includes structural, diffusion, resting-state and task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Data are collected across multiple clinical sites using different scanner manufacturers, with attention to protocol harmonization and quality control. The processing pipeline integrates several established neuroimaging tools to extract potential biomarkers, including measures of brain structure, connectivity, and pain-related neural signatures. The first data release includes pre-surgical imaging data for 595 participants, with high quality ratings across modalities (98.7% of sMRI, 99.8% of dMRI, and 94.6% of fMRI images were rated as acceptable or better). Initial analyses demonstrate expected relationships between brain-derived measures and clinical variables, such as associations between brain age and psychological factors. This dataset represents a valuable resource for both pain research and neuroimaging methods development, with future releases planned to include additional participants and expanded analysis pipelines and processed data derivatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arfanakis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuiyan, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clauw, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLano, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gattu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichesco, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahn, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leloudas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulderink, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltier, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sica, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urrutia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wager, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.627509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image Processing in the Acute to Chronic Pain Signatures (A2CPS) Project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal activation in the axolotl brain promotes spinal cord regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The axolotl retains a remarkable capacity for regenerative repair and is one of the few vertebrate species capable of regenerating its brain and spinal cord after injury. To date, studies investigating axolotl spinal cord regeneration have placed particular emphasis on understanding how cells immediately adjacent to the injury site respond to damage to promote regenerative repair. How neurons outside of this immediate injury site respond to an injury remains unknown. Here, we identify a population of dpErk+/etv1+ glutamatergic neurons in the axolotl telencephalon that are activated in response to tail amputation. Importantly, the activation of these neurons facilitates successful tail regeneration by promoting axon extension into the newly regenerated tissue. We demonstrate that these dpErk+ neurons extend axons into the hypothalamus, which has a well-established role in hormone production. Furthermore, these neurons upregulate the neuropeptide neurotensin in response to injury, which in turn stimulates the production of multiple hormones in the hypothalamus to promote regenerative repair. Together, these findings identify a unique population of neurons in the axolotl brain whose activation is necessary for successful spinal cord regeneration, and sheds light on how neurons outside of the immediate injury site respond to a spinal cord injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.629459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal activation in the axolotl brain promotes spinal cord regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Microbiomes Underlie Divergent Responses of Methane Emissions from Diverse Wetland soils to Oxygen Shifts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hydrological shifts in wetlands, a globally important methane (CH4) source, are critical constraints on CH4 emissions and carbon-climate feedbacks. A limited understanding of how hydrologically driven oxygen (O2) variability affects microbial CH4 cycling in diverse wetlands makes wetland CH4 emissions uncertain. Transient O2 exposure significantly stimulated anoxic CH4 production in incubations of Sphagnum peat from a temperate bog by enriching for polyphenol oxidizers and polysaccharide degraders, enhancing substrate flow toward methanogenesis under subsequent anoxic conditions. To assess whether shifts in soil microbiome structure and function operate similarly across wetland types, here we examined the sensitivity of different wetland soils to transient oxygenation. In slurry incubations of Sphagnum peat from a minerotrophic fen, and sediments from a freshwater marsh and saltmarsh, we examined temporal shifts in microbiomes coupled with geochemical characterization of slurries and incubation headspaces. Oxygenation did not affect microbiome structure and anoxic CH4 production in mineral-rich fen-origin peat and freshwater marsh soils. Key taxa linked to O2-stimulated CH4 production in the bog-origin peat were notably rare in the fen-origin peat, supporting microbiome structure as a primary determinant of wetland response to O2 shifts. In contrast to freshwater wetland experiments, saltmarsh geochemistry--particularly pH--and microbiome structure were persistently and significantly altered post-oxygenation, albeit with no significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions. These divergent responses suggest wetlands may be differentially resilient to O2 fluctuations. With climate change driving greater O2 variability in wetlands, our results inform mechanisms of wetland resiliency and highlight microbiome structure as a potential resiliency biomarker.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reji, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.629461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Microbiomes Underlie Divergent Responses of Methane Emissions from Diverse Wetland soils to Oxygen Shifts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The natural variability of a dexterous motor skill is stably encoded in the cortex of freely behaving mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skilled, goal-directed movements can exhibit trial-to-trial variability even in experts, particularly in response to dynamic environmental conditions or when perfect repetition is not required for success. Identifying where, to what extent, and how stably this variability is encoded in the nervous system will yield insight into how such learned movements are robustly maintained over time yet flexibly executed on each trial. We record calcium fluorescence activity in motor cortex--a key node in the multi-areal network responsible for movement control--in freely-moving mice performing a self-paced, precision reach-to-grasp task. High trial counts and rich single-trial variability enable rigorous statistical analysis of moment-to-moment movement encoding across matched behavioral sets over five days. We found that individual neurons in motor cortex stably encode details of paw, digit, and head movements, suggesting that reliable contributions from single cells support the consistent execution of skilled movements over time, even in complex, sensory-guided tasks like reach-to-grasp.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Laittre, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The natural variability of a dexterous motor skill is stably encoded in the cortex of freely behaving mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robustness of ancestral sequence reconstruction to among-site evolutionary heterogeneity and epistasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) is typically performed using homogeneous evolutionary models, which assume that the same substitution propensities affect all sites and lineages. These assumptions are routinely violated: heterogeneous structural and functional constraints favor different amino acid states at different sites, and these constraints often change among lineages as epistatic substitutions accrue at other sites. To evaluate how realistic violations of the homogeneity assumption affect ASR, we developed site-specific substitution models and parameterized them using data from deep mutational scanning experiments on three protein families; we then used these models to perform ASR on the empirical alignments and on alignments simulated under heterogeneous conditions derived from the experiments. Extensive among-site and -lineage heterogeneity is present in these datasets, but the sequences reconstructed from empirical alignments are almost identical, irrespective of whether heterogeneous or homogeneous models are used for ASR. The rare differences occur primarily when phylogenetic signal is weak - at fast-evolving sites and nodes connected by long branches. When ASR is performed on simulated data, errors in the reconstructed sequences become more likely as branch lengths increase, but incorporating heterogeneity into the model does not improve accuracy. These data establish that ASR is robust to unincorporated realistic forms of evolutionary heterogeneity, because the primary determinant of ASR is phylogenetic signal, not the substitution model. The best way to improve accuracy is therefore not to develop more elaborate models but to apply ASR to densely sampled alignments that maximize phylogenetic signal at the nodes of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muniz-Trejo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robustness of ancestral sequence reconstruction to among-site evolutionary heterogeneity and epistasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.630065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineered biological neural networks as basic logic operators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.23.630065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an in vitro neuronal network with controlled topology capable of performing basic Boolean computations, such as NAND and OR. Neurons cultured within polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microstructures on high-density microelectrode arrays (HD-MEAs) enable precise interaction through extracellular voltage stimulation and spiking activity recording. The architecture of our system allows for creating non-linear functions with two inputs and one output. Additionally, we analyze various encoding schemes, comparing the limitations of rate coding with the potential advantages of spike-timing-based coding strategies. This work contributes to the advancement of hybrid intelligence and biocomputing by offering insights into neural information encoding and decoding with the potential to create fully biological computational systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Küchler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vulic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valmaggia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihle, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vörös, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.23.630065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineered biological neural networks as basic logic operators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.24.630179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic characterization of novel bat kobuviruses in Madagascar: implications for viral evolution and zoonotic risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.24.630179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kobuviruses (family Picornaviridae, genus Kobuvirus) are enteric viruses that infect a wide range of both human and animal hosts. Much of the evolutionary history of kobuviruses remains elusive, largely due to limited screening in wildlife. Bats have been implicated as major sources of virulent zoonoses, including coronaviruses, henipaviruses, and filoviruses, though much of the bat virome still remains uncharacterized. While most bat virus research has historically focused on immediately recognizable zoonotic clades (e.g. SARS-related coronaviruses), a handful of prior reports catalog kobuvirus infection in bats and posit the role of bats as potential progenitors of downstream kobuvirus evolution. As part of a multi-year study, we carried out metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing (mNGS) on fecal samples obtained from endemic, wild-caught Madagascar fruit bats to characterize potentially zoonotic viruses circulating within these populations. The wild bats of Madagascar represent diverse Asian and African phylogeographic histories, presenting a unique opportunity for viruses from disparate origins to mix, posing significant public health threats. Here, we report detection of kobuvirus RNA in Malagasy fruit bat (Eidolon dupreanum) feces and undertake phylogenetic characterization of one full genome kobuvirus sequence, which nests within the Aichivirus A clade - a kobuvirus clade known to infect a wide range of hosts including humans, rodents, canids, felids, birds, and bats. Given the propensity of kobuviruses for recombination and cross-species infection, further characterization of this clade is critical to accurate evaluation of future zoonotic threats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaivoson, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrianiaina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raharinosy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randriambolamanantsoa, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacoste, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heraud, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.24.630179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic characterization of novel bat kobuviruses in Madagascar: implications for viral evolution and zoonotic risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.27.630525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycerol-3-phosphate activates ChREBP, FGF21 transcription and lipogenesis in Citrin Deficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.27.630525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Citrin Deficiency (CD) is caused by inactivation of SLC25A13, a mitochondrial membrane protein required to move electrons from cytosolic NADH to the mitochondrial matrix in hepatocytes. People with CD do not like sweets. We discovered that SLC25A13 loss causes accumulation of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P), which activates carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) to transcribe FGF21, which acts in the brain to restrain intake of sweets and alcohol, and to transcribe key genes of de novo lipogenesis. Mouse and human data establish G3P-ChREBP as a new mechanistic component of the Randle Cycle that contributes to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and forms part of a system that communicates metabolic states from liver to brain in a manner that alters food and alcohol choices. The data provide a framework for understanding FGF21 induction in varied conditions, suggest ways to develop FGF21-inducing drugs, and drug candidates for both lean MASLD and support of urea cycle function in CD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Gonzalez, E. D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spracklen, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.27.630525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycerol-3-phosphate activates ChREBP, FGF21 transcription and lipogenesis in Citrin Deficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization and modulation of human insulin degrading enzyme conformational dynamics to control enzyme activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.30.630732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) is a dimeric M16A zinc metalloprotease that degrades amyloidogenic peptides diverse in shape and sequence, including insulin and amyloid-{beta}, to prevent toxic amyloid fibril formation. IDE has a hollow catalytic chamber formed by two [~]55 kDa N- and C-domains (IDE-N and IDE-C, respectively), in which peptides bind, unfold, and are repositioned for proteolysis. IDE is known to transition between a closed state, poised for catalysis, and an open state, able to release cleavage products and bind a new substrate. Here, we present six cryo-EM structures of the IDE dimer at 3.0-5.1 [A] resolution, obtained in the presence of a sub-saturating concentration of insulin. Combining cryo-EM heterogeneity analysis with all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we identified the structural basis and key residues for IDE conformational dynamics that were not previously revealed by IDE static structures. Notably R668 serves as a molecular latch mediating the open-close transition and facilitates key protein motions through charge-swapping interactions at the IDE-N/C interface. Our small-angle X-ray scattering analysis and enzymatic assays of an R668A mutant indicate a profound alteration of conformational dynamics and catalytic activity. By integrating coarse-grained MD simulations, our analysis reveals that IDE unfolds its substrates through the coordinated motion between IDE-N and IDE-C, as well as {beta}-sheet formation between IDE and insulin. Additionally, our time-resolved cryo-EM analysis uncovers IDE allostery within the IDE dimer. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the strength of combining experimental and computational approaches to probe protein dynamics and pave the way for developing substrate-specific modulators of IDE activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mancl, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, w. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>bayhi, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carragher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.30.630732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization and modulation of human insulin degrading enzyme conformational dynamics to control enzyme activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread 3D genome reorganization precedes programmed DNA rearrangement in Oxytricha trifallax 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome organization recapitulates function, yet ciliates like Oxytricha trifallax possess highly-specialized germline genomes, which are largely transcriptionally silent. During post-zygotic development, Oxytrichas germline undergoes large-scale genome editing, rearranging precursor genome elements into a transcriptionally-active genome with thousands of gene-sized nanochromosomes. Transgenerationally-inherited RNAs, derived from the parental somatic genome, program the retention and reordering of germline fragments. Retained and eliminated DNA must be distinguished and processed separately, but the role of chromatin organization in this process is unknown. We developed tools for studying Oxytricha nuclei and apply them to map the 3D organization of precursor and developmental states using Hi-C. We find that the precursor conformation primes the germline for development, while a massive spatial reorganization during development differentiates retained from eliminated regions before DNA rearrangement. Further experiments suggest a role for RNA-DNA interactions and chromatin remodeling in this process, implying a critical role for 3D architecture in programmed genome rearrangement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Villano, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prahlad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanbonmatsu, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landweber, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread 3D genome reorganization precedes programmed DNA rearrangement in Oxytricha trifallax]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis for the activation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa MsbA by Zn2+ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins involved in the biogenesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a lipid exclusive to Gram-negative bacteria, are promising candidates for drug discovery. Specifically, the ABC transporter MsbA plays a crucial role in translocating an LPS precursor from the cytoplasmic to periplasmic facing leaflet of the inner membrane, and small molecules that inhibit its function exhibit bactericidal activity. Here, we use native mass spectrometry (MS) to determine lipid binding affinities of MsbA from P. aeruginosa (PaMsbA), a Gram-negative bacteria associated with hospital-acquired infections, in different conformations. We show the ATPase activity of the transporter is stimulated by Zn2+ and successfully trapping the protein with vanadate requires Zn2+ not Mg2+, which is necessary to trap MsbA from E. coli. We also present cryogenic-electron microscopy structures of PaMsbA in occluded and open outward-facing conformations determined to a resolution of 2.98 and 2.72 angstroms, respectively. The structures reveal a triad of histidine residues and mutation of these residues abolishes Zn2+ stimulation of PaMsbA activity. Together our studies provide detailed insight into PaMsbA structure, lipid binding preferences, and uncover a mechanism through which Zn2+ promotes the dimerization of the transporter, resulting in enhanced ATPase activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahramimoghaddam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laganowsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis for the activation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa MsbA by Zn2+]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Picornaviridae and Caliciviridae diversity in Madagascar fruit bats is driven by cross-continental genetic exchange 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bats are reservoir hosts for numerous well-known zoonotic viruses, but their broader virus-hosting capacities remain understudied. Picornavirales are an order of enteric viruses known to cause disease across a wide range of mammalian hosts, including Hepatitis A in humans and foot-and-mouth disease in ungulates. Host-switching and recombination drive the diversification of Picornavirales worldwide. Divergent Caliciviridae and Picornaviridae (families within the Picornavirales) have been described in bats across mainland Africa, but surveillance for these viruses has been rare in the Southwest Indian Ocean Islands. Bats live in close proximity to and are consumed widely as a food source by humans in Madagascar, providing opportunities for zoonotic transmission. Prior work in Madagascar has described numerous evolutionarily divergent bat viruses, some with zoonotic potential. Using metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing of urine and fecal samples obtained from three species of endemic Malagasy fruit bats (Eidolon dupreanum, Pteropus rufus, and Rousettus madagascariensis), we recovered 13 full-length and 37 partial-length genomic sequences within the order Picornavirales (36 Picornaviridae and 14 Caliciviridae sequences), which we identify and describe here. We find evidence that genetic exchange between mainland African bat and Madagascar bat Picornavirales likely shaped the diversification patterns of these novel sequences through recombination events between closely related Picornavirales; thus far, high host fidelity appears to have limited these viruses from spilling over into other species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kettenburg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaivoson, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrianiaina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laboune, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longtine, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godbole, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horigan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhs, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raharinosy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randriambolamanantsoa, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacoste, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heraud, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douek, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Picornaviridae and Caliciviridae diversity in Madagascar fruit bats is driven by cross-continental genetic exchange]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-base m6A epitranscriptomics reveals novel HIV-1 host interaction targets in primary CD4+ T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent cellular mRNA modification and plays a critical role in regulating RNA stability, localization, and gene expression. m6A modification plays a vital role in modulating the expression of viral and cellular genes during HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 infection increases cellular RNA m6A levels in many cell types, which facilitates HIV-1 replication and infectivity in target cells. However, the function of m6A modification in regulating HIV-1 infection of primary CD4+ T cells remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that HIV-1 infection of Jurkat CD4+ T cells and primary CD4+ T cells promotes the interaction between the m6A writer complex subunits methyltransferase-like 3 and 14 (METTL3/METTL14). Using single-base m6A-specific RNA sequencing, we identified several differentially m6A-modified cellular mRNAs, including perilipin 3 (PLIN3), during HIV-1 infection in primary CD4+ T cells. Interestingly, HIV-1 infection increased PLIN3 mRNA level by enhancing its stability, but PLIN3 protein level was decreased. Knocking down PLIN3 in primary CD4+ T cells reduced HIV-1 production but enhanced virion infectivity. In contrast, in Jurkat cells, PLIN3 mRNA and protein expression levels were unaffected by HIV-1 infection, and knocking out PLIN3 did not impact HIV-1 production or infectivity. These results indicate that the interplay between HIV-1 and PLIN3 is cell-type specific and only observed in primary CD4+ T cells. Overall, our results highlight the importance of m6A RNA modification in HIV-1-infected primary CD4+ T cells and suggest its significance as a regulatory mechanism in HIV-1 infection.

Author SummaryN6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a common chemical modification on mRNA that helps control RNA stability, localization, and gene expression. m6A modification of viral and cellular RNA is important for HIV-1 infection. In this study, we found that HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells enhanced the interaction between two proteins, METTL3 and METTL14, which are responsible for adding m6A modifications to RNA. Using m6A-specific RNA sequencing, we identified several mRNAs with altered m6A modifications during HIV-1 infection, including one called PLIN3. Interestingly, HIV-1 infection stabilized and increased PLIN3 mRNA levels, but reduced PLIN3 protein expression in primary CD4+ T cells. When we knocked down PLIN3 in primary CD4+ T cells, it decreased HIV-1 production but made the HIV-1 particles more infectious. In contrast, in the Jurkat CD4+ T cell line, HIV-1 infection did not affect PLIN3 expression and knockout of PLIN3 did not alter HIV-1 production or infectivity, suggesting that the effect is specific to primary CD4+ T cells. Our findings show the importance of m6A RNA modification in HIV-1 infection by regulating host genes like PLIN3 and suggest a unique regulatory mechanism in HIV-1 infected primary CD4+ T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilms, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-base m6A epitranscriptomics reveals novel HIV-1 host interaction targets in primary CD4+ T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.03.631226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of directionality control in large serine integrases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.03.631226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large serine integrases (LSIs) catalyze unidirectional site-specific insertion of large DNA payloads, and in the presence of a cognate recombination directionality factor (RDF), catalyze unidirectional excision. Because neither reaction changes the net number of covalent bonds, the preferred direction must be controlled by the energetics of the changing protein-DNA complexes along these reaction pathways. However, a detailed understanding has been hampered by a lack of structural information. Here, we report 8 structures of SP{beta} integrase-DNA complexes along the integrative (-RDF) and excisive (+RDF) reaction pathways, at resolutions extending to 3.15 [A]. These complexes include tetrameric intermediates before and after strand exchange and product-bound dimers for both pathways. Our findings reveal that both recombination-induced conformational changes and RDF-mediated repositioning of the integrases coiled-coil subdomain (1) dictate which pairs of DNA sites can be assembled into a synaptic complex to initiate recombination and (2) dictate which product complexes will be conformationally locked, preventing back reactions. Critically, we find that the synaptic complex in which excision occurs is fundamentally different from that in which integration occurs. These mechanistic insights provide a conceptual framework for engineering efficient and versatile genome editing tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pigli, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena Reyes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olorunniji, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.03.631226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of directionality control in large serine integrases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.03.631242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking neural population formatting to function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.03.631242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals capable of complex behaviors tend to have more distinct brain areas than simpler organisms, and artificial networks that perform many tasks tend to self-organize into modules (1-3). This suggests that different brain areas serve distinct functions supporting complex behavior. However, a common observation is that essentially anything that an animal senses, knows, or does can be decoded from neural activity in any brain area (4-6). If everything is everywhere, why have distinct areas? Here we show that the function of a brain area is more related to how different types of information are combined (formatted) in neural representations than merely whether that information is present. We compared two brain areas: the middle temporal area (MT), which is important for visual motion perception (7, 8), and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), which is linked to decision-making and reward expectation (9, 10)). When monkeys based decisions on a combination of motion and reward information, both types of information were present in both areas. However, they were formatted differently: in MT, they were encoded separably, while in dlPFC, they were represented jointly in ways that reflected the monkeys decision-making. A recurrent neural network (RNN) model that mirrored the information formatting in MT and dlPFC predicted that manipulating activity in these areas would differently affect decision-making. Consistent with model predictions, electrically stimulating MT biased choices midway between the visual motion stimulus and the preferred direction of the stimulated units (11), while stimulating dlPFC produced  winner-take-all decisions that sometimes reflected the visual motion stimulus and sometimes reflected the preference of the stimulated units, but never in between. These results are consistent with the tantalizing possibility that a modular structure enables complex behavior by flexibly reformatting information to accomplish behavioral goals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruff, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markman, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.03.631242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking neural population formatting to function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.631531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput protein binder discovery by rapid in vivo selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.06.631531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins that selectively bind to a target of interest are foundational components of research pipelines1,2, diagnostics3, and therapeutics4. Current immunization-based5,6, display-based7-14, and computational approaches15-17,18 for discovering binders are laborious and time-consuming - taking months or more, suffer from high false positives - necessitating extensive secondary screening, and have a high failure rate, especially for disordered proteins and other challenging target classes. Here we establish Phage-Assisted Non-Continuous Selection of Protein Binders (PANCS-binders), an in vivo selection platform that links the life cycle of M13 phage to target protein binding though customized proximity-dependent split RNA polymerase biosensors, allowing for complete and comprehensive high-throughput screening of billion-plus member protein variant libraries with high signal-to-noise. We showcase the utility of PANCS-Binders by screening multiple protein libraries each against a panel of 95 separate therapeutically relevant targets, thereby individually assessing over 1011 protein-protein interaction pairs, completed in two days. These selections yielded large, high-quality datasets and hundreds of novel binders, which we showed can be affinity matured or directly used in mammalian cells to inhibit or degrade targets. PANCS-Binders dramatically accelerates and simplifies the binder discovery process, the democratization of which will help unlock new creative potential in proteome-targeting with engineered binder-based biotechnologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Styles, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pixley, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basile, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.06.631531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput protein binder discovery by rapid in vivo selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.07.631731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rational Design and Optimization of a Potent IDO1 Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.07.631731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a potently immunosuppressive protein that inhibits antitumor immunity through both tryptophan metabolism and non-enzymatic functions. Pharmacological therapies targeting IDO1 enzyme activity have generally failed to improve the overall survival of patients with cancer. Developing new therapeutic agents that are capable of neutralizing both enzyme-and non-enzyme-derived immunosuppressive IDO1 effects is therefore of high interest. We previously described the development of a novel Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC), NU223612, that degrades IDO1 in cultured human glioblastoma (GBM) cells, as well as in well-established brain tumors, in vivo. In this study, we rationally optimized the composition, rigidity, and linker orientation of the PROTAC structure to create NU227326, which degrades IDO1 with a DC50 of 5 nM in human GBM cells. Mechanistic studies showed that IDO1 degradation occurred through the ubiquitin-proteasome system and was sustained for at least 2 days, supporting NU227326 as a highly potent IDO1 PROTAC suitable for further studies in GBM and other human cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Monsen, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bommi, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigorescu, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauing, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berardi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penco-Campillo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egozi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunne, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kregel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaziri-Gohar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanning, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Gomez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukas, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wainwright, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiltz, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.07.631731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rational Design and Optimization of a Potent IDO1 Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.631910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring resource competition in microbial communities from time series 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.631910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The competition for resources is a defining feature of microbial communities. In many contexts, from soils to host-associated communities, highly diverse microbes are organized into metabolic groups or guilds with similar resource preferences. The resource preferences of individual taxa that give rise to these guilds are critical for understanding fluxes of resources through the community and the structure of diversity in the system. However, inferring the metabolic capabilities of individual taxa, and their competition with other taxa, within a community is challenging and unresolved. Here we address this gap in knowledge by leveraging dynamic measurements of abundances in communities. We show that simple correlations are often misleading in predicting resource competition. We show that spectral methods such as the cross-power spectral density (CPSD) and coherence that account for time-delayed effects are superior metrics for inferring the structure of resource competition in communities. We first demonstrate this fact on synthetic data generated from consumer-resource models with time-dependent resource availability, where taxa are organized into groups or guilds with similar resource preferences. By applying spectral methods to oceanic plankton time-series data, we demonstrate that these methods detect interaction structures among species with similar genomic sequences. Our results indicate that analyzing temporal data across multiple timescales can reveal the underlying structure of resource competition within communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walczak, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.631910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring resource competition in microbial communities from time series]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.09.632185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noise Correlations in Balanced Networks with Unreliable Synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.09.632185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synaptic physiology is highly stochastic in the neocortex: immediately following an action potential, individual synapses release neurotransmitter unreliably, sometimes even failing to release any vesicles. However, theoretical models of neuronal networks typically neglect this well-established feature of biology, especially recurrent networks. In this work, to better understand the effects of synaptic unreliability in recurrent networks, we describe neuronal variability in a balanced network model of non-leaky integrate-and-fire neurons incorporating a Bernoulli model of synaptic release. For arbitrary network size, synaptic unreliability contributes non-negligibly to spike count variability. Most notably, this additional noise is overshadowed by effects on noise correlations. In particular, we find that feedforward and recurrent synaptic reliability have opposite influences on noise correlations: while increased reliability of synaptic input from neurons outside of the network increase correlations, reliability of recurrent synapses de-correlates population activity. We explain this dichotomy by examining the average input currents to cell pairs, and verify this effect with simulations of exponential integrate-and-fire neurons with adaptation and conductance-based synapses. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of synaptic unreliability in the study of noise correlations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leone, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.09.632185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noise Correlations in Balanced Networks with Unreliable Synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.10.632274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
12-Lipoxygenase inhibition improves glucose homeostasis and obesity-associated inflammation in human gene replacement mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.10.632274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity-associated inflammation is characterized by macrophage infiltration into peripheral tissues, contributing to the progression of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The enzyme 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) catalyzes the formation of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and is known to promote the migration of macrophages, yet its role in obesity-associated inflammation remains incompletely understood. Furthermore, differences between mouse and human orthologs of 12-LOX have limited efforts to study existing pharmacologic inhibitors of 12-LOX. In this study, we utilized a human gene replacement mouse model in which the gene encoding mouse 12-LOX (Alox15) is replaced by the human ALOX12 gene. As a model of obesity and dysglycemia, we administered these mice a high-fat diet. We subsequently investigated the effects of VLX-1005, a potent and selective small molecule inhibitor of human 12-LOX. Oral administration of VLX-1005 resulted in improved glucose homeostasis, decreased {beta} cell dedifferentiation, and reduced macrophage infiltration in islets and adipose tissue. Analysis of the stromal vascular fraction from adipose tissue showed a reduction in myeloid cells and cytokine expression with VLX-1005 treatment, indicating decreased adipose tissue inflammation. In a distinct mouse model in which Alox15 was selectively deleted in myeloid cells, we observed decreased {beta} cell dedifferentiation and reduced macrophage infiltration in both islets and adipose tissue, suggesting that the effects of VLX-1005 may relate to the inhibition of 12-LOX in macrophages. These findings highlight 12-LOX as a key factor in obesity-associated inflammation and suggest that 12-LOX inhibition could serve as a therapeutic strategy to improve glucose homeostasis and peripheral inflammation in the setting of obesity and T2D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaylan, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nargis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figatner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratuangtham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casimiro, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadler, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxer, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tersey, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.10.632274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[12-Lipoxygenase inhibition improves glucose homeostasis and obesity-associated inflammation in human gene replacement mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microscopic Control of Cortical Flows in Polarized C. elegans Zygotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell polarization, migration, and cytokinesis rely on flows of the cell cortex, a network of actin filaments, cross-linkers, and motors beneath the plasma membrane of animal cells. While actin network architecture, assembly dynamics, and motor activity are known to be important for cortical flows, how their modulation tunes macroscopic flow dynamics remains poorly quantified in vivo. Here, we use quantitative microscopy to constrain agent-based simulations that account for filament assembly, crosslinking, and motor activity. We calibrate the model to reproduce steady-state flows in polarized C. elegans zygotes and then challenge it to predict the results of RNA interference (RNAi) experiments. Our model predicts, and experiments largely confirm, a biphasic dependence of flow speed on microscopic rates of actin filament assembly and crosslinking. This biphasic dependence reflects a competition between the tendencies of perturbations to disrupt both transmission of and resistance to cortical forces. Our results provide new insights into how variations in microscopic features shape the emergent dynamics of the cell cortex. By establishing a well-calibrated model of cortical flow in a highly tractable model cell, we also provide a foundation for future studies of microscopic origins and biological control of cortical contractility and flow in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadzik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.12.632635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microscopic Control of Cortical Flows in Polarized C. elegans Zygotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.14.633085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity Prevents Assembly Fusion in Recurrent Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.14.633085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The organization of neurons into functionally related assemblies is a fundamental feature of cortical networks, yet our understanding of how these assemblies maintain distinct identities while sharing members remains limited. Here we analyze how spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) shapes the formation and stability of overlapping neuronal assemblies in recurrently coupled networks of spiking neuron models. Using numerical simulations and an associated mean-field theory, we demonstrate that the temporal structure of the STDP rule, specifically its degree of causality, critically determines whether assemblies that share neurons maintain segregation or merge together after training is completed. We find that causal STDP rules, where potentiation/depression occurs strictly when presynaptic spikes precede/proceed postsynaptic spikes, allow assemblies to remain distinct even with substantial overlap in membership. This stability arises because causal STDP effectively cancels the symmetric correlations introduced by common inputs from shared neurons. In contrast, acausal STDP rules lead to assembly fusion when overlap exceeds a critical threshold, due to unchecked growth of common input correlations. Our results provide theoretical insight into how spike-timing-dependent learning rules can support distributed representation where individual neurons participate in multiple assemblies while maintaining functional specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.14.633085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity Prevents Assembly Fusion in Recurrent Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.633693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversity and seasonality of ectoparasite burden on two species of Madagascar fruit bat, Eidolon dupreanum and Rousettus madagascariensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.633693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBats are important reservoir hosts for a variety of microparasites, some of which are transmitted by ectoparasite vectors that include mites, fleas, lice, ticks, and bat flies (families Nycteribiidae and Streblidae). All of these ectoparasite taxa are known to parasitize two endemic fruit bats of Madagascar, Eidolon dupreanum and Rousettus madagascariensis. We aimed to describe the diversity of ectoparasite infestation for both bat species through morphological observation and DNA barcoding and elucidate ecological and climatic correlates of seasonal nycteribiid parasitism of these hosts.

MethodsLive E. dupreanum and R. madagascariensis fruit bats were captured monthly in northern and central-eastern Madagascar from 2013-2020. Ectoparasites on all captured bats were counted and identified in the field, then collected into ethanol. Field identification of a subset of samples were confirmed via microscopy and DNA barcoding of the cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and 18S genes. The seasonal abundance of nycteribiid bat flies on both host bats was analyzed using generalized additive models, and the role of climate in driving this seasonality was assessed via cross-correlation analysis combined with generalized linear models. Phylogenetic trees were generated to compare COIand 18S sequences of Madagascar nycteribiid and streblid bat flies with available reference sequences from GenBank.

ResultsEctoparasites corresponding to four broad taxa (mites, ticks, fleas, and bat flies) were recovered from 628 of 873 E. dupreanum and 831 of 862 R. madagascariensis. E. dupreanum were most commonly parasitized by Cyclopodia dubia nycteribiids and R. madagascariensis by Eucampsipoda madagascariensis nycteribiids or Megastrebla wenzeli streblids. We observed significant seasonality in nycteribiid abundance on both bat hosts, which varied by bat sex and was positively correlated with lagged temperature, precipitation, and humidity variables. Barcoding sequences recovered for all three bat fly species grouped with previously reported sequences, confirming morphological species identification. Our study contributes the first DNA barcodes of any kind reported for M. wenzeli and the first 18S barcodes for C. dubia.

ConclusionThis study explores the diversity and abundance of ectoparasite burdens in two Malagasy fruit bat species, highlighting the importance of seasonal ecology and the influence of climate variables on parasitism, which correlates with resource availability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrianiaina, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kettenburg, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaivoson, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacoste, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dussart, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heraud, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laverty, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrianarimisa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.20.633693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversity and seasonality of ectoparasite burden on two species of Madagascar fruit bat, Eidolon dupreanum and Rousettus madagascariensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.633840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contribution of DNA breathing to physical interactions with transcription factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.633840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interaction between transcription factors (TFs) and DNA plays a key role in regulating gene expression. It is generally believed that these interactions are controlled through recognition of DNA core motifs by TFs. Nevertheless, several studies pointed out the limitation of this view, in particular, DNA sequence variants influencing TF binding are often located outside of core motifs. One possible explanation is that the physical properties of DNA may play a role in TF-DNA interactions. Recent studies have supported the importance of DNA shape features, especially in flanking regions of core motifs. Another important physical property of DNA is DNA breathing, the spontaneous opening of double-stranded DNA through thermal motions. But there have been few genomic studies of the role of DNA breathing in TF-DNA interactions. In this work, we analyzed in vitro TF-DNA binding data of three TFs and found that DNA breathing features inside or near core motifs are correlated with binding affinity. This suggests that these TFs may prefer locally and temporally melted DNA formed through breathing. We extended the analysis to 44 TFs with in vivo ChIP-seq binding data. We found that for a large proportion of TFs, their breathing features in or near core motifs are associated with binding, but the sign and magnitude of these associations vary substantially across TF families. Altogether, our study supports the hypothesis that DNA breathing features near binding motifs contribute to TF-DNA interactions.

Author SummaryProper regulation of when and where genes are expressed is crucial to biological development and function. This process is largely controlled by interaction of transcription factors (TFs) with DNA sequences. The recognition of specific DNA sequences by TFs is important to ensure that only the correct genes are activated. Extensive work has shown that TFs prefer to bind certain DNA sequence patterns of 6-20 bp, known as motifs. However, the structure of DNA molecules may also play a role. In this work, we explored the role of DNA breathing, which refers to spontaneous opening of double strand DNA due to thermal motions. This process creates transient, single-strand "bubbles" in DNA. Through examining TF-DNA binding data of >60 TFs, we found that the propensity of DNA forming bubbles near motifs is often associated with binding affinity of DNA sequence. Interestingly the patterns of these associations seem to vary with TFs. Altogether, our results highlighted the potential of DNA breathing in influencing TF-DNA interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Butt, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, T.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.20.633840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contribution of DNA breathing to physical interactions with transcription factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jk DNA GAGA MOTIFS ARE REQUIRED FOR LOCAL NUCLEOSOME REMODELING AND Vk-Jk RECOMBINATION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunoreceptor gene recombination requires complementary 12 bp and 23 bp recombination signal sequences (RSSs). In addition, the RSSs that assemble the RAG proteins, recombination centers, must be accessible yet flanked by a 5 nucleosome decorated with H3K4me3. In Drosophila, DNA GAGA motifs play an important role in nucleosome positioning. Herein, we report that 5 to each functional Jk RSS is a DNA GAGA motif conserved across mammalian species. In mice, the GAGA motif 5 to Jk1 regulated local RSS accessibility and 5 nucleosome placement. Furthermore, it was required for Vk-Jk1 recombination. Murine Jk3 is nonfunctional, having mutations in both RSS and GAGA motifs. Restoring both GAGA and RSS motifs rescued Vk-Jk3 recombination. In contrast, restoring the RSS alone did not. Genome-wide, strong cryptic 23 RSSs were preferentially bound to nucleosomes. Furthermore, evolutionary selection against cRSS only occurred in the A Compartment of B lymphocytes, not embryonic stem cells. These data indicate that in developing B cells, nucleosome positioning both enables and restricts recombination to Jk. Furthermore, our data suggest an expanded definition of recombination center-associated RSSs to include a 5 GAGA sequence that dictates the local epigenetic state required for gene recombination.

SummaryRecombination center assembly requires a specific epigenetic topology at recombination signal sequences. Herein, we report that conserved GAGA motifs 5 to each Jk segment are required for establishing this epigenetic topology and subsequent local gene recombination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veselits, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veselits, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okoreeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maienschein-Cline, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.21.634169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jk DNA GAGA MOTIFS ARE REQUIRED FOR LOCAL NUCLEOSOME REMODELING AND Vk-Jk RECOMBINATION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634177v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleoporins shape germ granule architecture and balance small RNA silencing pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634177v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals have evolved distinct small RNA pathways, including piRNA and siRNA, to silence invasive and selfish nucleic acids. piRNA pathway factors are concentrated in perinuclear germ granules that frequently associate with nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). However, the factors mediating germ granule-NPC association and the functional relevance of such association remain unknown. Here we show that the conserved nucleoporins NPP-14 (NUP-214) and NPP-24 (NUP-88), components of the cytoplasmic filaments of NPC, play critical roles in anchoring germ granule to NPC and in attenuating piRNA silencing In C. elegans. Proximity labeling experiments further identified EPS-1 (enhanced piRNA silencing) as a key germ granule factor contributing to germ granule-NPC interaction. In npp-14, npp-24, or eps-1 mutant animals, we observed fewer but enlarged, unorganized germ granules, accompanied by the over-amplification of secondary small RNAs at piRNA targeting sites. Nonetheless, we found this enhancement of piRNA silencing comes at the cost of dampened RNAi efficiency and RNAi inheritance. Together, our studies uncovered factors contributing to germ granule-NPC association and underscored the importance of spatial organization of germ granules in balancing small RNA silencing pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.23.634177</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleoporins shape germ granule architecture and balance small RNA silencing pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide exploration of the transcriptional regulatory landscape in the early-diverging fungus R. microsporus reveals pervasive DNA methyl adenine regulatory network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.24.634581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic regulation mechanisms rely on complex transcriptional networks that are often difficult to decipher. The study of transcription factor (TF) binding sites and their targets has traditionally faced scalability challenges, hindering comprehensive cistrome analyses. However, the development of the DNA affinity purification and sequencing (DAP-seq) technique has allowed unprecedented large-scale studies at genome-wide level of TF binding with high reproducibility. In this study, we apply this technique to the human opportunistic pathogen R. microsporus, a mucoralean fungus belonging to the understudied group of early-diverging fungi (EDF). We characterize genome-wide binding sites of 58 TFs encoded by genes regulated through adenine methylation and representing major TF families, representing the most extensive DAP-seq study in filamentous fungi. This analysis reveals their binding profiles and recognized sequences, expanding and diversifying the catalog of known fungal motifs. By integrating this data with DNA 6-methyladenine profiling, we uncover the extensive direct and indirect impact of this epigenetic modification on the regulation of gene expression. Furthermore, the generated data facilitates the identification and functional characterization of TFs involved in biologically relevant processes, such as zinc metabolism and light response, serving as a proof of concept for the utility of the DAP-seq data. These findings not only enhance our understanding of regulatory mechanisms in R. microsporus but also provide broader insights into gene regulation across the fungal kingdom.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lax, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumgart, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tahiri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas-Munoz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaby, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolas, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garre, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.24.634581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide exploration of the transcriptional regulatory landscape in the early-diverging fungus R. microsporus reveals pervasive DNA methyl adenine regulatory network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.635092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histopathologic Evaluation and Single-Cell Spatial Transcriptomics of the Colon Reveal Cellular and Molecular Abnormalities Linked to J-Pouch Failure in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.635092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsTotal abdominal colectomy (TAC) with a staged ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is a common surgical treatment for ulcerative colitis (UC). However, a significant percentage of patients experience pouch failure, leading to morbidity. This retrospective case-control study identified histopathological features of the TAC specimen associated with pouch failure and investigated the molecular mechanisms of this susceptibility using single-cell spatial transcriptomics.

MethodsWe analyzed a cohort of 417 patients who underwent IPAA between 2000-2010 at the University of Chicago Medical Center for up to 18 years. Histological examination of TAC specimens focused on disease activity, depth of inflammation, and specific features, including granulomas and deep ulcers. A subset of patients was profiled using single-cell spatial transcriptomics to map gene expression and immune cell interactions in relation to the risk of pouch failure.

ResultsThe 18-year pouch failure risk was 23%, with post-procedure diagnosis of CD as a major risk factor (HR = 4.3, 95% CI: 2.3-8.1) as well as high-risk histologic features, including deep chronic inflammation (HR = 21, 95% CI: 11-41) and severe disease activity (HR = 14, 95% CI: 5.7-32) in TAC specimens. Spatial transcriptomics showed immune infiltration of T and myeloid cells, reduced myocyte-glial interactions, and cytokine signaling pathways such as IL-10, IL-1{beta}, and type I/II interferons, associated with an increased risk of pouch failure.

ConclusionHistological features and spatial molecular profiling are predictive of IPAA failure. These findings support the use of histologic evaluation and targeted molecular analysis of the TAC specimen to identify high-risk patients and improve IPAA outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olivas, A. O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngai, P. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schahrer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olortegui, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cursio, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umanskiy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemmour, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.27.635092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histopathologic Evaluation and Single-Cell Spatial Transcriptomics of the Colon Reveal Cellular and Molecular Abnormalities Linked to J-Pouch Failure in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient biases in phenotype production drove the functional evolution of a protein family 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some phenotypes are more likely to be produced by mutation than others, but the causal role of these propensities in the evolution of extant phenotypic diversity remains unclear. There are two major challenges: it is difficult to separate the effect of the genotype-phenotype (GP) map from that of natural selection in causing natural patterns of diversity, and most extant phenotypes evolved long ago in species whose GP maps cannot be recovered. Using reconstructed ancestral transcription factors as a model to address this problem, we created libraries containing all possible amino acid combinations at historically variable sites in the proteins DNA binding interface (the genotypes) and measured their capacity to bind specifically to response elements containing all possible combinations of nucleotides at historically variable sites in the DNA (the phenotypes). The ancestral proteins we used existed during an ancient phylogenetic interval when a new phenotype--specificity for a new response element--evolved. We found that the two ancestral GP maps were strongly anisotropic (the distribution of phenotypes encoded by genotypes is highly nonuniform) and heterogeneous (the phenotypes accessible around each genotype vary dramatically among genotypes), but the extent and direction of these properties differed between the maps. In both cases, these properties steered evolution toward the lineage-specific phenotypes that evolved during history. Our findings establish that ancient properties of the GP relationship were causal factors in the evolutionary process that produced the present-day patterns of functional conservation and diversity in this protein family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Alvarez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patton, J. E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.28.635160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient biases in phenotype production drove the functional evolution of a protein family]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Receptor Allostery Promotes Context-Specific Sonic Hedgehog Signaling During Embryonic Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling functions in temporal- and context-dependent manners to pattern diverse tissues during embryogenesis. The signal transducer Smoothened (SMO) is activated by sterols, oxysterols, and arachidonic acid (AA) through binding pockets in its extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and 7-transmembrane (7TM) bundle. In vitro analyses suggest SMO signaling is allosterically enhanced by combinatorial ligand binding to these pockets but in vivo evidence of SMO allostery is lacking. Herein, we map an AA binding pocket at the top of the 7TM bundle and show that its disruption attenuates SHH and sterol-stimulated SMO induction. A knockin mouse model of compromised AA binding reveals that homozygous mutant mice are cyanotic, exhibit high perinatal lethality, and show congenital heart disease. Surviving mutants demonstrate pulmonary maldevelopment and fail to thrive. Neurodevelopment is unaltered in these mice, suggesting that context-dependent allosteric regulation of SMO signaling allows for precise tuning of pathway activity during cardiopulmonary development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ansari, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghonim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canac, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moskowitz, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruett-Miller, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.28.635336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Receptor Allostery Promotes Context-Specific Sonic Hedgehog Signaling During Embryonic Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial functional guilds respond cohesively to rapidly fluctuating environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial communities experience environmental fluctuations across timescales from rapid changes in moisture, temperature, or light levels to long-term seasonal or climactic variations. Understanding how microbial populations respond to these changes is critical for predicting the impact of perturbations, interventions, and climate change on communities. Since communities typically harbor tens to hundreds of distinct taxa, the response of microbial abundances to perturbations is potentially complex. However, while taxonomic diversity is high, in many communities taxa can be grouped into functional guilds of strains with similar metabolic traits. These guilds effectively reduce the complexity of the system by providing a physiologically motivated coarse-graining. Here, using a combination of simulations, theory, and experiments, we show that the response of guilds to nutrient fluctuations depends on the timescale of those fluctuations. Rapid changes in nutrient levels drive cohesive, positively correlated abundance dynamics within guilds. For slower timescales of environmental variation, members within a guild begin to compete due to similar resource preferences, driving negative correlations in abundances between members of the same guild. Our results provide a route to understanding the relationship between functional guilds and community response to changing environments, as well as an experimental approach to discovering functional guilds via designed nutrient perturbations to communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crocker, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skwara, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.30.635766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial functional guilds respond cohesively to rapidly fluctuating environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially-structured inflammatory response in the presence of a uniform stimulus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammatory responses occur within the complex spatial context of tissues and organs, and many questions remain about how tissue structure and cellular communication shape their spatiotemporal dynamics. Here, we use a multiplexed RNA in situ hybridization approach, together with analytical tools, to study inflammatory gene expression in the larval zebrafish tailfin in response to a bath of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We use this model system to address whether spatial structure emerges in the tissue response even absent the spatial variation introduced by a pathogen. We find that epithelial cells in the tailfin express several pro-inflammatory genes, and that across these genes, the uniform stimulus triggers a spatially non-uniform response. We use a graph-based spectral decomposition method to analyze its structure, and find that long modes dominate, creating zones of activation. Overall, these zones account for a majority of the variation in gene expression. Our results show that epithelial cells are important producers of pro-inflammatory effector molecules in this system, and that tissue induces spatial correlations even absent a structured input.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jerison, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romeo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.28.635318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially-structured inflammatory response in the presence of a uniform stimulus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.01.636065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dietary macronutrients modulate the proteome of brown adipose tissue in males and their female offspring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.01.636065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy as heat, not only under cold exposure but also in the dissipation of excess ingested energy. Therefore, enhancing BAT activity is a potential avenue to combat weight gain. Dietary macronutrient composition influences BAT size and has recently been shown to influence BAT size of daughters through the patriline of C57BL/6J mice. However, the effects of macronutrient composition and any paternal effects on BAT function have yet to be characterised. Using the Geometric Framework for Nutrition, we investigated the effects of macronutrient composition on the BAT proteome in male mice and intergenerational effects in their offspring. In fathers, >50% of the proteome was affected by macronutrient composition, with distinct clusters of proteins that responded in similar ways. We identified two clusters with inverse patterns that correlated with BAT mass. Notably, UCP1 was reduced on low fat diets that promoted increased BAT mass, while there were increased levels of proteins involved in protein turnover on those same diets. The same diets also led to a reduction in proteins involved in purine biosynthesis (often UCP1 inhibitors). We did not find any effects of paternal diet on the BAT proteome in sons, but paternal protein intake negatively affected basigin expression in daughters - a protein that regulates UCP1 transcription. Our results highlight that dietary macronutrient composition in males remodels the protein expression landscape of BAT, and pre-conceptionally reprograms BAT expression profiles of female offspring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Macartney, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senior, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crean, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulpitel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobrega, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.01.636065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dietary macronutrients modulate the proteome of brown adipose tissue in males and their female offspring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.01.635985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Litmus Test for Confounding in Polygenic Scores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.01.635985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic scores (PGSs) are being rapidly adopted for trait prediction in the clinic and beyond. PGSs are often thought of as capturing the direct genetic effect of ones genotype on their phenotype. However, because PGSs are constructed from population-level associations, they are influenced by factors other than direct genetic effects, including stratification, assortative mating, and dynastic effects ("SAD effects"). Our interpretation and application of PGSs may hinge on the relative impact of SAD effects, since they may often be environmentally or culturally mediated. We developed a method that estimates the proportion of variance in a PGS (in a given sample) that is driven by direct effects, SAD effects, and their covariance. We leverage a comparison of a PGS of interest based on a standard GWAS with a PGS based on a sibling GWAS--which is largely immune to SAD effects--to quantify the relative contribution of each type of effect to variance in the PGS of interest. Our method, Partitioning Genetic Scores Using Siblings (PGSUS, pron. "Pegasus"), breaks down variance components further by axes of genetic ancestry, allowing for a nuanced interpretation of SAD effects. In particular, PGSUS can detect stratification along major axes of ancestry as well as SAD variance that is "isotropic" with respect to axes of ancestry. Applying PGSUS, we found evidence of stratification in PGSs constructed using large meta-analyses of height and educational attainment as well as in a range of PGSs constructed using the UK Biobank. In some instances, a given PGS appears to be stratified along a major axis of ancestry in one prediction sample but not in another (for example, in comparisons of prediction in samples from different countries, or in ancient DNA vs. contemporary samples). Finally, we show that different approaches for adjustment for population structure in GWASs have distinct advantages with respect to mitigation of ancestry-axis-specific and isotropic SAD variance in PGS. Our study illustrates how family-based designs can be combined with standard population-based designs to guide the interpretation and application of genomic predictors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostafavi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edge, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harpak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.01.635985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Litmus Test for Confounding in Polygenic Scores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.01.636041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering DNA's sequence-dependent structure and deformability with normalizing flows 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.01.636041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sequence-dependent structure and deformability of double-stranded DNA plays a key role in many cellular processes. Accurate description thereof has thus been a long-standing problem. Previous approaches to this problem assume a specific functional form for the elastic energy in terms of internal coordinates of the DNA double-helix. The conformational flexibility of DNA, however, is strongly impacted by several stereo-chemical effects that complicate the formulation of an accurate functional form. In this work, I propose an entirely new, AI-based method to decipher the sequence-dependent structure and deformability of double-stranded DNA. This method employs normalizing flows that capture multimodal and correlation effects between internal coordinates of the DNA double helix excellently, and hence allows one to accurately quantify deformation energies for any double-stranded DNA structure and sequence. Thus, it offers a wide range of future applications, and speaks in favor of AI-based elasticity-descriptions also for other molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liebl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.01.636041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering DNA's sequence-dependent structure and deformability with normalizing flows]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.02.636139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRRC8A-containing anion channels promote glioblastoma proliferation via a WNK1/mTORC2-dependent mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.02.636139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8A (LRRC8A) is the essential subunit of ubiquitous volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs). LRCC8A is overexpressed in several cancers and promotes negative survival outcomes via a poorly defined mechanism. Here, we explored the role of LRRC8A and VRACs in the progression of glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and deadly primary brain tumor. We found that, as compared to healthy controls, LRRC8A mRNA was strongly upregulated in surgical GBM specimens, patient-derived GBM cell lines, and GBM datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Our in-silico analysis indicated that patients belonging to the lowest LRRC8A expression quartile demonstrated a trend for extended life expectancy. In patient-derived GBM cultures, siRNA-driven LRRC8A knockdown reduced cell proliferation and additionally decreased intracellular chloride levels and inhibited activity of mTOR complex 2. The antiproliferative effect of LRRC8A downregulation was recapitulated with a pharmacological inhibitor of VRAC. Our ensuing biochemical and molecular biology analyses established that the LRRC8A-containing VRACs facilitate GBM proliferation via a new mechanism involving non-enzymatic actions of the chloride-sensitive protein kinase WNK1. Accordingly, the chloride-bound WNK1 stimulates mTORC2 and the mTORC2-dependent protein kinases AKT and SGK, which promote proliferation. These findings establish the new mTORC2-centric axis for VRAC dependent regulation of cellular functions and uncover potential targets for GBM intervention.

SUBJECT AREASCell biology

Molecular biology

Cancer
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fidaleo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orbeta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdullaev, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martino, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulos, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulin, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mongin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.02.636139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRRC8A-containing anion channels promote glioblastoma proliferation via a WNK1/mTORC2-dependent mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic Insights into the Demographic History and Local Adaptation of Wild Boars Across Eurasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wild boars exhibit genetic and phenotypic diversity shaped by migrations and local adaptations. Its expansion across Eurasia, especially in central Asia, remains underexplored. Here, we present newly sequenced whole-genome data of 47 wild boars from Eastern Asia, Central Asia, and Europe, combined with 49 existing genomes, creating a comprehensive dataset of 96 individuals. Our analyses show that Asian wild boars and Southeast Asian Suids split [~]3.6 Mya, with Central Asian and Southern Chinese ancestors diverging [~]1.8 Mya. The split between Central Asian and European-Near East ancestors occurred [~]0.9 Mya, followed by a European-Near East divergence [~]0.6 Mya. We identify signatures of local adaptation in Central Asian populations, including two positively selected variants in LPIN1, associated with cold adaptation, and a missense mutation in ALPK2, linked to meat traits. These findings provide insights into wild boar dispersal and adaptation, and shed light on domestic pigs breeding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groenen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.05.636574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic Insights into the Demographic History and Local Adaptation of Wild Boars Across Eurasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling of hepatitis B virus infection spread in primary human hepatocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection poses a significant global health threat, causing severe liver diseases including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. We characterized HBV DNA kinetics in primary human hepatocytes (PHH) over 32 days post-inoculation (pi) and used agent-based modeling (ABM) to gain insights into HBV lifecycle and spread. Parallel PHH cultures were mock-treated or HBV entry inhibitor Myr-preS1 (6.25 g/mL) was initiated 24h pi. In untreated PHH, 3 viral DNA kinetic patterns were identified: (1) an initial decline, followed by (2) rapid amplification, and (3) slower amplification/accumulation. In the presence of Myr-preS1, viral DNA and infected cell numbers in phase 3 were effectively blocked, with minimal to no increase. This suggests that phase 2 represents viral amplification in initially infected cells, while phase 3 corresponds to viral spread to naive cells. The ABM reproduced well the HBV kinetic patterns observed and predicted that the viral eclipse phase lasts between 18 and 38 hours. After the eclipse phase, the viral production rate increases over time, starting with a slow production cycle of 1 virion per day, which gradually accelerates to 1 virion per hour after 3 days. Approximately 4 days later, virion production reaches a steady state production rate of 4 virions/hour. The estimated median efficacy of Myr-preS1 in blocking HBV spread was 91% (range: 90-92%). The HBV kinetics and the predicted estimates of the HBV eclipse phase duration and HBV production cycles in PHH are similar of those predicted in uPA/SCID mice with human livers.

ImportanceWhile primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are the most physiologically relevant culture system for studying HBV infection in vitro, comprehensive understanding of HBV infection kinetics and spread in PHH is lacking. In this study, we characterize HBV viral kinetics and employ agent-based modeling (ABM) to provide quantitative insights into the HBV production cycle and viral spread in PHH. The ABM provides an estimate of HBV eclipse phase duration, HBV production cycles and Myr-preS1 efficacy in blocking HBV spread in PHH. The results resemble those predicted in uPA/SCID mice with human livers, demonstrating that estimated HBV infection kinetic parameters in PHH in vitro mirrors that observed in in vivo HBV infection chimeric mouse model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeuchi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uchida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teraoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uprichard, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishida, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tateno, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chayama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.05.636596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling of hepatitis B virus infection spread in primary human hepatocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.04.636507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NMR Spectroscopy for the Validation of AlphaFold2 Structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.04.636507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The introduction of AlphaFold has fundamentally changed our ability to predict the structure of proteins from their primary sequence of amino acids. As machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) based protein prediction continues to advance, we examine the potential of hybrid techniques that combine experiment and computation that may yield more accurate structures than AI alone with significantly reduced experimental burden. We have developed heuristics comparing N-edited NOESY spectra and AlphaFold predicted structures that seek to determine whether the predicted structure reasonably describes the structure of the protein which generated the NOESY. We present a large collection of data connecting entries across the BMRB, PDB and AlphaFold Database that includes experimentally derived structures and corresponding spectra, establishing it as a means to develop and test hybrid methods utilizing AlphaFold and NMR spectra to perform structure determination. These data test the new heuristics ability to identify inaccurate AlphaFold structures. A support vector machine was developed to test the consistency of NMR data with predicted structure and we show its application to the structure of an unsolved engineered protein, LoTOP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sachleben, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagnon, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.04.636507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NMR Spectroscopy for the Validation of AlphaFold2 Structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.07.637190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of transthalamic circuitry from primary visual cortex impairs visual discrimination in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.07.637190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Layer 5 (L5) of the cortex provides strong driving input to higher-order thalamic nuclei, such as the pulvinar in the visual system, forming the basis of cortico-thalamo-cortical (transthalamic) circuits. These circuits provide a communication route between cortical areas in parallel to direct corticocortical connections, but their specific role in perception and behavior remains unclear. Using targeted optogenetic inhibition in mice performing a visual discrimination task, we selectively suppressed the corticothalamic input from L5 cells in primary visual cortex (V1) at their terminals in pulvinar. This suppresses transthalamic circuits from V1; furthermore, any effect on direct corticocortical projections and local V1 circuitry would thus result from transthalamic inputs (e.g., V1 to pulvinar back to V1 (Miller-Hansen and Sherman, 2022). Such suppression of transthalamic processing during visual stimulus presentation of drifting gratings significantly impaired discrimination performance across different orientations. The impact on behavior was specific to the portion of visual space that retinotopically coincided with the V1 L5 corticothalamic inhibition. These results highlight the importance of incorporating L5-initiated transthalamic circuits into cortical processing frameworks, particularly those addressing how the hierarchical propagation of sensory signals supports perceptual decision-making.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAppreciation of pathways for transthalamic communication between cortical areas, organized in parallel with direct connections, has transformed our thinking about cortical functioning writ large. Studies of transthalamic pathways initially concentrated on their anatomy and physiology, but there has been a shift towards understanding their importance to cognitive behavior. Here, we have used an optogenetic approach in mice to selectively inhibit the transthalamic pathway from primary visual cortex to other cortical areas and back to itself. We find that such inhibition degrades the animals ability to discriminate, showing for the first time that specific inhibition of visual transthalamic circuitry reduces visual discrimination. This causal data adds to the growing evidence for the importance of transthalamic signaling in perceptual processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKinnon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.07.637190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of transthalamic circuitry from primary visual cortex impairs visual discrimination in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.08.637227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CDKN2ALow cancer cells outcompete macrophages for microenvironmental zinc to drive immunotherapy resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.08.637227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-PD1 therapies are primarily thought to rely on functional T cell responses; yet tumors with limited T cell infiltration can still benefit, suggesting alternative mechanisms contribute to therapeutic efficacy. Indeed, we found that myeloid-rich, T cell-poor tumor models respond to anti-Pd1, and this is dependent on a cancer cell-macrophage crosstalk mediated by cancer cell Cdkn2a expression. Mechanistically, we found that cancer cells with decreased Cdkn2a expression (Cdkn2aLow), which occurs in [~]50% of all human cancers, reorganize zinc compartmentalization by upregulating the zinc importer Slc39a9 at the plasma membrane. Increased cancer cell plasma membrane Slc39a9 leads to intracellular zinc accumulation in cancer cells and depletion of zinc in the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in zinc-starved tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) with reduced phagocytic activity. Restoring zinc availability in TAMs--via dietary supplementation or Slc39a9 knockdown in cancer cells--reprograms TAMs to a pro-phagocytic state and sensitizes Cdkn2aLow tumors to anti-Pd1 therapy. Remarkably, Slc39a9 knockdown tumors respond to anti-Pd1 in Rag1-/- mice, and co-injection of zinc-replete macrophages is sufficient to drive an anti-Pd1 response in immunodeficient mice, demonstrating the T cell-independent nature of this response. Clinically, TAMs from CDKN2ALow cancer patients show reduced zinc and phagocytosis gene signatures. Moreover, patients with lower circulating zinc levels have significantly worse time-to-event outcomes than those with higher levels. Together, these findings uncover a previously unrecognized mechanism by which Cdkn2aLow cancer cells outcompete TAMs for zinc, impairing their function and limiting anti-Pd1 efficacy. They also provide evidence that macrophages alone, without T cells, can enhance anti-PD1 response through zinc-mediated reprogramming of phagocytosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buj, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kishore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedziora, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uboveja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amalric, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apiz, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickramasinghe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangudu, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levasseur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minasyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadey, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharrow, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vendetti, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivadeneira, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakkenist, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgoffe, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hempel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soloff, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkwood, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dangaj Laniti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossenkov, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesaros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aird, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.08.637227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CDKN2ALow cancer cells outcompete macrophages for microenvironmental zinc to drive immunotherapy resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.09.637126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calcium channel-coupled transcription factors facilitate direct nuclear signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.09.637126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
VGCCs play crucial roles within the CNS, in maintaining cell excitability, enabling activity- dependent neuronal development, and forming long-term memory by regulating Ca2+ influx. The intracellular carboxyl-terminal domains of VGCC 1 subunits help regulate VGCC function.

Emerging evidence suggests that some VGCC C-termini have functions independent of channel gating and exist as stable proteins. Here, we demonstrate that all VGCC gene family members express bicistronic mRNA transcripts that produce functionally distinct C-terminal proteins (CTPs) in tandem with full-length VGCC 1 subunits. Two of these CTPs, 1CCT and 1ACT, cycle to and from the nucleus in a Ca2+- and calmodulin-dependent fashion. 1CCT, 1ACT, and 1HCT regulate chromatin accessibility and/or bind directly to genes, regulating gene networks involved in neuronal differentiation and synaptic function in a Ca2+-dependent manner. This study elucidates a conserved process of coordinated protein expression within the VGCC family, coupling the channel function with VGCC C-terminal transcription factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rao, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaxton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastor, D. P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.09.637126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calcium channel-coupled transcription factors facilitate direct nuclear signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MicroSplit: Semantic Unmixing of Fluorescent Microscopy Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescence microscopy, a key driver for progress in the life sciences, faces limitations due to the microscopes optics, fluorophore chemistry, and photon exposure limits, necessitating trade-offs in imaging speed, resolution, and depth. Here, we introduce Micro[S]plit, a computational multiplexing technique based on deep learning that allows multiple cellular structures to be imaged in a single fluorescent channel and then unmix them by computational means, allowing faster imaging and reduced photon exposure. We show that Micro[S]plit efficiently separates up to four superimposed noisy structures into distinct denoised fluorescent image channels. Furthermore, using Variational Splitting Encoder-Decoder (VSE) networks, our approach can sample diverse predictions from a trained posterior of solutions. The diversity of these samples scales with the uncertainty in a given input, allowing us to estimate the true prediction errors by computing the variability between posterior samples. We demonstrate the robustness of Micro[S]plit networks, which are trained for each splitting task at hand, across various datasets and noise levels and show its utility to image more, to image faster, and to improve downstream analysis. We provide Micro[S]plit along with all associated training and evaluation datasets as open resources, enabling life scientists to immediately benefit from the potential of computational multiplexing and thus help accelerate the rate of their scientific discovery process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashesh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrara, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubarev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galinova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croft, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pezzotti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casagrande, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giussani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restelli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cammarota, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battagliotti, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klena, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Sante, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pigino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taverna, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harschnitz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maghelli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherer, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalle Nogare, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dechamps, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasqualini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jug, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.10.637323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MicroSplit: Semantic Unmixing of Fluorescent Microscopy Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular and morphological circuitry of the octopus sucker ganglion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The octopus sucker is a profoundly complex sensorimotor structure. Each of the hundreds of suckers that line the octopus arm can move independently or in concert with one another. These suckers also contain an intricate sensory epithelium, enriched with chemotactile receptors. Much of the massive nervous system embedded in the octopus arm mediates control of the suckers. Each arm houses a large axial nerve cord (ANC), which features local enlargements corresponding to each sucker. There is also a sucker ganglion, a peripheral nervous element, situated in the stalk of every sucker. The structure and function of the sucker ganglion remains obscure. We examined the cellular organization and molecular composition of the sucker ganglion in Octopus bimaculoides. The sucker ganglion has an ellipsoid shape and features an unusual organization: the neuropil of the ganglion is distributed as a cap aborally (away from the sucker) and a small pocket orally (towards the sucker), with neuronal cell bodies concentrated in the space between. Using in situ hybridization, we detected positive expression of sensory (PIEZO) and motor (LHX3 and MNX) neuron markers in the sucker ganglion cell bodies. Nerve fibers spread out from the sucker ganglion, targeting the surrounding sucker musculature and the oral roots extending to the ANC. Our results indicate that the sucker ganglion is composed of both sensory and motor elements and suggest that this ganglion is not a simple relay for the ANC but facilitates local reflexes for each sucker.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olson, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorjani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragsdale, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.10.637560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular and morphological circuitry of the octopus sucker ganglion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of the zebrafish anterior lateral line system is influenced by underlying cranial neural crest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanosensory lateral line system of aquatic vertebrates comprises a superficial network of distributed sensory organs, the neuromasts, which are arranged over the head and trunk and innervated by lateral line nerves to allow detection of changes in water flow and pressure. While the well-studied zebrafish posterior lateral line has emerged as a powerful model to study collective cell migration, far less is known about development of the anterior lateral line, which produces the supraorbital and infraorbital lines around the eye, as well as mandibular and opercular lines over the jaw and cheek. Here we show that normal development of the zebrafish anterior lateral line system from cranial placodes is dependent on another vertebrate-specific cell type, the cranial neural crest. We find that cranial neural crest and anterior lateral lines develop in close proximity, with absence of neural crest cells leading to major disruptions in the overlying anterior lateral line system. Specifically, in the absence of neural crest neither supraorbital nor infraorbital lateral lines fully extend, such that the most anterior cranial regions remain devoid of neuromasts, while supernumerary ectopic neuromasts form in the posterior supraorbital region. Both neural crest and cranial placodes contribute neurons to the lateral line ganglia that innervate the neuromasts and in the absence of neural crest these ganglia, as well as the lateral line afferent nerves, are disrupted. Finally, we establish that as ontogeny proceeds, the most anterior supraorbital neuromasts come to lie within neural crest-derived frontal and nasal bones in the developing cranium. These are the same anterior supraorbital neuromasts that are absent or mislocated in specimens lacking neural crest cells. Together, our results establish that cranial neural crest and cranial placode derivatives function in concert over the course of ontogeny to build the complex cranial lateral line system.

HighlightsO_LIThe anterior lateral line and cranial neural crest develop in close proximity
C_LIO_LIAbsence of neural crest disrupts anterior lateral line development
C_LIO_LIAbsence of neural crest disrupts lateral line ganglion morphology and innervation
C_LIO_LIEarly interactions of neural crest and placodes prefigure later anatomical interactions
C_LI



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=196 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/637483v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrory, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiansen, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navajas Acedo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.637483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of the zebrafish anterior lateral line system is influenced by underlying cranial neural crest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dendritic guidance receptor functions in both ligand dependent and independent modes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of an appropriately shaped dendritic arbor is critical for a neuron to receive information. Dendritic morphogenesis is a dynamic process involving growth, branching, and retraction. How the growth and stabilization of dendrites are coordinated at the molecular level remains a key question in developmental neurobiology. The highly arborized and stereotyped dendritic arbors of the Caenorhabditis elegans PVD neuron are shaped by the transmembrane DMA-1 receptor through its interaction with a tripartite ligand complex consisting of SAX-7, MNR-1, and LECT-2. However, receptor null mutants exhibit strongly reduced dendrite outgrowth, whereas ligand null mutants show disordered branch patterns, suggesting a ligand-independent function of the receptor. To test this idea, we identified point mutations in dma-1 that disrupt receptor-ligand binding and introduced corresponding mutations into the endogenous gene. We show that the ligand-free receptor is sufficient to drive robust, disordered dendritic branch formation but results in a complete loss of arbor shape. This disordered outgrowth program utilizes similar downstream effectors as the stereotyped outgrowth program, further arguing that ligand binding is not necessary for outgrowth. Finally, we demonstrate that ligand binding is required to maintain higher-order dendrites after development is complete. Taken together, our findings support a surprising model in which ligand-free and ligand-bound DMA-1 receptors have distinct functions: the ligand-free receptor promotes stochastic outgrowth and branching, whereas the ligand-bound receptor guides stereotyped dendrite morphology by stabilizing arbors at target locations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machera, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.637350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dendritic guidance receptor functions in both ligand dependent and independent modes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circuit-Based Understanding of Fine Spatial Scale Clustering of Orientation Tuning in Mouse Visual Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.11.637768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In sensory cortex of brain it is often the case that neurons are spatially organized by their functional properties. A hallmark of primary visual cortex (V1) in higher mammals is a columnar functional map, where neurons tuned to different stimuli features are regularly organized in space. However, rodent visual cortex is at odds with this rule and lacks any spatially ordered functional architecture, and rather neuron feature preference is haphazardly organized in patterns termed  salt-and-pepper. This sharp contrast in feature organization between the visual cortices of rodents and higher mammals has been a persistent mystery, fueled in part by abundant evidence of conserved cortical physiology between species. In this work, we applied a novel GCaMP indicator that are localized in the nucleus of neurons during two-photon imaging in mouse V1, which enabled us to overcome most spurious spatially correlated activity due to fluorescence contamination, and to ensure a faithful observation of functional organization over space. We found that the orientation tuning properties of distant neuron pairs (> 20 {micro}m) are irregularly and randomly organized, while neuron pairs that are extremely close (< 20 {micro}m) have strongly correlated orientation tuning, indicating a narrow yet strong spatially clustered organization of orientation preference, which we term  micro-clustered organization. Exploring a circuit-based model of recurrently coupled mouse V1 we derived two key predictions for the  micro-cluster: spatially localized recurrent connections over a comparable narrow spatial scale, and common relative spatial spreads of balanced excitation and inhibition in the network over broad spatial scales. These predictions are validated by both anatomical and optogenetic-based physiological circuit mapping experiments. Altogether, our work takes an important step in building a circuit-based theory of visual processing in mouse V1 over spatial scales that are often ignored, yet contain powerful synaptic interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldenburg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dipoppa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adesnik, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.11.637768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circuit-Based Understanding of Fine Spatial Scale Clustering of Orientation Tuning in Mouse Visual Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.14.638322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of crosslinking sites suggests C. elegnas PIWI Argonaute exhibits flexible conformations for target recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.14.638322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small RNAs play critical roles in gene regulation in diverse processes across organisms. Crosslinking, ligation, and analyses of sequence hybrid (CLASH) experiments have shown PIWI and Argonaute proteins bind to diverse mRNA targets, raising questions about their functional relevance and the degree of flexibility in target recognition.

As crosslinking-induced mutations (CIMs) provides nucleotide-resolution of RNA binding sites, we developed MUTACLASH to systematically analyze CIMs in piRNA and miRNA CLASH data in C. elegans. We found CIMs are enriched at the nucleotide positions of mRNA corresponding to the center of targeting piRNAs and miRNAs. Notably, CIMs are also enriched at nucleotides with local pairing mismatches to piRNA. In addition, distinct patterns of CIMs are observed between canonical and non-canonical base pairing interactions, suggesting that the worm PIWI Argonaute PRG-1 adopts distinct conformations for canonical vs. non-canonical interactions. Critically, non-canonical miRNA or piRNA binding sites with CIMs exhibit more regulatory effects than those without CIMs, demonstrating CIM analysis as a valuable approach in assessing functional significance of small RNA targeting sites in CLASH data. Together, our analyses reveal the landscapes of Argonaute crosslinking sites on mRNAs and highlight MUTACLASH as an advanced tool in analyzing CLASH data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.14.638322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of crosslinking sites suggests C. elegnas PIWI Argonaute exhibits flexible conformations for target recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell multiomics of neuronal activation reveals context-dependent genetic control of brain disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite hundreds of genetic risk loci identified for neuropsychiatric disorders (NPD), most causal variants/genes remain unknown. A major hurdle is that disease risk variants may act in specific biological contexts, e.g., during neuronal activation, which is difficult to study in vivo at the population level. Here, we conducted a single-cell multiomics study of neuronal activation (stimulation) in human iPSC-induced excitatory and inhibitory neurons from 100 donors, and uncovered abundant neuronal stimulation-specific causal variants/genes for NPD. We surveyed NPD-relevant transcriptomic and epigenomic landscape of neuronal activation and identified thousands of genetic variants associated with activity-dependent gene expression (i.e., eQTL) and chromatin accessibility (i.e., caQTL). These caQTL explained considerably larger proportions of NPD heritability than the eQTL. Integrating the multiomic data with GWAS further revealed NPD risk variants/genes whose effects were only detected upon stimulation. Interestingly, multiple lines of evidence support a role of activity-dependent cholesterol metabolism in NPD. Our work highlights the power of cell stimulation to reveal context-dependent "hidden" genetic effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duhe, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamison, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.17.638682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell multiomics of neuronal activation reveals context-dependent genetic control of brain disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.639049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse sensorimotor cortex reflects complex kinematic details during reaching and grasping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.639049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coordinated forelimb actions, such as reaching and grasping, rely on motor commands that span a spectrum from abstract target specification to detailed instantaneous muscle control. The sensorimotor cortex is central to controlling these complex movements, yet how the detailed command signals are distributed across its numerous subregions remains unclear. In particular, in mice it is unknown if the primary motor (M1) and somatosensory (S1) cortices represent low-level joint angle details in addition to high-level signals like movement direction. Here, we combine high quality markerless tracking and two-photon imaging during a reach-to-grasp task to quantify movement-related activity in the mouse forelimb M1 (M1-fl) and forelimb S1 (S1-fl). Linear decoding models reveal a strong representation of proximal and distal joint angles in both areas, and both areas support joint angle decoding with comparable fidelity. Despite shared low-level encoding, the time course of high-level target-specific information varied across areas. M1-fl exhibited early onset and sustained encoding of target-specific signals while S1-fl was more transiently modulated around lift onset. These results reveal both shared and unique contributions of M1-fl and S1-fl to reaching and grasping, implicating a more distributed cortical circuit for mouse forelimb control than has been previously considered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salimian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.19.639049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse sensorimotor cortex reflects complex kinematic details during reaching and grasping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.24.639989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KG-Microbe - Building Modular and Scalable Knowledge Graphs for Microbiome and Microbial Sciences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.24.639989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integration of many disparate forms of data is essential for understanding the microbial world and its interaction with the environment and human health. Doing so is particularly challenging in the context of microbe-host and microbe-microbe interactions that contribute to health or environmental outcomes. There are often thousands of relevant microbial species, and millions of interactions among those microbes and with their environment or host. Some experimental observations only distinguish coarser taxonomic resolutions such as family or phylum-level. Integrated information (e.g., about host and microbial physiology, genetics, and metabolism) facilitates deeper understanding of complex interactions and helps interpret correlative results. The KG-Microbe construction framework is a novel approach to harmonizing bacterial and archaeal data in the form of a knowledge graph (KG). Starting from a core KG with organismal traits, environments and growth preferences, the framework generates a hierarchy of related KGs targeting specific conceptual use cases, including the human host-associated microbiome in the context of disease. KG-Microbe is a standardized and interoperable framework that integrates microbial organismal and genomic traits, represented ontologically, for biomedical, environmental, and other applications. The framework supports customizable taxa subsets representing microbial lineages or communities of interest. Evaluations of the KG-Microbe knowledge graphs through a series of competency questions demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the data harmonization, and the utility of the resulting KGs in inflammatory bowel and Parkinsons diseases. Finally, the predictive and environmental capabilities of the KGs are demonstrated by explaining growth preferences through training a model using graph features. KG-Microbe is a flexible, modular enabling technology for humans and machine learning methods to uncover mechanistic explanations of microbial associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santangelo, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caufield, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reese, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliegr, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozupone, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegde, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joachimiak, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.24.639989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KG-Microbe - Building Modular and Scalable Knowledge Graphs for Microbiome and Microbial Sciences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.26.640389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Succinate dehydrogenase activity supports de novo purine synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.26.640389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The de novo purine synthesis pathway is fundamental for nucleic acid production and cellular energetics, yet the role of mitochondrial metabolism in modulating this process remains underexplored. In many cancers, metabolic reprogramming supports rapid proliferation and survival, but the specific contributions of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes to nucleotide biosynthesis are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that the TCA cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is essential for maintaining optimal de novo purine synthesis in normal and cancer cells. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of SDH markedly attenuates purine synthesis, leading to a significant reduction in cell proliferation. Mechanistically, SDH inhibition causes an accumulation of succinate, which directly impairs the purine biosynthetic pathway. In response, cancer cells compensate by upregulating the purine salvage pathway, a metabolic adaptation that represents a potential therapeutic vulnerability. Notably, co-inhibition of SDH and the purine salvage pathway induces pronounced antiproliferative and antitumoral effects in preclinical models. These findings not only reveal a signaling role for mitochondrial succinate in regulating nucleotide metabolism but also provide a promising therapeutic strategy for targeting metabolic dependencies in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nengroo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal-Cruchez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahu, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrail, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asara, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendillo, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Sahra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.26.640389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Succinate dehydrogenase activity supports de novo purine synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.01.640985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repulsive interactions instruct synaptic partner matching in an olfactory circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.01.640985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons exhibit extraordinary precision in selecting synaptic partners. Although cell-surface proteins (CSPs) mediating attractive interactions between developing axons and dendrites have been shown to instruct synaptic partner matching1,2, the degree to which repulsive interactions play a role is less clear. Here, using a genetic screen guided by single-cell transcriptomes3,4, we identified three CSP pairs--Toll2-Ptp10D, Fili-Kek1, and Hbs/Sns- Kirre--in mediating repulsive interactions between non-partner olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) axons and projection neuron (PN) dendrites in the developing Drosophila olfactory circuit. Each CSP pair exhibits inverse expression patterns in the select ORN-PN partners. Loss of each CSP in ORNs led to similar synaptic partner matching deficits as the loss of its partner CSP in PNs, and mistargeting phenotypes caused by overexpressing one CSP could be suppressed by loss of its partner CSP. All CSP pairs are also differentially expressed in other brain regions. Together, our data reveal that multiple repulsive CSP pairs work together to ensure precise synaptic partner matching during development by preventing neurons from forming connections with non-cognate partners.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luginbuhl, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspi-Lebovic, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priest, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.01.640985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repulsive interactions instruct synaptic partner matching in an olfactory circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.03.641230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A shared gene but distinct dynamics regulate mimicry polymorphisms in closely related species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.03.641230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex-limited polymorphisms, such as mating strategies in male birds and mimicry in female butterflies, are widespread across the tree of life and are frequently adaptive. Considerable work has been done exploring the ecological pressures and evolutionary forces that generate and maintain genetic variation resulting in alternative sex-limited morphs, yet little is known about their molecular and developmental genetic basis. A powerful system to investigate this is Papilio butterflies: within the subgenus Menelaides, multiple closely related species have female-limited mimicry polymorphism, with females developing either derived mimetic or ancestral non-mimetic wing color patterns. While mimetic color patterns are different between species, each polymorphism is controlled by allelic variation of doublesex (dsx). Across several species, we found that the mimetic and non-mimetic females develop male-like color patterns when we knockdown dsx expression, establishing that dsx controls both sexual dimorphism and polymorphism. We also found that mimetic dsx alleles have unique spatiotemporal expression patterns between two species, Papilio lowii and Papilio alphenor. To uncover the downstream genes involved in the color pattern switch between both species, we used RNA-seq in P. lowii and compared the results to previous work in P. alphenor. While some canonical wing patterning genes are differentially expressed in females of both species, the temporal patterns of differential expression are notably different. Our results indicate that, despite the putative ancestral co-option and shared use of dsx among closely related species, the mimicry switch functions through distinct underlying mechanisms.

AUTHOR SUMMARYUnderstanding how a largely shared genome can encode the potential to develop multiple morphs while simultaneously restricting this potential to one sex has long been of interest to evolutionary and developmental biologists. This phenomenon, called sex-limited polymorphism, is widespread, occurring in organisms like crustaceans, insects, fish, birds, and mammals. Recent empirical work has begun to identify the genes controlling the switch between phenotypes, but the differences between developmental programs leading to those phenotypes remain unclear. Here we use a classic example of sex-limited polymorphism - female mimicry in swallowtail butterflies - to compare how closely related species have evolved to use the same gene, doublesex, in the development of multiple female morphs. Using a combination of functional experiments, we show that despite the shared use of doublesex, the developmental genetics underlying sex-limited polymorphism have evolved to function quite differently between two species that last shared a common ancestor approximately 15 million years ago.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doellman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanKuren, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronforst, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.03.641230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A shared gene but distinct dynamics regulate mimicry polymorphisms in closely related species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.03.641310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On ARGs, pedigrees, and genetic relatedness matrices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.03.641310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic relatedness is a central concept in genetics, underpinning studies of population and quantitative genetics in human, animal, and plant settings. It is typically stored as a genetic relatedness matrix (GRM), whose elements are pairwise relatedness values between individuals. This relatedness has been defined in various contexts based on pedigree, genotype, phylogeny, coalescent times, and, recently, ancestral recombination graph (ARG). ARG-based GRMs have been found to better capture the structure of a population and improve association studies relative to the genotype GRM. However, calculating GRMs and further operations with them is fundamentally challenging due to inherent quadratic time and space complexity. Here, we first discuss the different definitions of relatedness in a unifying context, making use of the additive model of a quantitative trait to provide a definition of "branch relatedness" and the corresponding "branch GRM". We explore the relationship between branch relatedness and pedigree relatedness through a case study of French-Canadian individuals that have a known pedigree. Through the tree sequence encoding of an ARG, we then derive an efficient algorithm for computing products between the branch GRM and a general vector, without explicitly forming the branch GRM. This algorithm leverages the sparse encoding of genomes with the tree sequence and hence enables large-scale computations with the branch GRM. We demonstrate the power of this algorithm by developing a randomized principal components algorithm for tree sequences that easily scales to millions of genomes. All algorithms are implemented in the open source tskit Python package. Taken together, this work consolidates the different notions of relatedness as branch relatedness and by leveraging the tree sequence encoding of an ARG it provides efficient algorithms that enable computations with the branch GRM that scale to mega-scale genomic datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson-Trocme, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelleher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorjanc, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralph, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.03.641310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On ARGs, pedigrees, and genetic relatedness matrices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FACED 2.0 enables large-scale voltage and calcium imaging in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monitoring neuronal activity at large scale and high spatiotemporal resolution is crucial for understanding information processing within the brain. We optimized a kilohertz-frame-rate two-photon fluorescence microscope with all-optical megahertz line-scan rate to achieve ultrafast imaging across large areas and volumes at subcellular resolution. Applying this technique to voltage and calcium imaging in vivo, we demonstrated simultaneous recording of voltage activity over 200 neurons and calcium activity over 14,000 neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natan, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J. S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miehl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St-Pierre, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsia, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.06.641784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FACED 2.0 enables large-scale voltage and calcium imaging in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.05.641715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two-Stage CD8+ CAR T-Cell Differentiation in Patients with Large B-Cell Lymphoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.05.641715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has expanded therapeutic options for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, progress in improving clinical outcomes has been limited by an incomplete understanding of CAR T-cell differentiation in patients. To comprehensively investigate CAR T-cell differentiation in vivo, we performed single-cell, multi-modal, and longitudinal analyses of CD28-costimulated CAR T cells from infusion product and peripheral blood (day 8-28) of patients with DLBCL who were successfully treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel. Here, we show that CD8+ CAR T cells undergo two distinct waves of clonal expansion. The first wave is dominated by CAR T cells with an exhausted-like effector memory phenotype during the peak expansion period (day 8-14). The second wave is dominated by CAR T cells with a terminal effector phenotype during the post-peak persistence period (day 21-28). Importantly, the two waves have distinct ontogeny and are biologically uncoupled. Furthermore, lineage tracing analysis via each CAR T cells endogenous TCR clonotype demonstrates that the two waves originate from different effector precursors in the infusion product. Precursors of the first wave exhibit more effector-like signatures, whereas precursors of the second wave exhibit more stem-like signatures. These findings suggest that pre-infusion heterogeneity mediates the two waves of in vivo clonal expansion. Our findings provide evidence against the intuitive idea that the post-peak contraction in CAR abundance is solely apoptosis or extravasation of short-lived CAR T cells from peak expansion. Rather, our findings demonstrate that CAR T-cell expansion and persistence are mediated by clonally, phenotypically, and ontogenically distinct CAR T-cell populations that serve complementary clinical purposes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asby, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Althaus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedell, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kline, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.05.641715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two-Stage CD8+ CAR T-Cell Differentiation in Patients with Large B-Cell Lymphoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.03.641304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light-induced reversible assembly and actuation in ultrafast Ca2+-driven chemomechanical protein networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.03.641304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Programming rapid, repeatable motions in soft materials has remained a challenge in active matter and biomimetic design. Here, we present a light-controlled chemomechanical network based on Tetrahymena thermophila calcium-binding protein 2 (Tcb2), a Ca2+-sensitive contractile protein. These networks--driven by Ca2+-triggered structural rearrangements--exhibit dynamic selfassembly, spatiotemporal growth, and contraction rates comparable to actomyosin systems. By coupling light-sensitive chelators for optically triggered Ca2+ release, we achieve precise growth and repeatable mechanical contractility of Tcb2 networks, revealing emergent phenomena such as boundary-localized active regions and density gradient-driven reversals in motion. A coupled reaction-diffusion and elastic model explains these dynamics, highlighting the interplay between chemical network assembly and mechanical response. We further demonstrate active transport of particles via network-mediated forces in vitro and implement reinforcement learning to program seconds-scale spatiotemporal actuation in silico. These results establish a platform for designing responsive active materials with rapid chemomechanical dynamics and tunable optical control, with applications in synthetic cells, sub-cellular force generation, and programmable biomaterials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floyd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabortty, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekharan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyle, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhamla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.03.641304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light-induced reversible assembly and actuation in ultrafast Ca2+-driven chemomechanical protein networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host Competitive Asymmetries Accelerate Viral Evolution in a Microbe-Virus Coevolutionary System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.642151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial host populations evolve traits conferring specific resistance to viral predators via various defense mechanisms, while viruses reciprocally evolve traits to evade these defenses. Such co-evolutionary dynamics often involve diversification promoted by negative frequency-dependent selection. However, microbial traits conferring competitive asymmetries can induce directional selection, opposing diversification. Despite extensive research on microbe-virus co-evolution, the combined effect of both host trait types and associated selection remains unclear. Using a CRISPR-mediated co-evolutionary system, we examine how the co-occurrence of both trait types impacts viral evolution and persistence, previously shown to be transient and non-stationary in computational models. A stochastic model incorporating host competitive asymmetries via variation of intrinsic growth rates reveals that competitively-advantaged host clades generate the majority of immune diversity. Greater asymmetries extend viral extinction times, accelerate viral adaptation locally in time, and augment long-term local adaptation. These findings align with previous experiments, and provide further insights into long-term co-evolutionary dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liaghat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillemet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitaker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.09.642151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host Competitive Asymmetries Accelerate Viral Evolution in a Microbe-Virus Coevolutionary System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.10.642426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microenvironmental arginine restriction sensitizes pancreatic cancers to polyunsaturated fatty acids by suppression of lipid synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.10.642426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nutrient limitation is a characteristic feature of poorly perfused tumors. In contrast to well-perfused tissues, nutrient deficits in tumors perturb cellular metabolic activity, which imposes metabolic constraints on cancer cells. The metabolic constraints created by the tumor microenvironment can lead to vulnerabilities in cancers. Identifying the metabolic constraints of the tumor microenvironment and the vulnerabilities that arise in cancers can provide new insight into tumor biology and identify promising antineoplastic targets. To identify how the microenvironment constrains the metabolism of pancreatic tumors, we challenged pancreatic cancer cells with microenvironmental nutrient levels and analyzed changes in cell metabolism. We found that arginine limitation in pancreatic tumors perturbs saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis by suppressing the lipogenic transcription factor SREBP1. Synthesis of these fatty acids is critical for maintaining a balance of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in cellular membranes. As a consequence of microenvironmental constraints on fatty acid synthesis, pancreatic cancer cells and tumors are unable to maintain lipid homeostasis when exposed to polyunsaturated fatty acids, leading to cell death by ferroptosis. In sum, arginine restriction in the tumor microenvironment constrains lipid metabolism in pancreatic cancers, which renders these tumors vulnerable to polyunsaturated-enriched fat sources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jonker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadullozoda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cognet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saab, J. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokol, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, V. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheehan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozgurses, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agovino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock-Hughes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macleod, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coloff, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lien, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.10.642426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microenvironmental arginine restriction sensitizes pancreatic cancers to polyunsaturated fatty acids by suppression of lipid synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.11.642711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional interaction of hybrid extracellular vesicle-liposome nanoparticles with target cells: absence of toxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.11.642711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Building on the success of COVID-19 vaccine development, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as leading vehicles for mRNA delivery in a range of therapeutic applications. Naturally-occurring extracellular vesicles (EVs), which share similar physical properties with LNPs, present a promising alternative platform because of their relative stability and lower immunogenicity. A key challenge common to both EVs and LNPs is enabling efficient vesicle - cell interactions and establishing a polarized permeability pathway required for effective cargo transfer. Membrane recognition and intercalation are essential for the function and delivery capacity of both systems, regardless of their complexity. In this study, we leveraged recent advances to create hybrid extracellular vesicles (HEVs) by using LNPs to load mRNA into EVs. We characterized HEV formation using Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET), cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM), and super-resolution microscopy, and demonstrated their ability to deliver mRNA to recipient cells. In both, in vitro and in vivo models, HEVs exhibited superior transfection efficiency compared to conventional LNPs composed of synthetic lipids, while significantly reducing LNPs cytotoxicity - a not-well-recognized limitation of synthetic lipid-based systems. These results highlight HEVs as a safer and more effective alternative for mRNA and small molecule delivery. Future therapeutic strategies could involve isolating EVs from patients, hybridizing them with synthetic lipid carriers loaded with therapeutic cargo, and reintroducing them for personalized treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riazanski, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvina, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavinato, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sui, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.11.642711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional interaction of hybrid extracellular vesicle-liposome nanoparticles with target cells: absence of toxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.12.642853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical reinstatement of causally related events sparks narrative insights by updating neural representation patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.12.642853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We make sense of everyday events by reasoning about their underlying causes. When we connect causal links between events separated in time, we often experience a sudden feeling of "aha!", or a moment of insight. What cognitive and neural processes underlie these moments of understanding? We hypothesized that narrative insight accompanies retrieving causally related past events in memory and updating the current event representation. To test this, we designed an fMRI study in which participants watched a TV episode that was cut into multiple events and presented in temporally scrambled orders. Participants pressed an "aha" button whenever they understood something new and verbally explained why they pressed in those moments at the end of each run. Supporting our prediction, more than 40% of insights included the retrieval of past events that were causally related to the current event. Neural patterns representing causally related past events were reinstated in cortical areas. This neural reinstatement drove sudden shifts in cortical representation patterns [~]2 s prior to aha button presses, reflecting an update in situational representation at moments of insight. Moreover, distributed areas in the brain represented causally related events with similar neural patterns, beyond their shared semantic or perceptual features. Together, the study suggests that we comprehend events by reinstating causally related past events via shared neural patterns, followed by updating neural patterns at moments of insight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhogarhia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.12.642853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical reinstatement of causally related events sparks narrative insights by updating neural representation patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.12.642864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preserving predictive information under biologically plausible compression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.12.642864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) show high convergence onto their downstream projections, which poses a problem for information transfer: how can information be preserved through a synaptic layer that has significantly more inputs than outputs? Lossy compression suggests many efficient, yet computation-agnostic, methods for reading out input stimuli or activity patterns. Focusing on prediction as a ubiquitous computation in the brain, we compare compressions that explicitly retain predictive information to common neural compression frameworks that do not. We find evidence that downstream areas may compress their retinal inputs in a way that allows them to perform optimal predictive computations across many natural scenes. Other sensory systems also exhibit compression in their processing hierarchies, such as at the glomeruli stage in the olfactory system, and we hope that our framework will be useful in cases where it is not yet known how information about a specific computation is maintained under compression.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTProducing successful behavior, such as escaping predators, requires the visual system to overcome significant sensory processing delays by predicting the future state of the world. Neurons in the eye capture some of the most predictive features of visual information, but this information must be accessible to downstream areas that receive synaptically compressed inputs from the retina. We tested how carefully retinal activity must be compressed to preserve predictive information in natural scenes. Biologically plausible compressions that are agnostic to prediction can preserve substantial future information, but only compression optimized for this task extracts generalizable motifs that allow it to predict in any natural scene. This suggests that downstream circuits may optimally compress their inputs specifically for the task of prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Durian, S. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojanek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marre, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.12.642864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preserving predictive information under biologically plausible compression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emotional arousal enhances narrative memories through functional integration of large-scale brain networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emotional events tend to be vividly remembered. While growing evidence suggests that emotions have their basis in brain-wide network interactions, it is unclear if and how these whole-brain dynamics contribute to memory encoding. We combined fMRI, graph theory, text analyses, and pupillometry in a naturalistic context where participants recalled complex narratives in their own words. Across three independent datasets, emotionally arousing moments during narrative perception were associated with an integrated brain state characterized by increased cohesion across functional modules, which in turn predicted the fidelity of subsequent recall. Network integration mediated the influence of emotional arousal on recall fidelity, with consistent within- and between-network interactions supporting the mediation across datasets. Together, these results suggest that emotional arousal enhances memory encoding via strengthening functional integration across brain networks. Our findings advance a cross-level understanding of emotional memories that bridges large-scale brain network dynamics, affective states and ongoing cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gollapudi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.643125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emotional arousal enhances narrative memories through functional integration of large-scale brain networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.12.642925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue Engineering Applications for Novel Integrated and Mobile Perfusion System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.12.642925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perfusion offers unique benefits to tissue-engineered systems, enhancing oxygen and nutrient transport which improves tissue formation and growth. In this study, we present a novel and integrated portable perfusion system, termed the FluidON. Weighing <10 lbs, the system can maintain continuous flow in a standard incubation environment (37{degrees}C, 5% CO2), effectively functioning as a portable perfusion and culture chamber. To test the systems perfusion parameters, we measured the volumetric flow rate across a range of pressures and found that the system could achieve flow as low as 0.40{+/-} 0.19uL/s, which is similar to in vivo interstitial flow. Computational fluid dynamics revealed uniform flow distribution, laminar flow, and gentle circulation, helping ensure even fluid and nutrient distribution. To study the biocompatibility of the system, bioengineered tissue patches were created and perfused. Viability was assessed through flow cytometry. The system does not adversely affect cell health as the viability of perfused samples was found to be 40.99{+/-}6.22% alive after 24 hours (n=4), while that of the static control was 38.56{+/-}4.22% alive (n=4). To determine the effects of perfusion on spheroid spatial arrangement, perfused tissue patches were analyzed with light microscopy. It was discovered that perfusion promoted spheroid aggregation and cohesion, causing the distance from one spheroid to its nearest neighbor to decrease after 24 hours of perfusion. Perfusion was also found to improve the strength of hydrogels as the average hole area, caused by hydrolytic enzymes that degrade the hydrogel matrix, was smaller in perfused conditions compared to the control. Complemented by its ability to provide mobile perfusion and incubation, this novel integrated portable perfusion system holds promise for promoting tissue maturation, elevating tissue bioengineering studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunne, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibino, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.12.642925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue Engineering Applications for Novel Integrated and Mobile Perfusion System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.14.643063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deciphering lung adenocarcinoma evolution and the role of LINE-1 retrotransposition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.14.643063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding lung cancer evolution can identify tools for intercepting its growth. In a landscape analysis of 1024 lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD) with deep whole-genome sequencing integrated with multiomic data, we identified 542 LUAD that displayed diverse clonal architecture. In this group, we observed an interplay between mobile elements, endogenous and exogenous mutational processes, distinct driver genes, and epidemiological features. Our results revealed divergent evolutionary trajectories based on tobacco smoking exposure, ancestry, and sex. LUAD from smokers showed an abundance of tobacco-related C:G>A:T driver mutations in KRAS plus short subclonal diversification. LUAD in never smokers showed early occurrence of copy number alterations and EGFR mutations associated with SBS5 and SBS40a mutational signatures. Tumors harboring EGFR mutations exhibited long latency, particularly in females of European-ancestry (EU_N). In EU_N, EGFR mutations preceded the occurrence of other driver genes, including TP53 and RBM10. Tumors from Asian never smokers showed a short clonal evolution and presented with heterogeneous repetitive patterns for the inferred mutational order. Importantly, we found that the mutational signature ID2 is a marker of a previously unrecognized mechanism for LUAD evolution. Tumors with ID2 showed short latency and high L1 retrotransposon activity linked to L1 promoter demethylation. These tumors exhibited an aggressive phenotype, characterized by increased genomic instability, elevated hypoxia scores, low burden of neoantigens, propensity to develop metastasis, and poor overall survival. Re-activated L1 retrotransposition-induced mutagenesis can contribute to the origin of the mutational signature ID2, including through the regulation of the transcriptional factor ZNF695, a member of the KZFP family. The complex nature of LUAD evolution creates both challenges and opportunities for screening and treatment plans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Gay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchegiani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leduc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baine, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travis, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sholl, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joubert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElderry, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon-Matos, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miraftab, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, O. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caporaso, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiung, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pesatori, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consonni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edell, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santamaria, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schabath, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yendamuri, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manczuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lissowska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swiatkowska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukeria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shangina, O</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.14.643063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deciphering lung adenocarcinoma evolution and the role of LINE-1 retrotransposition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.14.638654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DiCE: Differential Centrality-Ensemble Analysis Based on Gene Expression Profiles and Protein-Protein Interaction Network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.14.638654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uncovering key genes that drive diseases and cancers is crucial for advancing understanding and developing targeted therapies. Traditional differential expression analysis often relies on arbitrary cutoffs, missing critical genes with subtle expression changes. Some methods incorporate protein-protein interactions (PPIs) but depend on prior disease knowledge. To address these challenges, we developed DiCE (Differential Centrality-Ensemble), a novel approach that combines differential expression with network centrality analysis, independent of prior disease annotations. DiCE identifies candidate genes, refines them with an information gain filter, and reconstructs a condition-specific weighted PPI network. Using centrality measures, DiCE ranks genes based on expression shifts and network influence. Validated on prostate cancer datasets, DiCE identified genes over-represented in key pathways and cancer fitness genes, significantly correlating with disease-free survival (DFS), despite DFS not being used in selection. DiCE offers a comprehensive, unbiased approach to identifying disease-associated genes, advancing biomarker discovery and therapeutic development.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=77 SRC="FIGDIR/small/638654v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (15K):
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pashaei, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lautenschlaeger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.14.638654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DiCE: Differential Centrality-Ensemble Analysis Based on Gene Expression Profiles and Protein-Protein Interaction Network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interleaving asynchronous and synchronous activity in balanced cortical networks with short-term synaptic depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical populations are in a broadly asynchronous state that is sporadically interrupted by brief epochs of coordinated population activity. Cortical models are at a loss to explain this combination of states. At one extreme are network models where recurrent inhibition dynamically stabilizes an asynchronous low activity state. While these networks are widely used, they cannot produce the coherent population-wide activity that is reported in a variety of datasets. At the other extreme are models in which strong recurrent excitation that is quickly tamed by short term synaptic depression between excitatory neurons leads to short epochs of population- wide activity. However, in these networks, inhibition plays only a perfunctory role in network stability, which is at odds with many reports across cortex. In this study we analyze spontaneously active in vitro preparations of primary auditory cortex that show dynamics that are emblematic of this mixture of states. To capture this complex population activity we use firing rate-based networks as well as biologically realistic networks of spiking neuron models where large excitation is balanced by recurrent inhibition, yet we include short-term synaptic depression dynamics of the excitatory connections. These models give very rich nonlinear behavior that mimics the core features of the in vitro data, including the possibility of low frequency (2-12 Hz) rhythmic dynamics within population events. In these networks, synaptic depression enables activity fluctuations to induce a weakening of inhibitory recruitment, which in turn triggers population events. In sum, our study extends balanced network models to account for nonlinear, population-wide correlated activity, thereby providing a critical step in a mechanistic theory of realistic cortical activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dunworth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graupner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ermentrout, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.643074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interleaving asynchronous and synchronous activity in balanced cortical networks with short-term synaptic depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.644114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonenzymatic RNA copying with a potentially primordial genetic alphabet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.644114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonenzymatic RNA copying is thought to have been responsible for the replication of genetic information during the origin of life. However, chemical copying with the canonical nucleotides (A, U, G, and C) strongly favors the incorporation of G and C and disfavors the incorporation of A and especially U, because of the stronger G:C vs. A:U base pair, and the weaker stacking interactions of U. Recent advances in prebiotic chemistry suggest that the 2-thiopyrimidines were precursors to the canonical pyrimidines, raising the possibility that they may have played an important early role in RNA copying chemistry. Furthermore, 2-thiouridine (s2U) and inosine (I) form by deamination of 2-thiocytidine (s2C) and A respectively. We used thermodynamic and crystallographic analyses to compare the I:s2C and A:s2U base pairs. We find that the I:s2C base pair is isomorphic and isoenergetic with the A:s2U base pair. The I:s2C base pair is weaker than a canonical G:C base pair, while the A:s2U base pair is stronger than the canonical A:U base pair, so that a genetic alphabet consisting of s2U, s2C, I and A generates RNA duplexes with uniform base pairing energies. Consistent with these results, kinetic analysis of nonenzymatic template-directed primer extension reactions reveals that s2C and s2U substrates bind similarly to I and A in the template, and vice versa. Our work supports the plausibility of a potentially primordial genetic alphabet consisting of s2U, s2C, I and A, and offers a potential solution to the long-standing problem of biased nucleotide incorporation during nonenzymatic template copying.

Significance StatementA long-standing challenge in primordial nonenzymatic RNA copying chemistry is the biased incorporation of C and G over A and U due to differences in base pair strength. We hypothesized that 2-thiopyrimidine substitution could help overcome this bias since A:s2U is a stronger version of the A:U base pair, and I:s2C is a weaker version of the G:C base pair. This study explores the efficacy of a potentially primordial genetic alphabet consisting of s2U, s2C, A and I. Our results show that A:s2U and I:s2C pairs are isoenergetic and isomorphic. Our findings highlight the potential of this alternative genetic alphabet to yield a more balanced incorporation of all nucleotides, facilitating information propagation by nonenzymatic RNA copying during the origin of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.19.644114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonenzymatic RNA copying with a potentially primordial genetic alphabet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential representations of spatial location by aperiodic and alpha oscillatory activity in working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decades of research have shown working memory (WM) relies on sustained pre-frontal cortical activity and visual extrastriate activity, particularly in the alpha (8-12 Hz) frequency range. This alpha activity tracks the spatial location of WM items, even when spatial position is task-irrelevant and there is no stimulus currently being presented. Traditional analyses of putative oscillations using bandpass filters, however, conflate oscillations with non-oscillatory aperiodic activity. Here, we reanalyzed seven different human electroencephalography (EEG) visual WM datasets to test the hypothesis that aperiodic activity-which is thought to reflect the relative contributions of excitatory and inhibitory drive-plays a distinct role in visual WM from true alpha oscillations. To do this, we developed a novel, time-resolved spectral parameterization approach to disentangle oscillations from aperiodic activity during WM encoding and maintenance. Across all seven tasks, totaling 112 participants, we captured the representation of spatial location from total alpha power using an inverted encoding model (IEM), replicating traditional analyses. We then trained separate IEMs to estimate the strength of spatial location representation from aperiodic-adjusted alpha (reflecting just the oscillatory component) and aperiodic activity, and find that IEM performance improves for aperiodic-adjusted alpha compared to total alpha power that blends the two signals. We also discover a novel role for aperiodic activity, where IEM performance trained on aperiodic activity is highest during stimulus presentation, but not during the WM maintenance period. Our results emphasize the importance of controlling for aperiodic activity when studying neural oscillations while uncovering a novel functional role for aperiodic activity in the encoding of visual WM information.

Significance statementWorking memory is a crucial component of cognition, yet its neural mechanisms are not fully understood. Research shows that alpha activity - presumed to reflect neural oscillations - tracks the location of items we hold in memory. However, these analyses assume that all alpha power is oscillatory, even though oscillations are mixed with non-oscillatory, aperiodic activity that may be physiologically and functionally distinct. Here, we use a novel analytical approach for separating alpha oscillations and aperiodic activity dynamically across time. Our results reveal distinct roles for each in human visual working memory: aperiodic activity encodes the spatial location of information whereas alpha oscillations maintain the location of that information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bender, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voytek, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.21.644412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential representations of spatial location by aperiodic and alpha oscillatory activity in working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644540v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel membrane contact site in vestibular hair cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644540v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian vestibular system has two types of sensory receptor hair cells (HCs), each with different neurotransmission mechanisms. Type II HCs use ribbon synapses to transmit neurotransmitters like glutamate to afferent neurons. On the other hand, type I HCs are nearly engulfed by a calyceal afferent ending and also form ribbon synapses. These HCs regulate afferent activity through non-quantal transmission (NQT), which is faster than classic neurotransmitter release and may play a key role in stabilizing vision and balance during rapid head movements. Here, we describe a novel striated contact, present between the mouse type I HC and its calyceal afferent ending, and intimately associated with atypical plasma membrane-apposed (PMA) mitochondria. This distinctive arrangement has the potential to serve or modulate NQT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brouilly, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujol, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazevieille, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eatock, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujol, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.21.644540</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel membrane contact site in vestibular hair cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Excitability and travelling waves in renewable active matter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activity and renewability are distinctive features of living matter, and constitute a new class of materials that we term renewable active matter. A striking example is the cell cytoskeleton, where myosin filaments bind to the actin meshwork, apply contractile stresses and undergo continual stress/strain dependent turnover, thus acting as both force generators and sensors. As a consequence of nonreciprocity, arising from the independence of action and response, such living matter exhibits unusual mechanical properties like, segregation without attraction, fragility and force chains. Here we show that the interplay between activity and turnover gives rise to mechanical excitability in the form of travelling waves and pulses, and spatiotemporal chaos. We provide a systematic study of the nucleation, movement and shape of the travelling pulse, and present a boundary layer analysis to establish the existence of homoclinic orbits. Our analytical results are supported by detailed numerical analysis of the governing partial differential equations. This study has implications for the observed mechanical excitability in a variety of cellular contexts such as in isolated adherent cells and confluent cells within tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>M, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhanuka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.645200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Excitability and travelling waves in renewable active matter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collective Microbial Effects Drive Toxin Bioremediation and Enable Rational Design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The metabolic activity of microbial communities is essential for host and environmental health, influencing processes from immune regulation to bioremediation. Given this importance, the rational design of microbiomes with targeted functional properties is an important objective. Designing microbial consortia with targeted functions is challenging due to complex community interactions and environmental heterogeneity. Community-function landscapes address this challenge by statistically inferring impacts of species presence or absence on function. Similar to fitness landscapes, community-function landscapes are shaped by both additive effects and interactions (epistasis) among species that influence function. Here, we apply the community-function landscape approach to design synthetic microbial consortia to degrade the toxic environmental contaminant bisphenol-A (BPA). Using synthetic communities of BPA-degrading isolates, we map community-function landscapes across increasing BPA concentrations, where higher BPA means greater toxicity. As toxicity increases, so does epistasis, indicating that collective effects become more important in degradation. Further, we leverage landscapes to rationally design communities with predictable BPA degradation dynamics in vitro. Remarkably, designed synthetic communities are able to remediate BPA in contaminated soils. Our results demonstrate that toxicity can drive epistatic interactions in community-function landscapes and that these landscapes can guide microbial consortia design for bioremediation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yousef, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charisopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.645802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collective Microbial Effects Drive Toxin Bioremediation and Enable Rational Design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The PXBAR-domain protein SNX9 selectively sequesters PI(3,4)P2 lipid and protects it from hydrolysis at the plasma membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasma membrane remodeling processes are tightly regulated by the spatiotemporal distribution and dynamic conversion of phosphoinositidyl lipids (PIPs). This regulation is controlled by the recruitment of proteins such as sorting nexin 9 (SNX9), a key mediator of late-stage endocytosis and macropinocytosis. Using live cell imaging, in vitro reconstitution assays, and molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated how SNX9 distinguishes between PI(3,4)P2 and PI(4,5)P2, and the physiological relevance of this selectivity. Our results revealed that during macropinocytic membrane ruffling, SNX9 is recruited in a spatiotemporally coordinated manner with PI(3,4)P2, but not with PI(4,5)P2. While SNX9 induces comparably weak mechanical remodeling on model membranes containing either PIP2 species, it exhibits a clear selective binding to PI(3,4)P2, mediated by a non-canonical interface. Through mutational analysis of key residues involved in this sequestration, we further demonstrated that SNX9 protects PI(3,4)P2 from hydrolysis. Together, these results reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism of SNX9-PIP2 lipid interaction that underscores SNX9s pivotal role in coordinating membrane remodeling processes.

TeaserCurvature sensing BAR protein SNX9 selectively sequesters PI(3,4)P2 lipids, acting as a checkpoint in cell membrane remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beiter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVuono, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arumugam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassereau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The PXBAR-domain protein SNX9 selectively sequesters PI(3,4)P2 lipid and protects it from hydrolysis at the plasma membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epithelia mediate inflammation with myeloid cells in Crohn's disease patients under treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crohns disease (CD), a major class of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), is a chronic condition affecting millions, with >50% of the patients experiencing relapses marked by inflammation. Our cellular atlas (380,000 cells) of the terminal ileum (TI) and ascending colon (AC) mucosa from 46 CD and non-IBD donors across various clinical condition, decipher disease heterogeneity for CD relapse and refractory inflammation. We identified an inflammatory cascade mediated by follicle-associated enterocytes in the inflamed TI involving pro-inflammatory macrophage M1 that remained unresolved by given biologic treatments. Spatial transcriptomic validation confirmed this epithelial-immune crosstalk. In contrast, interactions between colonocytes, FAP+ stroma and innate immune cells were were the unresolved cascade in AC driving inflammation. In addition, we propose a transcript-based scoring method to quantify inflammation activity that can be used to compare inflammation levels across patients, with the overall aim to help disease stratification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koval, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cham, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epithelia mediate inflammation with myeloid cells in Crohn's disease patients under treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.645783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The BK channel-NS1619 agonist complex reveals molecular insights on allosteric activation gating 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.645783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BK channels play essential roles in a wealth of physiological functions, including regulating smooth muscle tone and neurotransmitter release. Its dysfunction, often caused by loss-of-function mutations, can lead to severe phenotypes, including ataxia and sensory impairment. Despite the therapeutic potential of BK channel agonists, the molecular mechanisms by which they stabilize the pores open conformation remain unclear. Using cryo-electron microscopy and molecular dynamic simulations, we identified that NS1619, a synthetic benzimidazolone agonist, first described as a BK opener, binds within a pocket formed by the S6/RCK1 linker and the S4 transmembrane segment. Agonist binding drives a twisting motion in the S6 segment, enabling critical interactions with residues K330, K331, and F223. Our findings clarify the mechanism of NS1619 and suggest that its binding site can accommodate other agonists, highlighting a promising target for therapeutic development.

TeaserBK channel activation by NS1619 reveals key binding interactions, offering insights for designing targeted therapeutic agents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Sanabria, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Nilo, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perozo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.27.645783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The BK channel-NS1619 agonist complex reveals molecular insights on allosteric activation gating]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sirtuin 2 controls global protein synthesis by regulating Rheb-GTPase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upregulated global protein synthesis is associated with the development and progression of several diseases and disorders. Strategies like calorie restriction and pharmacological inhibition of protein synthesis, have exhibited health-promoting effects. However, the complex molecular events that regulate global protein synthesis are not completely understood. Here, we report that SIRT2, a histone deacylase, negatively regulates global protein synthesis by inhibiting the mTORC1 pathway via deacetylating Rheb and promoting Rheb degradation. Our in vitro results suggest that SIRT2 deficiency increases protein synthesis, whereas SIRT2 overexpression suppresses protein synthesis. SIRT2-deficient mice exhibit age-associated and neurohormone-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Here, we report increased global protein synthesis in the hearts of young SIRT2-deficient mice, which may contribute to the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Conversely, cardiac-specific overexpression of SIRT2 reduces global protein synthesis in mice hearts. Mechanistically, SIRT2 binds to and deacetylates Rheb at K151 residue to enhance ubiquitin-proteosome-mediated degradation of Rheb. Depletion of Rheb rescues the increased protein synthesis in SIRT2-inhibited conditions. Our findings suggest that SIRT2 activation can be a potential therapeutic for treating diseases associated with increased protein synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shrama, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandit, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagesh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivanaiah, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhashankar, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumi, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaresan, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sirtuin 2 controls global protein synthesis by regulating Rheb-GTPase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SIRT2 Mediates Integrated Stress Response by Deacetylating and Stabilizing 4EBP1 to Suppress Translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to alleviate nutrient stress, such as amino acid limitation, is crucial for cell survival. The mTORC1 complex and integrated stress response (ISR) are mechanisms that sense the availability of amino acids and regulate ribosomal protein synthesis. Here we have discovered a new SIRT2-mediated pathway, downstream of ISR, that senses the limitation of amino acids to regulate translation. Under amino acid deprivation, SIRT2 protein level is upregulated translationally by its upstream open reading frame (uORF). SIRT2 in turn suppresses global protein translation, which helps cells to survive amino acid limitation. Mechanistically, we identified eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein 1 (4EBP1), which negatively regulates translation, as a substrate of SIRT2. SIRT2 deacetylates 4EBP1 at Lys69 and stabilizes 4EBP1 by protecting it from proteasomal degradation. Our study reveals a novel role for SIRT2 in regulating protein translation and a new regulatory mechanism of 4EBP1 in cells. Our study provides a better understanding of the intricate regulation of translation and may explain the known non-oncogene addiction role of SIRT2 in cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerione, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SIRT2 Mediates Integrated Stress Response by Deacetylating and Stabilizing 4EBP1 to Suppress Translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.645596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overnutrition directly impairs thyroid hormone biosynthesis and utilization, causing hypothyroidism, despite remarkable thyroidal adaptations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.645596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thyroid hormones (THs: T3 and T4) are key regulators of metabolic rate and nutrient metabolism. They are controlled centrally and peripherally in a coordinated manner to elegantly match T3-mediated energy expenditure (EE) to energy availability. Hypothyroidism reduces EE and has long been blamed for obesity; however, emerging evidence suggests that, instead, obesity may drive thyroid dysfunction. Thus, we used a mouse model of diet-induced obesity to determine its direct effects on thyroid histopathology and function, deiodinase activity, and T3 action. Strikingly, overnutrition induced hypothyroidism within 3 weeks. Levels of thyroidal THs and their precursor protein thyroglobulin decreased, and ER stress was induced, indicating that thyroid function was directly impaired. We also observed pronounced histological and vascular expansion in the thyroid. Overnutrition additionally suppressed T4 activation, rendering the mice resistant to T4 and reducing EE. Our findings collectively show that overnutrition deals a double strike to TH biosynthesis and action, despite large efforts to adapt--but, fortunately, thyroid dysfunction in mice can be reversed by weight loss. In humans, BMI correlated with thyroidal vascularization, importantly demonstrating preliminary translatability. These studies lay the groundwork for novel obesity therapies that tackle hypothyroidism--which are much-needed, as no current obesity treatment works for everyone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rampy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Manzo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffsmith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loberg, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas-Lucia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrojo e Drigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.645596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overnutrition directly impairs thyroid hormone biosynthesis and utilization, causing hypothyroidism, despite remarkable thyroidal adaptations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.646682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal modulation of the superior colliculus associated with visual spatial attention represents perceptual sensitivity, independent of perceptual decision and motor biases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.646682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in the superior colliculus (SC), like those in the cerebral cortex, are strongly modulated in response to shifts in attention, but make a contribution that is distinct from attention-related modulations in visual cortex. It has been a point of contention whether attention-related enhancement of neuronal activity in SC is associated with selective increase in behavioral sensitivity (d) in neurons response fields or with animals decision bias, which is closely linked with motor planning. By independently controlling monkeys perceptual decision and motor criterion, we show that SC activity is strongly correlated with perceptual sensitivity at the neurons response field. Responses of the same SC neurons were unchanged in the face of correspondingly large changes in the perceptual decision criterion. Furthermore, the SC activity did not convey information about perceptual detection on individual trials. These results suggest that the SC contributes to the component of attentional states related to heightened perceptual sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maunsell, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.01.646682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal modulation of the superior colliculus associated with visual spatial attention represents perceptual sensitivity, independent of perceptual decision and motor biases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epidermal Resident Memory T Cell Fitness Requires Antigen Encounter in the Skin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD8+ tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) develop from effectors that seed peripheral tissues where they persist providing defense against subsequent challenges. TRM persistence requires autocrine TGF{beta} transactivated by integrins expressed on keratinocytes. TRM precursors that encounter antigen in the epidermis during development outcompete bystander TRM for TGF{beta} resulting in enhanced persistence. ScRNA-seq analysis of epidermal TRM revealed that local antigen experience in the skin resulted in an enhanced differentiation signature in comparison with bystanders. Upon recall, TRM displayed greater proliferation dictated by affinity of antigen experienced during epidermal development. Finally, local antigen experienced TRM differentially expressed TGF{beta}RIII, which increases avidity of the TGF{beta}RI/II receptor complex for TGF{beta}. Selective ablation of Tgfbr3 reduced local antigen experienced TRM capacity to persist, rendering them phenotypically like bystander TRM. Thus, antigen driven TCR signaling in the epidermis during TRM differentiation results in a lower TGF{beta} requirement for persistence and increased proliferative capacity that together enhance epidermal TRM fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiss, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magill, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramcke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurihara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The ImmGen Consortium OpenSource T cell Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masopust, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anandasabapathy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemmour, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackay, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epidermal Resident Memory T Cell Fitness Requires Antigen Encounter in the Skin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Teeth Outside the Jaw: Evolution and Development of the Toothed Head Clasper in Chimaeras 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chimaeras (Holocephali) are an understudied group of mostly deep-ocean cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) with unique characteristics that distinguish them from their distant relatives, sharks, skates, and rays. Unlike sharks, chimaeras lack scales and do not have serially replacing rows of serrated teeth crowned with enameloid. Instead, they possess a fused dentition of dentine toothplates. Additionally, male chimaeras develop an articulated cartilaginous facial appendage, the tenaculum, which is covered in an arcade of tooth-like structures. These seeming extraoral teeth remain poorly understood, and their evolutionary origin is unclear. We investigate the development of the tenaculum and its teeth throughout the ontogeny of the Spotted Ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei, to assess homology and convergence between this novel craniofacial feature and oral jaws. Our study aims to: (1) describe the development of the tenaculum, (2) assess tenaculum tooth development in comparison to oral teeth and denticles, and (3) characterize the genes and tissues responsible for tenaculum tooth emergence. We found that juvenile male chimaeras develop a full tenaculum before tooth development is complete and that only mature males possess a fully toothed tenaculum. These extraoral teeth emerge from within the tenaculum rather than from the surrounding epithelium. We integrate our developmental data with fossil evidence of the tenacula dentition from the Carboniferous holocephalan Helodus simplex. Our findings show that the tenaculum is closely associated with the upper jaw and that tenacula dentition resembles separate shark-like oral tooth whorls more than modified dermal denticles.

Significance StatementThe development and evolutionary history of extraoral dentition in vertebrates remain largely unexplored. This study investigates the ontogeny of the male tenaculum, a unique feature of chimaeras, revealing a tooth development pathway similar to the oral dentition in sharks. By integrating fossil data and molecular techniques, we hypothesize that tenaculum teeth are homologous to oral teeth rather than modified skin denticles, providing key insights into the plasticity of odontogenesis and craniofacial diversity in vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cohen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coates, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.04.647311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Teeth Outside the Jaw: Evolution and Development of the Toothed Head Clasper in Chimaeras]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.646526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Invasion blurs the biphasic mosaic, amplifies the 'wicked problem' through impacts on avian distributions in montane habitats. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.03.646526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Globally, managing invasive plants and habitat transformation often constitutes a  wicked problem due to highly variable impacts on threatened biodiversity. In naturally patchy habitats, invasion can blur edges, pushing species beyond natural habitats. In biphasic habitats like forest-grassland mosaics, complementary sets of specialist species offer a unique configuration to examine such impacts from both directions. In the Shola Sky Islands, extensive woody invasive stands and agriculture/production landscapes have created a set of transformed closed and open habitats structurally similar to their natural counterparts. We expect the species usage of such novel habitats to reflect their dietary and habitat specialisation.

We conducted 4,519 surveys across 1,204 randomly selected grid cells for the avian community, covering the global distribution of five species. For a select set of specialist and generalist species, we estimated patch occupancy and abundance using hierarchical models. We used acoustics to assess species persistence across invasion stages with automated recorders deployed across a year. We used community occurrence data to examine functional traits that correspond to habitat colonisation.

Forest species occur year-round in transformed woody habitats across all invasion stages, and habitat overstory determines avian functional diversity. Forest specialists decline in transformed habitats across high-contrast edges, while generalists increase across both high- and low-contrast edges, indicating a  supertramp strategy. Grassland specialist, however, decline strongly beyond all edges, creating a duality of losses and gains across the biphasic matrix.

We highlight the diversity of threatened species responses to invasion and habitat transformation, underscoring the importance of nuanced approaches to habitat restoration, particularly in biphasic habitats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jobin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harikrishnan, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravind, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mubeen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subash, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandini, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jathanna, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.03.646526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Invasion blurs the biphasic mosaic, amplifies the 'wicked problem' through impacts on avian distributions in montane habitats.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor-Initiating Cells Fine-tune the Plasticity of Neutrophils to Sculpt a Protective Niche 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The abundant accumulation of neutrophils in various solid cancers has been well recognized, but the functions of tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) remain controversial. TANs have long been believed to be immune suppressive and have thus been referred to as "myeloid-derived suppressor cells". However, effective tumor control induced by immunotherapy was recently found to be associated with strong neutrophil signatures. These seemingly contradictory findings highlight the unexpected degree of plasticity and heterogeneity unique to TANs. How the cellular plasticity and functional heterogeneity of TANs are regulated remains unknown. Here, we show that, while anti-PDL1/CD40 agonist immunotherapy can induce interferon responses to reprogram many TANs, allowing them to become plastic and regain anti-tumor activities in squamous cell carcinomas, a subset of TANs residing at the tumor-stroma interface can preserve their immune suppressive state. Importantly, by designing a reverse genetic screening, we identified a group of Sox2Hi tumor-initiating cells (TICs) at the tumor-stroma interface that could upregulate Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 (Fads1) to produce arachidonic acid. This TIC-specific pathway can disrupt the interferon responsive potentials of TANs, preventing the interferon-mediated reprogramming. Thus, by fine-tuning the plasticity of neutrophils, TICs shape neutrophil heterogeneity and sculpt a protective micro-niche to survive from immunotherapy and drive cancer relapse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izumchenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertacchi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolotin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballesteros, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.04.647324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor-Initiating Cells Fine-tune the Plasticity of Neutrophils to Sculpt a Protective Niche]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.07.647521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N-Terminal Deleted Isoforms of E3 Ligase RNF220 (Isoform 4) Are Ubiquitously Expressed and Required for Mouse Muscle Differentiation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.07.647521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Four isoform peptides of the novel E3 ligase RNF220 have been identified in humans. However, all of previous studies have predominantly focused on isoform 1, which consists of 566 amino acids (aa). Here, we show that a shorter isoform, isoform 4 (308 aa), lacking most of the N-terminus, is the predominant and ubiquitously expressed variant that warrants functional investigation. Both isoform 1 and isoform 4 are expressed in the brain; however, isoform 4 is the major isoform expressed in all other tissues in mice. Consistently, H3K4me3 ChIP-seq data from ENCODE reveal that the transcription start site for isoform 4 demonstrates broader and stronger activity across human tissues than that of isoform 1. Isoform 4 produces two peptides (4a and 4b) through alternative translation initiation, with isoform 4b displaying distinct subcellular localization and subnuclear structures. Notably, during embryonic stem cell differentiation into neural stem cells, isoform 1 expression increases, whereas isoform 4 expression decreases. In murine myoblasts, isoform 4 is the sole expressed isoform and is required for MyoD and myogenin expression, as well as for muscle differentiation. Our findings highlight isoform 4 as the ubiquitously and highly expressed variant, likely playing a fundamental role across tissues while exhibiting functional differences from isoform 1. These results emphasize the critical importance of isoform 4 in future studies investigating the biological functions of RNF220.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfgeher, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Go, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, G.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kron, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.07.647521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N-Terminal Deleted Isoforms of E3 Ligase RNF220 (Isoform 4) Are Ubiquitously Expressed and Required for Mouse Muscle Differentiation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.07.647663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel regulator of the fungal phosphate starvation response revealed by transcriptional profiling and DNA affinity purification sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.07.647663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells must accurately sense and respond to nutrients to compete for resources and establish growth. Phosphate is a critical nutrient source necessary for signaling, energy metabolism, and synthesis of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and cellular metabolites. During phosphate limitation, fungi import phosphate from the environment and liberate phosphate from phosphate-containing molecules in the cell. In the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, the phosphate starvation response is regulated by the conserved transcription factor NUC-1. The activity of NUC-1 is repressed by a complex of the cyclin-dependent kinase MDK-1 and the cyclin PREG when phosphate is plentiful. When phosphate is limiting, NUC-1 repression by MDK-1/PREG is relieved by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor NUC-2. We investigated the global response of N. crassa to phosphate starvation. During phosphate starvation, NUC-1 directly activated expression of genes encoding phosphatases, nucleases, and a phosphate transporter and directly repressed genes associated with the ribosome. Additionally, NUC-1 indirectly activated the expression of an uncharacterized transcription factor, which we named nuc-3. NUC-3 directly repressed the expression of genes involved in phosphate acquisition and liberation after an extended period of phosphate starvation. Additionally, NUC-3 directly repressed expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor nuc-2. Thus, through the combination of NUC-3 direct repression of genes in the phosphate starvation response and nuc-2, an activator of the phosphate starvation response, NUC-3 serves to act as a brake on the phosphate starvation response after an extended period of phosphate starvation. This braking mechanism could reduce transcription, a phosphate-intensive process, in conditions when phosphate is limiting.

IMPORTANCEFungi evolved regulatory networks to respond to available nutrients. Phosphate is frequently a limiting nutrient for fungi critical for many cellular functions, including nucleic acid and phospholipid biosynthesis, cell signaling, and energy metabolism. The fungal response to phosphate limitation is important in interactions with plants and animals. We investigated the global transcriptional response to phosphate starvation and the role of a major transcriptional regulator, NUC-1, in the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. Our data shows NUC-1 is a bifunctional transcription factor that directly activates phosphate acquisition genes, while directly repressing genes associated with phosphate-intensive processes. NUC-1 indirectly regulates an uncharacterized transcription factor, which we named nuc-3. NUC-3 directly represses phosphate acquisition genes and nuc-2, an activator of the phosphate starvation response, during extended periods of phosphate starvation. Thus, NUC-3 acts as a brake on the phosphate starvation response to reduce phosphate-intensive activities, like transcriptional activation, when phosphate starvation persists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huberman, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowbel, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singan, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigoriev, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.07.647663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel regulator of the fungal phosphate starvation response revealed by transcriptional profiling and DNA affinity purification sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.08.647815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The precision of hippocampal representations predicts incremental value-learning across the adult lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.08.647815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Correctly assigning value to different options and leveraging this information to guide choice is a cornerstone of adaptive decision-making. Reinforcement learning (RL) has provided a computational framework to study this process, and neural signals linked to RL have been identified in the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex. More recently, hippocampal contributions to this kind of value-learning have been proposed, at least under some conditions. Here, we test whether the hippocampus provides a signal of the options identity that aids in credit assignment when learning about several perceptually similar items, and evaluate how this process differs across the lifespan. A sample of 251 younger and older adults, including a subset (n = 76) with simultaneous fMRI, completed an RL task in which they learned the value of four houses through trial-and-error. Older adults showed decreased choice accuracy, accompanied by reduced neural signaling of value at choice but not feedback. Using representational similarity analysis, we found that the precision with which choice options were represented in the posterior hippocampus during choice predicted accurate decisions across age groups. Interestingly, despite previous evidence for neural de-differentiation in older adults, we found no support for a "blurring" of these stimulus representations in older adults. Rather, we observed reduced connectivity between the posterior hippocampus and the medial PFC in older adults, and this connectivity correlated with choice consistency. Taken together, these findings identify a hippocampal contribution to incremental value learning, and that reductions in incremental value learning in older adults are associated with the reduced transfer of information between the hippocampus and mPFC, rather than the precision of the information in the hippocampus itself.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>vanGeen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lempert, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacNear, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reckers, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaneski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kable, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.08.647815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The precision of hippocampal representations predicts incremental value-learning across the adult lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.07.647669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small non-coding RNAs encapsulating mammalian cells fuel innate immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.07.647669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell surface RNAs, notably glycoRNAs, have been reported, yet the exact surface RNA compositions in different cell types remain unclear. Here, we introduce a comprehensive suite of methodologies for imaging, profiling, quantifying, and exploring the biological functions of specific surface RNAs. Utilizing these techniques, we have identified diverse non-coding RNAs present on mammalian cell surfaces. We confirm the membrane anchorage and quantify the abundance of several representative RNAs on human primary cells. Notably, we discover a significant prevalence of Y RNAs on the surfaces of human monocytes and B cells. We find that these Y RNAs on human monocyte surfaces enrich extracellular histones, regulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene expression and subsequent protein secretion upon histone stimulation via NF-{kappa}B and AP-1 activation. Our study not only presents effective approaches for investigating surface RNAs, but also uncovers a previously unrecognized immune activation pathway mediated by surface Y RNAs on monocytes.

In briefA comprehensive profiling of surface RNAs across diverse mammalian blood cell types unveil abundant Y RNAs on the surface of human monocytes. Subsequent investigations uncover functional roles of surface Y RNAs on monocytes as "immune sentinel" to enrich extracellular histones, revealing a previously unknown pathway of innate immune activation.

HighlightsNovel methodologies for cell surface RNA mapping, validation and functional interrogation.

Sequencing of surface RNAs across various mammalian blood cell types offers detailed maps of surface RNAs.

Abundant Y RNAs localize on human monocyte surfaces and capture extracellular histones released by adjacent ruptured cells.

Surface Y RNAs enrich extracellular histones to facilitate transcription and secretion of IL-6 through NF-{kappa}B and AP-1 activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>hu, l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.07.647669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small non-coding RNAs encapsulating mammalian cells fuel innate immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.08.647864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust detection of specific epistasis using rank statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.08.647864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phenotypic effect of a mutation may depend on the genetic background in which it occurs, a phenomenon referred to as epistasis. One source of epistasis in proteins is direct interactions between residues in close physical proximity to one another. However, epistasis may also occur in the absence of specific interactions between amino acids if the genotype-to-phenotype map is nonlinear. Disentangling the contributions of these two phenomena--specific and global epistasis--from noisy, high-throughput mutagenesis experiments is highly non-trivial: the form of the nonlinearity is generally not known and model misspecification may lead to over- or underestimation of specific epistasis. In contrast to previous approaches, we do not attempt to model the fitness measurements directly. Rather, we begin with the observation that global epistasis, under the assumption of monotonicity, imposes strong constraints on the rank statistics of a combinatorial mutagenesis experiment. Namely, the rank-order of mutant phenotypes should be preserved across genetic backgrounds. We exploit this constraint to devise a simple semi-parametric method to detect specific epistasis in the presence of global epistasis and measurement noise. We apply this method to three high-throughput mutagenesis experiments, uncovering known protein contacts with similar or higher accuracy than existing, more complicated procedures. Moreover, the principles underlying our framework may suggest new ways of understanding the mechanisms which generate epistasis and their consequences for protein evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.08.647864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust detection of specific epistasis using rank statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.10.648273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
THE FUNCTION AND EVOLUTION OF STEGOSAUR OSTEODERMS AND HYPOTHESIZED SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN HESPEROSAURUS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.10.648273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stegosaurus is one of the most iconic organisms in Earths history due to its impressive dermal osteoderms. These consisted of throat ossicles, two pairs of posterior tail spikes, and an estimated 18 large plates arranged in two staggered rows along the neck, back, and tail. The function and evolution of these structures in stegosaurs is a quintessential question in dinosaur paleontology. Although sociosexual display has become a popular explanation of plate function, sexual dimorphism in dinosaurs has been a contentious topic. Spikes are meanwhile often described as defensive structures, but we consider an additional intra-sex combat function worthy of further study.

To investigate the questions surrounding stegosaur osteoderms, we reevaluate variation in North American stegosaur osteoderms, with attention to hypothesized sexual dimorphism in Hesperosaurus, a close relative of Stegosaurus with similar osteoderms. We correct errors in previous analyses, address challenges of the dimorphism hypothesis, and use outline analysis and effect size statistics to provide further statistical support that one sex possibly had larger, wide/broad plates (hypothesized male), while the other sex had smaller, tall/narrow plates (hypothesized female). Stegosaur plates are a difficult case study for sexual variation because the multiple plates borne by a single individual can result in datasets that violate assumptions of independence. Despite appreciable variation from head to tail along an individual, the variation in size and shape seen in Hesperosaurus plates is still consistent with the presence of sexual variation as evidenced by both size-independent, two-dimensional outline analysis as well as size-versus-shape regression analysis of principal component data, with high confidence in the latter.

We note pathologies on stegosaur caudal vertebrae, particularly in old adults of wide-morph Hesperosaurus, as well as in Stegosaurus tail spikes. These pathologies are consistent with not just predator-prey interactions but also intraspecific combat. There currently is no unambiguous indication of dimorphism in stegosaur thagomizers because alternative hypotheses, such as ontogenetic or interspecific variation, are not yet fully tested.

Finally, we present a hypothetical model of stegosaur osteoderm evolution and function based on fossil and extant evidence. Osteoderms adapted for defense in earlier thyreophorans likely became exapted for sexual display (i.e., plates) and intra-sex combat (e.g., tail spikes in stegosaurs, clubs in ankylosaurs). Therefore, sexual selection may have initiated the differentiation of plates from the terminal thagomizer and induced the unique asymmetry of staggered plates in Stegosaurus and Hesperosaurus. Osteoderm development in hypothesized males could have been driven to physiological upper limits by sexual selection, while the intensity of predation pressure dictated osteoderm development in hypothesized females. Increasing predation pressure might correlate with large body size, open habitats, spine-like plate processes, long tail spikes, and gular ossicles. Within this hypothetical evolutionary model, Hesperosaurus would represent a stegosaur taxon with a high magnitude of sexual dimorphism, consistent with its smaller body size, rounder plates, presumed lack of gular ossicles, and niche occupation within a wet, forested, vegetation-rich habitat in the northern Morrison foreland basin.

The question of stegosaur plate function requires us to look more broadly at thyreophoran osteoderm variation and evolution and to consider complex, multifactor models that incorporate many previously proposed hypotheses. We must sort between primary versus secondary functions of plates, spikes, and ossicles and how these functions changed over time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saitta, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonhomme, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longrich, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockdale, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.10.648273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[THE FUNCTION AND EVOLUTION OF STEGOSAUR OSTEODERMS AND HYPOTHESIZED SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN HESPEROSAURUS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.12.646414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglial Fructose Metabolism Is Essential for Glioblastoma Growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.12.646414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM) is most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, for which standard of care hasnt changed in twenty years. GBM tumor associated macrophages (TAMCs), consisting of infiltrating myeloid cells from the periphery and resident microglia cells, are pro-tumorigenic, promoting tumor growth. Fructose is one of the most abundant metabolites in the GBM tumor microenvironment (TME), as well as in the healthy central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS and GBM, microglia are the predominant expressors of the fructose transporter GLUT5. Mice lacking the GLUT5 transporter (GLUT5-KO) survive significantly longer after orthotopic implantation of two glioma cell lines than wildtype mice, which is not due to dietary fructose or peripherally derived TAMCs. Investigation of the TME showed that GLUT5-KO mice have more highly activated and inflammatory innate and adaptive immune compartments. Microglia cultured in fructose have a decreased phagocytic ability and exhibit decreased inflammatory capacity due to the polyol pathway promoting redox homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Billingham, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delay, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilinger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbiah, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadagopan, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chia, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najem, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cognet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Cervantes, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipshutz, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffy, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valyasnikova, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiland, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee-Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heimberger, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandel, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.12.646414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglial Fructose Metabolism Is Essential for Glioblastoma Growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.649578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cerebellum instructs plasticity in the mouse primary somatosensory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.649578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the cerebellum, climbing fibers (CFs) provide instructive signals for supervised learning at parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapses. It has not been tested so far whether CF signaling may also influence plasticity in other brain areas. Here, we show that optogenetic CF activation suppresses potentiation of whisker responses in L2/3 pyramidal cells in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of awake mice that is observed after repeated whisker stimulation. Using two-photon imaging and chemogenetics, we find that CFs control plasticity by modulating SST- and VIP-positive interneurons in S1 cortex. Transsynaptic labeling identifies zona incerta (ZI) to thalamic posterior medial nucleus projections as a pathway for cerebellar output reaching S1 cortex. Chemogenetic inhibition of PV-positive neurons in the ZI prevents CF co-activation effects, identifying the ZI as a critical relay. Our findings demonstrate that CFs impact sensory signal processing and plasticity in S1 cortex and thus may convey instructive signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silbaugh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koster, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.18.649578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cerebellum instructs plasticity in the mouse primary somatosensory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early-Life Environmental Exposures Reprogram Epigenomic Aging to Alter Gene Expression Trajectories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand how early-life environmental exposures shape health and disease risk across the lifecourse, the TaRGET II Consortium exposed mice to diverse toxicants from pre-conception through weaning, and followed individual animals into adulthood, generating over 800 epigenomic and transcriptomic profiles. These profiles revealed that early-life exposures induced persistent epigenomic reprogramming and significantly disrupted the adult transcriptome. Notably, despite their diverse mechanisms of action, the exposure signatures of the xenoestrogen BPA, obesogen TBT, dioxin TCDD, and air pollutant PM2.5, were all largely comprised of genes normally differentially expressed during liver aging. Epigenetic histone modifications at enhancers--and, to a lesser extent, promoters--emerged as key targets for this reprogramming. Despite differing mechanisms of action, these four toxicants imparted similar "fingerprints" on the adult liver, characterized by direction-and cell type-specific polarization of the transcriptome. Hepatocyte genes that typically increase with age, particularly those in metabolic pathways, were downregulated, while conversely, non-parenchymal cell genes that typically decrease with age, such as those involved in extracellular matrix production, were upregulated. A similar signature of anti-correlation with programmed aging aging was also found in the transcriptome of patients with liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and was effective at distinguishing healthy from diseased human livers. These findings demonstrate that the plasticity of epigenomic aging is vulnerable to early-life environmental exposures, which can reprogram the epigenome with lasting impacts on the transcriptome, and disease risk, later in life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grimm, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jangid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolomei, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolinoy, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylor, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutlu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TaRGET II Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coarfa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early-Life Environmental Exposures Reprogram Epigenomic Aging to Alter Gene Expression Trajectories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.649588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Azurify integrates cancer genomics with machine learning to classify the clinical significance of somatic variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.649588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate classification of somatic variations from high-throughput sequencing data has become integral to diagnostics and prognostics across various cancers. However, the classification of these variations remains highly manual, inherently variable, and largely inaccessible outside specialized laboratories. Here, we introduce Azurify - a computational tool that integrates machine learning, public resources recommended by professional societies, and clinically annotated data to classify the pathogenicity of variations in precision cancer medicine. Trained on over 15,000 clinically classified variants from 8,202 patients across 138 cancer phenotypes, Azurify achieves 99.1% classification accuracy for concordant pathogenic variants in data from two external clinical laboratories. Additionally, Azurify reliably performs precise molecular profiling in leukemia cases. Azurifys unified, scalable, and modular framework can be easily deployed within bioinformatics pipelines and retrained as new data emerges. In addition to supporting clinical workflows, Azurify offers a high-throughput screening solution for research, enabling genomic studies to identify meaningful variant-disease associations with greater efficiency and consistency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bigdeli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrashekar, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitturi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rushton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackinnon, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faryabi, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.18.649588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Azurify integrates cancer genomics with machine learning to classify the clinical significance of somatic variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.648805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effects of Antidepressants on the Hippocampus: A Meta-Analysis of Public Transcriptional Profiling Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.648805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDepression can be treated with traditional antidepressant pharmaceuticals targeting monoaminergic function, as well as with a variety of non-traditional drug classes and neuromodulatory interventions, such as electroconvulsive therapy.

ObjectiveTo identify mechanisms of action shared across antidepressant treatment categories, we performed a systematic meta-analysis of public transcriptional profiling data from adult laboratory rodents (rats, mice). Our scope included clinically-used and clinically-effective antidepressant treatments, both pharmacological and neuromodulatory. The outcome variable was gene expression, as measured by microarray or RNA-Seq, from bulk dissected tissue from two brain regions linked to depression, the hippocampus and cortex.

MethodsRelevant datasets were identified in the Gemma database of curated, reprocessed transcriptional profiling data using pre-defined search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria (hippocampus: 6-24-2024, cortex: 7-10-2024). Differential expression results were extracted for all available genes, minimizing bias. For each gene, a random effects meta-analysis model was fit to the antidepressant vs. control effect sizes (Log2 Fold Changes) from each study for each brain region, with exploratory analyses examining traditional and non-traditional antidepressant categories separately.

ResultsFor the hippocampus, 15 relevant studies were identified, containing 22 antidepressant vs. control group comparisons. These treatment comparisons represented a collective n=313 samples, approximately half of which received traditional versus non-traditional antidepressants. Of the 16,439 genes with stable meta-analysis estimates, 58 were consistently differentially expressed (False Discovery Rate (FDR)<0.05) following treatment. Antidepressant effects were enriched in gene sets related to stress regulation, brain growth and plasticity, vascular and glial function, and immune function. Comparisons with findings from single nucleus RNA-Seq confirmed antidepressant effects on specific hippocampal cell types, including promoting an immature phenotype in dentate granule neurons. For the cortex, 14 studies were identified, containing 17 antidepressant vs. control group comparisons (collective n=260). Of the 14,344 genes with stable meta-analysis estimates, only one was consistently differentially expressed (FDR<0.05: Atp6v1b2), but the overall pattern of expression correlated with that observed in the hippocampus.

ConclusionGenes and pathways that are consistently differentially expressed across treatment categories may serve as linchpins for antidepressant efficacy, providing promising targets for novel therapies. Future work should explore the relevance of these findings to human clinical populations, and explore potential heterogeneity introduced by sex, region, and drug category.

Key PointsO_LIDepression can be treated with traditional antidepressants targeting monoaminergic function, as well as multiple other drug classes and non-pharmaceutical interventions.
C_LIO_LIUnderstanding the congruent effects of different types of antidepressant treatments on sensitive brain regions, such as the hippocampus and cortex, can highlight essential mechanisms of action.
C_LIO_LIA meta-analysis of public transcriptional profiling datasets identified genes and functional gene sets that are differentially expressed across antidepressant categories.
C_LI

Plain Language SummaryMajor depressive disorder is characterized by persistent depressed mood and loss of interest and pleasure in life. Worldwide, an estimated 5% of adults suffer from depression, making it a leading cause of disability. The current standard of care for depressed individuals includes psychotherapy and antidepressant medications that enhance signaling by monoamine neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine. Other treatments include non-traditional antidepressants that function via alternative, often unknown, mechanisms. To identify mechanisms of action shared across different categories of antidepressants, we performed a meta-analysis using public datasets to characterize changes in gene expression (mRNA) following treatment with both traditional and non-traditional antidepressants. We focused on the hippocampus and cortex, which are two brain regions that are sensitive to both depression and antidepressant usage. We found 59 genes that had consistently higher or lower levels of expression (mRNA) across antidepressant categories. The functions associated with these genes were diverse, including regulation of stress response, the immune system, brain growth and adaptability. These genes are worth investigating further as potential linchpins for antidepressant efficacy or as targets for novel therapies.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=104 SRC="FIGDIR/small/648805v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geoghegan, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagenauer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flandreau, E. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuiyan, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akil, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.648805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effects of Antidepressants on the Hippocampus: A Meta-Analysis of Public Transcriptional Profiling Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.22.650118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic insights and clinical implications of cross-reactive anti-prophage antibodies and bacterial heteroresistance on phage therapeutic failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.22.650118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phage therapy is an exciting strategy against antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections, but critical knowledge gaps regarding its clinical application persist. Studying a patient with a life-threatening, chronic bacterial infection who failed phage therapy, we uncovered important biological concepts with direct translational impact. Using longitudinal clinical samples, we found that patients can harbour pre-existing antibodies against active prophages induced from the genome of the causative pathogen. Notably, these antibodies can contribute to clinical failure by cross-reacting with and effectively neutralising therapeutic phage. We also uncovered bacterial heteroresistance, characterised by bacterial subpopulations from the initial infection with reduced phage susceptibility, as a further contributor to treatment failure. These findings highlight the intricate interplay between host immunology, bacterial genetic diversity and phage biology, bearing broad significance for clinical phage therapy. Future phage therapy patients, especially those with chronic infections, should be screened for antiphage immunity and bacterial heteroresistance prior to phage treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordillo Altamirano, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subedi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beiers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucher, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korneev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pragastis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisniewski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rees, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramshaw, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardiner, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammerschlag, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keating, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotsimbos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.22.650118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic insights and clinical implications of cross-reactive anti-prophage antibodies and bacterial heteroresistance on phage therapeutic failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MotorBench: A Cryo-Electron Tomography Dataset of Bacterial Flagellar Motors for Testing Detection Algorithms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding bacterial nanomachines like flagellar motors, which are crucial for pathogenic bacteria motility, is vital for microbiological and therapeutic research. Cryogenic electron tomography (cryo-ET) enables visualization of these structures within cells at near-native conditions. But manual identification remains challenging due to low contrast, limited resolution, and crowded in vivo environments. To address this, we introduce MotorBench, an expert-annotated dataset of bacterial flagellar motors that has been curated as part of a Kaggle competition BYU - Locating Bacterial Flagellar Motors 2025, engaging data scientists globally to create automated detection algorithms. MotorBench and its accompanying tools are intended to serve as a benchmark for evaluating and comparing future algorithms in automated cryo-ET analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Owens, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morse, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darley, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maggi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reade, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, G. L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.23.650258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MotorBench: A Cryo-Electron Tomography Dataset of Bacterial Flagellar Motors for Testing Detection Algorithms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential memory enrichment of cytotoxic CD4 T cells in Parkinson's disease patients reactive to α-synuclein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease with a largely unknown etiology. Although the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is the pathological hallmark of PD, neuroinflammation also plays a fundamental role in PD pathology. We have previously reported that PD patients have increased frequencies of T cell reactive to peptides from -synuclein (-syn). However, not all PD participants respond to -syn. Furthermore, we have previously found that CD4 T cells from PD participants responding to -syn (PD_R) are transcriptionally distinct from PD participants not responding to -syn (PD_NR). To gain further insight into the pathology of PD_R participants, we investigated surface protein expression of 11 proteins whose genes had previously been found to be differentially expressed when comparing PD_R and healthy control participants not responding to -syn (HC_NR). We found that Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 2 (CELSR2) was expressed on a significantly higher proportion of CD4 effector memory T cells (TEM) in PD_R compared to HC_NR. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of cells expressing or not expressing CELSR2 revealed that PD_R participants have elevated frequencies of activated TEM subsets and an almost complete loss of cytotoxic TEM cells. Flow cytometry analyses confirmed that Granulysin+ CD4 cytotoxic TEM cells are reduced in PD_R. Taken together, these results provide further insight into the perturbation of T cell subsets in PD_R, and highlights the need for further investigation into the role of Granulysin+ CD4 cytotoxic TEM in PD pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freuchet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindestam Arlehamn, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential memory enrichment of cytotoxic CD4 T cells in Parkinson's disease patients reactive to α-synuclein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T cell responses towards PINK1 and α-synuclein are elevated in prodromal Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A role of the immune system in Parkinsons disease (PD) progression has long been suspected due to the increased frequency of activated glial cells and infiltrating T cells into the substantia nigra. It was previously reported that PD donors have increased T cell responses towards PINK1 and -synuclein (-syn), two Lewy body-associated proteins. Further, T cell reactivity towards -syn was highest closer to disease onset, highlighting that autoreactive T cells might play a role in PD pathogenesis. However, whether T cell autoreactivity is present during prodromal PD is unknown. Here, we investigated T cell responses towards PINK1 and -syn in donors at high risk of developing PD (i.e. prodromal PD: genetic risk, hyposmia, and or REM sleep behavior disorder), in comparison to PD and healthy control donors. T cell reactivity to these two autoantigens was detected in prodromal PD at levels comparable to those detected in individuals with clinically diagnosed PD. Aligned with the increased incidence of PD in males, we found that males with PD, but not females, had elevated T cell reactivity compared to healthy controls. However, among prodromal PD donors, males and females had elevated T cell responses. These differing trends in reactivity highlights the need for further studies of the impact of biological sex on neuroinflammation and PD progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johansson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freuchet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michealis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litvan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alcalay, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Standaert, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amara, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stover, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postuma, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindestam Arlehamn, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T cell responses towards PINK1 and α-synuclein are elevated in prodromal Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of coordinated cell division during the evolution of multicellularity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.23.650085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolution of multicellularity represents one of lifes major evolutionary transitions, fundamentally transforming how natural selection operates on living systems. While multicellularity has evolved repeatedly, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how cellular traits translate into novel multicellular phenotypes. Using the Multicellularity Long-Term Evolution Experiment (MuLTEE), we combine time-lapse microscopy and single cell tracking to reveal how age-specific cell division timing shapes multicellular topology. We discovered that the anaerobic ancestor divided asynchronously with a 25% longer first division, while the aerobic ancestor divided synchronously. Through computational modeling, we demonstrated that this first division delay, rather than increased variance in doubling times, drives asynchronous division patterns. Using graph theoretical and biophysical models, we showed that this delay creates smaller groups by altering network morphology and concentrating mechanical stress around older cells. Synchronous cell division provides both cellular and group-level benefits through faster growth and larger size, suggesting multiple selective pathways for its evolution. This trait proved remarkably stable in our experiment, emerging by day 200 and persisting through day 1000. Furthermore, we revealed how developmentally-programmed division timing could theoretically produce even larger groups. This research illuminates a fundamental principle in multicellular evolution: simple changes in cellular behavior can create emergent effects that reshape multicellular organization, providing insight into how major evolutionary transitions proceed through the modification of cell-level traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cedeno Perez, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratcliff, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlin, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.23.650085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of coordinated cell division during the evolution of multicellularity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.25.650428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short-term gonadal cultures are sufficient for germline transmission in a songbird 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.25.650428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are germline stem cells that develop into sperm or egg cells and are valuable for avian biobanking and the propagation of donor-derived offspring. However, in non-poultry birds the long-term maintenance and self-renewal of PGCs in vitro remains challenging. This limitation hinders biobanking in other avian clades, particularly in the zebra finch and other songbirds that uniquely possess a germline restricted chromosome (GRC). Here, we generated and compared short-term cultures of chicken and zebra finch PGCs from the embryonic gonads or blood, as well as established long-term cultures of chicken PGCs. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we found that the transcriptome profile of long-term chicken gonadal cultures were exclusively PGCs, whereas the short-term chicken and zebra finch cultures represented a heterogeneous mixture of cell types. The zebra finch culture further included rapidly differentiating PGCs, as well as a germ cell type not previously identified in the embryonic songbird gonad. Although zebra finch short-term gonadal cultures did not yield robust long-term PGC cultures, short-term cultured PGCs were able to integrate into host zebra finch gonads after injection into the dorsal aorta, contribute to gametic populations in adult chimeras, and give rise to phenotypically- and genomically-validated offspring. This study provides a foundation for using short-term gonadal cultures to derive donor and transgenic offspring in songbirds and further explore the unique developmental genetics of PGCs across the avian clade.

SummaryBeyond poultry, the long-term culture of self-renewing primordial germ cells (PGCs) remains a challenge. Here, we compare the cell population heterogeneity and reproductive viability of gonadal cultures for the zebra finch, a songbird model of vocal learning, with established chicken PGC protocols. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identify the rapid differentiation of zebra finch gonadal germ cells in vitro, including germline identities not previously noted in the embryonic gonad. In comparison, these differentiated cell profiles were also found in zebra finch blood PGC culture conditions, but not identified in short- or long-term chicken PGC cultures. Host embryo injections of these short-term zebra finch gonadal cultures resulted in germline chimeric animals, but at lower rates of gonadal reconstitution compared to chicken. Nonetheless, these cultures allowed for the derivation of zebra finch germline chimeras that yield phenotypically- and genomically-validated offspring from cultured PGCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biegler, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhu, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szialta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchernichovski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacIsaac, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyte, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.25.650428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short-term gonadal cultures are sufficient for germline transmission in a songbird]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.28.651059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune Pressure is Key to Understanding Observed Patterns of Respiratory Virus Evolution in Prolonged Infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.28.651059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For a number of viral pathogens, prolonged infections have been hypothesized to be the source of new variants that emerge and spread at the level of the host population. This potential role of prolonged infections has been highlighted most recently in the context of SARS-CoV-2, with variants of concern Alpha and Omicron likely to have evolved in immunocompromised individuals experiencing long-term viral infections. Analyses of sequenced viral samples from prolonged infections have indicated that there are several consistent patterns of evolution observed across these infections. These patterns include accelerated rates of nonsynonymous substitution, viral genetic diversification into distinct lineages, parallel substitutions across infected individuals, and heterogeneity in rates of antigenic evolution. Here, we use within-host model simulations to explore the drivers of these evolutionary patterns. Our simulations build on a tunably rugged fitness landscape model to first assess the role that mutations that impact only viral replicative fitness have in driving these patterns. They then further incorporate pleiotropic sites that jointly impact replicative fitness and antigenicity to assess the role that immune pressure has on these patterns. Through simulation, we find that the empirically observed patterns of viral evolution in prolonged infections cannot be robustly explained by viral populations evolving on replicative fitness landscapes alone. Instead, we find that immune pressure is needed to consistently reproduce the observed patterns. While our simulation models were designed to shed light on drivers of viral evolution in prolonged infections with respiratory viruses that generally cause acute infection, their structure can be used to better understand viral evolution in other acutely-infecting viruses such as noroviruses that can cause prolonged infection as well as viruses such as HIV that are known to chronically infect.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coats, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koelle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.28.651059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune Pressure is Key to Understanding Observed Patterns of Respiratory Virus Evolution in Prolonged Infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatix: a differentiable, GPU-accelerated wave-optics library 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.651152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern microscopy methods incorporate computational modeling as an integral part of the imaging process, either to solve inverse problems or optimize the optical system design itself. These methods often depend on differentiable optics simulations, yet no standardized framework exists--forcing computational optics researchers to repeatedly and independently implement simulations with limited reusability and performance. These common problems limit the potential impact of computational optics as a field. Here we present Chromatix: an open-source, GPU-accelerated, differentiable wave optics simulation library. Chromatix builds on JAX to democratize fast, parallelized simulation of diverse optical systems and expand the design space in computational optics. Chromatix standardizes a growing collection of optical elements and propagation methods allowing a broad range of applications, which we demonstrate here for snapshot microscopy, holography, and phase retrieval. We demonstrate speed improvements of 2-6x on a single GPU and up to 22x on 8 GPUs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Both, G.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezzam, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaware, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eybposh, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heintzmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Sanchez, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmerer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tormes-Vaquerano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmugavel, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruvada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diederich, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durr, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pegard, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horstmeyer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turaga, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.651152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatix: a differentiable, GPU-accelerated wave-optics library]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.30.651602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disease-associated loci share properties with response eQTLs under common environmental exposures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.30.651602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many of the genetic loci associated with disease are expected to have context-dependent regulatory effects that are underrepresented in the transcriptomes of healthy, steady-state adult tissues. To understand gene regulation across diverse environmental conditions and cellular contexts, we treated a broad array of human cell types with three environmental exposures in vitro. With single-cell RNA-sequencing data from 1.4 million cells across 51 individuals, we identified hundreds of response expression quantitative loci (eQTLs) that are associated with inter-individual differences in regulatory changes following treatment with nicotine, caffeine, or ethanol in diverse cell types. We also identified dynamic regulatory effects that vary across differentiation trajectories in response to exposure. In contrast to steady-state eQTLs, and similar to disease risk loci, response eQTLs are enriched in distal enhancers and are regulating genes that experienced strong selective constraint, contain complex regulatory landscapes, and display diverse biological functions. We identified response eQTLs that coincide with disease-associated loci not explained by steady-state eQTLs. Our results highlight the complexity of genetic regulatory effects and suggest that our ability to interpret disease-associated loci will benefit from the pursuit of studies of gene-by-environment interactions in diverse biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.30.651602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disease-associated loci share properties with response eQTLs under common environmental exposures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.06.652512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A ribozyme ligase that requires a 3' terminal phosphate on its RNA substrate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.06.652512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribozymes played essential roles in catalyzing metabolic processes and facilitating genome replication in primordial RNA-based life. In vitro evolution has enabled the discovery of ribozymes that catalyze diverse chemical reactions, but it is likely that many catalytic activities of RNA remain to be uncovered. Expanding our understanding of the biochemical capabilities of RNA, especially new ribozyme functions related to RNA assembly, will help to refine models of primordial genome replication and, more broadly, the origin and evolution of early life. Here, we report the discovery of a novel ribozyme ligase that catalyzes the attack of the 2'-hydroxyl group of an RNA substrate on the 5'-triphosphate of a second RNA, but only when the substrate RNA possesses a 3'-phosphate vicinal to its nucleophilic 2'-hydroxyl group. This activity emerged unexpectedly during a directed evolution experiment designed to isolate ribozyme ligases that use 5'-triphosphorylated RNA oligonucleotides as substrates. Because the 3'-phosphate group on the RNA substrate does not directly participate in the ligation reaction, it would be extremely challenging to design a selection strategy to isolate ribozyme ligases with this unique reactivity. The ligases requirement for an RNA 3'-phosphate group on the substrate resembles enzymatic mechanisms found in protein-based RNA repair pathways. We propose that ribozyme-catalyzed ligation of 3'-phosphorylated RNA could have enabled the repair of cleaved RNA strands in primordial cells. We demonstrate that our in vitro evolved ribozymes ligate themselves specifically to 3'-phosphorylated RNA fragments present in heterogenous mixtures of cellular RNA, demonstrating their potential utility as enrichment reagents for profiling RNA cleavage products in transcriptomic studies. Our findings not only report a new catalytic reactivity in RNA but also provide insights into ribozyme evolution, primordial RNA repair, and potential applications in RNA sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biswas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DasGupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.06.652512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A ribozyme ligase that requires a 3' terminal phosphate on its RNA substrate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.652269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular Delivery of Bone Nanoparticles to Mitigate Irradiation-Induced Damage in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.652269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ionizing radiation (IR)-induced bone damage presents a major clinical challenge by impairing bone marrow function and disrupting normal bone remodeling. Bone regeneration depends on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which are highly sensitive to IR that causes DNA damage, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and a shift from osteogenesis to adipogenesis, ultimately leading to bone loss and impaired healing. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of intracellularly delivered bone-derived nanoparticles (BPs) in mitigating IR-induced BMSCs damage. We found that IR exposure caused significant BMSCs dysfunction, including reduced proliferation, increased apoptosis, persistent DNA damage, and a shift toward adipogenic differentiation. Treatment with BPs led to efficient intracellular uptake, improved cell morphology, enhanced proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and preservation of balanced differentiation capacity. Transcriptomic analysis via RNA sequencing revealed that BPs restored key molecular pathways disrupted by IR, particularly those involved in cell cycle regulation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and apoptosis. By reversing these transcriptional impairments, BPs supported genomic stability and the regenerat ive function of BMSCs. Overall, these findings suggest that BPs effectively counteract IR-induced cellular damage and enhance the regenerative capacity of BMSCs, offering a promising therapeutic strategy for radiation -induced skeletal injuries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stellpflug, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himburg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.05.652269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular Delivery of Bone Nanoparticles to Mitigate Irradiation-Induced Damage in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.650247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Formation of chromosomal rearrangements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae diploids through regionally-biased non-allelic homologous recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.650247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In earlier studies, we optimized an assay system for the genome-wide detection of copy number variation (CNV) in diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, based on selection for formaldehyde plus copper (FA+Cu) resistance conferred by the amplification of a dosage-dependent reporter cassette, SFA1-CUP1. Our analyses identified a robust bias for terminal deletions of the right arm of Chr7 (Chr7R) associated with unbalanced translocations. This bias was observed at approximately constant strength across all three sites where the amplification reporter cassette was inserted, in CNV-carrying yeast clones derived both spontaneously and from mutagen-induced recombinogenic conditions. We conducted allelic mitotic recombination experiments to investigate the possibility of the presence of a fragile site on Chr7R, but the results disfavored this model, and instead indicated that the Chr7R bias applies only to non-allelic rearrangements. We validated the existence of a CNV formation bias at Chr7R through an orthologous NAHR competition approach that was independent of selection for FA+Cu resistance. Finally, we showed the in contrast to its high participation in NAHR as a recipient sequence, Chr7R becomes amplified as a translocation donor less frequently than other comparable regions of the genome. To begin unraveling the cause of this unusual behavior, we evaluated the effect of a set of candidate genes involved in chromatin mobility and sister chromatid cohesion on the rearrangement spectra involving Chr7R. We found that deletion mutations in some of these genes, particularly SAP30, attenuated the biased NAHR behavior. Taken together, our results suggested that although Chr7R is not inherently more prone to DNA breakage than other regions, once a DNA lesion is formed there, it has a higher propensity to undergo inappropriate repair leading to a chromosomal rearrangement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merriman, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmelzer, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharif, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemmerlein, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puccia, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Mattos, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wienke, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelio, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dilsaver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argueso, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.08.650247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Formation of chromosomal rearrangements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae diploids through regionally-biased non-allelic homologous recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.11.653140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA Helicase A promotes small RNA biogenesis and sorting in germ cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.11.653140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In germ cells, small RNAs function as a defense system to silence invading RNAs like viruses and transposons to protect genome integrity. The ability of small RNAs to robustly silence diverse RNA sequences prompts the question of how endogenous mRNAs avoid this silencing. In C. elegans, small RNAs bound by the Argonaute CSR-1 protect endogenous mRNAs from silencing, while also fine-tuning a subset of these mRNAs. Here, we identify RNA Helicase A (RHA-1) as a key regulator of CSR-1 small RNA biogenesis and function in mRNA fine-tuning. RHA-1 localizes to germ granules dependent on EGO-1, which synthesizes CSR-1 small RNAs. We find RHA-1 promotes small RNA production from the 5 regions of mRNAs and small RNA sorting to CSR-1. Loss of RHA-1 leads to elevated CSR-1 target mRNA levels and compromised fertility. Our study highlights the importance of small RNA regulation, mediated by RHA-1, to protect endogenous gene expression programs and germ cell function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaylord, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.11.653140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA Helicase A promotes small RNA biogenesis and sorting in germ cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population-Level Activity Dissociates Preparatory Overt from Covert Attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural signatures of preparing overt eye movements and directing covert spatial attention overlap as they recruit the same brain areas. Yet, these neural signatures are dissociable at the single-cell level: Specific cells within visuo-oculomotor areas are exclusively involved in motor preparation or covert attention. Nevertheless, it has been proposed that many cells in visuo-oculomotor areas are involved in both motor preparation and covert attention, and consequently their neural signatures should functionally overlap to a large degree. Here, we directly tested this proposal: we combined human (both sexes) EEG with sensitive decoding techniques to investigate whether the neural signatures of preparatory overt and covert attention are dissociable across large-scale neuronal populations. We found that neural decoding reliably discerned whether overt or covert attention was shifted well before saccade initiation. Further, inverted encoding modeling revealed earlier and sharper spatially-tuned activity in preparatory overt than in covert attention. We then asked whether preparatory overt attention achieved sharper spatially-tuned activity by using  more-of-the-same covert attention, or by recruiting additional spatially selective neural processing. Cross-decoding results demonstrated that preparatory overt attention recruited at least one additional, frontal process. This additional spatially selective process emerged early and likely reflects motor preparation or predictive remapping. To summarize, we found that the neural signatures of overt and covert attention overlap, yet diverge rapidly, in part because overt attention employs an additional spatially selective neural process. Extending beyond a dissociation on the single-cell level, our findings demonstrate that population-level neural activity dissociates preparatory overt from covert attention.

Significance statementThe world provides much more visual input than the brain can process simultaneously. Spatial visual attention allows for the selective processing of only the most important parts of this input. Spatial attention shifts either overtly (with an eye movement) or covertly (without an accompanying eye movement). The neural signatures underlying these types of spatial attention have long thought to overlap to a large degree. This strong overlap was thought to only break down at the level of single neurons. In our EEG study, we instead demonstrate that large populations of neurons dissociate overt from covert attention. Our results show that the neural signatures of overt and covert attention differ on a much broader scale than previously thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koevoet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voet, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van der Stigchel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.07.652629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population-Level Activity Dissociates Preparatory Overt from Covert Attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.653224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting Neural Activity from Connectome Embedding Spaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.09.653224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how structured patterns of neural activity emerge from the underlying connectivity is fundamental to elucidating brain function. While cortical connectomes are intrinsically high-dimensional, population activity typically resides in a much lower-dimensional subspace. Consequently, only a small fraction of the information encoded in the connectome appears relevant for shaping activity. Can we identify low-dimensional features of the connectome features be that reliably predict neural activity? Leveraging the MICrONS dataset, which combines millimeter-scale, nanometer-resolution connectivity with simultaneously recorded in-vivo activity, we demonstrate a statistically significant alignment between morphological and functional similarity, quantified by subspace angles and centered kernel alignment. Topological analyses further reveal that the representation spaces of both the connectome and neural activity share a low-dimensional hyperbolic geometry with exponential scaling. These parallels motivated the hypothesis that embedding anatomical affinities into an appropriate geometric space can isolate the functionally relevant features of the connectome. We therefore applied multidimensional scaling to generate such embeddings and trained a simple linear model to reconstruct neuronal activity. Remarkably, the embedded connectome explained 68% in activity similarity, surpassing models that had direct access to activity similarity itself and outperforming similarly simple models that used the full high-dimensional connectome (56%). Our findings uncover a robust structure-function coupling: geometry-aware dimensionality reduction discards much of the connectomes microscopic detail yet yields superior predictions of neural activity. This suggests that synaptic wiring implicitly encodes an abstract, low-dimensional organization that underlies the observed low-dimensional cortical activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihalas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.09.653224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting Neural Activity from Connectome Embedding Spaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.11.653357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advanced eTAM-seq enables high-fidelity, low-input N6-methyladenosine profiling in human cells and embryonic mouse tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.11.653357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional dissection of N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant internal messenger RNA modification in mammals, demands quantitative, scalable detection technology. We previously reported eTAM-seq, which supports transcriptome-wide quantification of m6A by enzyme-assisted adenosine deamination. While effective, TadA8.20--the enzyme used in our first-generation technology--is sensitive not only to m6A but also to RNA structure, making accurate detection dependent on the inclusion of control transcriptomes. Here, we introduce eTAM-seq-v2, in which we replace TadA8.20 with TadA8r, a further evolved adenosine deaminase with superior catalytic efficiency. eTAM-seq-v2 supports control-free m6A calling with high fidelity. Because enzyme treatment preserves RNA integrity, eTAM-seq surveys >51% of A sites in all expressed genes with moderate sequencing depth (60 million uniquely mapped reads) and delivers robust performance with as little as 10 ng of total RNA ([~]500 cells). With eTAM-seq-v2, we delineate the m6A landscape across six human cell lines and seven embryonic mouse tissues. While uncovering broadly conserved m6A patterns, we reveal that most neighboring m6A sites are independently deposited at the single-molecule level. Moving forward, we envision that eTAM-seq-v2 will enable researchers to survey m6A in diverse biological contexts and uncover new insights into its regulatory roles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, T.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.11.653357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advanced eTAM-seq enables high-fidelity, low-input N6-methyladenosine profiling in human cells and embryonic mouse tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654140v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rainbow Nucleus Charts Dynamic Interactome of Membrane-less Organelles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654140v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane-less organelles (MLOs) perform diverse and important functions inside cells. However, how they interact with each other to carry out these functions collectively is unknown. Here we devised a multi-spectral imaging technique called "Rainbow Nucleus" to simultaneously visualize five nuclear MLOs using live-cell imaging. We find that while some interactions are stable, such as those between the histone locus bodies and Cajal bodies, others are transient, such as those between PML bodies and Cajal bodies. Furthermore, interactions among MLOs are not random: functionally related MLOs interact more frequently than unrelated MLOs, and these interactions completely rewire when we inhibit transcription. Our study provides first glimpses into how different MLOs interact with each other under different conditions, and lays the foundation for future cellular engineering efforts that modulate MLOs interactome to treat diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benhamou Goldfajn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>So, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.14.654140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rainbow Nucleus Charts Dynamic Interactome of Membrane-less Organelles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.13.653878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low-Strength Type I Interferon Signaling Promotes CAR T-Cell Treatment Efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.13.653878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has significantly advanced the treatment landscape for relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (r/r DLBCL). However, up to 60% of patients do not achieve a complete response. To uncover determinants of therapeutic efficacy, we analyzed the infusion products of eight r/r DLBCL patients with distinct clinical responses to axicabtagene ciloleucel using single-cell transcriptomics. Compared to patients who exhibited progressive disease, infusion products of complete responders demonstrated enriched signatures of type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling. Based on these findings, we developed a novel strategy to improve CD19-directed CAR T-cell treatment efficacy by incorporating IFN-I as an enhancer during the ex vivo manufacturing process, with IFN-I removal before CAR T-cell infusion to avoid in vivo toxicities. For both CD28- and 4-1BB-costimulated second-generation CARs, we found that low-strength IFN-I signaling enhanced CAR T-cell cytotoxicity and treatment efficacy against B-cell lymphoma and leukemia. Our low-strength IFN-I-enhanced CAR T-cell ex vivo manufacturing approach leverages an existing FDA-approved pharmacologic agent, circumvents in vivo interferon-associated toxicities, and remains fully compatible with current CAR constructs and manufacturing workflows. Together, our results establish IFN-I as a potent and costimulation-independent enhancer of CAR T-cell efficacy and provide a translationally feasible approach to enhance CAR T-cell therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asby, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aboelella, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedell, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBelle, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kline, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.13.653878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low-Strength Type I Interferon Signaling Promotes CAR T-Cell Treatment Efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.18.654722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutation-selection-drift balance models of complex diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.18.654722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic variation that influences complex disease susceptibility is introduced into the population by mutation and removed by natural selection and genetic drift. This mutation-selection-drift-balance (MSDB) shapes the prevalence of a disease and its genetic architecture. To date, however, MSDB has only been modeled for monogenic (Mendelian) diseases. Here, we develop a MSDB model for complex disease susceptibility: we assume that genotype relates to disease risk according to the canonical liability threshold model and that selection on variants affecting risk derives from the fitness cost of the disease, and focus on diseases that are highly polygenic, entail a substantial fitness cost, and are neither extremely common in the population nor exceedingly rare. Contrasting model predictions with GWAS and other findings in humans suggests that directional selection plays little role in shaping common genetic variation affecting complex disease susceptibility but might substantially affect rare, large effect variation. In turn, common variation affecting complex disease susceptibility appears to be dominated by pleiotropic stabilizing selection on other traits. Our results further suggest that current estimates of disease heritability are likely biased. More generally, our model provides a better understanding of the evolutionary processes that shape the architecture and prevalence of complex diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riall, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.18.654722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutation-selection-drift balance models of complex diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interlocked transcription factor feedback loops maintain and restore touch sensation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.654349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sense of touch relies on the continuous function of specialized mechanosensory circuits, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we report that the conserved transcription factors (TFs) CFI-1 (ARID3) and EGL-5 (HOXA7) jointly maintain in adult C. elegans the molecular identity of two key interneuron types, securing information processing within a mechanosensory circuit. Toggling between normal and low levels of CFI-1 or EGL-5 in adults generated digital-like (ON/OFF) effects both on touch-evoked escape response and interneuron identity. Strikingly, reintroduction of CFI-1 following its prolonged depletion restored escape response defects. Mechanistically, we identified two network motifs, a double-positive CFI-1/EGL-5 feedback loop and positive CFI-1 autoregulation, which together "lock-in" the interneuron identity programs. We propose that these interlocked motifs not only maintain robust escape responses throughout life, but are also essential for the restorability of adult-onset touch defects. Altogether, this work illuminates the molecular principles that maintain adult neuron identity and circuit function, and offers biomedically relevant insights into the restorability of neuronal and behavioral defects caused by mutations or variation in TF-encoding genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marques, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Destain, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.654349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interlocked transcription factor feedback loops maintain and restore touch sensation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accounting for uncertainty in residual variances improves calibration of the Sum of Single Effects model for small sample sizes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Sum of Single Effects (SuSiE) model is a widely adopted method for genetic fine-mapping. We show that, in small-sample studies, the original SuSiE fitting procedure produces substantially higher rates of false positive findings. We show that a simple modification to SuSiE improves performance in small-sample studies. This modification is particularly important for emerging molecular QTL applications in rare cell types and primary tissues where sample sizes are inherently limited.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denault, W. R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbonetto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consortium, T. A. s. D. F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.16.654543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accounting for uncertainty in residual variances improves calibration of the Sum of Single Effects model for small sample sizes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prediction of αIIbβ3 integrin structures along its minimum free energy activation pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The adhesion protein integrin is a transmembrane heterodimer that plays a pivotal role in cellular processes such as cell signaling and cell migration. To execute its function, integrin undergoes extensive conformational changes from a bent-closed to an extended-open state. Resolving the structures across these changes remains a challenge with both experimental and computational methods, but is crucial for understanding the activation mechanism of integrin. We address this challenge for the platelet integrin IIb {beta}3 by employing finite temperature string method with structures of the images along the initial guess path generated by a multiscale data-driven framework. The full-length all-atom structures along the resulting minimum free energy path between the inactive bent-closed and active extended-open states of IIb {beta}3 integrin are consistent with a variety of experimentally resolved structures. Changes in these predicted structures along the path show that the extension and separation of the  and {beta} subunits from the bent-closed to the extended-open state require correlated movements between the subdomain pairs in IIb {beta}3. These results provide new insights into integrin activation mechanism and the predicted structures have potential applications in guiding the design of integrin targeting therapeutics.

SIGNIFICANCEIntegrins are receptor proteins that mediate a number of critical cellular processes, but it remains challenging to resolve the molecular details of integrin activation by both experiments and simulations. We address this challenge by employing a computational method to study rare events and resolve the all-atom transient structures of a platelet integrin, IIb {beta}3. The resulting structures are in good agreement with experimentally resolved partial structures and additionally reveal correlated movements between the IIb {beta}3 integrin subdomain pairs during its transition from the inactive to the active conformational state. The structures predicted in this work have applications as therapeutic targets to address diseases linked to IIb {beta}3 integrin dysfunction, such as bleeding and thrombotic disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dasetty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffman, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidone, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.16.654557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prediction of αIIbβ3 integrin structures along its minimum free energy activation pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.655181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methamphetamine modulates functional connectivity signatures of sustained attention and arousal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.655181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Building on evidence that psychostimulants modulate whole-brain functional connectivity signatures of sustained attention, we examined how a single dose of methamphetamine (MA, 20 mg) changes network-level functional organization and sustained attention in healthy adults. Using a within-subject, placebo-controlled design, we tested whether MA selectively affects behavioral and fMRI connectivity signatures of sustained attention and arousal. Under MA, participants showed improved sustained attention task performance as well as functional connectivity signatures of higher sustained attention and arousal. These network changes emerged consistently across resting-state and task-based fMRI, indicating that MA influences attention- and arousal-related networks regardless of cognitive context. Furthermore, a support vector classifier distinguished functional connectivity patterns observed during the MA and placebo conditions, identifying connections overlapping with networks related to arousal. Together, these findings align with prior work on other psychostimulants like methylphenidate, showing that MA modulates sustained attention and related large-scale brain networks. By revealing how MA modulates attention-relevant brain connectivity patterns, our results highlight the utility of psychostimulants as causal tools for probing the robustness, generalizability, and interpretability of brain-based biomarkers of behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corriveau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molla, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.20.655181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methamphetamine modulates functional connectivity signatures of sustained attention and arousal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of Output Gating for visual working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory tasks often require comparing remembered visual arrays to test displays, yet little is known about how people edit the contents of working memory at test. Across three experiments, we used contralateral delay activity (CDA) as a neural index of working memory load to examine how memory representations are selectively accessed at test. In Experiment 1, when a single test item was probed, CDA amplitudes increased with larger set sizes, indicating that untested items were still actively maintained, suggesting minimal editing based on spatial location. To test whether this was due to spatial grouping, Experiment 2 presented memory items sequentially in different temporal frames but identical spatial locations. The continued maintenance of all items at test suggested that simple spatial grouping could not explain the lack of editing effect seen in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, however, when items belonged to distinct mnemonic categories, CDA amplitudes at test were reduced, consistent with selective editing based on category relevance. These findings suggest that working memory editing during retrieval is guided by categorical structure rather than spatial position. Supporting this, analysis of the P3 old-new effect revealed that decision speed and strength were influenced by the number of items maintained at test. Together, our results show that while people do not edit their working memory load based on spatial cues, they edit their working memory based on categorical relevance, allowing for more efficient retrieval of task-relevant information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adekoya, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horwitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of Output Gating for visual working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.18.654693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Life-history trade-offs explain local adaptation in Arabidopsis thaliana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.18.654693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Local adaptation has been demonstrated in many organisms, but the traits involved, and the temporal and spatial scales at which selection acts are generally unknown. We carried out a multi-year study of 200 accessions (natural inbred lines) of Swedish Arabidopsis thaliana using local field sites and a combination of common-garden experiments that measured adult survival and fecundity, and selection experiments that measured fitness over the full life cycle. We found evidence of strong and variable selection, with particular genotypes favored more than five-fold in certain years and locations. Fecundity showed evidence of classical local adaptation, with accessions generally performing better close to their home. However, southern accessions usually had the highest fecundity--but were far more sensitive to harsh winters and slug herbivory, which strongly decreased both survival and fecundity. Accessions originally sampled on beaches had low fecundity in all environments, but massively outperformed all other accessions in the selection experiments, presumably due to an advantage during seedling establishment associated with their very large seeds. We conclude that local adaptation in A. thaliana reflects strong temporally and spatially varying selection on multiple traits, generally involving trade-offs and different life-history strategies, making fitness difficult to predict and measure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brachi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filiault, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pisupati, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igolkina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastasio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Box, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karasov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerdaffrec, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merwin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nizhynska, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novikova, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabanal, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuchimatsu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sall, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holm, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordborg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.18.654693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Life-history trade-offs explain local adaptation in Arabidopsis thaliana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Basis of Sodium Channel Inactivation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage-gated sodium channels initiate action potentials and control electrical signaling throughout the animal kingdom. Fast inactivation is an essential auto-inhibitory mechanism and requisite component of sodium channel physiology. Recent structural and electrophysiological results are inconsistent with the canonical "ball and chain" model of fast inactivation thus necessitating an updated theoretical framework. Here, we use encoded fluorescence spectroscopy and high-resolution electrophysiology to capture key steps in the fast inactivation mechanism, from voltage-sensor activation to pore occlusion, an ultra-fast process which occurs in less than 2 milliseconds. Upon depolarization, activation of the domain IV voltage sensor initiates cytoplasmic DIII_DIV linker movement and quickly repositions the IFM motif into a hydrophobic pocket adjacent to the pore. This triggers a structural rearrangement of the pocket. The phenylalanine of the IFM motif contacts the pore-forming helices via a hydrophobic interaction with S6 of DIV and an aromatic/hydrophobic interaction with S6 of DIIII. These two interactions occur only after both S6 segments rotate, thus exposing the hydrophobic gate into the pore producing the fast inactivation. Based on the current results, we propose an alternative "lock and key" model to explain the molecular mechanism of fast inactivation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galpin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezanilla, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Basis of Sodium Channel Inactivation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.651106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When good guides go bad: empirical evaluation of all unique Cas9 targets in E. coli reveal widespread functionality and rules for gRNA biological design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.651106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Cas9 nuclease has become central to modern methods and technologies in synthetic biology, largely due to the ease in which it can be targeted to specific DNA loci via guide RNAs (gRNAs). Reports vary widely on the actual specificity of this targeting, with some studies observing 60% of gRNAs possessing no activity against the genome, yet an assumption that inactive gRNAs are rare persists in the E. coli community. To resolve these contradictions, we evaluated the activity of nearly 500,000 unique gRNAs in the E. coli K12 MG1655 genome. We show that the overwhelming majority (at least 93%) of unique gRNAs are functional while only 0.3% are nonfunctional.These nonfunctional gRNAs exhibit strong spacer self-interaction, which can be either excluded using a simple design rule or "repaired" during library design. Finally, this work provides the greater microbial synthetic biology community both a set of nearly half a million E. coli gRNAs that have been empirically evaluated in vivo as well as a thoroughly evaluated experimental procedure, complete with appropriate controls for Cas9 activity, for conducting Cas9 assays in E. coli specifically and bacteria more generally.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=125 SRC="FIGDIR/small/651106v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1038ddcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@566e37org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5df6b2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ef453c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingeman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiser, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckert, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.23.651106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When good guides go bad: empirical evaluation of all unique Cas9 targets in E. coli reveal widespread functionality and rules for gRNA biological design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.655409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Mechanism of Histone Ubiquitylation by the ASB9-CUL5 Ubiquitin Ligase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.655409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The E3 ligase substrate receptor ankyrin and SOCS box protein 9 (ASB9) was shown to bind over 10 different proteins including metabolic enzymes such as creatine kinase, filament proteins such as vimentin, and histones. In previous work, we characterized the ASB9-Cullin 5 E3 ligase (ASB9-CRL) ubiquitylation of creatine kinase and showed that ubiquitylation required the ring-between-ring ligase, ARIH2. Here we characterize the ASB9-CRL ubiquitylation of histones and show that histones H3 and H4 are polyubiquitylated by the ASB9-CRL whereas histones H2A and H2B are not. Many, but not all lysines in the histones are ubiquitylated suggesting some substrate specificity. Binding experiments show that the ligase-histone interaction is highly electrostatic and the neddylated ASB9-CRL binds with highest affinity. Only free histones are ubiquitylated. When the histones are in nucleosomes or in complex with the chaperone Asf1, they are not ubiquitylated. Only K48 and K63 polyubiquitin chains were observed, suggesting that the ubiquitylation probably drives protein degradation. The presence of ASB9 in specific cell types correlates with situations in which free histones H3 and H4 need to be degraded. In this work, we demonstrate that the ASB9-CRL is the ligase that facilitates degradation of histones H3 and H4. In addition, this work represents the first example of Cullin 5 mediated ubiquitylation that does not require a ring-between-ring "helper" ligase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Komives, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alipranti, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.21.655409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Mechanism of Histone Ubiquitylation by the ASB9-CUL5 Ubiquitin Ligase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the Curvature and Relaxation of Microtubule Plus-endTips 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubules are essential cytoskeletal components with a broad range of functions in which the structure and dynamics of their plus-end tips play critical roles. Existing mechanistic models explain the tips curving dynamics in different ways: the allosteric model suggests that GTP hydrolysis induces conformational changes in tubulin subunits that destabilize the lattice, leading to protofilament curving and depolymerization, while the lattice model posits that GTP hydrolysis directly destabilizes the microtubule lattice. However, the effect of GTP hydrolysis on the curving dynamics of microtubule tips remains incompletely understood. In this study, we employed a multiscale modeling approach, combining all-atom molecular dynamics simulations with Brownian dynamics simulations, to investigate the relaxation of microtubule plus-end tips into curved configurations. Our results show that both GDP- and GTP-bound tips exhibit an outward bending of protofilaments into curved, rams horn-like structures, characterized by a linear relationship between curvature and distance from the plus-end tip. These observations align with experimental cryo-ET images of microtubule plus-end tips in different nucleotide states. Collectively, our findings suggest that the outward bending of protofilaments at the plus-end tip is an intrinsic feature of microtubules, independent of the nucleotide state.

SIGNIFICANCEUnderstanding how microtubules change shape is crucial for elucidating key cellular processes such as cell division and shape maintenance, which are fundamental to both physiological function and disease progression. This study supports the concept that the microtubule plus-end tip relaxation does not align with models that couple shape changes to GTP hydrolysis, at least for the topmost tubulin heterodimers. By interfacing bottom-up multiscale modeling -- using the longest reported atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of microtubule tips-- with existing cryo-ET data, it is shown that protofilament bending operates independently of nucleotide hydrolysis and likely depolymerization. These findings highlight the need for a new conceptual framework that separates GTP hydrolysis from microtubule tip flaring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skora, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidone, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.23.655844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the Curvature and Relaxation of Microtubule Plus-endTips]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanosensitive Endothelial METTL7A Regulates Internal m7G mRNA Methylation and Protects Against Atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.22.655328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDInternal N7-methylguanosine (m7G) is a recently identified chemical modification of mammalian mRNA and a component of the epitranscriptome. While the epitranscriptome plays a key role in regulating RNA metabolism and cellular function, the specific contribution of internal m7G to cardiovascular health and disease remains unknown. Atherosclerosis preferentially develops at sites where disturbed blood flow activates endothelial cells, but whether internal m7G and its regulatory machinery influence endothelial mechanotransduction and atherogenesis is unclear.

METHODSWe integrated epitranscriptomic profiling, human tissue analysis, genetically modified mouse models, and targeted nanomedicine approaches to investigate the role of Methyltransferase-like protein 7A (METTL7A), a putative internal m7G methyltransferase, in regulating the flow-sensitive endothelial transcriptome and atherosclerosis. Vascular endothelial cells were subjected to well-defined athero-protective and athero-prone flow waveforms in vitro and in vivo. METTL7A function was assessed using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), crosslinking immunoprecipitation sequencing (CLIP-seq), RNA stability assays, and a CRISPR-Cas-inspired RNA targeting system (CIRTS). METTL7A expression in human coronary arteries with and without atherosclerosis was evaluated by RNA-seq and immunostaining. In vivo atherosclerosis studies were conducted in both global and endothelial-specific Mettl7a1 knockout mice. Endothelial METTL7A expression was restored using cationic polymer-based nanoparticles delivering CDH5 promoter-driven METTL7A plasmids or VCAM1-targeted lipid nanoparticles delivering N1-methylpseudouridine (m{superscript 1}{Psi})-modified METTL7A mRNA.

RESULTSAthero-protective unidirectional flow significantly induced METTL7A expression, which promoted internal m7G methylation of endothelial transcripts, while other major epitranscriptomic marks and cap-associated m7G were not affected by METTL7A. METTL7A preferentially binds to AG-enriched motifs in protein-coding mRNAs and plays a key role in regulating KLF4 and NFKBIA transcripts, enhancing their internal m7G and stability and supporting vascular homeostasis. In contrast, endothelial METTL7A expression was significantly reduced by disturbed blood flow and in human atherosclerotic lesions. Global or endothelial-specific loss of METTL7A exacerbated disturbed flow-induced atherosclerosis in mice, independent of serum lipid levels. Restoration of endothelial METTL7A, via nanoparticle-mediated plasmid or m1{Psi} mRNA delivery, markedly reduced lesion formation in Mettl7a1-/- and ApoE-/- mice.

CONCLUSIONSThese findings establish METTL7A as a previously unrecognized mechanosensitive methyltransferase that maintains endothelial homeostasis by stabilizing key anti-inflammatory transcripts, KLF4 and NFKBIA, through internal m7G methylation. Loss of METTL7A disrupts endothelial function and accelerates atherogenesis in response to disturbed flow. Therapeutic restoration of endothelial METTL7A, via targeted nanoparticle-mediated gene or m1{Psi} mRNA delivery, significantly lessens atherosclerosis. Collectively, these results uncover a novel epitranscriptomic mechanism governing vascular health and position METTL7A as a promising target for precision nanomedicine in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shentu, T.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodonsky, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auguste, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirrell, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.22.655328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanosensitive Endothelial METTL7A Regulates Internal m7G mRNA Methylation and Protects Against Atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.25.655943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ketone Bodies-mediated Cysteine Modifications Discovered by Chemical Proteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.25.655943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All the studies of ketone body-dependent post-translational modifications (PTMs), notably those mediated by ketone bodies, {beta}-hydroxybutyrate (Bhb) and acetoacetate (Acac), have focused on lysine acylations. However, given the chemically diverse and reactive nature of metabolites generated, it remains unclear whether non-lysine modifications can also happen. Here, we report the synthesis of an acetoacetate-alkyne (Acac-alkyne) chemical probe that enables efficient metabolic labeling, robust fluorescent visualization, and mass spectrometry-based identification of Acac-modified proteins. By combining chemical proteomics with open-search strategy, we showed that Acac will induce previously uncharacterized cysteine modifications in mammalian cells. Notably, cysteine S-crotonation (Ccr) is validated by employing both probe-based and standard peptide-based co-elution assays. Metabolic pathway tracing further identifies BDH1 and ECHS1 as key enzymes that generate Ccr formation. Together, these findings establish ketone metabolism as a novel source of cysteine modifications and provide an alternative mechanistic pathway to explain the profound biological effects of ketone body.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WANG, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharifi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.25.655943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ketone Bodies-mediated Cysteine Modifications Discovered by Chemical Proteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656493v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA localization to nuclear speckles follows splicing logic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656493v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear speckles are membraneless organelles implicated in multiple RNA processing steps. In this work, we systematically characterize the sequence logic determining RNA localization to nuclear speckles. We find extensive similarities between the speckle localization code and the RNA splicing code, even for transcripts that do not undergo splicing. Specifically, speckle localization is enhanced by the presence of unspliced exon-like or intron-like sequence features. We demonstrate that interactions required for early splicesomal complex assembly contribute to speckle localization. We also show that speckle localization of isolated endogenous exons is reduced by disease-associated single nucleotide variants. Finally, we find that speckle localization strongly correlates with splicing kinetics of splicing-competent constructs and is tightly linked to the decision between exon inclusion and skipping. Together, these results suggest a model in which RNA speckle localization is associated with the formation of the early spliceosomal complex and enhances the efficiency of splicing reactions.

HighlightsO_LISequences containing hallmarks of pre-mRNA dictate speckle localization
C_LIO_LIRNA speckle localization is coupled to early spliceosome assembly
C_LIO_LIDisease-associated single nucleotide variants reduce localization of isolated exons
C_LIO_LIRNA speckle localization strongly correlates with splicing kinetics
C_LI



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C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobczyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.28.656493</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA localization to nuclear speckles follows splicing logic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetic Modeling of Covalent Inhibition: Effects of Rapidly Fluctuating Intermediate States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is increasing interest in the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors that form covalent bonds with their targets for therapeutic applications. Nevertheless, identifying clear rational design principles remains challenging because the action of these molecules cannot be understood as common noncovalent inhibitors. Conventional kinetic models often reduce the binding of covalent inhibitors to a two-step irreversible process, overlooking rapid complex dynamics of the associated unlinked inhibitor before the formation of the covalent bond with its target. In the present analysis, we expand the intermediate state into two conformations--reactive (E{middle dot}I) and nonreactive (E{middle dot}{middle dot}I). To illustrate the consequences of such simplification, the expanded kinetic model can be reduced to an effective two-step scheme expressed in terms of the equilibrium probability of the unlinked inhibitor to form either conformation. A mass-action-based numerical workflow is implemented to simulate time-dependent kinetics, overcoming the common limitations of empirical models. The numerical workflow helps relate microscopic states observed in molecular dynamics simulations to macroscopic observables like EC50 and the apparent rate of covalent inhibition, showing the impact of transient intermediates on dissociation rates and potency. The proposed framework refines the interpretation of dose-response data, aiding medicinal chemists in optimizing covalent inhibitors and provides a quantitative platform for relating molecular conformational distributions to empirical parameters.

TOC Graphic

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghaby, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.28.656658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetic Modeling of Covalent Inhibition: Effects of Rapidly Fluctuating Intermediate States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-Resolution Asymmetric Migration Estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic structure of populations is often shaped by processes and events that introduce asymmetries to gene flow between geographic locations. Here, we first develop an algorithm that allows efficient computation of pairwise coalescent times in time-homogeneous models of population structure at migration-drift equilibrium. We then use the algorithm as the foundation for a new method to infer asymmetric migration rates in spatial models of population structure. The inferred equilibrium migration rates provide a novel representation of the geographic structure of genetic variation. We assess the method using a variety of simulated histories of gene flow, and apply the method to datasets from poplar trees, North American gray wolves, and human archaeogenetic samples, revealing complex asymmetric migration signals and providing a more refined view of the geographic structure of genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.29.656894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-Resolution Asymmetric Migration Estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genetically encoded bifunctional enzyme mitigates redox imbalance and lipotoxicity via engineered Gro3P-Glycerol shunt 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), glycerol-3-phosphate (Gro3P) and reduced/oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH/NAD+) are key metabolites of the Gro3P shuttle system that forms a redox circuit, allowing transfer of reducing equivalents between cytosol and mitochondria. Targeted activation of Gro3P biosynthesis was recently identified as a promising strategy to alleviate reductive stress by promoting NAD+ recycling, including in cells with an impaired mitochondrial complex I. However, because Gro3P constitutes the backbone of triglycerides under some circumstances, its accumulation can lead to excessive fat deposition. Here, we present the development of a novel genetically encoded tool based on a di-domain glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrGPDH), which is a bifunctional enzyme that can recycle NAD+ while converting DHAP to Gro3P. In addition, this enzyme possesses an N-terminal domain which cleaves Gro3P into glycerol and inorganic phosphate (Pi) (in humans and other organisms, this reaction is catalyzed by a separate glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase, a reaction also known as "glycerol shunt"). When expressed in mammalian cells, CrGPDH diminished Gro3P levels and boosted the TCA cycle and fatty acid {beta}-oxidation in mitochondria. CrGPDH expression alone supported proliferation of HeLa cells under conditions of either inhibited activity of the mitochondrial electron transport chain or hypoxia. Moreover, human kidney cancer cells, which exhibit abnormal lipid accumulation, had decreased triglycerides levels when expressing CrGPDH. Our findings suggest that the coordinated boosting of both Gro3P biosynthesis and glycerol shunt may be a viable strategy to alleviate consequences of redox imbalance and associated impaired lipogenesis in a wide repertoire of conditions, ranging from primary mitochondrial diseases to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violante, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cracan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genetically encoded bifunctional enzyme mitigates redox imbalance and lipotoxicity via engineered Gro3P-Glycerol shunt]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dendritic cell population responsible for transglutaminase 2-mediated gluten antigen presentation in celiac disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In celiac disease (CeD), a gluten-dependent autoimmune disorder, transglutaminase 2 (TG2) deamidates selected glutamine residues in gluten peptides, while HLA-DQ2 presents deamidated antigens to inflammatory T cells. The cellular sources of pathogenic TG2 and DQ2 are unclear. Using chemical biology tools, we show that intestinal CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) couple cell-surface TG2 to the endocytic LRP1 receptor to simultaneously deamidate gluten antigens and concentrate them in lysosomes. In DQ2-transgenic mice, CD103+ DCs loaded with deamidated antigens migrate from intestinal lamina propria and Peyers patches into mesenteric lymph nodes, where they engage T cells. In turn, gluten antigen presentation upregulates intestinal TG2 activity. The tool (HB-230) used to establish a role of CD103+ DCs in gluten antigen presentation and TG2 activation in mice also revealed that the TG2/LRP1 pathway is active in human CD14+ monocytes. Within this population of circulating monocytes, a DC subset with the gut-homing {beta}7-integrin marker is elevated in CeD patients with active disease compared to non-celiac controls or patients on a gluten-free diet. Our findings not only inform the cellular basis for gluten toxicity in CeD but they also highlight the immunologic role of an enigmatic protein of growing therapeutic relevance in CeD and other immune disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besser, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albertelli, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Becker, N. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khosla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dendritic cell population responsible for transglutaminase 2-mediated gluten antigen presentation in celiac disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-like compression stiffening in biopolymer networks induced by aggregated and irregularly shaped inclusions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological tissues experience mechanical compression under various physiological and pathological conditions and often exhibit compression stiffening, in which their stiffness increases during compression, a phenomenon that plays a crucial role in regulating cell behavior and maintaining mechanical homeostasis. However, most isolated biopolymer networks, such as fibrin and collagen hydrogels that form the extracellular matrix and actin network that forms the internal cytoskeleton, undergo compression softening, raising questions about how tissues achieve compression stiffening despite the softening properties of their extracellular and intracellular matrix components. Previous studies have shown that spherical inclusions at large volume fractions can induce compression stiffening in biopolymer networks, but they do not account for the effects of aggregation and irregular morphologies of cellular assemblies or other components in tissues. Here, we demonstrate a novel mode of compression stiffening induced by aggregated or irregularly shaped inclusions that occurs at significantly lower volume fractions. Using carbonyl iron particles and coffee ground particles, we find that the morphological diversity of inclusions enables tissue-like compression stiffening at a low volume fraction of inclusions. Through a set of experiments and computational analyses, we demonstrate that these particles can percolate at low volume fractions. We further show that the percolation of stiff inclusions creates a stress-supporting network and enables tension-dominated stress propagation in fibrin fibers, both of which drive macroscopic stiffening during compression. These findings provide insights into the regulation of tissue stiffness and have implications for designing biomaterials with physiologically relevant mechanical properties for biomedical applications.

Significance StatementBiological tissues experience a variety of mechanical forces. Many tissues, such as brain, liver, fat, and blood clots, become stiffer under physiological compressive loads, a property known as compression stiffening. In contrast, most biopolymer networks, which are the primary structural components for tissues, soften under compression. Here, we show that incorporating a small amount of aggregated or irregularly shaped particles into biopolymer gels induces robust compression stiffening. These inclusions percolate through the gel and rearrange non-affinely under compression, stretching surrounding fibers and contributing to mechanical reinforcement. Together, these effects reproduce tissue-like compression stiffening. Our findings not only provide new physical models for understanding tissue mechanics but also offer insights for designing biomaterials to achieve physiologically relevant mechanical responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivers, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKintosh, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janmey, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-like compression stiffening in biopolymer networks induced by aggregated and irregularly shaped inclusions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.654938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CrossFilt: A Cross-species Filtering Tool that Eliminates Alignment Bias in Comparative Genomics Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.654938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparative functional genomic studies are often affected by biased read mapping across species due to inter-species differences in genome structure, sequence composition, and annotation quality. We developed CrossFilt, a filtering strategy that retains only sequencing reads that map reciprocally between genomes, ensuring that quantification of read counts is based on directly comparable genomic features. Using both real and simulated RNA-sequencing data from primates, we show that CrossFilt outperforms five alternative approaches that are commonly used, resulting in more accurate inference of gene expression differences. Our results highlight the impact of preprocessing strategies on the analysis of cross-species functional genomics data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barr, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.05.654938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CrossFilt: A Cross-species Filtering Tool that Eliminates Alignment Bias in Comparative Genomics Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Examining the Role of Extrachromosomal DNA in 1,216 Lung Cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.03.657117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) in lung cancer, particularly in subjects who never smoked (LCINS), remains unclear. Examination of over 1200 whole-genome-sequenced lung cancers identified ecDNA in 18.9% of patients. Recurrent amplification of MDM2 and other oncogenes via ecDNA possibly drives a LCINS subset. Tumors harboring ecDNA showed worse overall survival than tumors harboring other focal amplifications. A strong association with whole-genome doubling suggests most ecDNA reflects genomic instability in treatment-naive lung cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khandekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luebeck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Gay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElderry, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miraftab, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, O. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnao, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergstrom, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowak, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wedge, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanock, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landi, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.03.657117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Examining the Role of Extrachromosomal DNA in 1,216 Lung Cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.656487v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into wiring specificity in the neuromuscular system through the Beat-Side complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.05.656487v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nervous system assembly is guided by the actions of cell surface receptors. In Drosophila, members of the Beaten Path (Beat) and Sidestep (Side) protein families have been described as axon guidance receptor-cue pairs, in addition to roles in specifying synaptic connectivity in the optic lobe. To understand the molecular basis and specificity of Beat-Side interactions, we report here the first Beat-Side structure, Beat-Vc bound to Side-VI. The structure showed a binding topology similar to other neuronal immunoglobulin superfamily receptors, especially Nectins, SynCAMs, Dprs and DIPs, despite lack of established evolutionary relationships. Using a structure-based rational approach, we engineered and validated point mutations to break the binding between Beats and Sides. Using these mutant variants, we demonstrated in developing Drosophila larvae that the interaction between Beat-Ia and Side is required for establishing proper connectivity of motor neurons with muscles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Priest, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olechwier, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspi-Lebovic, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özkan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.05.656487</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into wiring specificity in the neuromuscular system through the Beat-Side complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.657866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved chromatin QTL mapping with CACTI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.657866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping chromatin quantitative trait loci (cQTLs) is crucial for elucidating the regulatory mechanisms governing gene expression and complex traits. However, current cQTL mapping methods suffer from limited detection power, particularly at existing sample sizes, and are constrained by peak-calling accuracy. To address these limitations, we present CACTI, a novel method that improves cQTL mapping by leveraging correlations between neighboring regulatory elements. Across diverse histone marks (H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K27ac, H3K27me3 and H3K36me3) and cell types, CACTI identifies 51%-255% more cQTL signals compared to traditional single-peak-based approaches. Using CACTI, we generate a comprehensive cQTL map for the five histone marks across multiple cell types and perform colocalization analyses with GWAS loci from 44 complex traits. CACTI cQTLs colocalize with 6%-47% of GWAS loci, which is on average 15%-424% more than the standard cQTL mapping method across different marks. 24%-75% of colocalized GWAS loci show no colocalization with eQTLs. This underscores CACTIs unique ability to uncover regulatory mechanisms that would otherwise remain undetected by eQTL analysis alone, significantly improving the functional interpretation of GWAS findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.06.657866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved chromatin QTL mapping with CACTI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shouldering the challenge of deciphering avian palate evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wilken et al. (1) investigate the evolution of avian palatal kinesis using comparative morphology and biomechanical modelling. While the studys topic and approach are timely, its conclusions are marred by inadequate taxon sampling and morphological misinterpretations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benito, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, P.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navalon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plateau, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steell, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shouldering the challenge of deciphering avian palate evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A connectomic resource for neural cataloguing and circuit dissection of the larval zebrafish brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a correlated light and electron microscopy (CLEM) dataset from a 7-day-old larval zebrafish, integrating confocal imaging of genetically labeled excitatory (vglut2a) and inhibitory (gad1b) neurons with nanometer-resolution serial section EM. The dataset spans the brain and anterior spinal cord, capturing >180,000 segmented soma, >40,000 molecularly annotated neurons, and 30 million synapses, most of which were classified as excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory. To characterize the directional flow of activity across the brain, we leverage the synaptic and cell body annotations to compute region-wise input and output drive indices at single cell resolution. We illustrate the datasets utility by dissecting and validating circuits in three distinct systems: water flow direction encoding in the lateral line, recurrent excitation and contralateral inhibition in a hindbrain motion integrator, and functionally relevant targeted long-range projections from a tegmental excitatory nucleus, demonstrating that this resource enables rigorous hypothesis testing as well as exploratory-driven circuit analysis. The dataset is integrated into an open-access platform optimized to facilitate community reconstruction and discovery efforts throughout the larval zebrafish brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petkova, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Januszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuhknecht, G. F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalek, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulanger-Weil, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troidl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar Vohra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebert, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavarino, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stingl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hockling, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faik, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner-Carena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalyshkan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muthukumar, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernaglia, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapia Carrasco, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnychuck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMarti</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A connectomic resource for neural cataloguing and circuit dissection of the larval zebrafish brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.13.659508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DCPS modulates TDP-43 mediated neurodegeneration through P-body regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.13.659508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The proteinopathy of the RNA-binding protein TDP-43, characterized by nuclear clearance and cytoplasmic inclusion, is a hallmark of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Alzheimers disease (AD). Through CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) screening in human neurons, we identified the decapping enzyme scavenger (DCPS) as a novel genetic modifier of TDP-43 loss-of-function (LOF)-mediated neurotoxicity. Our findings reveal that TDP-43 LOF leads to aberrant mRNA degradation, via disrupting the properties and function of processing bodies (P-bodies). TDP-43 interacts with P-body component proteins, potentially influencing their dynamic equilibrium and assembly into ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules. Reducing DCPS restores P-body integrity and RNA turnover, ultimately improving neuronal survival. Overall, this study highlights a novel role of TDP-43 in RNA processing through P-body regulation and identifies DCPS as a potential therapeutic target for TDP-43 proteinopathy-related neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asbury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Isaza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.13.659508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DCPS modulates TDP-43 mediated neurodegeneration through P-body regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.13.659551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Susceptible host dynamics explain pathogen resilience to perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.13.659551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interventions to slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 significantly disrupted the transmission of other pathogens. As interventions lifted, whether and when human pathogens would eventually return to their pre-pandemic dynamics remains to be answered. Here, we present a framework for estimating pathogen resilience based on how fast epidemic patterns return to their pre-pandemic dynamics. By analyzing time series data from Hong Kong, Canada, Korea, and the US, we quantify the resilience of common respiratory pathogens and further predict when each pathogen will eventually return to its pre-pandemic dynamics. Our predictions are able to distinguish which pathogens should have returned already, and deviations from these predictions reveal long-term impacts of pandemic perturbations. We find a faster rate of susceptible replenishment underlies pathogen resilience and sensitivity to both large and small perturbations. Overall, our analysis highlights the persistent nature of common respiratory pathogens compared to vaccine-preventable infections, such as measles.

Significance StatementCOVID-19 interventions slowed the transmission of many respiratory pathogens in different ways, raising questions about the mechanisms driving the variation in responses to interventions. To address this gap, we characterized the sensitivity of pathogen transmission to perturbations by quantifying how fast each pathogen returned to its pre-pandemic circulation patterns. We analyzed data from Hong Kong, Canada, Korea, and the US, and showed that common respiratory pathogens are far less sensitive to perturbations than measles, a vaccine-preventable infection. Finally, we showed that the speed of replenishment of the susceptible population--for example, through waning immunity--largely determines this sensitivity, suggesting that the persistence of common respiratory pathogens is likely driven by rapid susceptible replenishment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howerton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenfell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.13.659551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Susceptible host dynamics explain pathogen resilience to perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Magnimaribacterales marine bacteria genetically partition across the nearshore to open-ocean in the tropical Pacific Ocean 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial order Magnimaribacterales, previously known as the SAR86 lineage, is among the most abundant groups of planktonic bacteria inhabiting the global surface ocean. Despite their prevalence, our understanding of how this genetically diverse lineage partitions into units with coherent ecology and evolution remains limited. Here we surveyed multiple stations in the tropical Pacific Ocean using shotgun metagenomes and 16S rRNA gene amplicons to resolve distinct habitat preferences for Magnimaribacterales lineages across nearshore, offshore, and open-ocean environments. The comprehensive collection of genomes that captured a large fraction of the known evolutionary breadth of Magnimaribacterales, revealed patterns of ecotypic differentiation manifested primarily among genus-level clusters with specific clear preferences for distinct marine habitats. Enrichment analyses identified several functional genes associated with genomes from genera abundant in the nearshore environment, including those associated with sugar metabolism, peptide transport, and glycerophospholipid biosynthesis. Such metabolic adaptations likely facilitate the predominance of specific Magnimaribacterales genera in nearshore environments, promoting ecological partitioning across marine habitats.

ImportanceUnderstanding the nature by which abundant, genetically-diverse planktonic marine bacteria organize into evolutionarily related and functionally coherent units remains an important question for scientists interested in the ecology of the global ocean. The bacterial order Magnimaribacterales (formerly SAR86) is one of the most prevalent clades in the global surface ocean, yet its ecological differentiation remains poorly resolved. By integrating metagenomic and amplicon analyses across a nearshore-to-open-ocean gradient in the tropical Pacific, this study reveals distinct habitat preferences within this lineage. The study also highlights how differences in distribution appear are primarily found between genus-level groupings. Our findings also highlight key functional traits, including sugar metabolism and glycerophospholipid biosynthesis, that were associated with the partitioning of nearshore and open-ocean Magnimaribacterales. This work enhances our understanding of the evolutionary processes shaping the diversity of one of the oceans most abundant bacterial clades.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramfelt, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freel, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappe, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.660167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Magnimaribacterales marine bacteria genetically partition across the nearshore to open-ocean in the tropical Pacific Ocean]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.13.659090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune pathways and perinatal environmental exposures contribute to epigenetic gestational age prediction and acceleration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.13.659090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation (DNAm), capturing biological gestational age (GA) and epigenetic gestational age acceleration (EGAA), can be modified by environmental exposures. The Asthma&Allergy array is a new DNAm array developed with content focused on asthma and allergy loci. The association between content on the Asthma&Allergy array and chronological GA and EGAA has not been evaluated alone or in the context of perinatal exposures. We performed an epigenome wide association study(EWAS) based on chronological GA at single CpG sites and regions. We further constructed a multi-CpG site methylation model to predict chronological GA in cord blood from 391 newborn children from a Detroit-based birth cohort. Associations between perinatal environmental factors with GA, epigenetic gestational age (EGA), and EGAA were assessed. We identified 2,435 CpG sites associated with chronological GA. HLA class II (HLA-DRB1,HLA-DQB1,HLA-DRB6) were the most significantly associated with chronological GA. Our multi-CpG site model attained predictive accuracy (cross-validated Pearsons correlation=0.75) comparable to other EGA methods. Using genes implicated in region-based analyses (n=395 regions), the pathways most significantly enriched with chronological GA-associated CpGs included T helper 1(Th1) and 2(Th2) activation, macrophage classical activation, and IL10 signaling, which were also enriched in at least one of the other published epigenetic clocks. In multi-exposure models, prenatal indoor pet exposure and unplanned C-section were associated with EGA deceleration, while infants first-born status was associated with EGAA. Our findings highlight enrichment for T cell modulated pathways and antigen presentation as biological processes enriched in chronological GA, as well as novel perinatal factors that may impact EGAA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eapen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loveless, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straughen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassidy-Bushrow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitarik, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmerman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kottyan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ober, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoratti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.13.659090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune pathways and perinatal environmental exposures contribute to epigenetic gestational age prediction and acceleration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.18.660398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host- and microbial-mediated mucin degradation differentially shape Pseudomonas aeruginosa physiology and gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.18.660398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a hallmark pathogen of cystic fibrosis (CF) airway infections, capable of reaching high cell densities despite its limited ability to directly utilize mucin glycoproteins as a nutrient source. In the CF lung, however, P. aeruginosa may access preferred carbon sources (e.g., amino acids and short-chain fatty acids) through metabolic cross-feeding with co-colonizing mucin-degrading microbes. Although host-derived enzymes such as neutrophil elastase can also degrade mucins, the extent to which host-mediated mucin breakdown supports P. aeruginosa growth remains unclear. Thus, here we compared the nutritional impact of microbial versus host mucolytic activity on P. aeruginosa physiology. Analyses of CF sputum revealed patient-specific variability in mucin integrity that is shaped by both host and microbial factors. We demonstrate that mucin degradation by anaerobic bacteria through proteolysis, glycolysis, and fermentation, promotes robust P. aeruginosa growth, unlike mucin processed by neutrophil elastase alone. Targeted metabolomics identified acetate and propionate as key metabolites driving this cross-feeding, while transcriptomic and phenotypic analyses revealed that P. aeruginosa engages in diauxic growth on a broader set of mucin-derived substrates. Unexpectedly, cross-feeding with anaerobes triggered the induction of P. aeruginosa denitrification and fermentation pathways, suggesting redox remodeling despite being cultured under oxygen-replete conditions. Finally, the transcriptional profile of P. aeruginosa grown on anaerobe-conditioned mucins more closely resembled its in vivo gene expression, more so than when grown on intact or neutrophil-degraded mucins. Together, these findings provide new insight into the potential role of interspecies metabolic interactions in shaping pathogen physiology in the inflammatory, polymicrobial, and mucus-rich environment of the CF airways.

Author SummaryCystic fibrosis (CF) airways contain viscous mucus that traps both pathogens and commensals. The major pathogen, P. aeruginosa thrives in these mucus-rich, inflamed environments, but how it acquires nutrients to sustain growth is poorly understood. We demonstrate that while host neutrophil enzymes degrade mucin polymers, this degradation alone does not provide substantial nutrients to support P. aeruginosa proliferation. In contrast, co-colonizing anaerobic microbiota extensively degrade mucins and generate short-chain fatty acids and other metabolites that strongly promote P. aeruginosa growth. We show that anaerobe-degraded mucins not only support faster growth but also trigger redox remodeling and gene expression changes that closely resemble P. aeruginosa behavior in CF patient sputum. This work highlights the important role of interspecies metabolic interactions in shaping CF airway infections and suggests new consideration for therapeutic strategies targeting airway microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arif, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggen, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villarreal, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbertsen, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunitz, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.18.660398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host- and microbial-mediated mucin degradation differentially shape Pseudomonas aeruginosa physiology and gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservation and lability within the structure of mandibular integration in "old endemic" Australian rodents 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.17.660249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The structure of phenotypic integration is predicted to bias the direction and rate of phenotypic evolution but only on timescales over which it is conserved. Both the scales on which the structure of integration evolves and how that structure is evolutionarily modified are important, but not generally understood. Here, structures of mandibular integration are inferred for eight species of "old endemic" Australian rodents, including a pair of intraspecific samples for two of these species. The structures of integration are compared and variation among these structures is assessed in light of the underlying phylogenetic relationships and in the finer patterns of conserved and evolving trait associations. Microevolution in the structure of integration is minor and while macroevolutionary comparisons almost all show significant similarity, comparisons range widely and do not clearly decay with the degree of phylogenetic separation. These patterns appear to reflect the combined influence of conserved and labile portions of the structure of integration. Structures of phenotypic integration are complexes of conserved and labile elements and if they bias phenotypic evolution, it will be in similarly complex ways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.17.660249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservation and lability within the structure of mandibular integration in "old endemic" Australian rodents]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Humans Optimally Integrate Cutaneous and Proprioceptive Cues In Haptic Size Perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory perception often relies on the brains integration of multiple noisy inputs (cues), a process known as cue combination. Cue combination within the sense of touch has been understudied. Here, we investigated whether humans optimally combine haptic cutaneous and hand configuration cues when discerning the size (e.g., diameter) of a disk held edge-on between the thumb and index fingers. When these two fingers span the diameter of a disk to contact its perimeter, a hand configuration cue (relating to the perceived distance between the fingers) provides information about the disks size. Less obviously, cutaneous cues to disk size may be provided simultaneously from the indentation of the skin caused by the curvature of the disk (smaller disks cause greater indentation). It is unknown whether humans make use of all these cues when perceiving the size of the held object, and if so, whether they integrate the cues optimally. We considered three hypotheses for how humans might use these cues: they might rely solely on the least noisy cue (Winner-Take-All Model, WTA), combine cues based on a simple arithmetic average (Average-Measurement Model, AVG), or combine cues via an optimal weighted average (Optimally-Weighted Model, OPT). In three experiments involving 34 participants, we measured the reliabilities of these cues and compared participant performance to the predictions of the three models. Each experiment tested participants using a two-interval forced-choice (2IFC) paradigm with 3D printed disk stimuli. On each trial, under occluded vision, participants felt two disks sequentially and responded which felt larger. Participants were tested with each fingers cutaneous cue alone, the configuration cue alone, and all three cues together. In two experiments, the disks presented were circular. In a third experiment, unknown to participants, some of the presented disks were oval-like cue-conflict stimuli. The improvement of accuracy observed in multi-cue conditions over single-cue conditions, and the Point of Subjective Equality (PSE) shifts observed in cue-conflict conditions, were consistent with optimal cue combination. We conclude that humans are capable of combining haptic cutaneous and configuration cues optimally to judge the sizes of held objects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldreich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.24.661403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Humans Optimally Integrate Cutaneous and Proprioceptive Cues In Haptic Size Perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary trade-offs between functional and immune selection shape multigene families in pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many infectious pathogens employ rapidly diversifying multigene families to encode surface proteins that influence fitness in both a frequency-dependent and an absolute manner, through respective variation in antigenic determinants and the basic reproductive number (R0). How evolution shapes gene composition as pathogens compete for hosts remains largely unexplored, even though these two trait axes map to those of Modern Coexistence Theory. We address this question with a stochastic computational model for the transmission of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite and the birth-death gene dynamics of the var multigene family encoding for its major surface antigen. Selection alone cannot maintain the stable ratio observed for two gene groups within parasite genomes, suggesting that group-based classifications do not clearly reflect transmission strategy and virulence. When a trade-off exists between the two axes, strong immune selection attenuates functional selection for traits associated with absolute fitness and favors fast-recombining genes for antigenic diversification. Thus, the proportion of high-R0 genes in individual genomes (and in the population) inverts along the transmission intensity gradient, with differences between genes becoming increasingly frequency-dependent. Overall, strong immune selection increases invasion probability of novel antigens and niche differences between parasite genomes, while reducing gene variance in transmissibility, virulence and infection duration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascual, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.24.661038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary trade-offs between functional and immune selection shape multigene families in pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
5-azacytosine induces cytotoxicity via 5-methylcytosine depletion on chromatin-associated RNA in leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
5-azacytidine (5-azaC) is a DNA hypomethylating agent clinically used to improve outcomes in myeloid malignancies. However, 5-azaC treatment causes gene dysregulation inconsistent with DNA hypomethylation changes, suggesting alternative mechanisms of action by 5-azaC. As a ribonucleoside analogue, 5-azaC is more readily incorporated into nascent RNA. Here, we demonstrate that RNA 5-methylcytosine (m5C) depletion by 5-azaC treatment, particularly at early time points, is sufficient to induce leukemia cell death. In contrast to its DNA demethylation function, the RNA-dependent effect of 5-azaC causes transcriptional repression, disrupting genes involved in cell cycle regulation and DNA repair. Mechanistically, 5-azaC impairs two specific m5C-mediated transcriptional regulatory pathways. First, depletion of m5C in chromatin-associated RNA (caRNA) disrupts the MBD6-mediated H2AK119ub deubiquitination. In parallel, this also impairs SRSF2 recruitment and the downstream H3K27ac deposition by p300. Indeed, loss of the caRNA methyltransferase NSUN2 caused prolonged cell cycle, defective DNA repair, and shifted hematopoietic lineage commitment toward erythropoiesis, mirroring the effects of 5-azaC treatment. Furthermore, we performed a leukemia cell line screen and identified that TET2 and IKZF1 depletion can sensitize 5-azaC treatment, consistent with the observed RNA-dependent cytotoxicity of 5-azaC in leukemic cells. In summary, our findings highlight the transcription repression by 5-azaC through depleting caRNA m5C, providing additional insights into the mechanism of action for 5-azaC, the prediction of its efficacy, and future directions for therapy developments based on 5-azaC.

HIGHLIGHTO_LIRNA-dependent effects of 5-azaC are sufficient to drive leukemia cell cytotoxicity through transcriptional repression.
C_LIO_LI5-azaC-induced caRNA m5C depletion impairs MBD6 binding and H2AK119ub deubiquitination.
C_LIO_LI5-azaC-induced caRNA m5C depletion disrupts SRSF2 chromatin-binding, impeding p300 recruitment and H3K27ac deposition.
C_LIO_LITET2 or IKZF1 depletion synergizes leukemia sensitivity to 5-azaC
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.24.661348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[5-azacytosine induces cytotoxicity via 5-methylcytosine depletion on chromatin-associated RNA in leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.661814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluctuation structure predicts genome-wide perturbation outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.661814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pooled single-cell perturbation screens represent powerful experimental platforms for functional genomics, yet interpreting these rich datasets for meaningful biological conclusions remains challenging. Most current methods fall at one of two extremes: either opaque deep learning models that obscure biological meaning, or simplified frameworks that treat genes as isolated units. As such, these approaches overlook a crucial insight: gene co-fluctuations in unperturbed cellular states can be harnessed to model perturbation responses. Here we present CIPHER (Covariance Inference for Perturbation and High-dimensional Expression Response), a conceptual framework leveraging linear response theory from statistical physics to predict transcriptome-wide perturbation outcomes using gene co-fluctuations in unperturbed cells. We validated CIPHER on synthetic regulatory networks before applying it to 11 large-scale single-cell perturbation datasets covering 4,234 perturbations and over 1.36M cells. CIPHER robustly recapitulated genome-wide responses to single and double perturbations by exploiting baseline gene covariance structure. Importantly, eliminating gene-gene covariances, while retaining gene-intrinsic variances, reduced model performance by 11-fold, demonstrating the rich information stored within baseline fluctuation structures. Moreover, gene-gene correlations transferred successfully across independent experiments of the same cell type, revealing stereotypic fluctuation structures. Furthermore, CIPHER outperformed conventional differential expression metrics in identifying true perturbations while providing uncertainty-aware effect size estimates through Bayesian inference. Finally, most genome-wide responses propagated through the covariance matrix along approximately three independent and global gene modules. CIPHER underscores the importance of theoretically-grounded models in capturing complex biological responses, highlighting fundamental design principles encoded in cellular fluctuation patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuznets-Speck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melzer, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prashnani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaikuntanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.27.661814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluctuation structure predicts genome-wide perturbation outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.662058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Groove architecture controls lipid scrambling in simulations of protein and model systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.662058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid bilayers are essential to life as they surround most cells and membrane-bound organelles. The integrity and fate of cells depend on the asymmetric makeup of lipid bilayers with various membrane proteins regulating the lipid composition of a bilayers two leaflets. Lipids scramblases are one of the primary regulators of lipid asymmetry in bilayers, spontaneously transferring lipids between membrane leaflets. Members of the TMEM16, OSCA/TMEM63, and TMC families have been suggested to be lipid scramblases. Despite significant differences, these proteins share a common structural architecture that features a membrane-exposed groove. The "credit card" mechanism proposes that lipids switch leaflets by moving their polar head groups either inside (partially dry) or on the surface of (wet) membrane-exposed, open hydrophilic grooves. However, emerging evidence of closed-groove scrambling challenges this model. Given the sequence diversity of groove-lining amino acids in TMEM16, OSCA/TMEM63, and TMC proteins, we hypothesized that lipid scrambling is primarily determined by groove architecture. To test this hypothesis and the credit card mechanism, we used coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of experimental structures and AlphaFold-generated models of six different scramblases in closed and open states. In these simulations, we observed little scramblase activity in most closed-state configurations but robust scrambling by all open-state models. We then built simplified TMEM16-based scramblases with only three bead types uniformly set for solvent-facing, transmembrane, and groove regions. We used this and further simplified models to vary groove surface hydrophilicity, groove surface geometry, and groove architecture. Our models support the partially dry and wet credit card mechanisms and suggest that groove architecture plays a more important role in facilitating lipid scrambling than the detailed sequence of groove-lining amino acids.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEMany biological processes, including blood clotting and apoptosis, are triggered by exposure of specific lipids on the outer leaflet of a lipid bilayer. Spontaneous diffusion of lipids between leaflets is slow, but scramblases can speed up transbilayer lipid exchange, a key step in signaling cascades. Here we used coarse-grained simulations to isolate and quantify the key biophysical properties of scramblases that modulate lipid movement across the bilayer. We found that the architecture of scramblases membrane-exposed groove is key to their function. This can be used to generate hypotheses about disease-causing mutations in known scramblases, guide drug design, and suggest favorable properties for de novo designed scramblases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison-Rawn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballesteros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotomayor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.27.662058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Groove architecture controls lipid scrambling in simulations of protein and model systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.662006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-season analysis reveals hundreds of drought-responsive genes in sorghum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.662006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent drought affects global crop production and is becoming more severe in many parts of the world in recent decades. Deciphering how plants respond to drought will facilitate the development of flexible mitigation strategies. Sorghum bicolor L. Moench (sorghum), a major cereal crop and an emerging bioenergy crop, exhibits remarkable resilience to drought. To better understand the molecular traits that underlie sorghums remarkable drought tolerance, we undertook a large-scale sorghum gene expression profiling effort, totaling nearly 1,500 transcriptome profiles, across a 3-year field study with replicated plots in Californias Central Valley. This study included time-resolved gene expression data from roots and leaves of two sorghum genotypes, BTx642 and RTx430, with different pre-flowering and post-flowering drought-tolerance adaptations under control and drought conditions. Quantification of genotype-specific drought tolerance effects was enabled by de novo sequencing, assembly, and annotation of both BTx642 and RTx430 genomes. These reference-quality genomes were used to construct a pan-gene set for characterizing conserved and genotype-specific expression. By integrating time-resolved transcriptomic responses to drought in the field across three consecutive years, we identified a set of drought-responsive genes that responded similarly in all three years of our field study. This expansive dataset represents a unique resource for sorghum and drought research communities and provides a methodological framework for the integration of multi-faceted time-resolved transcriptomic datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cole, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varoquaux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutmacher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierroz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshinaga, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OMalley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovell, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmutz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman-Derr, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaux, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purdom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.27.662006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-season analysis reveals hundreds of drought-responsive genes in sorghum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A global genetic interaction map of a human cell reveals conserved principles of genetic networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We generated a genome-scale, genetic interaction network from the analysis of more than 4 million double mutants in the haploid human cell line, HAP1. The network maps [~]90,000 genetic interactions, including thousands of extreme synthetic lethal and genetic suppression interactions. Genetic interaction profiles enabled assembly of a hierarchical model of cell function, including modules corresponding to protein complexes, pathways, biological processes, and cellular compartments. Comparative analyses showed that general principles of genetic networks are conserved from yeast to human cells. A genetic interaction network mapped in a single genetic background complements the DepMap gene co-essentiality network, recapitulating many of the same biological connections and also capturing unique functional information to reveal roles of uncharacterized genes and molecular determinants of specific cancer cell line genetic dependencies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Billmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costanzo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pons, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Leeuwen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aregger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mair, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masud, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilera-Uribe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usaj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aulakh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhojoo, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birkadze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budijono, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caumanns, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrashekhar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clinie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasgupta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drazic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas Echenique, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gacesa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granda Farias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habsid, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horecka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantautas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.30.662193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A global genetic interaction map of a human cell reveals conserved principles of genetic networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.662686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteobacteria with chemosynthetic potential are highly enriched in the gills of Hypoplectrus reef fishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.662686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A variety of marine invertebrates are known to form associations with chemosynthetic bacteria, but to the best of our knowledge this has not been documented in fishes. Here, we apply genome-resolved metagenomics to the hamlets (Hypoplectrus spp), a model system for the study of speciation in the sea. The analysis of 304 gill samples from 12 hamlet species collected at six locations over 13 years revealed a stark contrast between the gill microbiota and ambient water microbial communities. One novel lineage in the Burkholderiaceae-B family was particularly prevalent across host species, sampling locations and years. Its genome encoded highly complete metabolic modules for carbon fixation and sulfur oxidation, indicating chemosynthetic potential. Its pangenome revealed large-scale geographic structure (western Caribbean, eastern Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico), paralleling the phylogenomic pattern observed in the hamlet radiation. Our survey also identified genomes of multiple novel gill-associated lineages related to known fish gill pathogens, fish gut microbes and free-living seawater taxa. These lineages harbor diverse metabolic modules, involved notably in nitrogen cycling, antibiotic production and biofilm formation, revealing a highly dynamic microbial ecosystem. Overall, our findings suggest complex host-microbe and microbe-microbe eco-evolutionary interactions that may influence fish physiology, homeostasis and immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdelghany, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmkampf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schechter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veseli, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leray, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puebla, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.01.662686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteobacteria with chemosynthetic potential are highly enriched in the gills of Hypoplectrus reef fishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TMC1 and TMC2 are cholesterol-dependent scramblases that regulate membrane homeostasis in auditory hair cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.663083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TMC1 and TMC2, the pore-forming subunits of the mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) complex in inner ear sensory hair cells, are essential for auditory and vestibular function. Pathogenic mutations in TMC1 are a leading cause of genetic hearing loss, but their underlying cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we reveal that TMC1 and TMC2 are cholesterol-regulated lipid scramblases whose activity modulates plasma membrane asymmetry. Using reconstituted proteoliposomes and molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that both proteins facilitate phospholipid translocation across membrane bilayers, a process tuned by cholesterol and enhanced by deafness-causing TMC1 mutations. We show that this scramblase activity correlates with TMC1-dependent externalization of phosphatidylserine and membrane blebbing in murine auditory hair cells, linking TMC1-dependent membrane homeostasis dysregulation to auditory sensory cell pathology. These findings identify TMCs as a novel family of lipid scramblases, advancing our understanding of MET complex biology and offering mechanistic insight into membrane-driven forms of hereditary deafness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balaraman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotomayor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballesteros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.03.663083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TMC1 and TMC2 are cholesterol-dependent scramblases that regulate membrane homeostasis in auditory hair cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Buffer Valency Engineering Enables High-concentration and Shelf-stable DNA Transfection Particles for Viral Vector Production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cost-effective and scalable production is critical for advancing the clinical translation of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy. The widely used transient transfection method using plasmid DNA (pDNA)-loaded transfection particles for AAV production faces technical challenges due to instability of the particles and the concentration limits for particle preparation, hindering reproducibility and scalability. Here, we report a streamlined and scalable strategy to generate shelf-stable, highly concentrated pDNA/poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) transfection particles. By incorporating trivalent citrate ions in the dilution buffers, we kinetically modulate electrostatic complexation to achieve uniform nanoparticle assembly and prevent aggregation at high concentrations. This enables a tenfold increase in pDNA concentration in stabilized transfection particles from a typical range of 10-20 g/mL to 200 g/mL, while reducing the required dosing volume from 5-10% to 0.5% of the cell culture medium. The particle assembly process is robust to changes in mixing scale and timing and is compatible with standard workflows. We demonstrate equivalent AAV production efficiencies to standard methods and consistent performance in various production scales, which confirms the practical utility of this assembly method in developing robust, scalable, and cost-effective AAV manufacturing processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pial, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodier, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guise, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brailsford, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi-Ali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korinetz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, H.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Buffer Valency Engineering Enables High-concentration and Shelf-stable DNA Transfection Particles for Viral Vector Production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.662938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogeny, systematics and evolution of mimicry patterns in Neotropical limenitidine butterflies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.662938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Neotropical butterfly genus Adelpha Hubner exhibits remarkable species diversity and striking convergence in wing colour patterns potentially explained by mimicry, making it an exceptional model for exploring trait evolution and its relationship with speciation. To date, unresolved phylogenetic relationships hinder a comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary biology of the genus. Using a novel multi-marker dataset combining one mitochondrial and 15 nuclear gene fragments, we generate the most comprehensive phylogeny of the genus Adelpha to revisit its systematics and investigate the evolution of mimicry colour patterns. Our data set encompasses 83 of the 87 known extant species and six Limenitis species that were recently excluded from Adelpha (134 of c. 160 subspecies in total), collectively displaying 14 distinct mimicry patterns. We provide conclusive evidence that corroborates previous work on the polyphyly of Adelpha as historically conceived, and describe the genus Adelphina Paez & Willmott n. gen. to stabilize the nomenclature, both genera representing Neotropical limenitidines. The comprehensive phylogeny provided in this study lays a solid foundation for future research into the processes driving diversification within these species interacting through mimicry. Ancestral character state reconstruction reveals gradual evolution of mimicry pattern. The more common mimicry pattern IPHICLUS (forewing with orange subapical spot and white band) is inferred as ancestral, but repeated convergent evolution is also recovered. Evolutionary convergence is also observed for the second most abundant mimicry pattern, COCALA (orange-white banded). Increased rates of mimicry pattern evolution are also found toward the equator. These results underscore the complexity of mimicry evolution in the Neotropical limenitidines i.e., Adelpha and Adelphina, emphasizing the need to explore its interplay with other biotic and abiotic factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kergoat, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benmesbah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briscoe, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, A. V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guralnick, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronforst, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moraes Magaldi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullen, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahlberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodbury, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willmott, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.03.662938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogeny, systematics and evolution of mimicry patterns in Neotropical limenitidine butterflies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.662692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Historical Contingency Shapes Toxin Resistance in a Specialist Avian Predator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.662692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptations to toxic diets can cascade through ecosystems, altering physiology, species interactions, and trophic dynamics. To uncover the molecular basis of toxin resistance in the black-headed grosbeak (Pheucticus melanocephalus), a specialist predator of cardiotonic steroid-defended monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus), we investigated the evolution of target-site insensitivity in the toxins molecular target - the Na,K-ATPase. Functional assays of engineered Na,K-ATPases revealed that resistance in grosbeaks arises from a non-additive interaction between a substitution at position 111 (Q111E) and up to six nearby amino acid changes in the first extracellular loop of the protein. Using resurrected ancestral proteins, we show that the earliest of these six substitutions to evolve (V113L) altered the functional effects of Q111E, such that Q111E alone became maladaptive. Only after the accumulation of additional permissive substitutions could Q111E confer resistance, highlighting how intramolecular epistatic interactions and historical contingency constrained the evolutionary path to adaptation. Our phylogenetic analysis of Na,K-ATPase sequences from 360 birds further revealed that several of the specific grosbeak substitutions--particularly at sites 112, 114, and 116--show strong signatures of co-evolution with changes at site 111 across the avian tree, supporting the hypothesis that resistance evolves through repeated, interacting changes. Together, these results reveal the molecular mechanisms of convergent evolution of toxin resistance and demonstrate how genetic background can shape evolutionary outcomes across trophic levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Alvarez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eacock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storz, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowland, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.04.662692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Historical Contingency Shapes Toxin Resistance in a Specialist Avian Predator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.06.663404v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative ScRNA-Seq Profiling of Antigen-Specific CD4+ T cells in Semi-Allogeneic Transplantation and Pregnancy Reveals Intersecting Signatures of Rejection and Tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.06.663404v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transplantation of allogeneic organs requires lifelong immunosuppression to prevent rejection. Prior sensitization and resultant memory T cells are barriers to achieving successful transplant tolerance. In reproductive immunology by contrast, pregnancy represents a spontaneous model of tolerance where the semi-allogeneic fetus evades rejection even in multiparous or rejection-sensitized mothers. CD8+ T cell phenotypes of tolerance and rejection have been previously reported in transplant and pregnancy, but the transcriptional states of donor and fetus-specific CD4+ T cells remain poorly defined. Here, we performed Single-cell RNA-sequencing on endogenous, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells across models of allogeneic heart transplants and naive or paternal skin-sensitized pregnancy. We identified expanded T follicular helper (Tfh) and non-follicular effectors in transplant rejection absent in tolerance. Naive pregnancy resulted in a modest expansion of effector clusters with transcriptional quiescence that mirrored virgin mice. Successful sensitized pregnancy resulted in expanded Tfh clusters consistent with increased fetal-specific antibodies and limited non-Tfh effector responses. Most striking were the extensive changes imposed on donor-specific Foxp3pos regulatory T cells (Tregs) resulting in the co-clustering together with Foxp3neg T conventional cells (Tconvs) in transplant tolerance and the emergence of a Foxp3neg Type I Regulatory cluster observed in pregnancy of sensitized dams. Finally, we showed that these transcriptomes were relevant and enriched in human datasets of health and disease respectively. Thus, the context-dependent signatures of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells provide new insights into their divergent responses to allogeneic conflict at the intersection of transplant and reproductive immunology.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=178 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/663404v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrade, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hynes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suran, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegre, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sage, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.06.663404</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative ScRNA-Seq Profiling of Antigen-Specific CD4+ T cells in Semi-Allogeneic Transplantation and Pregnancy Reveals Intersecting Signatures of Rejection and Tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-nucleotide Resolution Epitranscriptomic Profiling Uncovers Dynamic m6A Regulation in Bovine Preimplantation Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression during early embryonic development. However, the m6A dynamics at single-nucleotide resolution in preimplantation development remain uncharacterized, and the functional significance of site specific m6A modifications in key developmental regulators is largely unknown. Here, using SAC-seq, a single-base resolution, antibody-independent m6A profiling method, we generate the first comprehensive m6A landscape in bovine oocytes and preimplantation embryos. We identify a previously uncharacterized m6A site in RPL12 transcript that is essential for embryonic development. Loss of m6A at this site leads to reduced protein synthesis, disrupted expression of translation-related genes, and impaired zygotic genome activation and blastocyst formation. Notably, supplementation with wild-type RPL12 mRNA fails to rescue the developmental arrest, indicating that m6A regulation extends beyond transcript abundance. Our findings provide a valuable resource of m6A at single-nucleotide resolution in mammalian embryogenesis and uncover a critical mechanism by which precise, site-specific m6A regulates translation and developmental competence in early embryos.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iyyappan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajdzik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakestraw, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.07.663558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-nucleotide Resolution Epitranscriptomic Profiling Uncovers Dynamic m6A Regulation in Bovine Preimplantation Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contributions from Long-Term Memory Explain Superior Visual Working Memory Performance with Meaningful Objects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual working memory (WM) capacity has been claimed to be larger for meaningful objects than for simple features, possibly because richer semantic representations enhance the distinctiveness of stored items. However, prior demonstrations typically compared trial-unique meaningful objects with a small set of repeated simple features. This design confounds meaningfulness with proactive interference (PI), such that PI is minimal for trial-unique objects but substantial for repeated features. As a result, superior performance for meaningful objects may reflect contributions from episodic long-term memory (LTM) rather than expanded WM capacity. To test this, Experiment 1 measured WM for repeated colors, repeated meaningful objects, and trial-unique meaningful objects. The advantage for objects over colors was replicated in the trial-unique condition, but eliminated for repeated objects that equated PI across stimulus types. Hierarchical Bayesian dual-process modeling revealed that the trial-unique advantage reflected stronger familiarity signals, whereas recollection remained stable across stimulus types. Experiment 2 assessed WM storage directly using contralateral delay activity (CDA), an electrophysiological marker of the number of items stored. Although trial-unique objects again yielded behavioral advantages, CDA activity across increasing set sizes revealed a common slope and plateau for trial-unique meaningful objects and repeated colors. The CDA difference between stimulus types was additive and did not vary with set size, providing no evidence for an increased number of stored items. These findings demonstrate that previously reported advantages for meaningful objects primarily reflect reduced PI and enhanced LTM familiarity. When PI is equated, WM storage limits for simple and meaningful stimuli are equivalent.

Significance StatementWorking memory provides the mental workspace that underlies reasoning, learning, and everyday decision making, yet its capacity is sharply limited. Previous studies suggested that meaningful, real-world objects are remembered better, raising the possibility that knowledge can expand this known capacity limit. However, many designs confound working memory with long-term familiarity. Here, equating proactive interference removed the behavioral advantage for meaningful items. A neural marker of active storage showed additive differences between stimulus types that did not vary with load, indicating no increase in the number of stored items. These findings identify interference, rather than expanded storage, as the source of the reported advantage and offer practical guidance for future experimental design and theories of memory limits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>PARK, H.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.07.663569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contributions from Long-Term Memory Explain Superior Visual Working Memory Performance with Meaningful Objects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.659702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic mapping of Drosophila protein secretomes reveals tissue-specific origins and inter-organ trafficking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.659702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secreted proteins regulate many aspects of animal biology and are attractive targets for biomarkers and therapeutics. However, comprehensively identifying the "secretome", along with their tissues of origin, remains extremely challenging. To address this, we employed multiple  omics methods to define a tissue-secretome map of 535 blood plasma proteins derived from specific cell-types and organs in Drosophila melanogaster. This map was enabled by methodological improvements including a collection of transgenic flies to label endogenous secreted proteins in 10 major tissue types, large-scale blood isolation, whole animal snRNA-seq, and a collection of 40 knock-in strains. Using this map, we discover surprising findings about circulating proteins: most originate from specific tissues including unusual sources (e.g. glia), many are uncharacterized, and some are shed ectodomains of transmembrane proteins. In addition, in vivo experiments revealed circulating proteins with remarkably tissue-specific expression, as well as proteins that are deposited in a different tissue from where they are synthesized, suggesting potential inter-organ functions. Our secretome map will serve as a resource to investigate blood protein function, discover novel tissue-tissue communication signals, and mine for homologues of human biomarkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bosch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltran, P. M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaGraff, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melanson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tattikota, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashmi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asara, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ting, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.09.659702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic mapping of Drosophila protein secretomes reveals tissue-specific origins and inter-organ trafficking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.663976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From Concrete to Canopy: Illuminating Moth Biodiversity in New York City's Urban Jungle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.663976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Moths (Lepidoptera) are sensitive to anthropogenic threats and serve as valuable bioindicators. Despite the remarkable diversity and abundance of Lepidoptera globally, there is a lack of information on how moth species are impacted by urbanization. Notably, very little is known about moths in the largest city of the United States, New York City, where pervasive urban pollutants, artificial light at night, land cover change, and habitat fragmentation are severe. We examined the effects of urbanization on moth biodiversity in New York City, with a focus on green spaces. We used citizen science records from iNaturalist and complemented these data with ground sampling at twelve locations across six parks at night. While the iNaturalist dataset is comprehensive both spatially and temporally, it failed to detect rarer species we observed on the ground. However, the scope of the field survey dataset is limited in geographical breadth and seasonal coverage. Overall, we found a negative relationship between greater urbanization and moth diversity, with community similarity correlated with environmental similarity. Our results found greater biodiversity with less light at night and urban development, and more deciduous tree cover and open land. Our structural equation model reveals additional insight: although we detected a strong direct negative effect of developed land on moth diversity, urbanization also negatively impacts diversity via indirect effects of reducing open space and deciduous tree cover. Developed open space alone does not directly affect diversity but may positively impact diversity through its covariance with vegetation cover. These findings support the importance of mitigating artificial light at night in urban green spaces and maintaining urban vegetation to ensure nocturnal Lepidoptera can persist in rapidly urbanizing landscapes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linsk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thonis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winchell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.663976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From Concrete to Canopy: Illuminating Moth Biodiversity in New York City's Urban Jungle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complementary cortical and thalamic contributions to cell-type-specific striatal activity dynamics during movement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coordinated motor behavior emerges from information flow across brain regions. How long-range inputs drive cell-type-specific activity within motor circuits remains unclear. The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) contains direct- and indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons (dMSNs and iMSNs) with distinct roles in movement control. In mice performing skilled locomotion, we recorded from dMSNs, iMSNs, and their cortical and thalamic inputs identified by monosynaptic rabies tracing. An RNN classifier and clustering analysis revealed functionally heterogeneous subpopulations in each population, with dMSNs preferentially activated at movement onset and offset, and iMSNs during execution. Cortical and thalamic inputs were preferentially activated during onset/offset and execution, respectively, though dMSN- and iMSN-projecting neurons in each region showed similar patterns. Locomotion phase-specific rhythmic activity was found in a subset of thalamic dMSN-projecting neurons and dMSNs. Cortex or thalamus inactivation reduced MSN activity. These findings suggest that corticostriatal and thalamostriatal inputs convey complementary motor signals via shared and cell-type-specific pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gjoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sristi, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dror, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neil, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenstock, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishne, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komiyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complementary cortical and thalamic contributions to cell-type-specific striatal activity dynamics during movement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.663733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Airway Epithelial SARS-CoV-2 Infectious and Repair Responses: Relationships to Age, Sex, and Post-COVID Pulmonary Syndromes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.663733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The long-term pulmonary sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections reflect infection severity, innate and adaptive immunity, and respiratory epithelial repair. This study investigated the acute and reparative responses as a function of age and sex in primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cultures utilizing a 14-day SARS-CoV-2 infection protocol. SARS-CoV-2 infection peaked at 3 days post-infection (dpi) with an [~] 2 log titer suppression at 14 dpi. SARS-CoV-2 infection induced interferon, interferon-induced gene, and cell damage responses. No age- or sex-dependent effects on SARS-CoV-2 infection were detected. Airway epithelia repaired to an abnormal mucus metaplastic/inflammatory state that reflected potentially beneficial and adverse consequences at 14 dpi. Repair processes were infection severity-dependent, not sex-dependent, and were more robust in young donor cultures. Analyses of long-COVID subjects with persistent pulmonary fibrosis or persistent bronchitic airway diseases exhibited expression of HBE 14 dpi failed repair gene signatures, including ISG gene signatures. Human airway epithelial repair post-SARS-CoV-2 is prolonged and incomplete in vitro over 14 days, and persistently abnormal repair may contribute to phenotypes of people with long-COVID pulmonary syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reidel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meganck, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esther, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulcher, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooley, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikami, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asakura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konopka, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerayeli, F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sin, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livraghi-Butrico, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okuda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickles, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randell, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neal, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boucher, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.663733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Airway Epithelial SARS-CoV-2 Infectious and Repair Responses: Relationships to Age, Sex, and Post-COVID Pulmonary Syndromes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.13.664483v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling habitat suitability for insect pollinators in New York City: Two decades of change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.13.664483v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As cities change and expand, it is increasingly important to understand how urbanization is altering habitat suitability for wildlife, particularly insect pollinators. Using species distribution models (SDMs), we assessed spatial and temporal changes in habitat suitability for diurnal pollinators in New York City over two decades (2000s and 2010s), focusing on three insect orders: Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera. Our models revealed an 18.5% net decrease in pollinator habitat suitability citywide, with marked variation across boroughs, including localized increases in Manhattan and the Bronx. Climatic variables, especially temperature, solar radiation, and vapor pressure deficit, emerged as the strongest predictors of habitat suitability, while land cover changes had more localized effects. Among land cover types, urban forest was the only class to show increased suitability, suggesting that greening initiatives may buffer some climate-driven declines. These findings highlight the combined influence of climate and land use on pollinator habitat in cities, emphasizing the need to consider both factors when assessing urban biodiversity change. Understanding these dynamics is critical for designing urban greening initiatives that effectively support pollinator communities and inform conservation efforts in increasingly developed landscapes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Linsk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winchell, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thonis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.13.664483</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling habitat suitability for insect pollinators in New York City: Two decades of change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.663986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CDK8 Inhibition Releases the Muscle Differentiation Block in Fusion-driven Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.663986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (aRMS) is a fusion-driven pediatric cancer with poor survival and limited therapeutic options. To uncover novel vulnerabilities, we employed complex-based analysis of the DepMap functional genomic data, identifying CDK8 as a dependency in aRMS. Both CDK8 knockout and pharmacologic inhibition impaired tumor cell growth and induced myogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Compared to genetic loss, CDK8 inhibition induced more dynamic transcriptional changes. With a genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 drug modifier screen, we determined that the maximal anti-tumor activity of the CDK8 inhibitor requires the presence of the Mediator kinase module and transcriptional cooperation with the SAGA complex. We further identified SIX4 as a key transcription factor mediating CDK8 inhibitor-induced transcriptional activation of myogenic differentiation genes and tumor cell proliferation. These findings suggest a distinct gain-of-function mechanism of the CDK8 inhibitor and establish a strong rationale for CDK8 inhibition as a differentiation-inducing therapeutic strategy in aRMS.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEWe provide a framework for uncovering therapeutic targets by network-based analysis of functional genomic screens. We identify CDK8 as a druggable target in aRMS and determine that CDK8 inhibition drives myogenic differentiation and impairs tumor progression via a collaborative mechanism involving the Mediator kinase module, SAGA complex, and SIX4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Just, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guedes, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granum, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oristian, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Digiovanni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerda-Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Roux, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rees, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shern, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Counter, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linardic, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegmaier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.14.663986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CDK8 Inhibition Releases the Muscle Differentiation Block in Fusion-driven Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.15.664999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The geometry of G x E: how scaling and endogenous treatment effects shape interaction direction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.15.664999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene-environment interaction (G x E) studies hold promise for identifying genetic loci mediating the effects of environmental risk on disease. However, interpretation of G x E effects is often confounded by two fundamental issues: the dependence of interaction estimates on outcome scale and the presence of endogenous treatment effects, in which genetic liability influences environmental exposure. These factors can induce spurious G x E signals--even when genetic and environmental contributions are purely additive on an unobserved scale.

In this work, we demonstrate that any monotone convex transformation of an outcome induces sign-consistent G x E effects: the sign of the interaction term aligns with the sign of the corresponding main genetic effect. We further show that endogenous treatment effects, modeled as threshold-based interventions, generate G x E effects with a similar directional signature. Exploiting this property, we propose a simple diagnostic: sign consistency across G x E estimates can identify artifacts driven by outcome scaling or exposure endogeneity.

We validate our framework in the UK Biobank using transcriptome-wide interaction studies (TxEWAS) across multiple trait-environment pairs, observing widespread sign consistency in some settings--suggesting confounding by scaling or treatment bias. Our results provide both a theoretical foundation and a practical tool for interpreting G x E findings, enabling researchers to distinguish biologically meaningful interactions from those induced by statistical artifacts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaitlen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Border, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.15.664999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The geometry of G x E: how scaling and endogenous treatment effects shape interaction direction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.664790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SOX2 utilizes FOXA1 as a heteromeric transcriptional partner to drive proliferation in therapy-resistant prostate cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.664790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatment options and diagnostic outlook for men with advanced, therapy resistant prostate cancer (PCa) are extremely poor; this is primarily due to the common lack of durable response to androgen receptor (AR) targeted therapies and phenotypic transdifferentiation into a particularly lethal subtype known as neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). In this study, we mechanistically determine that SOX2 (a transcription factor originally repressed by AR) physically binds and acts in a concerted manner with FOXA1 (a key AR pioneering cofactor) to regulate a subset of genes which promote cell cycle progression, and lineage plasticity in AR-refractory prostate cancers. Our findings assert the SOX2/FOXA1 interaction as an important mediator of resistance to AR-targeted therapy and a driver of NEPC and lineage plasticity; their coordinated action and downstream signaling offers a potential novel therapeutic opportunity in late-stage PCa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phoenix, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budreika, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmeck, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostlan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deegan, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergom, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boytim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bienko, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walewicz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonarakis, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bawa, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vellky, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reizine, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rennhack, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanning, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szmulewitz, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Griend, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kregel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.18.664790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SOX2 utilizes FOXA1 as a heteromeric transcriptional partner to drive proliferation in therapy-resistant prostate cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut microbes mediate the synergistic effects of dietary cholesterol and saturated fat in driving fibrosing MASH 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) affects approximately one-third of the global population and can progress to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) with fibrosis, increasing risk of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and mortality. Gut microbes driven by diets high in saturated fat, simple sugar, and cholesterol contribute to disease progression, yet underlying mechanisms remain undefined. We explored the independent and synergistic effects of dietary saturated fat and cholesterol on MASH development using specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) mice. We demonstrate that 1) both dietary cholesterol and saturated fat are required to induce fibrosing MASH in SPF mice, whereas GF mice are protected, 2) saturated fat and cholesterol individually alter gut microbial membership, potentially via altered bile acid metabolism, while their combination promotes a distinct composition, including an increase in Parasutterella spp. which correlates with hepatic fibrosis, and 3) diluted cecal contents from SPF, but not GF, mice fed high-fat, high-cholesterol diets are enriched in deoxycholic acid and activate human hepatic stellate cells in vitro, suggesting a mechanistic link between dietary lipid-induced microbiota and liver fibrogenesis. These findings reveal how specific Western dietary components shape the gut microbiota and contribute to hepatic liver fibrosis via stellate activation, offering potential targets for therapeutic intervention in MASLD/MASH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hermanson, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolba, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazi, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chrisler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Boggio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amador-Noguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leone, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.665145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut microbes mediate the synergistic effects of dietary cholesterol and saturated fat in driving fibrosing MASH]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.664980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial Nucleoporin93 (Nup93) Maintains Vascular Function via Sun1-Dependent Regulation of RhoA-eNOS Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.664980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the innermost lining of blood vessels, endothelial cells (ECs) regulate blood flow, maintain vascular tone, and limit inflammation for vessel health. EC-derived nitric oxide (NO), synthesized by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), is a vasodilator essential for improving blood flow and vascular homeostasis. The RhoA/ROCK pathway regulates eNOS levels, where overactivation decreases eNOS expression and downstream NO production. As such, RhoA/ROCK hyperactivity and increased pMLC have been identified as major contributors to age-associated vasoconstriction and hypertension. Intriguingly, recent studies identify Sun1, a key component of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, as a major regulator of RhoA/ROCK activity. Moreover, endothelial aging deteriorates nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) (i.e. nucleoporin [Nup93]) and impairs nucleocytoplasmic transport, thereby insinuating a role for nuclear envelope components in vessel homeostasis. Here, we show that targeted loss of endothelial Nup93 in adult mice significantly reduces eNOS expression and NO bioavailability for consequent defects in NO-dependent vasodilatory responses. In vitro knockdown of Nup93 in primary human ECs also decreases both eNOS expression and NO production. Mechanistically, we find that loss of Nup93 significantly reduces endothelial Sun1 levels for a concomitant increase in RhoA activity. Indeed, restoring Sun1 protein levels in Nup93-deficient ECs mitigates RhoA activity to rescue both eNOS expression and NO production. Taken together, we demonstrate endothelial Nup93, through Sun1 stabilization, as a novel regulator of eNOS-NO signaling and vessel reactivity, contributing to the growing importance of nuclear membrane components in EC and vascular biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Y. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalkiewicz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winek, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moraes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.18.664980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial Nucleoporin93 (Nup93) Maintains Vascular Function via Sun1-Dependent Regulation of RhoA-eNOS Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.665495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in habitat connectivity for range-restricted birds reflect patterns of woodland invasion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.18.665495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Habitat fragmentation and landscape change are common causes of concern for species persistence, especially for habitat specialists. The composition of the matrix surrounding habitat fragments influences connectivity between them, which affects gene flow across the landscape. This can further impact populations in various ways. The Shola Sky Island landscapes naturally comprise a biphasic, forest-grassland mosaic ecosystem unique to the high-altitude regions of the Western Ghats of India. Earlier, this mosaic consisted of patches of native cloud forests embedded in a large grassland matrix. Over the last few decades, however, extensive invasion (up to 60%) of timber species into native grasslands has inverted this mosaic, i.e., small patches of grasslands are nested in a woodland matrix. We attempt to study the effects of these modifications on functional habitat connectivity in this region by modelling species movement using a circuit theory-based algorithm. We do this for seven Shola endemic, range-restricted bird species; six forest-specialist and one grassland-specialist species, based on a decade of field data. We consider a range of species-environment relationships and dispersal capacities for a past, relatively uninvaded landscape and a present, highly modified landscape. We used bird occupancy data (presence/absence from a total of 720 grid cells from targeted occupancy surveys for forest species and 744 presence locations for grassland species from occupancy surveys combined with opportunistic records) along with remotely sensed landscape, vegetation, climatic and topographic variables. We find that connectivity has increased overall for forest specialists, but has reduced for the grassland species. This pattern is concordant with regions where woodland cover from invasive timber species has expanded over approximately two decades. We also identify species-specific areas of low and high connectivity, which may have implications for gene flow within the landscape. This would help focus conservation efforts and predict how future landscape change might affect species persistence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvind, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>V, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>V.V., R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.18.665495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in habitat connectivity for range-restricted birds reflect patterns of woodland invasion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly-based computations through contextual dendritic gating of plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal assemblies - groups of strongly connected neurons - are considered the basic building blocks of perception and memory in the brain by encoding representations of specific concepts. Despite recent evidence for the biological basis behind the existence and formation of such assemblies, computational models often fall short of showing how assemblies can be flexibly learned and combined to perform real-world computations. A prominent problem is  catastrophic forgetting, where learning a new assembly can disrupt existing connectivity structure and lead to forgetting previously learned assemblies. We propose a biologically plausible computational model, where dendritic compartments (instead of neurons) are the loci for learning and inhibition gates learning in a dendrite-specific manner, to flexibly learn new stimuli without forgetting of old ones. By learning stable projections from one brain region into another and associations between different brain regions, we demonstrate how the proposed assembly framework implements the basic building blocks for diverse computations. In a visual-auditory association task, we demonstrate how the context-specific assembly computations can be used to correctly separate ambiguous stimuli based on their dendritic representations. Our models provide unique insights and predictions for how hierarchically connected brain areas use their biological components to implement flexible yet robust learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Onasch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miehl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miekus, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjorgjieva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.22.666089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly-based computations through contextual dendritic gating of plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.21.665985v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal normalization in monkey MT is an intensity-weighted average 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.21.665985v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Normalization is a ubiquitous neuronal computation that is important for safeguarding stimulus selectivity. However, normalization strength has been found to vary greatly across neurons. Here, we show that the normalization of responses by neurons in the macaque middle temporal visual area (MT) is profoundly affected by the receptive field responsivity at each stimulus location. An intensity-weighted normalization model, in which intensity is defined as the product of stimulus contrast and a location-specific receptive field weight, explains most of the previously observed variability in normalization across neurons. It furthermore explains systematic changes in the semi-saturation contrast of contrast response functions at different receptive field locations. Finally, intensity-weighted normalization reveals that spontaneous activity can be viewed as unknown excitatory drive that has measurable intensity and contributes to normalization equivalently to experimental stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cherian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maunsell, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.21.665985</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal normalization in monkey MT is an intensity-weighted average]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Primate-Specific Genes and Network Dynamics in Cancer Evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The atavistic evolutionary theory of cancer evolution highlights the role of ancient and unicell-originated genes, and comprehensive research demonstrated the evolutionary inference. Comparably, very few reports linked young genes with cancer development and maintenance. Here, we found that in cancer cell lines a higher proportion of core essential genes was present among primate-specific genes (PSG) than early metazoan-originated genes (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, p-value = 4.67e-12) and mammal-originated genes (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, p-value = 1.22e-16). Additionally, we found that the loss of many co-expression gene pairs in pan-cancer leads to their network becoming looser compared with normal tissue. However, PSGs particularly those being essential, exhibit a dynamic increase in co-expression, explaining their enhanced role in maintaining cancers. Furthermore, clustering of the gene co-expressions brings a cancer-exclusive module, which contains a large number of PSG connections. We also demonstrate the divergence between essential genes in healthy individuals and those in cancer cells. Our findings complement the atavistic theory in elucidating the evolutionary process of cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, H.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, F.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.23.666306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Primate-Specific Genes and Network Dynamics in Cancer Evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulatory Plasticity and Metabolic Trade-offs Drive Adaptive Evolution of Alternative Flagellar Configurations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary constraints governing flagellar number in bacterial pathogens remain poorly understood. While related Pseudomonas species are hyperflagellated, P. aeruginosa maintains strict monoflagellation through the FleQ-FleN regulatory circuit. Here, we demonstrate that FleN dosage is essential for maintaining monoflagellation and bacterial fitness. Wild-type P. aeruginosa consistently displayed unipolar monoflagellation, while {Delta}fleN mutants developed over two-to-five flagella per cell in uni- or bipolar arrangements. Hyperflagellated {Delta}fleN cells exhibited severe fitness defects including reduced growth rates, attenuated virulence in nematode infection models, and competitive disadvantages in co-culture experiments. Remarkably, {Delta}fleN cells rapidly evolved suppressor mutations in fleQ that partially restored growth and motility without always restoring monoflagellation. Five independent suppressor alleles mapped to critical FleQ functional domains (four in the AAA+ ATPase domain, one in the DNA-binding domain), suggesting reduced protein activity that rebalances the disrupted regulatory circuit. Single-cell motility analysis revealed that suppressor strains exhibit heterogeneous swimming dynamics, with subpopulations achieving wild-type speeds despite carrying multiple flagella. Proteomic analysis demonstrated that hyperflagellation triggers extensive cellular reprogramming beyond flagellar components, affecting metabolic pathways, stress responses, and signaling networks. While hyperflagellated cells suffered complete loss of pathogenicity in animal infection models, environmental selection under viscous conditions could drive wild-type cells to evolve enhanced motility through specific fleN mutations. These findings suggest that bacterial flagellar regulatory circuits function as evolutionary capacitors, normally constraining phenotypic variation but enabling rapid adaptation to alternative motility configurations when environmental pressures exceed the performance limits of standard monotrichous flagellation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTBacterial flagella are extracellular appendages that rotate to propel the cell and enable swimming motility. While some bacteria have multiple flagella, many pathogenic species like Pseudomonas aeruginosa have just one. Surprisingly, mutants of P. aeruginosa with multiple flagella performed worse, i.e., they grew more slowly, were less infectious in laboratory animals, and were outcompeted by wild-type bacteria. Even when some mutant bacteria evolved compensatory changes, they still struggled compared to single-flagellum bacteria. This reveals an important evolutionary trade-off: while multiple flagella might seem advantageous for movement, having just one flagellum allows bacteria to grow faster and cause more severe infections. This plasticity likely explains why P. aeruginosa is so successful both in the environment and as a human pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Migueles-Lozano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanouraki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldbauer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrivastava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulatory Plasticity and Metabolic Trade-offs Drive Adaptive Evolution of Alternative Flagellar Configurations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667299v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin network heterogeneity tunes activator-inhibitor dynamics at the cell cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667299v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological systems can display diverse patterns of self-organization, even when built on conserved networks of interaction between molecular species. In these cases, reaction-diffusion equations provide a valuable tool to learn how new dynamics could emerge from quantitative tuning of parameters. Bringing these models into quantitative correspondence with biological data remains an outstanding challenge, especially when the data manifest heterogeneities that are difficult to account for mathematically. One particular example occurs in cell biology, where the membrane-bound regulatory protein RhoA interacts with the filamentous actin cortex in an activator-inhibitor loop. Though this core biochemical circuit is conserved across multiple cell types in different organisms, it produces different patterns of RhoA activity in different contexts, from traveling waves in starfish to transient pulses in C. elegans. To understand how this variation emerges, we develop an activator-inhibitor model that accounts explicitly for actin assembly and heterogeneity. By fitting the model to summary statistics of experimental data, subject to known parameter constraints, we show that F-actin assembly dynamics tune the spatiotemporal patterns of RhoA activity. A minimal representation of these dynamics reveals how directional transport (via polymerization) combines with stochasticity in F-actin number and orientation to produce the observed patterns. This work sheds light on how phenotypic diversity arises from heterogeneity and anisotropy, with important implications for the next generation of activator-inhibitor models.

SignificanceTo divide, move, and polarize, cells must self-organize their constituent proteins into large-scale patterns with varied spatiotemporal character. The design principles of this process remain poorly understood, primarily because quantitatively matching mathematical models to experimental data is difficult. Here we consider pattern formation from two constituents on the cell cortex: the regulatory protein RhoA and actin filaments. Using a mathematical model, constrained quantitatively by data from multiple organisms, we show how diversity in RhoA activity can arise from intra- and inter-organismal changes in actin filament architecture and assembly dynamics. Our results reveal general principles for pattern formation at the cortex, and our combination of data analysis, modeling, and parameter inference provides a broadly-applicable, interdisciplinary methodology to unravel mechanisms of self-organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maxian, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.28.667299</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin network heterogeneity tunes activator-inhibitor dynamics at the cell cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual Mechanisms for Heterogeneous Responses of Inspiratory Neurons to Noradrenergic Modulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiration is an essential involuntary function necessary for survival. This poses a challenge for the control of breathing. The preBotzinger complex (preBotC) is a heterogeneous neuronal network responsible for driving the inspiratory rhythm. While neuromodulators such as norepinephrine (NE) allow it to be both robust and flexible for all living beings to interact with their environment, the basis for how neuromodulation impacts neuron-specific properties remains poorly understood. In this work, we examine how NE influences different preBotC neuronal subtypes by modeling its effects through modulating two key parameters: calcium-activated nonspecific cationic current gating conductance (gCAN) and inositol-triphosphate (IP3), guided by experimental studies. Our computational model captures the experimentally observed differential effects of NE on distinct preBotC bursting patterns. We show that this dual mechanism is critical for inducing conditional bursting and identify specific parameter regimes where silent neurons remain inactive in the presence of NE. Furthermore, using methods of dynamical systems theory, we uncover the mechanisms by which NE differentially modulates burst frequency and duration in NaP-dependent and CAN-dependent bursting neurons. These results align well with previously reported experimental findings and provide a deeper understanding of cell-specific neuromodulatory responses within the respiratory network.

MSC codes37N25, 34C23, 34C60, 34E13, 34E15, 92C20
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkatakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tryba, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.25.666713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual Mechanisms for Heterogeneous Responses of Inspiratory Neurons to Noradrenergic Modulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural components underlying successful free recall are specific to episodic memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractEpisodic memory depends upon activity distributed across the brain. However, the activity underlying memory has largely been examined within single tasks in isolation. Thus it is unclear to what extent prior findings reflect task-general rather than memory-specific cognitive processes. Here we address this question using data from 371 patients recorded intracranially who performed a free recall task with encoding and retrieval phases alongside an arithmetic distractor phase. We ask whether neural decoders fit to predict behavior from one phase transfer to the others. Encoding-retrieval transfer exceeds both arithmetic-encoding and arithmetic-retrieval transfer and therefore cannot be explained solely by processes supporting arithmetic. We further detect transfer between arithmetic and retrieval but not between arithmetic and encoding. The brain-behavioral relations observed in these tasks thus do not merely reflect a single task-general factor of activity. We propose cross-task decoding as a method for identifying the neural factor structure underlying distinct cognitive processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeHaan, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ezzyat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randazzo, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papanastassiou, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geller, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lega, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobst, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaghloul, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahana, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.25.666835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural components underlying successful free recall are specific to episodic memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overcoming distortion in multidimensional predictive representation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting how our actions will affect future events is essential for effective behavior. However, learning predictive relationships is not trivial in a multidimensional world where numerous causes bring any one event about. Here we examine (1) how these multidimensional dynamics may distort predictive learning, and (2) how inductive biases may mitigate these harmful effects. We developed a theoretical framework for studying this problem using a computational successor features model. Model simulations demonstrate how spurious observations arise in such contexts to compound noise in memory and limit the generalizability of learning. We then provide behavioral evidence in human participants for a semantic inductive bias that constrains these predictive learning dynamics based on the semantic relatedness of causes and outcomes. Together, these results show that prior knowledge can shape multidimensional predictive learning, potentially minimizing severe memory distortions that may arise from complex everyday observations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prentis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakkour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.667463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overcoming distortion in multidimensional predictive representation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed control circuits across a brain-and-cord connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Just as genomes revolutionized molecular genetics, connectomes (maps of neurons and synapses) are transforming neuroscience. To date, the only species with complete connectomes are worms1-3 and sea squirts4 (103-104 synapses). By contrast, the fruit fly is more complex (108 synaptic connections), with a brain that supports learning and spatial memory5,6 and an intricate ventral nerve cord analogous to the vertebrate spinal cord7-11. Here we report the first densely reconstructed adult fly connectome that unites the brain and ventral nerve cord, and we leverage this resource to investigate principles of neural control. We show that effector neurons (motor neurons, endocrine cells and efferent neurons targeting the viscera) are primarily influenced by sensory neurons in the same body part, forming local feedback loops. These local loops are linked by long-range circuits involving ascending and descending neurons organized into behavior-centric modules. Single ascending and descending neurons are often positioned to influence the voluntary movements of multiple body parts, together with the endocrine cells or visceral organs that support those movements. Brain regions involved in learning and navigation supervise these circuits. These results reveal an architecture that is distributed, parallelized and embodied, reminiscent of distributed control architectures in engineered systems12,13.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bates, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelps, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsliah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajabi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, M. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmon, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gager, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renauld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collie, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serratosa Capdevilla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munnelly, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griggs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moya-Llamas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterling, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serafetinidis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhawan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuerner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemm, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce-Lundgren, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKim, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kophs, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falt,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed control circuits across a brain-and-cord connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Insights into Environmental Toxicant Exposures: The TaRGET II Resource 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental exposures to toxic chemicals can profoundly alter the transcriptome and epigenome in both humans and animals, contributing to disease development across the lifespan. To elucidate how early-life exposure to toxicants exerts such persistent effects, the Toxicant Exposures and Responses by Genomic and Epigenomic Regulators of Transcription II (TaRGET II) Consortium generated a landmark resource comprising 2,564 epigenomes and 1,043 transcriptomes from longitudinal studies in mice. All data are publicly available through the TaRGET II data portal and the WashU Epigenome Browser. This resource from target (liver, brain, lung, heart) and surrogate (blood) tissues at weaning (3 weeks) and two adult time-points (5 and 10 months) characterized the molecular response to arsenic (As), lead (Pb), bisphenol-A (BPA), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP), tributyltin (TBT), tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and particulate matter with a diameter of <2.5m (PM2.5). The findings revealed persistent, toxicant-specific, sex-dependent epigenomic and transcriptomic perturbations, resulting in disrupted expression of 14,908 genes, altered chromatin accessibility at 87,409 regulatory elements, DNA methylation changes at 113,186 genomic regions, and chromatin state switching of histone modifications. The resulting high-resolution map of how environmental exposures reprogram the epigenome and transcriptome is broadly accessible via ToxiTaRGET database, offering unparalleled opportunities for the scientific community to investigate the molecular underpinnings of environmental toxicant exposures and their contributions to disease pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coarfa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuntala, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colacino, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svobada, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamanaka, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalancette, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartor, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krapp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patisaul, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiltshire, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aylor, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutlu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopalan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolinoy, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolomei, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Echartea, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jangid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.28.667191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Insights into Environmental Toxicant Exposures: The TaRGET II Resource]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Angulin-1/LSR inhibition transiently disrupts the blood-tumor barrier to enhance doxil permeability and impair malignant glioma progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blood-tumor barrier (BTB) prevents effective central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery, especially in malignant gliomas. Brain endothelium predominates the BTB and connects through bicellular and tricellular tight junctions (TJ). Angulin-1/LSR, is a highly expressed endothelial tricellular TJ. Our studies explore the role of Angubindin-1, an Angulin-1/LSR binder, to disrupt tricellular TJ integrity, increase drug entry and hamper glioma progression. Using rat brain endothelial cells (RBMVEC) we tracked Angulin-1/LSR localization and expression to the membrane; binding tightest to Angubindin-1 2-8 hours post-treatment (p < 0.05). Angubindin-1 dose-dependently reduced bicellular and tricellular TJs 1-4 hours post treatment (p < 0.05), returning to baseline by 24 hours (p < 0.05). In human and rat-derived glioma cells, Angubindin-1 transiently reduced Angulin-1/LSR expression between 2-8 hours (p < 0.05), with return to baseline by 24 hours (p < 0.001). Silenced Angulin-1/LSR expression on endothelium resulted in decreased mRNA levels of bicellular (occludin, claudin-5, ZO-1) and tricellular (tricellulin/MARVELD2, angulin-1/LSR) TJs compared to control (p < 0.01). Angubindin-1 treatment also inhibited efflux transporter P-gp in both RBMVECs and glioma cells with high P-gp expression only. Orthotopic rat glioma models were treated with Doxil (3 mg/kg), Angubindin-1 (10 mg/kg), or combination to evaluate BTB permeability/drug accumulation, and overall survival. Combination therapy enhanced Doxil tumor accumulation by 20% (p < 0.001), reduced tumor volume by day 14 (77.5% vs. 81.6%, p < 0.05), and significantly extended survival compared to Doxil alone (24 days vs. 18 days, p < 0.0001). These findings demonstrate the effects of tricellular tight junction inhibition on disrupting the BTB, enhancing CNS drug delivery, and improving rodent glioma survival.

SignificanceThis study demonstrates that Angubindin-1, a targeted modulator of tricellular tight junction protein Angulin-1/LSR, transiently disrupts BTB integrity to enhance chemotherapy delivery and prolong survival in glioma-bearing rats.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=145 SRC="FIGDIR/small/667901v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (76K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b1b46corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bc552dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7c1a74org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ace101_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Angubindin-1 targets both bicellular tight junctions and the tricellular tight junction protein, Angulin-1/LSR, in brain endothelial and glioma cells leading to transient disruption of the blood-tumor barrier (BTB) and inhibition of P-glycoprotein towards enhanced Doxil penetration and reduced tumor burden.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesair, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalmage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarasov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butcher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gartrell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Angulin-1/LSR inhibition transiently disrupts the blood-tumor barrier to enhance doxil permeability and impair malignant glioma progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.01.667943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brr2p-mediated unwinding of U4/U6 is promoted by a mutually exclusive intra-molecular stem loop in U4 and involves destabilization of the 5' stem-loop of U4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.01.667943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Before the spliceosome engages a pre-mRNA to excise its introns, the catalytic small nuclear RNA (snRNA) U6 is inactive because of base pairing with U4 snRNA; thus, spliceosome activation requires unwinding of base paired U4/U6, composed of stem I and stem II. The Ski2-like ATPase and RNA helicase Brr2p facilitates U4/U6 unwinding and the ultimately irreversible release of U4; however, the molecular mechanism behind Brr2p-mediated U4/U6 unwinding and the roles of the snRNAs in unwinding remains incompletely understood. To investigate the mechanism in vivo in budding yeast, we screened an unwinding deficient, cold-sensitive brr2 mutant, associated with retinitis pigmentosa in humans, for genetic interactions with mutations in U4 snRNA. Destabilizing U4 mutations in either stem I or stem II suppressed the brr2 mutant, providing functional evidence that Brr2p disrupts both stems in vivo. Further, destabilizing mutations in the intervening 5 stem loop of U4 also suppressed the brr2 mutant, and in vitro Brr2p displaced Prp31p from this stem loop, implicating Brr2p in disruption of this structure, too. Unexpectedly and counterintuitively, many destabilizing mutations in U4/U6 stem I exacerbated the brr2 mutant. These mutations disrupted an intramolecular stem loop (U4-ISL1) in U4 that is mutually exclusive with U4/U6 stem I. We found that U4-ISL1 is required for splicing in vivo and for U4/U6 unwinding in vitro. Altogether, these results implicate Brr2p in disrupting all U4 secondary structures upstream of its initial U4 binding site and implicate an important role for U4 in antagonizing U4/U6 reannealing during Brr2p-mediated U4/U6 unwinding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staley, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.01.667943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brr2p-mediated unwinding of U4/U6 is promoted by a mutually exclusive intra-molecular stem loop in U4 and involves destabilization of the 5' stem-loop of U4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting intracranial electrical stimulation to network regions defined within individuals causes network-level effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracranial electrical stimulation (ES) is routinely used therapeutically, diagnostically, and to provide causal evidence in neuroscience studies. However, our understanding of the brain network-level effects of ES remains limited. We applied precision functional mapping (PFM), based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to define large-scale networks within individual epilepsy patients. We show that single-pulse electrical stimulation (SPES) and high-frequency electrical stimulation (HFES) are more likely to evoke within-network responses and elicit network-related behavioral effects, respectively, when applied near to a PFM-defined network region. Network-level effects were more likely when stimulating sites in white matter, in close proximity to the targeted network, and within a region predominantly occupied by the targeted network. Further, network-specific modulation may be achievable by applying lower current intensities at these sites. Our findings support that modulation of specific networks is achievable by targeting ES to a functional anatomic "sweet spot" that can be identified using PFM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cyr, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holubecki, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kragel, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lurie, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kokkinos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuele, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braga, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting intracranial electrical stimulation to network regions defined within individuals causes network-level effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for the major role of PH4EFB in the prolyl 4-hydroxylation of Drosophila collagen IV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collagens are fundamental components of extracellular matrices, requiring precise intracellular post-translational modifications for proper function. Among the modifications, prolyl 4-hydroxylation is critical to stabilise the collagen triple helix. In humans, this reaction is mediated by collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylases (P4Hs). While humans possess three genes encoding these enzymes (P4Hs), Drosophila melanogaster harbour at least 26 candidates for collagen P4Hs despite its simple genome, and it is poorly understood which of them are actually working on collagen in the fly. In this study, we addressed this question by carrying out thorough bioinformatic and biochemical analyses. We demonstrate that among the 26 potential collagen P4Hs, PH4EFB shares the highest homology with vertebrate collagen P4Hs. Furthermore, while collagen P4Hs and their substrates must exist in the same cells, our transcriptomic analyses at the tissue and single cell levels showed a global co-expression of PH4EFB but not the other P4H-related genes with the collagen IV genes. Moreover, expression of PH4EFB during embryogenesis was found to precede that of collagen IV, presumably enabling efficient collagen modification by PH4EFB. Finally, biochemical assays confirm that PH4EFB binds collagen, supporting its direct role in collagen IV modification. Collectively, we identify PH4EFB as the primary and potentially constitutive prolyl 4-hydroxylase responsible for collagen IV biosynthesis in Drosophila. Our findings highlight the remarkably simple nature of Drosophila collagen IV biosynthesis, which may serve as a blueprint for defining the minimal requirements for collagen engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toups, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elkrewi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zajac, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne-Badovinac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsubayashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for the major role of PH4EFB in the prolyl 4-hydroxylation of Drosophila collagen IV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic Abundant Heat-Soluble Proteins from Tardigrades Protect Synthetic Cells Under Stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic abundant heat-soluble (CAHS) proteins, a stress-responsive intrinsically disordered protein from tardigrades, have been discovered to form gel-like networks providing structural support during dehydration, thus enabling anhydrobiosis. However, the mechanism by which CAHS proteins protect the dehydrating cellular membrane remains enigmatic. Using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) as a model membrane system, we show that encapsulated CAHS12 undergoes a reversible structural transformation that reinforces membrane integrity and preserves encapsulated components, mimicking natural anhydrobiosis. CAHS12-containing GUVs demonstrated stability for weeks and mechanical robustness under dehydration, elevated temperature, and osmotic stresses. Molecular simulations suggest that CAHS12 forms a filamentous network within the vesicle lumen that mitigates membrane collapse and preserves compartmental architecture. Synthetic cells with cell-free transcription-translation capabilities withstand desiccation and recover biochemical activities, akin to the tun state of the tardigrade. This discovery opens up synthetic cell applications in bioengineering, cold-chain-independent biomanufacturing, and adaptive biointerfaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghimianavval, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.07.669088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoplasmic Abundant Heat-Soluble Proteins from Tardigrades Protect Synthetic Cells Under Stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.06.668866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advancing Target Discovery Through Disease-Specific Integration of Multi-Modal Target Identification Models and Comprehensive Target Benchmarking System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.06.668866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Target identification is crucial for drug development. AI-driven approaches leveraging multi-omics and computational modeling can accelerate this process. However, integrating multi-modal data for disease-specific target identification and predicting translational potential remains challenging. Moreover, the absence of a systematic evaluation framework for model performance limits confidence in target reliability. We present a unified platform combining machine learning-based target identification with comprehensive benchmarking. As a testbed, we developed Target Identification Pro (TargetPro), a disease-specific model spanning 38 diseases across oncology, metabolic, immune, fibrotic, and neurological categories. TargetPro shows strong predictive performance for clinical-stage targets and reveals disease-specific patterns, underscoring the need for tailored target detection models. We next created Target Identification Benchmark (TargetBench 1.0) to rigorously assess target identification systems, including large language models, based on their ability to recover established targets and find high-quality novel candidates. This integrated approach offers a streamlined strategy to evaluate target discovery models, ultimately improving drug development efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naumov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gennert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izumchenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pun, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhavoronkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.06.668866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advancing Target Discovery Through Disease-Specific Integration of Multi-Modal Target Identification Models and Comprehensive Target Benchmarking System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.09.669357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cold exposure induces the constitutively active thermogenic receptor, GPR3, via ERRα and ERRγ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.09.669357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesDespite transformative advances in obesity pharmacotherapy, safely increasing energy expenditure remains a key unmet need. Exploiting thermogenic adipocytes represents a promising target given their capacity for significant catabolic activity. We previously showed that G protein-coupled receptor 3 (GPR3) can drive energy expenditure in brown and white mouse and human adipocytes. GPR3 is a unique GPCR because it displays high intrinsic activity and leads to constitutive cAMP signaling upon reaching the cell surface. Therefore, the transcriptional induction of GPR3 is analogous to ligand-binding activation of most GPCRs. Gpr3 expression is physiologically induced in thermogenic adipocytes by cold exposure and mimicking this event through overexpression in mice is fully sufficient to increase energy expenditure and counteract metabolic disease. Yet the factors mediating physiological Gpr3 expression remain unknown.

MethodsHere, we apply ATAC-Seq to identify cold-induced promoter elements of Gpr3. We uncover a role for the estrogen-related receptors, ERR and ERR{gamma}, in the physiological transcriptional control of Gpr3 using adipose-specific double knock-out mice with and without adeno associated virus (AAV)-mediated rescue.

ResultsWe show that ERR directly binds the cold-induced promoter element of Gpr3 and that adipocyte ERR and ERR{gamma} are required for the in vivo transcriptional induction of Gpr3 during cold exposure. Importantly, deficient Gpr3 cold-inducibility in adipose-specific ERR and ERR{gamma} KO mice is fully rescued by delivery of AAVs re-expressing either ERR or ERR{gamma} directly into brown adipose tissue.

ConclusionsERR and ERR{gamma} are critical regulators of cold-induced transcription of Gpr3 and represent a targetable strategy for pharmacologically unlocking GPR3-induced energy expenditure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sveidahl Johansen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntyre, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahbani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholtes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagarde, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tandio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linde Basse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giguere, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhart-Hines, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.09.669357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cold exposure induces the constitutively active thermogenic receptor, GPR3, via ERRα and ERRγ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Admixture influences the genetic architecture of DNA methylation in a wild primate hybrid zone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHybrid zones play a central role in evolutionary biology because they serve as natural laboratories for studying how traits and taxa diverge. Changes in gene regulation make important contributions to this process. However, the degree to which admixture shapes gene regulatory variation in hybrid populations remains poorly understood. Here, we combine genome-wide resequencing and DNA methylation data from 295 hybrid baboons--members of a single, intensively studied natural population--to investigate how admixture affects the genetic architecture of this important epigenetic mark.

ResultsWe find that local genetic ancestry frequently predicts DNA methylation levels and recapitulates differences between the parent species. By performing methylation quantitative trait locus (meQTL) mapping, we show that these differences predominantly arise due to evolved differences in allele frequencies. Thus, admixture in the hybrid population increases variance in DNA methylation, including by introducing meQTL that would otherwise be invariant. Finally, we integrate massively parallel reporter assay data to show that admixture-derived variation in DNA methylation alters enhancer activity and gene expression.

ConclusionsTogether, these results demonstrate how admixture can meaningfully alter the genetic architecture of gene regulatory traits in natural hybrid zones. They also suggest that the genetic architecture of DNA methylation is conserved across closely related primates, suggesting that genetic effects on gene regulation may remain stable over timescales that range into the millions of years.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vilgalys, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogel, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archie, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberts, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.08.669436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Admixture influences the genetic architecture of DNA methylation in a wild primate hybrid zone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Cell-Autonomous Role for the Vitamin B6 Metabolism Gene PNPO in Drosophila GABAergic Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In animals, the enzyme pyridox(am)ine 5-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) is critical for synthesizing the active form of vitamin B6 (VB6), pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), from inactive vitamers. PLP is a required cofactor for many enzymatic reactions, including the synthesis of GABA and the monoamines. PNPO disruption in humans is associated with an array of epilepsy syndromes, while Drosophila harboring mutations in the sole PNPO ortholog, sugarlethal (sgll), display spontaneous seizures and short lifespans. These phenotypes are suppressed by PLP supplementation and are exacerbated by restriction of dietary B6 vitamers. In the context of PNPO deficiency, it remains to be resolved what the specific contributions by cellular subpopulations in the nervous system are to neurological phenotypes. We addressed this question in sgll mutants by expressing human PNPO (hPNPO) cDNA in cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurons as well as glia and measuring changes in survival and seizure phenotypes. We found hPNPO expression in GABAergic neurons largely restored lifespan and attenuated seizure activity, while glial expression also improved sgll phenotypes albeit to a lesser degree. In contrast, hPNPO expression in either cholinergic or glutamatergic neurons, accounting for most neurons in the fly brain, did not appreciably alter sgll phenotypes. We contrasted these observations with changes in sgll mutants induced by feeding GABA receptor modulators. The GABAB agonist SKF-97541 reduced mortality, while GABA or GABAA receptor modulators did not improve survival. Together, our data establish a cell-autonomous role for PNPO in GABAergic neurons to support brain function, especially under VB6-restricted conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landaverde, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.07.669010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Cell-Autonomous Role for the Vitamin B6 Metabolism Gene PNPO in Drosophila GABAergic Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dehydration promotes intracellular lipid synthesis and accumulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipids can be considered a water reservoir used to offset dehydration stress as their oxidation by the mitochondria generates water. However, whether dehydration and the ensuing hypertonic stress directly regulate lipid synthesis is unknown. We found that hypertonic stress decreases cellular oxygen consumption, increases intracellular lipid synthesis, and favors glutamine oxidation as a carbon precursor for lipid synthesis via remodeling mitochondrial metabolism. These findings provide a mechanism whereby cellular dehydration leads to intracellular lipid accumulation, functionally linking water availability to lipid storage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carty, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvasingh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuchowski, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penalva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanayakkara, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, E. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adame, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tossberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viquez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piotrowski, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bessho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leaptrot, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrimpe-Rutledge, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Codreanu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrod, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapani, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottam, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrivastava, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delker, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassenour, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, J.-P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosma, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zent, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris,, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terker,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.07.669190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dehydration promotes intracellular lipid synthesis and accumulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mental Imagery abilities affect visual working memory performance: evidence from aphantasic participants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual imagery refers to the mental generation of visual representations of stimuli, while visual working memory involves retaining visual information for a short period without external input. Due to the conceptual overlap between these two constructs, successful performance on visual working memory tasks may rely on the use of visual imagery to rehearse items during the retention interval. Consequently, individuals with aphantasia, who lack voluntary visual imagery, may experience difficulties with such tasks.

However, prior research has suggested that some individuals with aphantasia might employ non-visual strategies to compensate for this deficit. In two experiments, we examined visual working memory performance in aphantasic and control participants across a range of stimulus types. In Experiment 1, participants completed a change localization task using color squares and complex fractals; in Experiment 2, stimuli included real words, phonologically valid pseudowords, and phonologically invalid pseudowords. Across both experiments, aphantasic participants demonstrated significantly impaired visual working memory compared to controls. Notably, their performance was equally impaired for stimuli that were easily verbalizable (i.e., colors and words) and those that were not (i.e., fractals and pseudowords). Furthermore, individual differences in visual imagery ability, as measured by the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ), significantly predicted working memory performance across all stimulus types. These findings provide direct evidence for the critical role of visual imagery in supporting visual working memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bainbridge, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.08.669378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mental Imagery abilities affect visual working memory performance: evidence from aphantasic participants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometry of neural dynamics along the cortical attractor landscape reflects changes in attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.08.669432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain is a complex dynamical system whose activity reflects changes in internal states, such as attention. While prior work has shown that large-scale brain activity reflects attention, the mechanism governing this association in a time-varying and task-dependent manner remains unknown. Here, we tested a hypothesis that the geometry of neural dynamics on the attractor landscape, or the movement along the "hills and valleys", reflects changes in attentional states over time and variations across controlled and naturalistic contexts. We fit a parametric dynamical systems model to fMRI data collected during rest, task performance, and naturalistic movie-watching. The model decomposes neural dynamics into components that are intrinsic versus extrinsically driven by stimuli. Model parameters were biologically meaningful, reflecting both cognitive states and individual differences. Model simulations revealed a set of attractors that mirrored functional brain networks, spanning the canonical gradient from sensorimotor to default mode network regions. The speed and direction of neural trajectories toward these attractors systematically varied across attentional states in a context-dependent manner. When participants were paying attention to effortful tasks, neural dynamics converged directly toward a task-relevant attractor, suggesting that it occupied a steeper region of the attractor landscape. In contrast, when participants were engaged in sitcom episodes, neural dynamics were in a flattened region of the landscape, directed away from the attractors. These findings demonstrate that while the positions of the attractors are largely determined by the cortical organization, the geometry of neural dynamics on the attractor landscape changes systematically across attentional states and situational contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botch, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braver, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.08.669432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometry of neural dynamics along the cortical attractor landscape reflects changes in attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.10.669538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generalized brain-state modeling with KenazLBM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.10.669538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The large-scale functional state of a human brain remains difficult to characterize, much less predict. Regardless, techniques have been engineered to electrically neuromodulate the brain to treat a subset of neurologic and psychiatric disorders with moderate efficacy. Accurate characterization of a brains instantaneous functional state has stymied the development of more effective neuromodulation paradigms. Advanced computational methods are required to address this gap and enable large-scale neuroscience. Here we define the concept of generalized brain-state modeling across humans as Large Brain-State Modeling (LBM) and present KenazLBM as the worlds first example. KenazLBM can instantaneously characterize the functional state of a persons brain with raw iEEG data, and predict future brain-states. KenazLBM was trained on over 17.9 billion unique multichannel tokens from people undergoing intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings, and has learned to interrelate brain-states between people into a common interpretable topology. Most importantly, the model generalizes to unseen subject data with significant recording channel heterogeneity from the training set. We offer KenazLBM as a first generalized brain-state model to serve as a new paradigm of basic neuroscience inquiry and potential translation into neuromodulation therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makhoul, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Withers, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavender, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obiri-Yeboah, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensah-Brown, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerezoudis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberson, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crudele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naftel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bydon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanzino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Gompel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadeh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englot, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.10.669538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generalized brain-state modeling with KenazLBM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reaching the full potential of cryo-EM reconstructions with molecular dynamics simulations at 310 K: Actin filaments as an example 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of multi-protein complexes such as actin filaments help explain the mechanisms of assembly and interactions with partner proteins. Yet, rapid cooling during freezing may not preserve the conformations at physiological temperature. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations starting with cryo-EM reconstructions can provide additional insights. For example, at 310 K the states of ADP-actin filaments consistent with higher entropy favor partly twisted subunits and smaller rotations along short-pitch helix than the cryo-EM reconstructions, while cryogenic temperatures favor flattened conformations. In the active site, the positions of Q137 and the catalytic water 1 and activating water 2 optimal for in line attack on the {gamma}-phosphate of ATP are very rare at 310 K, explaining in part the slow rate of ATP hydrolysis in filaments. This favorable arrangement of the waters is not observed in simulations of actin monomers. At 310 K subunits in ADP-Pi-actin filaments have their backdoor gates open 60% of the time for phosphate release, a conformation not observed by cryo-EM. Rare fluctuations open binding sites for cofilin and phalloidin. The twisted conformations of pointed end subunits and interactions of the D-loop of the penultimate subunit explain the slow association of new subunits. The terminal subunit at the barbed end is tethered to its neighbor along the long-pitch helix but transiently dissociates from its lateral neighbor. These effects of subfreezing temperatures on actin filaments are surely not an isolated example, so MD simulations of structures of other frozen proteins will be informative.

Significance statementFunctionally important properties of proteins are tightly linked to their conformations at physiological temperatures. While cryo-EM reconstructions and crystal structure of frozen proteins provide a molecular resolution of protein structures, they might differ from the conformations at physiological temperature. Using the actin filament as a case study, we find cryo-EM reconstructed structures correspond to low entropy conformations that differ from the ensemble of structures in molecular dynamics simulations at 310 K. The fluctuations of subunit dihedral angles, short-pitch rotations and some side chains explain functionally important properties of actin filaments, including the slow rates of ATP hydrolysis and phosphate release as well as the slow binding of the protein cofilin and cyclic peptide phalloidin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermana, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.11.669737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reaching the full potential of cryo-EM reconstructions with molecular dynamics simulations at 310 K: Actin filaments as an example]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.669882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism for oil-phase separation by the lipid droplet assembly complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.669882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells store metabolic energy as triglyceride (TG) oils in lipid droplets (LDs). LDs form de novo from the endoplasmic reticulum. How the lipid droplet assembly complex (LDAC), composed of seipin and LDAF11,2, catalyzes the organized formation of an oil phase in a membrane bilayer before spontaneous phase separation is triggered is unknown. Here, we reconstitute LD formation in vitro using purified LDAC and membranes containing physiologic levels of TG, demonstrating that the LDAC is both necessary and sufficient to catalyze oil-phase formation below the threshold of spontaneous phase separation. Structural studies of the LDAC reveal that LDAF1 forms a central ring within a seipin cage, creating a toroidal, membrane-spanning structure. Molecular dynamics simulations and biochemical assays show that this structure forms a selective chamber within the ER bilayer that limits phospholipids but allows TG to access a reaction compartment between the inner and outer rings of the LDAC. Within this compartment, TG interacts with LDAF1 and each other to form an oil phase to initiate LD formation. Thus, the LDAC acts as a protein catalyst for oil-phase separation in cells, revealing a fundamental mechanism for how cells resolve the biophysical challenge of storing oils within a hydrophilic environment in an organized manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malia, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambaw, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walther, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farese, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.12.669882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism for oil-phase separation by the lipid droplet assembly complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.669979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tau-Driven Coordination of Microtubule-Actin Crosstalk in Cell-Sized Vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.669979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coordination of microtubules (MTs) and actin filaments is essential for cytoskeletal organization, yet the factors that affect their integration remain unclear. Here, we reconstitute cytoskeletal networks in giant unilamellar vesicles to characterize MT-actin crosstalk mediated by tau, a microtubule-associated protein. We show that tau promotes the organization of MTs into diverse architectures, including bundles, clusters, and networks, depending on its concentration and vesicle size. In vitro assays confirm that while tau binds and bundles MTs, it does not directly bundle actin. However, tau facilitates MT-actin colocalization in the presence of actin crosslinkers with distinct properties. Fascin, which forms rigid actin bundles, significantly enhances MT-actin colocalization with tau, whereas -actinin, which forms flexible actin bundles, induces colocalization in vesicles but not in bulk conditions. By combining cellular reconstitution and coarse-grained simulations of composite network assembly in both vesicles and bulk conditions, our findings reveal how tau-mediated cytoskeletal integration is governed by bundle mechanics and spatial confinement, providing insights into cytoskeletal organization within reconstituted synthetic cell-like systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivers, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.12.669979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tau-Driven Coordination of Microtubule-Actin Crosstalk in Cell-Sized Vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic Insights into Lenacapavir-Induced Off-Pathway HIV-1 Capsid Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HIV-1 capsid is a fullerene-like shell composed of hexamer and pentamer arrangements of the capsid (CA) proteins. The cone shape of the capsid is particularly important for packaging the viral genome and coordinating nuclear entry. Lenacapavir (LEN), a potent long-acting inhibitor, has been shown to disrupt capsid morphogenesis by binding at the FG-binding pocket located between neighboring CA subunits. Interestingly, inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), a cellular polyanion, binds within the central pore of capsid pentamers and some hexamers while playing a key role in regulating the hexamer/pentamer switch. As LEN and IP6 interact with overlapping structural elements, they can compete to influence the capsid assembly pathway and outcomes. Using coarse-grained molecular simulations, we examined capsid assembly across varying IP6 and LEN conditions. Our results reveal a concentration-dependent shift in assembly outcomes: LEN accelerates hexamer assembly and reduces pentamer incorporation, leading to malformed, multilayered, or incomplete capsids. Simulations including a model for the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex further show that LEN-treated capsids frequently fail to encapsidate the RNA genome, indicating impaired maturation. Our calculations confirm that LEN impairs the formation of high-curvature CA lattice regions necessary for closure, supporting a model of off-pathway assembly as a mechanism of viral inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waltmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocking, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic Insights into Lenacapavir-Induced Off-Pathway HIV-1 Capsid Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metalog: curated and harmonised contextual data for global metagenomics samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomic sequencing enables the in-depth study of microbes and their functions in humans, animals and the environment. While sequencing data is deposited in public databases, the associated contextual data is often not complete and needs to be retrieved from primary publications. This lack of access to sample-level metadata like clinical data or in situ observations impedes cross-study comparisons and meta-analyses. We therefore created the Metalog database, a repository of manually curated metadata for metagenomics samples across the globe. It contains 73,082 samples from humans (including 58,506 of the gut microbiome), 10,703 animal samples, 5,146 ocean water samples, and 21,802 samples from other environmental habitats such as soil, sediment, or fresh water. Samples have been consistently annotated for a set of habitat-specific core features, such as demographics, disease status and medication for humans, host species and captivity status for animals, and filter sizes and salinity for marine samples. Additionally, all original metadata is provided in tabular form, simplifying focused studies e.g. into nutrient concentrations. Pre-computed taxonomic profiles facilitate rapid data exploration, while links to the SPIRE database enable genome-based analyses. The database is freely available for browsing and download at https://metalog.embl.de/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, T. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferretti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akanni, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schudoma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noack, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thielemann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Stetten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyappan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kartal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maistrenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mankowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishijima, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podlesny, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Rossum, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bork, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.670324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metalog: curated and harmonised contextual data for global metagenomics samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.667688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
History of divergence and gene flow shaping geographic variation in Andean warblers (Myioborus) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.667688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying how genetic variation is structured across space, and how it relates to divergence in phenotypic traits relevant to reproductive isolation, is important for our overall understanding of the speciation process. We used reduced-representation genomic data (ddRAD-seq) to examine patterns of genetic variation across the full distribution of an Andean warbler species complex (Myioborus ornatus-melanocephalus), which includes a known hybrid zone between two strikingly different plumage forms. Genetic structure largely reflects geographic variation in head plumage, some of which corresponds to major topographic barriers in the Andes. We also found evidence of isolation by distance shaping genetic patterns across the groups broad latitudinal range. We found that chrysops and bairdi, two taxa with marked plumage differences that have a known hybrid zone, were characterized by low overall genetic divergence. Based on our cline analyses of both plumage and genomic hybrid indices, this hybrid zone extends for approximately 250 km, where advanced generation hybrids are likely most common. We also identified a slight difference in the centers of the plumage and genomic clines, potentially suggesting the asymmetric introgression of chrysops-like plumage traits. By studying genetic variation in a phenotypically complex group distributed across a topographically complex area, which includes a hybrid zone, we were able to show how both geographic features and potentially sexually selected plumage traits may play a role in species formation in tropical mountains
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cespedes Arias, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuervo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadena, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonaccorso, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovette, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campagna, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.12.667688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[History of divergence and gene flow shaping geographic variation in Andean warblers (Myioborus)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.669906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diversification and divergence in Myioborus warblers: insights into evolutionary relationships and plumage genetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.12.669906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic data can provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of rapidly diversifying groups and the genetic basis of phenotypic differences among lineages. We used whole-genome sequencing of the warbler genus Myioborus to investigate dynamics of its recent diversification in Neotropical mountains. We found that mitochondrial and UCE phylogenies are mostly, but not fully, concordant, and we found phylogenetic support for a pattern of north-to-south and low-to-high elevation colonization in the genus. Within the ornatus-melanocephalus complex, which showed topological incongruence between our phylogenies, we found that genetic structure generally coincides with geographic variation in plumage, although three subspecies with striking plumage differences exhibit low mitochondrial divergence. The hybridizing taxa M. o. chrysops and M. m. bairdi show very shallow genomic differentiation, with marked peaks of divergence. Most of these are shared with other parulid warbler pairs, pointing to broad genomic features, like recombination rate, as the processes shaping these regions. However, other highly differentiated regions were unique to Myioborus, including one containing the gene CCDC91, which is associated with melanin-based plumage differences in several other birds. Lastly, we found higher levels of differentiation on the Z chromosome relative to autosomes, including two putative chromosomal inversions. Together, these results highlight the interplay of deep ancestral divergence, recent hybridization, and shared genomic architecture in shaping the evolution of phenotypic and genomic diversity within Myioborus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arias, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, K. F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campagna, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonaccorso, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuervo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadena, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovette, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toews, D. P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.12.669906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diversification and divergence in Myioborus warblers: insights into evolutionary relationships and plumage genetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial proteomics reveals mechanisms of cell-intrinsic tryptophan metabolism controlling ovarian cancer survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Indole-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) depletes tryptophan to dampen anti-tumor T cells, yet IDO1 inhibitors (IDO1i) have failed clinically. Using deep visual proteomics, we isolated IDO1 high, medium and low ovarian tumor cells in situ and found IDO1 tightly linked to interferon-{gamma} (IFN-{gamma}) signaling and heterogeneously expressed. Across orthogonal models with tunable IDO1, IFN-{gamma} killed ovarian cancer via a pathway requiring IFN-{gamma} signaling, IDO1-dependent tryptophan depletion, and a biphasic integrated stress response that initially protects from starvation and later drives death. IDO1i or tryptophan supplementation rescued these effects, promoting tumor survival. These data reveal a context-dependent, tumor-suppressive facet of IDO1 and explain how IDO1i can paradoxically favor cancer viability. Our findings call for re-evaluation of IDO1 as a target and suggest exploiting the tryptophan-starvation/GCN2-ISR axis to enhance therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metousis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainacher, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steigenberger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweitzer, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duteil, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengyel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obermayr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shulman, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordmann, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindberg, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.670277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial proteomics reveals mechanisms of cell-intrinsic tryptophan metabolism controlling ovarian cancer survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.671311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antagonism by the Type VI secretion system of Bacteroides fragilis is controlled by a TetR family regulator and released small molecule 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.671311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antagonistic systems of bacteria are often tightly regulated. The human gut Bacteroidales harbor three distinct antagonistic Type VI secretion systems (T6SS), one of which is present only in Bacteroides fragilis, known as the GA3 T6SS. Although this is the best studied of the three T6SSs, little is known about how it is regulated. The gene upstream of the GA3 T6SS locus encodes a TetR family transcriptional regulator (TetRGA3), which we show represses expression of the GA3 T6SS locus. The gene immediately upstream and divergently transcribed from tetRGA3, designated here as lgsGA3, encodes a product of the -oxoamine synthase family of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes with structural homology to the CqsA autoinducer synthase of the CAI-1 quorum sensing system of Vibrio spp. When lgsGA3 is deleted, transcription of the GA3 T6SS locus is repressed in a TetR-dependent manner. Strains synthesizing LgsGA3 produce a molecule present in the supernatant that likely serves as the TetRGA3 ligand, overcoming TetR transcriptional repression of the GA3 T6SS. We show that GA3 T6SS-specific immunity genes present on two acquired immunity defense islands are also regulated by LgsGA3 coordinating expression of GA3 T6SS antagonism with protection from competitors GA3 T6SS toxins. Production and firing of the GA3 T6SS and subsequent antagonism occurs in bacteria deleted for lgsGA3 when grown with bacteria containing this gene or their supernatants. These data show that the GA3 T6SS is regulated by a small molecule acting through TetRGA3 allowing the bacteria to coordinate antagonistic and protective systems.

Significance statementThere are numerous external and intrinsic signals that dictate when bacteria become aggressive and when they activate their defensive systems. We show that B. fragilis strains with a GA3 T6SS synthesize a small molecule released from bacterial cells that acts through TetR family regulators to coordinate transcription of both the antagonistic GA3 T6SS and arrays of immunity genes to competitors GA3 T6SS toxins. Bacteria can respond to this molecule when released from non-kin bacteria, allowing them to sense and respond to a threat from a nearby competitor. The coordinated regulation of the GA3 T6SS and arrays of immunity genes is the second example of regulatory crosstalk between the GA3 T6SS and genes of MGEs through TetR family regulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tuzlak, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyne, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheahan, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comstock, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.20.671311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antagonism by the Type VI secretion system of Bacteroides fragilis is controlled by a TetR family regulator and released small molecule]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SEAHORSE: A Serendipity Engine Assaying Heterogeneous Omics-Related Sampling Experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.15.670514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale, open-access data sets such as the Genotype Tissue Expression Project (GTEx) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) include multi-omic data on large numbers of samples along with extensive clinical and phenotypic information. These datasets provide a unique opportunity to discover correlations among clinical and genomic data features that can lead to testable hypotheses and new discoveries. SEAHORSE (http://seahorse.networkmedicine.org/) is a web-based database and search tool for exploratory data analysis in which we have pre-computed statistical associations between available data elements. An easy-to-use user interface allows users to explore significant associations using tabulated summary statistics, data visualizations, and functional enrichment analyses (using RNA-seq data) for identified sets of genes. We describe the motivation and construction of SEAHORSE and demonstrate its utility by documenting several surprising association patterns observed across multiple tissues in GTEx and multiple different cancer types in TCGA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quackenbush, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolluri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biju, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nhong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeConti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quackenbush, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.670514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SEAHORSE: A Serendipity Engine Assaying Heterogeneous Omics-Related Sampling Experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ceramide-induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress as a Targetable Vulnerability in Endocrine Therapy-Resistant Breast Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the success of endocrine therapy (ET) in treating hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, a significant proportion of patients relapse during or after treatment, making ET resistance a major clinical challenge. Previously we have shown that ET-resistant breast cancer cells exhibit reduced ceramide levels and an increased sensitivity to ceramide-induced cell death. Here, we demonstrate that ceramides induce a distinct transcriptional reprogramming in ET-resistant cells, characterized by upregulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress (EnRS) pathways. Ceramide-induced EnRS is PERK-dependent and functionally linked to cell death in multiple models of ET resistance. Using a photoactivatable ceramide probe, we identify TRAM1 as a functionally important ceramide-interacting protein (CIP) in ET-resistant cells that correlates with worse relapse-free survival and a more aggressive breast cancer phenotype in luminal breast cancer patients. Additionally, knockdown of TRAM1 phenocopies ceramide action in ET resistance, thereby suggesting its role in mediating ceramide-induced lethal actions in ET resistance. Together, our findings reveal that ET-resistant breast cancer cells are more sensitive to PERK-mediated EnRS as compared to their ET-sensitive counterparts. Ceramides can exploit this dependence by interacting with CIPs such as TRAM1, leading to PERK activation and consequential cell death preferentially in the ET-resistant breast cancer models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitkara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarpey, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonetti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frasor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atilla, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coloff, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.18.670862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ceramide-induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress as a Targetable Vulnerability in Endocrine Therapy-Resistant Breast Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.19.671076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic basis of dynamic and heterogeneous divisive normalization in visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.19.671076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neocortical computation emerges from the dynamic interplay of excitation and inhibition, operating in a loose balance regime where recurrent and external inputs contribute comparably to neuronal activity. Neurons display broad heterogeneity in synaptic inputs and firing rates, making it essential to explain the full distribution of responses, not just the mean, when elucidating mechanisms of dynamics and computation. We examined divisive normalization in mouse visual cortex using population calcium imaging of excitatory and parvalbumin (PV) inhibitory neurons, combined with computational models of varying complexity. We found that suppression in PV neurons was transiently reduced, driven by the dynamics of subcortical input, and that heterogeneity in suppression strength was linked to population correlations, variability in excitatory-inhibitory balance, and suppression of both subcortical and local cortical inputs. Our results link local recurrent connectivity to the diversity of normalizing responses in cortex, providing a mechanistic basis for functional heterogeneity in this computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rockwell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLean, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.19.671076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic basis of dynamic and heterogeneous divisive normalization in visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequencing of distinct wing behaviors during Drosophila courtship 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some behaviors, like biting followed by chewing and then swallowing, unfold in stereotyped sequences, while others, such as limb movements during defensive maneuvers, can be flexibly combined as needed. During courtship, male Drosophilid flies produce a series of actions, including orientation, tapping, singing, licking, and copulation, that follow an ordered but temporally variable sequence [1,2]. At shorter timescales, however, individual actions remain highly dynamic. For example, courtship songs are composed of variable sequences of distinct syllables, with their patterning and amplitude actively shaped by female cues [3-5]. Leveraging recent advances in behavioral quantification [6], we discover a new courtship wing behavior that we term "waggling", which is present across multiple Drosophila species and characterized by rhythmic, anti-phase wing movements. We identify an intermediate level of stereotyped behavioral structure: a directional three-part motif where males and females first decelerate to near-complete stillness, followed by male-initiated waggling, which then transitions into courtship song. Wing kinematics during waggle bouts are predictive of wing choice in subsequent songs, suggesting waggling may serve as a preparatory behavior. We then focus on P1/pC1 neurons, known to promote courtship [5,7-11]. Optogenetic activation of specific P1/pC1 neuron subsets in solitary males, without any female cues, is sufficient to recapitulate the entire stillness-to-waggling-to-singing progression. These findings reveal a new layer of stereotyped structure within a flexible courtship display and demonstrate that P1/pC1 neurons can orchestrate multi-action behavioral programs through internal dynamics.

HighlightsO_LIDrosophila males produce "waggling," an oscillatory, anti-phase movement of the two wings that is distinct from the unilateral wing vibration that generates courtship song.
C_LIO_LIWaggling is part of a structured behavioral sequence: from stillness, to waggling, and then to singing during male-female courtship interactions.
C_LIO_LIThis full behavioral sequence is internally driven and can be triggered in solitary males by optogenetic activation of specific subsets of P1/pC1 neurons.
C_LIO_LIP1/pC1 neurons show functional diversity in locomotor control.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thieringer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.21.671456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequencing of distinct wing behaviors during Drosophila courtship]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HP1B and H3K9me3 Regulate Olfactory Receptor Choice and Transcriptional Identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse epigenetic regulatory mechanisms ensure and regulate cellular diversity. Among others, the histone 3 lysine 9 me3 (H3K9me3) post translational modification participates in silencing lineage-inappropriate genes. H3K9me3 restricts access of transcription factors and other regulatory proteins to cell-fate controlled genes. In mice, olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) express one olfactory receptor (OR) gene out of 2,600 possibilities. This monoallelic and stochastic OR choice happens as OSNs differentiate and undergo dramatic changes in nuclear architecture. OR genes from different chromosomes converge into specialized nuclear bodies and chromatin compartments as H3K9me3 and chromatin binding proteins including heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) are incorporated. In this work, we have uncovered an unexpected role for HP1{beta} in OR choice and neuronal identity that cannot be rescued by HP1 in vivo. With the use of a conditional knock-in mouse model that replaces HP1{beta} for HP1, we observe changes in H3K9me3 levels, DNA accessibility, and Hi-C contacts over OR gene clusters. These changes alter the expression patterns that partition the mouse olfactory epithelium into five OR expression zones, which results in a reduced OR repertoire leading to a loss of olfactory sensory neuron diversity. We propose that HP1{beta} modulates the competition of OR-promoters for enhancers to promote receptor diversity, by establishing repression gradients in a zonal fashion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Escamilla-del-Arenal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shayya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loconte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Street, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canzio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larabell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.21.671605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HP1B and H3K9me3 Regulate Olfactory Receptor Choice and Transcriptional Identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.671997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BCL6 in T cells promotes type 1 diabetes by redirecting fates of insulin-autoreactive B lymphocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.671997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Currently approved type 1 diabetes (T1D) immunotherapies broadly target T cells and delay but do not fully prevent diabetes development, highlighting the need for more selective targets. Anti-insulin germinal center B cells are uniquely able to present pathogenic insulin epitopes and drive anti-insulin T cells to adopt a T follicular helper fate. T cell expression of BCL6, a key transcriptional repressor in the germinal center response, is essential for spontaneous diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. However, the impact of T cells on pro-pathogenic anti-insulin B cell activity is still poorly understood. Here, we show that VH125SD.NOD mice with T cell loss of BCL6 still produce peripheral anti-insulin B cells yet are protected against diabetes (relative to Bcl6-sufficient controls). This protection was associated with reduced activation, proliferation, germinal center differentiation, and pancreatic infiltration of insulin-binding B cells. Minimally supervised analysis revealed insulin-binding B cells skew towards atypical memory B cell subsets specifically in pancreas and pancreatic lymph nodes, which was reduced by Bcl6{Delta}CD4 loss. Overall, this work suggests BCL6-expressing T cells are pivotal to license pathogenic insulin-binding B cells. Our findings support BCL6 inhibition as a promising T1D immunotherapy, even after insulin autoimmunity is established in the B cell repertoire.

Article Highlights- Loss of floxed Bcl6 via Cd4-Cre protects against type 1 diabetes even when an insulin-skewed B cell repertoire is present
- BCL6 loss in T cells reduces anti-insulin B cell upregulation of T cell co-stimulatory molecules, proliferation, and IgG class switching in pancreas and pancreatic lymph nodes in VH125SD.NOD mice
- Anti-insulin B cells skew towards atypical and atypical memory B cell phenotypes compared to non-insulin binding B cells in pancreas and pancreatic lymph nodes, only some of which are reduced by T cell loss of Bcl6
- This study highlights the translational potential of targeting BCL6, even after the establishment of insulin-reactive B cells, in line with typical intervention points for at-risk individuals


Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/671997v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (49K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bf0daforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11b95fdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@141ccaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6e4100_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAninch, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNitt, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padgett, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bass, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonami, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.671997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BCL6 in T cells promotes type 1 diabetes by redirecting fates of insulin-autoreactive B lymphocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.672809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome reorganisation and expansion shape 3D genome architecture and define a distinct regulatory landscape in coleoid cephalopods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.672809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How genomic changes translate into organismal novelties is often confounded by the multi-layered nature of genome architecture and the long evolutionary timescales over which molecular changes accumulate. Coleoid cephalopods (squid, cuttlefish, and octopus) provide a unique system to study these processes due to a large-scale chromosomal rearrangement in the coleoid ancestor that resulted in highly modified karyotypes, followed by lineage-specific fusions, translocations, and repeat expansions. How these events have shaped gene regulatory patterns underlying the evolution of coleoid innovations, including their large and elaborately structured nervous systems, novel organs, and complex behaviours, remains poorly understood. To address this, we integrate Micro-C, RNA-seq, and ATAC-seq across multiple coleoid species, developmental stages, and tissues. We find that while topological compartments are broadly conserved, hundreds of chromatin loops are species- and context-specific, with distinct regulation signatures and dynamic expression profiles. CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of a putative regulatory sequence within a conserved region demonstrates the role of loops in neural development and the prevalence of long-range, inter-compartmental interactions. We propose that differential evolutionary constraints across the coleoid 3D genome allow macroevolutionary processes to shape genome topology in distinct ways, facilitating the emergence of novel regulatory entanglements and ultimately contributing to the evolution and maintenance of complex traits in coleoids.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yalcin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rencken, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissenbacher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarence, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragsdale, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albertin, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simakov, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.672809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome reorganisation and expansion shape 3D genome architecture and define a distinct regulatory landscape in coleoid cephalopods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ architecture of the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hidden within host cells, the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis is the most prevalent bacterial infection in the animal kingdom. Scientific breakthroughs over the past century yielded fundamental mechanisms by which Wolbachia controls arthropod reproduction to shape dynamic ecological and evolutionary trajectories. However, the structure and spatial organization of symbiont machineries that underpin intracellular colonization and orchestrate maternal inheritance remain unknown. Here, we used cryo-electron tomography to directly image the nanoscale architecture of bacterial tools deployed for host manipulation and germline transmission. We discovered that Wolbachia assembles multiple structures at the host-endosymbiont interface including a filamentous ladder-like framework hypothesized to serve as a specialized motility mechanism that enables bacterial translocation to specific host cell compartments during embryogenesis and somatic tissue dissemination. In addition, we present the first in situ structure of the Rickettsiales vir homolog type IV secretion system (rvh T4SS). We provide evidence that the rvh T4SS nanomachine exhibits architectural similarities to the pED208-encoded T4SS apparatus including the biogenesis of rigid conjugative pili extending hundreds of nanometers beyond the bacterial cell surface. Coupled with integrative structural modeling, we demonstrate that in contrast to canonical T4SS architectures, the -proteobacterial T4SS outer membrane complex assembles a periplasmic baseplate structure predicted to comprise VirB9 oligomers complexed with cognate VirB10 subunits that form extended antennae projections surrounding the translocation channel pore. Collectively, these studies provide an unprecedented view into Wolbachia structural cell biology and unveil the molecular blueprints for architectural paradigms that reinforce ancient host-microbe symbioses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pujhari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heebner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raumann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasgon, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swulius, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.673095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ architecture of the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional rather than anatomic connectivity predicts seizure propagation in a multi-node model of focal neocortical epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seizures propagate through the brain either locally or via widespread networks of anatomically and functionally connected nodes. These sites can be manipulated in the surgical treatment of human patients through ablation or stimulation. However, we still lack a full understanding of how seizures, ablation, and stimulation recruit or alter recruitment of these distant sites. Here, we apply widefield calcium imaging in a non-anesthetized rodent multi-nodal bilateral neocortical network model of focal epilepsy to examine excitatory and inhibitory cell recruitment. When we initiate seizures in somatosensory cortex (S1), they preferentially spread to an ipsilateral node in frontal cortex (M2) rather than across the corpus callosum to contralateral mirror somatosensory cortex. On the other hand, seizures rapidly spread across the corpus callosum in regions that connect M2 with its mirror M2 focus, indicating that this frontal region acts an amplifier for secondary generalization. Accordingly, ablation of M2 radically altered seizure propagation. Electrical stimulation of S1 revealed that S1 preferentially recruits excitatory cells in ipsilateral M2 but inhibitory cells in contralateral S1, which may explain the preferred propagation pathway. We also observed that the stimulation frequency can differentially determine the response of excitatory versus inhibitory neurons. Altogether, our findings suggest that seizures do not propagate homogeneously through anatomically connected nodes but are preferentially "pulled" to specific locations by excitatory/inhibitory balance. Thus, functional connectivity rather than anatomic connectivity will be more predictive of ictal spread, and more informative for ablative and stimulation-based therapeutics.

SignificanceUnderstanding how seizures spread outward from one brain region to another is critical to informing new therapies for epilepsy patients. We used widefield calcium imaging and electrical stimulation to examine seizure propagation patterns in a bilateral brain network in non-anesthetized animals. We found that seizures unexpectedly preferred certain pathways over others, despite strong anatomical connections, and that these preferences were dictated by the type of cell (excitatory or inhibitory) recruited in distant nodes. We were able to reproduce these electrical imbalances with focal stimulation at varying frequencies. Our findings highlight that anatomy by itself is insufficient to fully identify seizure networks and suggests that specific neurostimulation parameters will confer different effects on distant brain regions.

Key PointsO_LIFunctional connectivity rather than anatomic connectivity determines ictal propagation
C_LIO_LIContralateral seizure propagation from S1 favors cross callosal spread in via motor, rather than somatosensory pathways.
C_LIO_LIHigh frequency electrical stimulation differentially affects excitatory and inhibitory recruitment across a neocortical network
C_LIO_LILow frequency electrical stimulation emulates seizure-like activity propagation across a network
C_LIO_LIConnectome data may be insufficient to identify critical nodes and pathways of a seizure network
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niemeyer, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pons, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional rather than anatomic connectivity predicts seizure propagation in a multi-node model of focal neocortical epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex chromosome turnover and mitonuclear conflict drive reproductive isolation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying the genetic basis of reproductive barriers is essential for understanding the origin and maintenance of biological diversity. While some hybrid incompatibilities evolve as incidental byproducts of divergence1-3, those involving sex chromosomes and mitochondrial-nuclear interactions may arise through predictable pathways shaped by genomic conflict4-8. Yet, the extent to which such interactions drive the evolution of reproductive barriers and speciation in natural populations remains unclear9-11. Here, we use whole-genome resequencing in North American fishes to show that two hybridizing species possess distinct, nonhomologous sex chromosomes. These chromosomes exhibit strong associations with sex, reduced introgression in natural hybrid zones, segregation distortion in backcrosses, and an enrichment of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes, indicative of sex-linked mitonuclear incompatibilities. We identify a third, distinct sex chromosome in another hybridizing species, indicating repeated sex chromosome turnover within the clade. Parental crosses and genomic analyses suggest that at least one of these transitions was driven by a recessive female-determining mutation, a rare empirical example of a theoretically predicted but seldom observed mechanism of sex chromosome evolution. Together, these results link genomic architecture to hybrid dysfunction and behavioral isolation, providing strong empirical support for long-standing predictions about the role of sex-linked and cytonuclear incompatibilities in speciation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moran, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radcliffe, W. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muralidhar, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.673102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex chromosome turnover and mitonuclear conflict drive reproductive isolation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.674060v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue geometry and mechanochemical feedback initiate rotational migration in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.674060v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collective migration of epithelial cells drives diverse tissue remodeling processes. In many cases, a free tissue edge polarizes the cells to promote directed motion, but how edge-free or closed epithelia initiate migration remains unclear. Here, we show that the rotational migration of follicular epithelial cells in the Drosophila egg chamber is a self-organizing process. Combining experiments and theoretical modeling, we identify a positive feedback loop in which the mechanosensitive behavior of the atypical cadherin Fat2 synergizes with the rigid-body dynamics of the egg chamber to both initiate and sustain rotation. Mechanical constraints arising from cell-cell interactions and tissue geometry further align this motion around the egg chambers anterior-posterior axis. Our findings reveal a biophysical mechanism -- combining Fat2-mediated velocity-polarity alignment, rigid-body dynamics, and tissue geometry -- by which a closed epithelial tissue self-organizes into persistent, large-scale rotational migration in vivo, expanding current flocking theories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwabach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santhosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horne-Badovinac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.674060</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue geometry and mechanochemical feedback initiate rotational migration in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A neural network with episodic memory learns causal relationships between narrative events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans reflect on memories to make sense of ongoing events. Past work has shown that people retrieve causally related memories during comprehension, but the mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Here, we used a recurrent neural network augmented with a key-value episodic memory buffer and trained it to predict upcoming scenes while watching a television episode. At each time step, the model transformed the current scene into a value representing memory content and a key representing memory address, both stored as episodic memory. The model retrieved selective past values by applying self-attention over stored keys and integrated these memories with the current scene representation to generate predictions. The model retrieved memories similar to those retrieved by human participants watching the same episode during fMRI. Importantly, this similarity disappeared when causal relationships between events were controlled for. The model also represented causally related events with similar patterns, similar to how the human brain represents these events. These findings suggest that using two distinct memory representations allows the model to retrieve memories and organize events based on causal relationships, beyond semantic or perceptual similarities. Together, this work proposes a key-value episodic memory system as a candidate computational mechanism for how humans retrieve causally related memories to comprehend naturalistic events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.673596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A neural network with episodic memory learns causal relationships between narrative events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning the gate and the gear: The LRRC26 (γ1) subunit modulates intrinsic gating and voltage-sensor coupling of the BK channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Association of auxiliary subunits ({beta}1-4 and {gamma}1-4) with the pore-forming  subunit of the calcium- and voltage-activated potassium (BK) channel provides functional diversity. {gamma}1 promotes a significant leftward shift of the voltage activation curve, ensuring the adequate functioning of secretory glands, allowing the BK channel to release K+ at the cells resting Ca2+ concentration. Given its physiological importance, it is crucial to elucidate the mechanisms of {gamma}1 action. However, structural and functional studies have yielded conflicting conclusions regarding the modulation of BK channels by {gamma}1. Here, using macroscopic, single-channel, and gating current measurements, we demonstrate that at zero mV {gamma}1 increases 92-fold the equilibrium constant that defines the closed- open transition by destabilizing the channels closed configuration and enhancing the coupling between the voltage sensor and the pore domain, without affecting voltage-sensor activation. These results suggest that {gamma}1 not only causes an increase in the energetic coupling between the voltage sensors and the pore but mainly enhances the channel opening reaction.

TeaserThe {gamma}1 subunit favors the BK channel pore opening by destabilizing its closed configuration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena-Pichicoi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasquel-Ursulaez, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latorre, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.04.674290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning the gate and the gear: The LRRC26 (γ1) subunit modulates intrinsic gating and voltage-sensor coupling of the BK channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complementary regulation of memory flexibility and stabilization by dentate gyrus granule cells and mossy cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate memory formation requires hippocampal spatial representations to balance stability, for later recall, with flexibility, to incorporate new information. The dentate gyrus (DG) is essential to memory formation, but the distinct roles of its excitatory cell types, granule cells (GCs) and mossy cells (MCs), remain unclear. To evaluate how GC and MC activity affect hippocampal output, we recorded from CA1 using two-photon calcium imaging as head-fixed mice navigated familiar and novel virtual environments. DREADD-mediated MC inhibition disrupted initial map stabilization, decreasing spatial stability in novel, but not familiar, environments. In contrast, GC inhibition increased map stability in familiar, but not novel, environments by disrupting drift of spatial maps across distinct experiences (episodes) within an environment. These results reveal how distinct DG cell types support hippocampal memory formation in context-dependent ways; MCs promote stabilization of new spatial maps to support accurate memory recall, while GCs promote flexibility to update existing representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>GoodSmith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.05.674488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complementary regulation of memory flexibility and stabilization by dentate gyrus granule cells and mossy cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Query Augmented Generation (QAG) from the Genomic DataCommons for Accurate Variant Statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In precision oncology, researchers often use public knowledgebases to check somatic variant frequencies against their cohort data. Large language models (LLMs) can quickly answer questions on somatic variant frequencies, but often hallucinate and give inaccurate results for factual data. Using synthetic queries, we show that somatic variant frequencies in baseline LLM responses are underestimated compared to the Genomic Data Commons (GDC), the worlds largest data commons for cancer research. We present a modular architecture called Query Augmented Generation (QAG) for integrating LLMs with high-quality data from a third party data source such as a data commons, knowledgebase or database. We apply QAG to the GDC to help researchers obtain accurate frequencies for somatic variants, copy number variants, and MSI status--even for complex queries requiring multiple steps in the GDC portal and API. Our software is deployed as a model context protocol (MCP) server on Hugging Face and available on GitHub.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wysocki, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanyam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.02.673797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Query Augmented Generation (QAG) from the Genomic DataCommons for Accurate Variant Statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.673818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor nutrient stress gives rise to a drug tolerant cell state in pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.673818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systemic therapies are the standard of care for most pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients but provide limited benefit due to pervasive resistance. The fibrotic tumor microenvironment (TME) is thought to drive resistance by restricting perfusion and drug delivery. Here, we show that therapeutically relevant drug concentrations are achieved even in poorly perfused, therapy-resistant murine PDAC tumors, indicating that impaired delivery alone does not explain drug resistance. Instead, we find TME exposure imprints a therapy-resistant state upon PDAC cells. These observations raised the question of how the TME imposes this state. Poor perfusion alters nutrient availability in the TME. To model this, we developed Tumor Interstitial Fluid Medium (TIFM), which recapitulates TME nutrient conditions. TIFM cultured PDAC cells acquire a therapy-resistant phenotype that mirrors resistance observed in the TME. In this state, cytotoxic and targeted therapies retain on-target activity but fail to trigger cell death, resulting in therapeutic tolerance. Mechanistically, drug tolerance is driven by suppression of apoptotic priming and can be reversed by inhibition of the anti-apoptotic regulator BCL-XL. These results identify TME-driven reprogramming of cell death as a key mechanism of therapy resistance in PDAC and establish TIFM as a physiologically relevant model for studying microenvironment-induced drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheehan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cognet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas-Toth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agovino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadullozoda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziolkowski, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutel, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halbrook, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macleod, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBelle, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.04.673818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor nutrient stress gives rise to a drug tolerant cell state in pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MiR-34a deficiency enhances nucleic acid sensing and type I IFN signaling in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MiR-34a is implicated in aging, cell senescence, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. In order to investigate the role of miR-34a in Alzheimers disease (AD), we produced an AD mouse model, Tg-SwDI mice, with whole body/constitutive miR-34a knockout (KO). MiR-34a KO improved long-term memory in Tg-SwDI mice, which was associated with decreases in the ratio of insoluble A{beta}42 to A{beta}40 and with increases in soluble and insoluble A{beta}40 in the cerebral cortex. Anti-Iba1 immunofluorescence revealed increases in activated microglia. Bulk RNA-sequencing of the hippocampus followed by a gene set enrichment analysis (Enrichr) identified "cellular response to type I interferon" and "type I interferon signaling pathway" as the most prominent gene sets in miR-34a KO Tg-SwDI mice compared to miR-34a wild-type Tg-SwDI mice. Many interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that characterize interferon responsive microglia (IRM) were upregulated in miR-34a KO Tg-SwDI mice. MiR-34a knockdown strongly enhanced ISGs expression in TLR7 ligand-stimulated BV2 microglia. These results suggest that miR-34a inhibits the transition of microglia to the IRM state that may modulate synaptic and cognitive functions in neurodegenerative diseases and aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsourdinis, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maienschein-Cline, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalonde, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuchi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.05.674298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MiR-34a deficiency enhances nucleic acid sensing and type I IFN signaling in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TNF signaling drives expansion of Reg4+ epithelial cells in colitis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reg4+ secretory cells are upregulated in colitis and promote epithelial repair, but their regulation is poorly understood. We show that TNF-TNFR1 signaling controls Reg4+ cell numbers in mouse and human colonoids and in vivo, with TNFR1 deficiency reducing these cells and TNF restoring them dose-dependently. In UC patients and DSS-colitis, REG4+ cells mark regenerating crypts, and persistent REG4, DUOX2, and TNFR1 expression identifies non-responders to anti-TNF therapy. These findings reveal a TNFR1-dependent mechanism regulating Reg4+ cells and suggest potential strategies to improve therapeutic responses in IBD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gadeock, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grikscheit, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polk, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.08.674949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TNF signaling drives expansion of Reg4+ epithelial cells in colitis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TNF Receptor 1 regulates colonic mesenchymal cell diversity and the epithelial stem cell niche. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUND & AIMSAnti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) is a mainstay of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy but fails in many patients. Although TNF has pro-inflammatory effects, depletion of TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) paradoxically exacerbates chronic colitis. Because colitis induces remodeling of mesenchymal cell populations, which provide a niche for epithelial stem cells involved in mucosal healing, we hypothesized that TNFR1 promotes colonic mesenchymal cell diversity and stem cell niche function.

METHODSMesenchymal TNFR1 function was studied using TNFR1-/-, platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFR)-Cre;TNFR1fl/fl mice, and mixed-genotype mesenchymal-epithelial co-cultures. Mesenchymal cell diversity and gene function were assessed using single-cell RNA-Seq of primary colonic myofibroblasts (CMFs) and via anti-integrin A6 (ITGA6) antibody treatment and exogenous R-spondin 3 (RSPO3) supplementation.

RESULTSTNFR1-/- mesenchyme exhibits reduced cell diversity, with specific depletion of specialized TNF- and interferon-signaling pericryptal cell-type. Deletion of TNFR1 in the pericryptal mesenchyme diminished the (PDGFR)+ CMF population and reduced RSPO3 expression, but increased ITGA6 expression relative to controls (TNFR1+/-). Moreover, inhibition of ITGA6 reversed the proliferative and migratory phenotype of TNFR1-/- CMFs and restored expression of PDGFR and RSPO3. Co-cultures of colonoids with TNFR1-/- CMFs resulted in downregulation of stem cell marker expression; this was rescued by supplementation with RSPO3. Supporting the role for mesenchymal TNFR1 in regulating colonic epithelial stem cells, mice deficient for TNFR1 in PDGFR+ cells showed a 40% loss of Lgr5+ stem cells, consistent with the global TNFR1-deficient mouse.

CONCLUSIONTNFR1-mediated signaling regulates specification and function of colonic mesenchyme, performing an integral role in the maintenance of the crypt stem cell population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gadeock, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grikscheit, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polk, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.08.674957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TNF Receptor 1 regulates colonic mesenchymal cell diversity and the epithelial stem cell niche.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redox regulation of neuroinflammatory pathways contributes to damage in Alzheimers disease brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanism(s) whereby redox stress mediates aberrant immune signaling in age-related neurological disorders remains largely unknown. Normally, the innate immune system mounts a robust response to infectious stimuli. However, unintentional activation by host-derived factors, such as aggregated proteins associated with neurodegenerative disorders or by cytoplasmic genomic or mitochondrial DNA, can elicit aberrant immune responses. One such immune response is represented by the cytosolic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway. Using redox chemical biology and mass spectrometry approaches, we identified S-nitrosylation of STING cysteine 148 as a novel posttranslational redox modification underlying aberrant type 1 interferon signaling in Alzheimers disease (AD). Critically, we observed S-nitrosylated STING (SNO-STING) in postmortem human AD brains, in hiPSC-derived microglia (hiMG) exposed to amyloid-{beta} (A{beta})/-synuclein (Syn) aggregates, and in 5xFAD transgenic mice. Mechanistically, our findings reveal that STING S-nitrosylation is critical in initiating signaling cascades by promoting the formation of disulfide-bonded STING oligomers. This leads to neuroinflammation early in the course of disease in vivo in 5xFAD mice with consequent synaptic loss. Collectively, our research supports the role of SNO-STING in neuroinflammation associated with AD, and points to a novel druggable cysteine residue in STING to prevent this S-nitrosylation reaction with its inherent inflammatory response.

One Sentence SummaryS-Nitrosylation of STING triggers activation of cGAS-STING signaling in Alzheimers disease brain and subserves a novel link between excessive nitrosative stress and dysregulated innate immunity, thus contributing to disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carnevale, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raspur, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schahrer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrich, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.08.674963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redox regulation of neuroinflammatory pathways contributes to damage in Alzheimers disease brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
METTL3-mediated m6A modification of DNMT1 enhances ovarian cancer progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), the most lethal subtype of ovarian cancer, is often diagnosed at advanced stages owing to its asymptomatic progression and lack of early detection markers. In this study, we identified a critical oncogenic role of the RNA methyltransferase METTL3 and the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification pathway in HGSC. Depletion of METTL3 or its binding partner METTL14 impairs ovarian cancer proliferation and tumor progression. Mechanistically, m6A deposition enhances the translation of DNA methyltransferase DNMT1, an epigenetic repressor that silences tumor suppressor genes. Pharmacologic inhibition of DNMT1 led to DNA hypomethylation and upregulation of the tumor suppressors TNFAIP3 and FBXO32. Consistently, METTL3 depletion also increased the expression of these genes supporting a model in which METTL3 sustains oncogenesis by maintaining DNMT1 protein levels and repressing anti-tumor pathways. These findings position METTL3-mediated RNA modifications and DNMT1 as promising therapeutic targets in HGSC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Nunez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noguera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluvinet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peula, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajdzik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celia-Terrassa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.10.675425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[METTL3-mediated m6A modification of DNMT1 enhances ovarian cancer progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular acidification by bacteria-derived valeric acid is a mechanism of trans-kingdom ecology against Candida parapsilosis colonization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In hematopoietic cell transplant patients, intestinal Candida parapsilosis expansion and translocation cause life-threatening candidemia, yet how commensal intestinal bacteria prevent Candida expansion remains incompletely defined. Here, we trained a machine learning model on supernatant metabolomic profiles of commensal bacteria to identify bacteria-derived inhibitors of fungal growth, with valeric and butyric acid as top hits. Experimental validation confirmed in silico predictions in three systems. First, in patient fecal samples, valeric and butyric acid levels inversely correlated with C. parapsilosis growth. Second, in vitro, valeric acid potently inhibited C. parapsilosis growth by causing intracellular acidification. Third, administration of glycerol valerate, and free or microencapsulated valeric acid blunted C. parapsilosis growth at murine intestinal sites where valeric acid could be detected. Thus, machine learning could identify a mechanistic driver of trans-kingdom ecology limiting C. parapsilosis intestinal expansion and may inform strategies to reduce patient risk of developing candidiasis during high-risk periods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yasuma-Mitobe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemeth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilipps, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, R. J. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinas, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perissinoto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plitas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gacser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohl, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular acidification by bacteria-derived valeric acid is a mechanism of trans-kingdom ecology against Candida parapsilosis colonization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequential sampling from memory underlies perceptual decisions unyoked from actions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.10.675475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perceptual decision-making refers to the class of decisions in which sensory evidence is used to categorize percepts and guide actions. Conventionally, categorical decisions are thought to precede motor actions. However, recent studies in nonhuman primates challenge this assumption - when perceptual decisions were uncoupled from the actions they bear upon, animals postponed the decisions until relevant response options were revealed. To determine whether this postponement stems from cognitive limitations unique to nonhuman primates, we conducted a similar experiment with human subjects. Naive subjects viewed a random-dot motion (RDM) stimulus that was difficult to categorize. After a delay period following the RDM, two choice targets were presented and subjects decided which target lay closer to the perceived motion direction. Decision accuracy varied across subjects, reflecting individual differences in ability to integrate motion evidence. Notably, subjects with higher decision accuracy showed prolonged deliberation after choice-target presentation. Furthermore, the time they took to report their decisions depended on the strength of the motion evidence. This pattern of accuracy and decision reporting time could be accounted for by a bounded diffusion model in which subjects sequentially sample stored sensory information from memory during the target selection phase. When the RDM was challenging to categorize, the subsequent appearance of the targets provided a framework to interrogate stored evidence and render a decision. Our results reveal a strategic feature of working memory of retaining information based on its future utility. This observation opens new avenues for investigating how memory and decision-making interact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shushruth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.10.675475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequential sampling from memory underlies perceptual decisions unyoked from actions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-resolution diel survey of surface ocean metagenomes, metatranscriptomes, and transfer RNA transcripts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The roles of marine microbes in ecosystem processes are inherently linked to their ability to sense, respond, and ultimately adapt to environmental change. Capturing the nuances of this perpetual dialogue and its long-term implications requires insight into the subtle drivers of microbial responses to environmental change that are most accessible at the shortest scales of time. Here, we present a multi-omics dataset comprising surface ocean metagenomes, metatranscriptomes, tRNA transcripts, and biogeochemical measurements, collected every 1.5 hours for 48 hours at two stations within coastal and adjacent offshore waters of the tropical Pacific Ocean. We expect that this integrated dataset of multiple sequence types and environmental parameters will facilitate novel insights into microbial ecology, microbial physiology, and ocean biogeochemistry and help investigate the different mechanisms of adaptation that drive microbial responses to environmental change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tucker, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuessel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freel, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiefl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freel, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramfelt, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, C. E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajigan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mochimaru, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha de Souza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratum, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobczyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trigodet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lolans, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huettel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappe, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-resolution diel survey of surface ocean metagenomes, metatranscriptomes, and transfer RNA transcripts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ALM enables contextual decision-making via dynamic reconfiguration of local circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive operations often require flexible implementation of stimulus-response contingencies, depending on context. We developed an olfactory task in which mice learned to associate a test odor with a directional lick response, conditional on a preceding context odor drawn from a different odor set. Two-photon imaging revealed that anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) contains distinct populations encoding context, test odors, and choice. Optogenetic silencing during the context and delay periods impaired performance, suggesting that ALM contributes to configuring the appropriate contingency. Although context odors that instructed the same mapping were represented by separate populations, their influence converged at the level of choice-selective neurons. A subpopulation of these neurons exhibited dual selectivity for context and choice, forming what we term "contingency neurons." These findings suggest that ALM supports flexible behavior not by abstracting over context cues, but by dynamically reconfiguring local circuits to route sensory input to the appropriate motor output.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rungratsameetaweemana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterka, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadlen, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ALM enables contextual decision-making via dynamic reconfiguration of local circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid Adaptation to Road Salts in a Freshwater Microbial Eukaryote 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans are changing habitat for wildlife in myriad ways and for populations to persist, they must adapt to this change. In parts of the world that experience snow and ice, road salts are often used to make driving safer in the winter. Runoff from these roads increases the salinity in nearby bodies of water, which has been shown to have detrimental physiological and ecological effects in freshwater ecosystems; however, the evolutionary consequences of salinization remain unclear. Tetrahymena are microbial eukaryotes that live in freshwater habitats and serve as an important link in the microbial food loop. In this study, we test how T. thermophila can evolve in response to increasing concentrations of road salts in their environment. Using experimental evolution, we found that T. thermophila adapt quickly to survive and grow better in increasing salinity. However, populations adapted to the highest salt concentrations experience fitness tradeoffs in salt-free environments. These results demonstrate the rapidity with which microbial populations can respond to anthropogenic changes to their environment, yet highlight the potential costs associated with this adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zufall, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereda, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plum, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothschild, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid Adaptation to Road Salts in a Freshwater Microbial Eukaryote]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed and drifting signals for working memory load in human cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing working memory (WM) load incurs behavioral costs, and whether the neural constraints on behavioral costs are localized (i.e., emanating from the intraparietal sulcus) or distributed across cortex remains an active area of debate. In a pre-registered fMRI experiment, 12 humans (12 scanner-hours each) performed a visual WM task with varying memory load (0-4 items). We replicated a localized, load-dependent increase in univariate BOLD activity in parietal cortex. However, we also observed both systematic increases and decreases in univariate activity with load across the visual hierarchy. Importantly, multivariate activation patterns encoded WM load regardless of the direction of the univariate effect, arguing against a restricted locus of load signals in parietal cortex. Finally, we observed representational drift in activity patterns encoding memory load across scanning sessions. Our results suggest a distributed code for memory load that may be continually refined over time to support more efficient information storage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adam, K. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed and drifting signals for working memory load in human cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insular Traveling Waves Link Distributed Neural Dynamics to Human Memory Performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The insula is a critical brain region that plays a foundational role in adaptive human behaviors, with diverse subregions performing distinct functional roles. However, explaining how these insular subregions interact to support behaviors is elusive. Using direct recordings from humans performing a spatial episodic memory task, we show that traveling waves within the insula modulate neuronal interactions across insula subregions, by propagating in distinct spatial patterns during specific phases of memory. In addition to traveling plane waves, insula waves also propagated in complex, heterogenous spatial patterns across task conditions. Insular traveling waves correlated with memory success, highlighting the critical role of insular traveling waves in orchestrating memory performance. Our study suggests that insular traveling waves are a key mechanism for modulating interactions and neural coding across regions to support memory processing and potentially a biomarker for investigating dysfunctions in neurological disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insular Traveling Waves Link Distributed Neural Dynamics to Human Memory Performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.676619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Heterogeneity of the Membrane-Interacting Region of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.676619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer (gp120/gp41)3 forms the key functional envelope spike and is the target of neutralizing antibodies. The glycoprotein gp41 component mediates the fusion of viral and host cell membranes. In addition to its ectodomain, the membrane-interacting C-terminal domain of gp41 plays a crucial role in maintaining the fusogenicity and antigenic characteristics of Env. The membrane-interacting domain of gp41 consists of the highly conserved membrane proximal external region (MPER), which contains epitopes for broadly neutralizing antibodies, the transmembrane domain (TMD), which anchors Env in the membrane and mediates trimer formation, and the cytoplasmic tail (CT) domain, which plays an important role in Env trafficking to HIV-1 assembly sites. Previous experimental studies have extensively characterized the structure of the C-terminal domain of gp41; however, they reported different conformational states of the MPER and TMD. In this study, we used all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the structure and function of the membrane-interacting domain of gp41 in an HIV-1 mimetic membrane bilayer. The basic residues in the CT domain were found to interact favorably with PIP2, leading to lateral demixing of lipids and the accumulation of PIP2 in the cytofacial leaflet around the CT baseplate. Additionally, analysis based on an artificial intelligence (AI) machine learning based protocol revealed a diverse conformational ensemble of MPER-TMD, consistent with previous experimental observations. The MPER-TMD adopts both helix-turn-helix and extended helical conformations. We propose that the inherent flexibility of the MPER and the N-terminal region of TMD can play an important role in facilitating the late stages of membrane fusion.

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Majumder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.16.676619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Heterogeneity of the Membrane-Interacting Region of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.672001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biochemical characterizations of Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia linked mutations of Target of Egr1 (TOE1) reveal impacts on thermal stability, ribonuclease activity, and oligomerization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.672001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Target of EGR1 (TOE1) gene encodes the TOE1 deadenylase, which is essential for the maturation of Pol-II transcribed snRNAs in humans. Over a dozen missense mutations in the TOE1 gene have been linked to Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 7 (PCH7), a rare but serious neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease that leads to early mortality. The biochemical mechanisms for why these PCH7-linked mutations alter TOE1s biochemical characteristics remains vague. Here, we utilized AlphaFold predicted structures of TOE1 and biochemical characterizations to investigate the impact of TOE1 variants on TOE1s biochemical properties.

We performed characterization of the thermal stability and activity of eleven PCH-linked TOE1 variants and found that eight variants have significant reduced protein thermal stability and only two variants impair TOE1s ribonuclease activity, particularly its exonuclease activity. Additionally, we found that the F148Y mutation impacts TOE1s oligomeric state in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results demonstrated that PCH-linked mutations of TOE1 impact many different aspects of TOE1 biochemistry, providing novel insights which may provide potential therapeutic strategies to treat PCH7 patients. In addition, these mutations provide a library of TOE1 variants that will be useful for future studies of TOE1 function and regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayne, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavala, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobien, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.18.672001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biochemical characterizations of Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia linked mutations of Target of Egr1 (TOE1) reveal impacts on thermal stability, ribonuclease activity, and oligomerization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Contrastive Learning with Graph Attention Network (MoCL-GAT) for Enhanced Molecular Representation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning the representation of molecules is crucial for drug discovery but is often hindered by the scarcity of labeled experimental data, which limits the performance of supervised machine learning models. While self-supervised learning (SSL) offers a solution by leveraging vast unlabeled chemical databases, many existing methods focus on learning from either local structural information or global molecular properties, but not both simultaneously. We introduce MoCL-GAT, a novel contrastive and transfer learning-based SSL framework that addresses this gap by simultaneously learning from two complementary objectives. It combines a local contrastive task on molecular subgraphs to capture fine-grained chemical environments with a global predictive task to learn holistic molecular descriptors. This dual-objective approach, powered by a Graph Attention Network, is designed to create more robust, versatile, and transferable molecular representations. Pre-trained on 1.9 million compounds, MoCL-GAT was fine-tuned on diverse benchmarks. It achieved state-of-the-art performance on molecular property prediction tasks, with an AUROC of 0.928 on BBBP and 0.749 on SIDER, and top-ranking RMSEs of 0.570 for ESOL and 1.818 for FreeSolv. Critically, fine-tuned models consistently and significantly outperformed models trained from scratch, confirming the value of pre-training. These results validate that MoCL-GATs dual-objective approach learns highly effective and transferable representations, enabling more accurate and data-efficient predictions for key cheminformatics challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dalkiran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifaioglu, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetin-Atalay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acar, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atalay, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Contrastive Learning with Graph Attention Network (MoCL-GAT) for Enhanced Molecular Representation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptations in Plasmodium tubulin determine unique microtubule architectures, mechanics and drug susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubules are ubiquitous yet diverse cytoskeleton filaments. However, tubulin conservation presents challenges in understanding the origins of diverse microtubule architectures. The mechanisms by which microtubule architecture varies through the life cycle of the malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium are not understood and provide a valuable framework for exploring how intrinsic properties of tubulin contribute to architectural variety. Using parasite-purified tubulin, we determined structures of P. falciparum microtubules by cryo-electron microscopy. Parasite-specific sequences change the tubulin dimer structure, thereby modifying drug susceptibility and polymer mechanical properties. Within the P. falciparum microtubule, lateral contacts are smaller but stronger, and the lattice is stiffer than in mammalian microtubules. Non-canonical microtubule architectures found in parasites are highly similar to those observed in vitro, validating the physiological relevance of these properties. Our findings show how evolutionary adaptation of tubulin modulates the material properties of the microtubule cytoskeleton.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bangera, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fachet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moores, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptations in Plasmodium tubulin determine unique microtubule architectures, mechanics and drug susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering flexible codes for prediction across timescales in the retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Efficient coding theory postulates that a sensory system maximizes information between its response and the input, yet it is unclear if a different measure of optimality that takes into account output function might give a better fit to neural data. The sensory processing delays in many systems suggest that the maximization of predictive information is a reasonable objective function for driving fast, effective downstream behavior. We introduce a one-parameter family of optimal encoding distributions based on how far out in time a population of retinal ganglion cells is optimized to predict future stimuli. Analyzing the population response to a moving bar stimulus with rich temporal correlation structure identifies which particular optimal encoding best describes the neural activity. This allows for the discovery of how far out in time the retina is predicting, instead of simply testing for optimality at one timescale. As stimulus statistics change, so too does the time scale of prediction that best matches the population response. Focusing on this optimal timescale, the neural code can be evaluated in terms of classic efficient coding theory, revealing that the code also shows a peak in how these predictive bits are allocated in the population response repertoire. The stimulus has a fully controlled set of temporal statistics, but is still complex enough to show behaviors like starts and stops, constant motion, and motion reversals. Its tractable statistical structure allows for an information theoretic account of computations like motion anticipation and the retina reversal response in terms of the maximization of predictive information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bojanek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefebvre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marre, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering flexible codes for prediction across timescales in the retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative system drift 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We consider a biological system composed of multiple genetically variable components, the combined result of which is a quantitative trait under stabilizing selection for an optimal value. We show mathematically that, while the mean value of the system is ultimately constrained to remain near its optimum, the values of individual components are free to drift far from their initial values. Each components drift, though qualitatively similar to neutral drift, is slower by a factor that depends on the fraction of the systems genetic variance contributed by the component. Our results provide a population-genetic basis for  system drift, the concept that individual components of a biological system can evolve despite selective constraint on their combined product. A special case is a single polygenic trait under stabilizing selection, where our results predict that the mean genetic contributions to the trait of different subregions of the genome, such as the chromosomes, can drift despite constraint on the genome-wide genetic value. We explore the implications of this latter result for selection against interspecific hybrids and selection against turnovers of sex-determining systems. We further apply our general results to a continuous public goods game played between two species, where they predict that individual species contributions to a costly public good can drift freely. Finally, we show that symmetric mutation between alleles that increase and decrease components contributions to the system provides a weak long-term brake on components drift.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muralidhar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.17.676933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative system drift]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network dynamics underlying activity-timescale differences between cortical regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Network-level dynamics are thought to be central to computation in the cerebral cortex. Yet, how these dynamics differ across areas remains poorly understood. We leveraged an intrinsic property of cortical regions to tackle this problem -- the timescales over which they spontaneously sustain activity. We first co-registered functional and spatial transcriptomics datasets to show that timescales across the mouse cortex are predicted by many transcript categories, including those that regulate circuit wiring. Next, we used simultaneous two-photon imaging and optogenetics in mice to ask how these putative differences in connectivity lead to distinct network responses to brief, focal excitatory input to a short-timescale visual area, VISp, and a long-timescale frontal area, MOs. MOs neurons were more likely to respond to photostimulation of their neighbors. Moreover, the evoked dynamics of the overall network were much longer lasting in MOs than VISp, due to the more prevalent recruitment of late-responding neurons, which formed reliable activity sequences. Overall, our findings show that, beyond single-neuron timescales, different cortical areas are distinctly wired to sustain input over varying time windows via network dynamics, with important implications for our understanding of cortical computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canton-Josh, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackert-Smith, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network dynamics underlying activity-timescale differences between cortical regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.676945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of circulating cell-free DNA 5hmC biomarkers for peritoneal metastasis in colorectal and appendiceal cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.676945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionPeritoneal metastases (PM) are associated with poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) or appendiceal adenocarcinoma (AA), yet detection of PM is unreliable using current circulating DNA technology. Leveraging novel 5hmC-seal technology to detect ultra-low amounts of DNA in plasma, we demonstrate the feasibility of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) signatures derived from circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) as biomarkers for PM.

MethodsUsing a highly sensitive and robust 5hmC sequencing approach on genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood samples, we developed predictive models to identify biomarkers for peritoneal metastases.

ResultsWe obtained genome-wide 5hmC profiles from 71 CRC/AA patients with PM, 41 without PM, and 73 non-cancer controls. Predictive models trained on genomic region 5hmC levels in patients with cancer could distinguish PM status with high sensitivity and moderate specificity (AUC 0.827, sensitivity 92.4%, specificity 46.1%). Pathway enrichment analysis identified epigenetically dysregulated cancer, cell migration, adhesion, and immune-related pathways in PM.

ConclusionNovel 5hmC-Seal technology based 5hmC signatures can detect patients with peritoneal metastases from CRC and AA, albeit with reduced specificity. This study lays a foundation for future clinical assay development for PM.

Statement of significanceWe demonstrate high-sensitivity detection of peritoneal metastasis in colorectal and appendiceal adenocarcinomas using 5hmC-Seal of plasma cfDNA. Earlier detection of this condition could expand curative treatments in [~]20,000 affected U.S. patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malina, Y. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhiman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West-Szymanski, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, X.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwesi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witmer, H. D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bissonnette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turaga, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.18.676945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of circulating cell-free DNA 5hmC biomarkers for peritoneal metastasis in colorectal and appendiceal cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.20.677526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COPI-dependent intra-Golgi recycling at an intermediate stageof cisternal maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.20.677526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The traffic pathways that recycle resident Golgi proteins during cisternal maturation are not completely defined. We addressed this challenge using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which maturation of individual cisternae can be visualized directly. A new assay captures a specific population of Golgi-derived vesicles at the bud neck, thereby revealing which resident Golgi proteins are carried as cargo in those vesicles. This method supplies evidence for at least three classes of intra-Golgi vesicles with different cargo compositions. Consistent with our previously published data, one class of vesicles mediates a late pathway of intra-Golgi recycling with the aid of the AP-1 and Ent5 clathrin adaptors, and a second class of vesicles mediates an early pathway of intra-Golgi recycling with the aid of the COPI vesicle coat. Here, we identify another COPI-dependent pathway of intra-Golgi recycling and show that it operates kinetically between the two previously known pathways. Thus, intra-Golgi recycling is mediated by multiple COPI-dependent pathways followed by a clathrin-dependent pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krahn, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantazopoulou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee-Smith, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.20.677526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COPI-dependent intra-Golgi recycling at an intermediate stageof cisternal maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially organized lymphocytic microenvironments in high grade primary prostate tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatial organization and composition of the tumor-immune microenvironment (TME) play a critical role in shaping the progression of many solid cancers, but the organization of the TME in primary prostate cancer (PCa) remains poorly characterized. We therefore profiled the abundance and spatial distributions of major cell types involved in adaptive immunity in 29 radical prostatectomy specimens stratified into high (HGG; n=14) and low Gleason-grade (LGG; n=15). Compared to LGG, HGG PCa exhibited significantly greater B and T cell infiltration with many immune cells organized into clusters, some of which resembled tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). In HGG tumors, these clusters were dense, symmetric, rich in PD-1+ T cells, and frequently proximate to the tumor compartment. LGG clusters were less well organized, and T cell depleted. Thus, a subset of high-grade PCa harbor organized immune clusters that may play a role in tumor control and contain therapeutically targetable T and B cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amiryousefi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labadie, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atmakuri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maliga, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toye, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudagar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torcasso, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanelli, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socciarelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Allen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patnaik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorger, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.21.677465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially organized lymphocytic microenvironments in high grade primary prostate tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nutrient availability-driven changes in extracellular matrix biochemical and mechanical properties regulate pancreatic cancer cell biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides key biochemical and biomechanical cues that govern fundamental cellular processes, including growth and migration. ECM dysregulation and altered cell-matrix interactions are a driver of cancer progression, exemplified by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), where an abnormally dense, collagen-rich, and stiff ECM correlates with poor patient outcomes. The PDAC microenvironment is poorly perfused, resulting in altered nutrient availability, yet how this metabolic stress shapes the ECM and its biological activity remains poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrate that glutamine, a key amino acid depleted in poorly perfused PDAC regions, regulates the biochemical composition, mechanical properties, and biological activity of fibroblast-derived ECM. As glutamine availability increases, fibroblasts shift from producing a basement membrane-like ECM toward an interstitial, mature ECM enriched in fibrillar collagens. The ECM generated under glutamine-rich conditions is stiffer, which limits PDAC cell growth, while simultaneously, the elevated collagen I content promotes migration in a 3D spheroid model. Mechanistically, glutamine-dependent collagen I engages integrin 2 (ITGA2) to activate focal adhesion kinase signaling, driving PDAC cell migration independent of growth. In PDAC patients, glutamine stress inversely correlates with collagen expression in CAFs, with collagen I-ITGA2 as the most enriched ECM receptor interaction pair compared to the normal pancreas. These findings establish nutrient availability as a key regulator of ECM biology and offer new avenues to therapeutically intervene with dysregulated cell-matrix interactions in PDAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storl-Desmond, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forti, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwoerer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.21.677637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nutrient availability-driven changes in extracellular matrix biochemical and mechanical properties regulate pancreatic cancer cell biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The CAGE complex: a hollow, megadalton, protein assembly in prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the discovery and structure of a previously unknown [~]1 MDa hollow protein assembly, identified during a survey of ciliary complexes from the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. By combining mass spectrometry, structure prediction, and cryo-electron microscopy, we define a homotetrameric cage-like complex with a distinctive elliptical architecture and a large internal cavity. A sequence survey revealed several thousand homologs spanning diverse unicellular eukaryotes--including green algae, fungi, amoebozoans, choanoflagellates, and SAR lineages--as well as predominantly gram-negative bacteria, indicating an ancient evolutionary origin and arguing against a eukaryote-specific function. We determined a near-atomic resolution structure of the complex from the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, demonstrating conservation of overall architecture and cavity despite low sequence identity. Together, these results establish the CAGE complex (Conserved Assembly in Gram-negative bacteria and Eukaryotes) as a new class of large protein cage broadly distributed across the tree of life. While its biological function remains unknown, its size, architecture, and conservation suggest possible roles in transport or protein/RNA homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCafferty, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogerbrugge, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papoulas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brilot, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcotte, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The CAGE complex: a hollow, megadalton, protein assembly in prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal signatures of successful one-shot memory in mid-level visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-capacity, one-shot visual recognition memory challenges theories of learning and neural coding because it requires rapid, robust, and durable representations. Most studies have focused on the hippocampus and other higher areas. However, behavioral evidence demonstrating links between image properties and memorability and revealing image specificity of visual memory suggests an important role for mid-level visual cortex. We tested the hypothesis that area V4 contains signals that could support recognition memory. Our task increased difficulty, allowing comparisons of neuronal population responses on correct and error trials. We observed signatures of several proposed memory mechanisms including magnitude coding, repetition suppression, sparse coding, and population response consistency, but only sparse coding and population response consistency predicted behavior. Familiar images also evoked faster dynamics, consistent with pattern completion. These findings demonstrate that the building blocks of fast, high-capacity memory are present in mid-level sensory cortex, highlighting its role in distributed memory networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DiRisio, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal signatures of successful one-shot memory in mid-level visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACSS2-Mediated Metabolic-Epigenetic Crosstalk Drives Fulvestrant Resistance and Represents a Novel Therapeutic Target 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.Endocrine therapies target hormone-dependent cancer cells, primarily through estrogen receptor alpha (ER), expressed in [~]70% of breast cancers (ER+). Despite treatment advances, 30-40% of ER+ breast cancer patients experience recurrence and metastasis, with 5-year survival rates of only 31.9%. We validated poor outcomes for liver metastasis patients treated with Fulvestrant (Fulv) using the local Carle Foundation Hospital cohort and examined metabolic pathways in liver metastatic patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, revealing upregulated lipid and acetyl-CoA production. Our previous work demonstrated that combining Fulv with acetyl-CoA synthase inhibitor (ACSI) targeting Acyl-CoA Synthetase Short Chain Family Member 2 (ACSS2), synergistically reduced ER+ metastatic breast cancer (MBC) cell viability in vitro. Using multiple analytical approaches-isotope tracing, CUT&RUN sequencing, immunofluorescence, western blot, and RNA sequencing-we characterized the effects of acetyl-CoA synthesis inhibition on Fulv-induced alterations. Fulv treatment of MBC cells increased ACSS2 expression and acetate utilization. Isotope tracing revealed that Fulv decreased acetate flux to the TCA cycle while promoting fatty acid synthesis. Importantly, ACSS2 was predominantly nuclear and CUT&RUN sequencing showed that Fulv treatment increased ACSS2 chromatin occupancy and ER/ACSS2/H3K27ac overlapping sites near genes associated with tumor progression, which was eliminated by combination of ACSI and Fulv. RNA sequencing revealed reduction of Fulv-induced expression of genes involved in cancer cell metabolism and key signaling pathways in cancer with the Fulv+ACSI combination. In a therapy-resistant xenograft model, combining Fulv and ACSI reduced Fulv-dependent increase in metastatic burden. Our findings indicate ACSS2 contributes to endocrine therapy resistance through nuclear acetyl-CoA provision for epigenetic alterations. Targeting these cancer cell adaptations represents a novel therapeutic approach potentially reducing metastasis-related mortality and improving breast cancer treatment outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mogol, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eve, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutton, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schane, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdogan, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grosse-Perdekamp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madak-Erdogan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.678089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACSS2-Mediated Metabolic-Epigenetic Crosstalk Drives Fulvestrant Resistance and Represents a Novel Therapeutic Target]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potentiating CAR-T bystander killing by enhanced Fas/FasL signaling mitigates antigen escape in heterogeneous tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antigen (Ag) escape is a frequent mechanism of relapse after CAR-T therapy, even though only [~]1% of leukemic and [~]0.1% of lymphoma cells are Ag- at baseline. In this study, we modeled extreme Ag heterogeneity (>20%) to define how Fas/FasL-dependent bystander killing contributes to tumor clearance. Across patient cohorts, Fas expression predicted survival after CD19 CAR-T therapy, particularly in CD19-low disease. In both murine and human systems, Fas-dependent bystander killing required Ag stimulation and cell contact, operated within a defined therapeutic window, and could eradicate large fractions of Ag- tumors in vivo. Pharmacologic potentiation with inhibitor of apoptosis protein antagonists or genetic stabilization of CAR-T membrane-bound FasL enhanced bystander killing but simultaneously induced CD4 T cell fratricide, which was rescued by CAR-T Fas knockout. Importantly, Fas sensitization also enabled bispecific antibody-redirected T cells to mediate bystander killing in resistant tumors. Finally, targeting tumor-associated macrophages triggered Fas-dependent clearance of neighboring tumor cells. These findings establish Fas-mediated bystander killing as a generalizable and therapeutically actionable axis to prevent Ag escape and broaden the scope of targeted T cell therapies.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=177 SRC="FIGDIR/small/677496v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (66K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11bedorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d09d07org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f53c1dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13d96f9_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Fas-mediated bystander killing can be potentiated by IAP inhibition and FasL stabilization, and further improved by decoupling CD4 T cell fratricide via Fas knockout.

Schematic representation of CAR-T bystander killing across three mechanistic states. Left (Baseline): Antigen-positive (CD19) tumor cells activate CAR-T cells, leading to FasL-mediated cytotoxicity of neighboring antigen-negative (CD19-) tumor cells via membrane-bound FasL. Limited FasL expression and ADAM10-mediated shedding constrain bystander killing, and CD4 T cells are largely spared. Middle (Potentiated): Enhancing Fas signaling through IAP inhibition (IAPi), increasing FasL expression, and reducing FasL shedding result in improved bystander killing but also increased CD4 T cell fratricide. Right (Potentiated & Decoupled): Combining IAPi with FasL stabilization and CAR-T Fas knockout (FasKO) augments bystander killing while eliminating CD4 T cell fratricide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chorazeczewski, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantsulaia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coooper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateus-Tique, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsh, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charytonowicz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kline, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potentiating CAR-T bystander killing by enhanced Fas/FasL signaling mitigates antigen escape in heterogeneous tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Observing biological spatio-angular structures and dynamics with statistical image reconstruction and polarized fluorescence microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.678164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding molecular orientation and density distributions is essential for exploring biological structure and function. Polarized fluorescence microscopy (PFM) provides insights into molecular architecture but struggles to resolve three-dimensional (3D) molecular orientation distributions, particularly in densely labeled or structurally complex specimens. To address this, we introduce the efficient generalized Richardson-Lucy (eGRL) algorithm, a robust framework for reconstructing 3D molecular density and orientation (spatio-angular) distributions from PFM data. By modeling the imaging process in spatio-angular hyperspace, we propose a maximum-likelihood solution enhanced by dimensionality reduction and angular domain transformation to overcome computational challenges. eGRL improves accuracy and efficiency across different PFM implementations, enabling use on standard platforms. We utilize our methods to resolve biological spatio-angular structures and dynamics otherwise impossible to resolve, including the tangential alignment of actin filaments in U2OS cells, nanowire-guided cytoskeletal organization in NIH3T3 cells, rotational actin patterns in live HeLa protrusions, and membrane tension-induced anisotropy in live macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agashe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskin, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaumouille, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nain, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.678164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Observing biological spatio-angular structures and dynamics with statistical image reconstruction and polarized fluorescence microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding Distraction From the Human Brain: A Unique Neural Signature Beyond Failures of Selective Attention and Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attentional lapses are a ubiquitous feature of cognition, yet their underlying causes remain poorly understood. Theories of sustained attention often point to failures of cognitive control in maintaining the task-set, while data-driven approaches suggest that lapses may instead reflect a breakdown in the selection of task-relevant information. This study aimed to characterize the neural mechanisms of sustained attention lapses and to test whether EEG-based signatures of lapse-prone states are distinct from signatures of failures of selective attention and task-set maintenance. Twenty adults completed a sustained attention go/no-go task while focusing on either numbers or letters, with EEG recorded simultaneously. Poor sustained attention was examined at two complementary levels: trial-level lapses, defined as no-go errors, and attentional states, derived from reaction-time variability and categorized as "in-the-zone" versus "out-of-the-zone". Across both levels, suboptimal sustained attention was associated with attenuated event-related potentials, most notably a reduced parietal P3 amplitude and weaker whole-scalp inter-electrode correlation. To isolate a unique EEG marker of lapse-prone state, a machine-learning classifier decoded attentional state from EEG activity. Cross-validated accuracy reached [~]80% and remained robust after controlling for reaction time. Finally, representational similarity analysis confirmed that this neural signature was dissociable from stimulus-side selection and task-set maintenance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chidharom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding Distraction From the Human Brain: A Unique Neural Signature Beyond Failures of Selective Attention and Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A revised model of nuclear actin import: Importin 9 competes with cofilin, profilin, and RanGTP for actin binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While predominantly studied in cytoplasmic contexts, actin plays critical roles in the nucleus, regulating chromatin accessibility and remodeling, transcription, and DNA damage repair. Cell- based studies have contributed to a widely accepted model in which the import factor Importin 9 (IPO9) acts in concert with the actin filament-severing protein cofilin to transport actin into the nucleus. The classical nuclear localization signal on cofilin is thought to anchor IPO9 to cofilin- bound actin monomers, driving the formation of an import-competent tripartite actin*cofilin*IPO9 complex. In striking contradiction to this established model of actin import, we demonstrate that IPO9 directly binds to monomeric actin with mid-nanomolar affinity and, rather than promoting IPO9*actin complex formation, cofilin competitively inhibits binding of IPO9 to actin. We further report competitive binding for monomeric actin between IPO9 and the canonical actin monomer- sequestering protein, profilin. As cofilin and profilin are both capable of binding actin monomers at the barbed face, our results are consistent with a model in which IPO9 binds an overlapping portion of this interface. In further support, we demonstrate that IPO9 modestly occludes the barbed face of actin monomers, decreasing the rate of filament formation, and exhibits minimal filamentous actin binding. Finally, we identify unexpected affinity between the nuclear import release factor RanGTP and monomeric actin; however, a tripartite IPO9*actin*RanGTP complex does not form. The competitive interactions observed between IPO9 and cytoplasmic actin- binding proteins suggest dynamically coupled equilibria mediate the nuclear transport of actin monomers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keplinger, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruthenburg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A revised model of nuclear actin import: Importin 9 competes with cofilin, profilin, and RanGTP for actin binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GluN2A-mediated currents and calcium signal in human iPSC-derived neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression data indicate that during human brain development, neurons change the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunit composition to modulate their function, favouring the GluN2A subunit over GluN2B - a hallmark of neuronal maturation. However, evidence supporting this phenomenon in human iPSC-derived neurons remains elusive. Here, using two differentiation methods in parallel (BrainPhys Neuronal Medium, BPM, and Neural Maintenance Medium, NMM), we provide evidence of increased synaptic localization of NMDARs during neuronal maturation and that GluN2A subunit is crucial for the NMDA physiological function-inducing inward currents and calcium entrance at 60 days of differentiation. Calcium responses to specific agonists, particularly NMDA, were elevated in cells cultured under BPM conditions. This is likely attributable to their more mature neuronal phenotype and the RNA-seq-identified upregulation of genes involved in intracellular calcium signaling proteins. Our results offer insight into how glutamate receptor subunits mature during brain development, delineating approaches to study NMDAR activity in health and disease.

SUMMARYThis study shows that GluN2A subunit is essential for proper NMDAR function in cultured human neurons, evidenced by changes in intracellular calcium and ionic currents after specific agonist exposure. This places GluN2A at the crossroads of developmental and degenerative disease
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Escamilla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviles-Granados, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andres-Peralta, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>V-Paternain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortes-Gomez, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zetterberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Pena, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas-Lucia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Valero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuchillo-Ibanez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.26.678211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GluN2A-mediated currents and calcium signal in human iPSC-derived neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.27.678952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual Membrane-spanning Anti-Sigma 2 Controls OMV biogenesis and Colonization Fitness in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.27.678952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteroides spp. are Gram-negative, gut commensals that shape the enteric landscape by producing outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that degrade dietary fibers and traffic immunomodulatory biomolecules. Understanding the mechanism behind OMV biogenesis in Bacteroides spp. is necessary to determine their role in the gut. Recent studies showed that mutation of Dual Membrane-spanning Anti-sigma factor 1 increased OMV production in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt) by regulating members of its downstream regulon. Additional members of the Dma family have been identified, but very little is known regarding their roles in Bt. Here, we investigate the role of Dual Membrane-spanning Anti-sigma factor 2 (Dma2) in controlling OMV biogenesis in Bt. We employ biochemical and proteomic analyses to show that mutation of dma2 increases OMV production in a manner that is dependent on the expression of its cognate sigma factor, das2. The precise mechanism by which dma2 increases OMV biogenesis remains elusive. However, transcriptome analyses revealed that{Delta} dma2 has decreased expression of select polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) that primarily target host-associated glycans. Follow-up comparative proteomics showed that the PUL repertoire was most impacted in the OMV fraction. In vitro growth assessments showed that{Delta} dma2 exhibits delayed growth in the presence of select host-associated glycans. Colonization studies in mice revealed that{Delta} dma2 is outcompeted by the wild-type in the gut, which indicates that dma2 is a key determinant of colonization fitness in Bt. Altogether, these findings expand our knowledge of the Dma familys role in OMV biogenesis and demonstrates their importance in Bacteroides physiology.

ImportanceDual membrane-spanning anti-sigma factors (Dma) are a novel class of regulatory system found solely amongst Bacteroidota. Previous studies have demonstrated the role of Dma1 in vesiculation, but the overall role of the Dma family in Bacteroides physiology remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Dma2 modulates vesiculation and regulates the expression of select polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) that target host-associated glycans. In vivo studies revealed that Dma2 is an important fitness determinant when competing against kin bacteria. This work begins characterizing the multifaceted involvement of Dma2 in OMV biogenesis, PUL regulation, and colonization fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pardue, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jana, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatty, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz-Marquez, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson-Litteken, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.27.678952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual Membrane-spanning Anti-Sigma 2 Controls OMV biogenesis and Colonization Fitness in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.28.674326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glutamine antagonism suppresses tumor growth in adrenocortical carcinoma through inhibition of de novo nucleotide biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.28.674326v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dysregulation of cellular metabolism is a hallmark of cancer, which remains poorly understood in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). Here, we dissected ACC metabolism by integrating transcriptional profiling from human and mouse ACC, targeted tissue metabolomics from a mouse ACC model, and untargeted serum metabolomics from a large patient cohort, providing cross-species validation of metabolic rewiring in ACC. This study revealed global metabolic dysregulation, involving glutamine-dependent pathways such as non-essential amino-acid and hexosamine biosynthesis, nucleotide metabolism, and glutathione biosynthesis, suggesting glutamine catabolism is a critical metabolic vulnerability in ACC. Treatment with glutamine antagonists 6-Diazo-5-Oxo-L-Norleucine (DON) and JHU-083 elicited robust anti-tumor responses. Mechanistic studies revealed DONs anti-tumor effect was primarily driven by selective inhibition of glutamine-fueled de novo nucleotide biosynthesis. Additionally, DON led to DNA damage, which yielded potent synergism with inhibition of the DNA damage response pathway. Collectively, this work highlights glutamine metabolism as a central metabolic dependency and therapeutic target in ACC.

HighlightsO_LIMouse and human ACC share conserved transcriptional-metabolic programs, revealing Gln metabolism as a central, targetable vulnerability.
C_LIO_LITargeted tissue metabolomic analysis in a mouse model of ACC validates dysregulation in Gln-dependent metabolic pathways.
C_LIO_LITargeting of Gln metabolism with JHU-083 (6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) pro-drug) achieves marked inhibition of tumor growth in vivo.
C_LIO_LIHigh expression of Gln-metabolizing genes mediating de novo nucleotide biosynthesis is associated with poor prognosis in ACC.
C_LIO_LIDON drives nucleotide depletion and DNA damage, leading to potent synergy with inhibition of the DNA damage response.
C_LIO_LIUntargeted serum metabolomic analysis in a large cohort of patients with adrenal tumors demonstrates dysregulation of Gln and nucleotide metabolism in ACC.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chortis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva-Borges, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagano, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prete, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najdekr, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klontzas, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankevics, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vendramini, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremer, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raveenthiraraj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsagarakis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macech, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupovac, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papathomas, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haykir, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winder, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinkler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennedy, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueland, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beuschlein, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabarin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fassnacht, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastelan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambroziak, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vassiliadi, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiseljak-Vassiliades, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bancos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlone, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arlt, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haigis, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breault, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.28.674326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glutamine antagonism suppresses tumor growth in adrenocortical carcinoma through inhibition of de novo nucleotide biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LINE1 RNA dysregulation impairs chromatin accessibility in C9ORF72- and TDP-43-linked ALS/FTD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The long interspersed element-1 (LINE1) retrotransposon RNAs are abnormally elevated in various neurodegenerative disorders, but their pathogenic roles remain unclear. Here we investigated the mechanism of LINE1 RNA accumulation and its function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) associated with C9ORF72 repeat expansion and TDP-43 loss-of-function, the leading causes of familial and sporadic forms of these neurodegenerative diseases. We show that LINE1 RNA is dysregulated due to an impaired nuclear exosome targeting (NEXT) degradation pathway. Its elevation epigenetically increases chromatin accessibility, enhancing global transcription via a retrotransposon-independent mechanism. Reducing LINE1 RNA mitigates chromosomal abnormalities and improves the survival of disease-relevant neurons. These findings uncover an essential noncoding RNA function and regulatory mechanism of LINE1 in neurons, providing insights into disease pathogenesis and highlighting potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LINE1 RNA dysregulation impairs chromatin accessibility in C9ORF72- and TDP-43-linked ALS/FTD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.680044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural activity profiles reveal overlapping, intermingled subpopulations spanning area borders in mouse sensorimotor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.680044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical control of movement is a distributed computation spanning multiple densely-interconnected regions. Although we have rich anatomical atlases and a coarse understanding of how function maps to areas and subregions, we lack a detailed account of how behaviorally-relevant activity is organized across the cortical sheet. Here, we trained head-fixed mice to perform a 15-target reach-to-grasp task while we performed cellular-resolution, two-photon calcium imaging across five regions of sensorimotor cortex (>39,000 layer 2/3 neurons). We characterized each neurons trial-averaged peri-event activity with interpretable metrics and mapped these response properties across areas, revealing large-scale spatial structure. Neuronal response profiles often shifted abruptly at anatomical borders: motor areas showed sharper tuning and more linear relationships with target location, whereas somatosensory areas displayed more heterogeneous response patterns. Neural response properties also differed according to somatotopic representation. Nonlinear dimensionality reduction of the neural feature matrix revealed that areas varied in their average response profiles, but that areas did not have well-separated feature distributions; instead, each area contained subpopulations. Neurons in each subpopulation had characteristic response profiles and were distributed across multiple cortical areas. The spatial distributions of the subpopulations overlapped, with neurons from different subpopulations salt-and-pepper intermingled in the overlap zones. Together, these results describe novel activity structure across sensorimotor cortex and identify several distinct but spatially-overlapping subpopulations with characteristic activity patterns during reach-to-grasp behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salimian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.02.680044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural activity profiles reveal overlapping, intermingled subpopulations spanning area borders in mouse sensorimotor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Demographic, behavioral, and ecological data from a long-term field study of wild baboons in Amboseli, Kenya 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-term data sets on individually recognized animals and their environments are critical to understanding animal behavior, evolution, and ecology. However, they are resource- and time-intensive and seldom made publicly available. The Amboseli Baboon Research Project (ABRP) is one of the longest-running studies of a wild mammal population in the world and has collected extensive data on the baboon population of the Amboseli ecosystem in Kenya since 1971. Here, we describe four ABRP data sets newly available to the evolutionary biology, behavioral ecology, and primatology communities: (1) the sizes and demographic compositions of 21 social groups from 1971-2023; (2) the activity budgets of adult females and immatures from 1984-2023; (3) behavioral data on diet for adult females and immatures from 1984-2023; and (4) weather data, including precipitation from 1976-2023 and temperature from 1976-2022. Data are aggregated annually and monthly to enable cross-data set analyses. These data offer a rare longitudinal perspective on behavioral and ecological change in a wild mammal population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Southworth, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winans, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Learn, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilber, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreadis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arandjelovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chege, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creighton, M. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cromer, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debray, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferretti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gesquiere, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulahci, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerch, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nonnamaker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas-Gonzalez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuliozi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberts, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archie, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Demographic, behavioral, and ecological data from a long-term field study of wild baboons in Amboseli, Kenya]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.679894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genomic response to drought across spatiotemporal scales in Amaranthus tuberculatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.679894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How genetic diversity responds to environmental change across spatiotemporal scales remains poorly understood despite its importance for species persistence in changing landscapes. Agricultural weeds offer ideal models for studying these adaptive dynamics as they rapidly evolve under both the intensive management practices designed to eliminate them and increasingly severe climate challenges such as drought. Here, we combine experimental and herbarium genomic approaches spanning within-generation to century-long timescales to understand how genome-wide variation responds to drought in Amaranthus tuberculatus. In this native species, a history of divergent selection between two ancestral lineages followed by secondary contact is thought to have facilitated its invasion into agriculture. A drought survival experiment on accessions from paired agricultural and natural populations across its range revealed substantial phenotypic variation differentiated by habitat, geography, and ancestry. Ancestry mapping revealed 43 independent regions across nearly all chromosomes that confer protective effects under drought, demonstrate particularly rapid allele frequency changes, and exhibit duration-specific selection over the course of the imposed drought. Observation of allele frequencies across the past century reveal evidence for climate-dependent fluctuating selection governing the evolution of drought-associated loci. Selection favors drought alleles during hot/dry years and selects against them in cool/wet years--a pattern more evident in long-term trends than in shorter temporal intervals, suggestive of adaptive lag in rapidly changing environments. By combining short and long-term spatiotemporal data, we demonstrate that fluctuating selection has preserved the polygenic variation underlying population responses to drought, enabling ongoing adaptive responses to contemporary land-use and climate change.

Significance StatementUnderstanding how species cope with rapid climate and land use change requires studying evolutionary responses across scales. Using Amaranthus tuberculatus, a native species turned major agricultural weed, we bridge timescales by pairing a drought experiment with century-spanning herbarium genomics. We show that ancestry structures fitness under drought and has driven agricultural populations to be better drought-adapted. This involves many genes whose allele frequencies fluctuate with climate: drought-protective alleles increase during hot/dry years and decline in cool/wet years. These fluctuations maintain genetic diversity and enable climate tracking, which is imperfect over short timescales. By linking experimental and historical data, we uncover evolutionary dynamics missed by snapshots, improving predictions of species adaptation to environmental change and informing weed management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pineau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bercovich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieseberg, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.02.679894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genomic response to drought across spatiotemporal scales in Amaranthus tuberculatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.679921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate determination of the preferred aggregation number of a micelle-encapsulated membrane protein dimer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.679921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The preferred aggregation number of dodeclyphoshocholine (DPC) micelles [Formula] encapsulating dimeric and higher order protein assemblies is difficult to determine via experimental techniques due to uncertainty in dimer geometry and heterogeneity in the conformational ensemble. Dimerization of the Amyloid Precursor Protein transmembrane domain (C99) is a particular step of importance in the production of amyloid-{beta} protein and the amyloid cascade. Molecular dynamics simulations of the C99 dimer and other transmembrane proteins have been performed to compliment micelle-phase protein structure studies. It has often been assumed that the value of [Formula] is the same as that of the pure, empty micelle. Here, we provide a convenient method for testing that assumption, while also accounting for the finite-size effects inherent in computer simulations of micelle self-assembly. Employing large, unbiased, coarsegrained molecular dynamics simulations of DPC and C99 dimer self-assembly, we determined the radius of gyration to be 21.6 {+/-} 2.0 [A] for the micelle-encapsulated dimer, and 16.0 {+/-} 1.0 [A] for the pure DPC micelle. Using these radii of gyration, we performed all-atom simulations of DPC-encapsulated C99 dimers with preferred aggregation numbers of 100 and 54 DPC to test the effect of using an expected versus a naive estimate of aggregation number on the structure of the transmembrane protein dimer. Through atomistic simulations, we determined that the transmembrane dimeric structure displays different characteristics depending on the aggregation number of the micelle, in addition to increased water penetration and micelle defects when the aggregation number is too small.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantelopulos, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.02.679921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate determination of the preferred aggregation number of a micelle-encapsulated membrane protein dimer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.680021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR31 Promotes Pro-inflammatory Responses in Pancreatic Islets and Macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.680021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In type 1 diabetes (T1D), the innate and adaptive immune systems attack and eventually destroy the insulin-secreting pancreatic {beta} cells. During this process, {beta} cells activate inflammatory signaling pathways that augment the dysfunction and destruction imposed by cellular autoimmunity. The 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) pathway produces the pro-inflammatory eicosanoid 12-HETE, which induces oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress and results in diminished insulin secretion and apoptosis. The G protein-coupled receptor GPR31 has been identified as a putative receptor for 12-HETE. In this study, we generated conventional GPR31 knockout (KO) mice on the C57BL/6J background. To interrogate the role of GPR31 in {beta} cells, we treated islets from wildtype and Gpr31b KO mice with pro-inflammatory cytokines and subjected the islets to RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed pathways in Gpr31b KO islets included those pertaining to inflammation and oxidative stress, consistent with functional studies that demonstrated reduced cytokine-induced oxidative stress in Gpr31b KO islets compared to wildtype controls. Bone marrow-derived macrophages from Gpr31b KO mice showed reduced macrophage migration and decreased inflammatory IFN- and IFN-{gamma} signaling by RNA sequencing. To mimic islet and macrophage inflammation as seen in T1D, wildtype and Gpr31b KO mice were treated with the diabetogenic toxin streptozotocin. Compared to wildtype, Gpr31b KO mice had improved glucose tolerance and preserved {beta}-cell mass. siRNA knockdown of Gpr31b in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice reduced insulitis, macrophage infiltration, and oxidative stress. Collectively, these findings are consistent with previously published data using 12/15-LOX KO mice and suggest that GPR31 mediates the pro-inflammatory responses of 12-HETE in both {beta} cells and macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaylan, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Checkcinco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enriquez, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nargis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliot, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puente, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muralidharan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tersey, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.02.680021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR31 Promotes Pro-inflammatory Responses in Pancreatic Islets and Macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane Remodeling by the Collective Action of Caveolin-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caveolin-1 proteins scaffold 50-100nm large invaginations in the plasma membrane to mediate critical cellular processes. As revealed recently by cryo-electron microscopy, several caveolin-1 protomers can fold into a disk-like structure that embeds in the cytoplasmic leaflet. This 8S complex represents a basal component to drive membrane curvature via higher-order interactions. The biophysical mechanisms behind the membrane remodeling, however, have remained elusive. To address this shortcoming, we have developed a new bottom-up coarse-grained model to overcome the substantial computational limitations for this large system. During simulations with the coarse-grained model, the complexes increasingly coordinate as partially mediated by attractive electrostatic interactions between scaffolding domains. The coordination of complexes strongly correlates with membrane protrusion, as approaching complexes amplify localized stress in the exoplasmic leaflet. Thus, proximity of two CAV1-8S complexes induces dynamic curvature generation that can facilitate access for signaling partners. This mechanism is further explored in clusters of multiple CAV1-8S complexes that form large-scale membrane invaginations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liebl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane Remodeling by the Collective Action of Caveolin-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.680083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapeutic remodeling of the tuberculosis granuloma with 1-methyl-D-tryptophan enhances CD8+ T cell-macrophage interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.680083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Granulomas, the hallmark of tuberculosis (TB) disease, can both restrict Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) dissemination and impede its clearance. Recent studies indicate that indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), an immunosuppressive metabolic enzyme, limits infiltration of activated T cells and can contribute to TB disease progression. Treatment with 1-methyl-D-tryptophan (D-1MT), a small molecule inhibitor that restores mTOR signaling, has been shown to improve immune responses Mtb-infected rhesus macaques. Here, we investigated the impact of D-1MT treatment on TB granuloma architecture using 30-plex high-dimensional issue imaging in rhesus macaques. By spatially mapping 13 distinct cell populations, we found D-1MT treatment corresponded with significantly increased infiltration CD8+ T cells into granulomas compared to untreated controls. Notably, these CD8+ T cells expressed markers of cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. D-1MT enhanced CD8+ T cell infiltration throughout the granuloma, with particularly pronounced effects in the myeloid core, where we observed significantly enhanced spatial interactions between macrophages and CD8+, but not CD4+ T cells. Our results demonstrate that: (i) effective intra-granulomatous Mtb control is associated with the close spatial proximity between CD8+ T cells and macrophages, a feature less abundant in uncontrolled pulmonary TB; (ii) IDO1 induction blocks CD8+ T cell infiltration and reduces T cell activation and proliferation; and (iii) therapeutic strategies, including D-1MT, that improve intra-granulomatous killing hold strong translational potential.

Significance statementOur understanding of immune mechanisms within the TB granuloma has advanced greatly with the advent of high-resolution single cell multiplexed imaging. Using such imaging, we show that TB granulomas in rhesus macaques, a highly translational model of human TB pathology, are characterized by IDO1-mediated immunoregulation. Early pharmacologic restoration of mTOR signaling via D-1MT treatment can reduce IDO1 enzymatic activity and facilitate the recruitment and function of CD8+ T cells within the granulomas. These findings reveal specific mechanisms exploited by Mtb to maintain intra-granuloma persistence and underscore immune responses. Future vaccine and therapeutic design should consider these immunoregulatory features to achieve better control of Mtb infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCaffrey, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delmastro, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khader, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.02.680083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapeutic remodeling of the tuberculosis granuloma with 1-methyl-D-tryptophan enhances CD8+ T cell-macrophage interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global Mapping of Combinatorial Chromatin Regulatory Events Using Hi-Plex CUT&Tag 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic modulators, transcription factors, and chromatin-associated proteins collaboratively regulate essential genomic functions, such as transcription, repression, and DNA damage repair. However, the intricate cross-talk or the interaction between these chromatin regulatory factors (CRFs) remains poorly understood, largely due to limitations in experimental methods, which traditionally interrogate the genomic locations of only one CRF. Although the latest methods can study multiple CRFs simultaneously, they cannot examine the interaction between these factors. Inferring biological interactions often requires integrating data from multiple experiments, which can be labor-intensive and imprecise since the measurement is not from the same DNA molecule. To address these challenges, we developed Hi-Plex CUT&Tag, an advanced technology that enables the robust detection of co-localization events across over 600 pairs of CRFs using 36 barcoded monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), while minimizing background signals and cross-contamination. Hi-Plex CUT&Tag facilitates comprehensive pairwise analysis of epigenetic modifiers, including histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), writers, and transcription factors (TFs). Each Tn5 tagmentation fragment provides detailed insights, capturing the identities of two co-localized events, the underlying genomic sequences, and the molecular distance between them. For the first time, numerous novel bivalent events, epigenetic-context-dependent transcriptional regulation, and specific chromatin mark combinations with significant impacts on gene regulation can be detected in a single experiment. Furthermore, single-cell Hi-Plex CUT&Tag enables the analysis of synergistic interactions between CRF pairs at the single-cell level, providing unprecedented resolution for studying chromatin dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pino, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taverna, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global Mapping of Combinatorial Chromatin Regulatory Events Using Hi-Plex CUT&Tag]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Islet-intrinsic sex differences in inflammatory signaling contribute to autoimmune diabetes susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whereas most autoimmune diseases exhibit female predominance, type 1 diabetes (T1D) occurs more frequently in males after puberty, suggesting a role for sex hormones in disease modification. Because islet {beta} cells actively shape local immune responses, we hypothesized that sex-specific islet responses to inflammation contribute to this disparity. Using transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of human islets from male and female donors, we found that male islets exhibit a more aggressive response to proinflammatory cytokines, characterized by greater induction of interferon signaling and suppression of developmental signaling compared to female islets. Treatment of human islets and mouse {beta} cells with the sex hormone 17{beta}-estradiol (E2) suppressed inflammatory signaling and markers of {beta}-cell maturity while enhancing developmental gene programs. Complementary studies in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice showed that E2 treatment reduces diabetes incidence and limits progression to severe insulitis. Islet single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that E2 treatment of NOD mice suppresses interferon signaling, chemokine production, and antigen presentation in {beta} cells, while reducing activation and cytotoxicity pathways in immune cells. In co-culture studies in vitro, E2 pretreatment of mouse islets reduces subsequent activation of T cells, and in an aggressive adoptive transfer model in vivo, E2 pretreatment of the recipient mice was found to attenuate hyperglycemia. These findings support a model in which E2-mediated {beta}-cell reprogramming reduces {beta}-cell immunogenicity and promotes local immune tolerance, offering mechanistic insight into sex-biased T1D susceptibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Webster, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puente, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enriquez, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayasu, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb-Robertson, B.-J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramer, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figatner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratuangtham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans-Molina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tse, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piganelli, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammes, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tersey, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Islet-intrinsic sex differences in inflammatory signaling contribute to autoimmune diabetes susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.680892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal SETDB1 enables development beyond cleavage stages by extinguishing the MERVL-driven 2-cell totipotency transcriptional program in the mouse embryo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.680892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of maternal SETDB1, a histone H3K9 methyltransferase, leads to developmental arrest prior to implantation, with very few mouse embryos advancing beyond the 8-cell stage, which is currently unexplained. We genetically investigate SETDB1s role in the epigenetic control of the transition from totipotency to pluripotency--a process demanding precise timing and forward directionality. Through single-embryo total RNA sequencing of 2-cell and 8-cell embryos, we find that Setdb1mat-/+ embryos fail to extinguish 1-cell and 2-cell transient genes--alongside persistent expression of MERVL retroelements and MERVL-driven chimeric transcripts that define the totipotent state in mouse 2-cell embryos. Comparative bioinformatics reveals that SETDB1 acts at MT2 LTRs and MERVL-driven chimeric transcripts, which normally acquire H3K9me3 during early development. The dysregulated targets substantially overlap with DUXBL-responsive genes, indicating a shared regulatory pathway for silencing the 2-cell transcriptional program. We establish maternal SETDB1 as a critical chromatin regulator required to extinguish retroelement-driven totipotency networks and ensure successful preimplantation development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, T.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majewski, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szabo, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.07.680892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal SETDB1 enables development beyond cleavage stages by extinguishing the MERVL-driven 2-cell totipotency transcriptional program in the mouse embryo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct contributions of anterior and posterior orbitofrontal cortex to outcome-guided behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is critical for flexibly adjusting choices when outcome values change. Anterior and posterior parts of the human lateral OFC differ in cytoarchitecture and connectivity, but whether these subregions make differential contributions to outcome-guided (i.e., goal-directed) behavior remains unclear. Outcome-guided behavior requires (a) representations of stimulus-outcome associations and (b) inferring the current value of options when making decisions. Here, we test whether these two functions are differentially supported by the posterior (pOFC) and anterior (aOFC) parts of the lateral OFC, using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to selectively disrupt activity in functional networks centered on the pOFC and aOFC during a two-day outcome devaluation task. Participants (n = 48) received pOFC or aOFC network-targeted TMS either on day 1 before learning associations between visual stimuli and sweet or savory food odors, or on day 2 before a meal that selectively devalued one of these outcomes, followed by a choice test. TMS targeting pOFC, but not aOFC, before the meal on day 2 disrupted outcome-guided behavior, as measured by choices of stimuli predicting non-sated rewards in the post-meal choice test. In contrast, TMS targeting aOFC, but not pOFC, before learning on day 1 similarly impaired behavior in the post-meal choice test on day 2. These findings demonstrate that anterior and posterior parts of the lateral OFC make distinct contributions to outcome-guided behavior by supporting learning of stimulus-outcome associations and inferring the current value of options, respectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damra, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenbaum, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahnt, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.681180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct contributions of anterior and posterior orbitofrontal cortex to outcome-guided behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.680739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenetic relationships and the evolution of fin and body shape in the surgeonfishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.680739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insights into ecomorphology are enriched when investigating evolutionary correlations between ecologically and functionally important traits. However, tools currently available to model patterns of shape covariation limit researchers to either assume that trait covariances between taxa are independent of, or completely described by, their shared evolutionary history. Using a novel approach to incorporate phylogenetic signal in trait covariance analysis, we aim to solve this long-standing problem in phylogenetic comparative methods and investigate ecological associations and evolutionary shape covariation in the ecological and morphological diverse case study of surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae). By revising acanthurid phylogenetic relationships and analyzing the geometric morphometrics of their body, head, and fins, we found that head and body shape were significantly associated with dietary ecotype. Surgeonfishes showed a significant negative correlation between caudal fin and pectoral fin shape; high/low aspect ratio (AR) tails are associated with low/high AR pectoral fins, respectively, suggesting locomotor tradeoffs. With our new methodology to estimate the influence of phylogeny on trait covariances between taxa, we found that the caudal fin covaried with both the body and pectoral fin due to dietary and locomotor demands, respectively and exhibited the highest evolutionary variance along the primary axis of integration in all trait covariance comparisons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lungstrom, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farjo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isdonas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westneat, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.09.680739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenetic relationships and the evolution of fin and body shape in the surgeonfishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.681456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-mild bisulfite outperforms EM-seq for 5-methylcytosine detection with low input DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.681456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present Ultra-Mild Bisulfite Sequencing (UMBS-seq), a method for 5-methylcytosine (5mC) detection that minimizes DNA degradation and background noise. UMBS-seq outperforms conventional bisulfite and enzymatic methyl-sequencing (EM-seq) methods in library yield, complexity, and conversion efficiency when applied to low-input DNA samples. In particular, its effectiveness with low-input cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and hybridization-based target capture highlight its potential for clinical applications, including 5mC biomarker detection and early disease diagnosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldwin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.09.681456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-mild bisulfite outperforms EM-seq for 5-methylcytosine detection with low input DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When migration leaves a clean trace: Decoupling migration from coalescence in the Structured Serial Coalescent 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the rapid accumulation of population genomic data across space and time, there is an urgent need for demographic inference methods that incorporate explicit time-series modeling, achieve fine spatial resolution, and ensure clear identifiability between migration and coalescence rates. To address this need, we investigate pairwise genealogical processes under the structured serial coalescent, deriving evolution equations for pairwise branch length distributions and related statistics. By classifying the resulting relationships according to their parameter dependencies and computational complexity, we identify a class that is not only computationally tractable but also determined solely by migration rates. Building on this theoretical basis, we propose an inference framework for fine-resolution, time-varying migration rates inference and demonstrate its feasibility through simulation. We further outline how this framework can be extended to the joint estimation of migration and coalescence rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novembre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.10.681523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When migration leaves a clean trace: Decoupling migration from coalescence in the Structured Serial Coalescent]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometric Tuning of Cytokine Receptor Association Modulates Synthetic Agonist Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokines signal by bringing receptor subunits together, but the role of receptor geometry in shaping signaling remains unclear because natural ligands enforce fixed assemblies. Here, we present a de novo protein design platform that rigidly scaffolds receptor-binding domains into defined spatial arrangements. Applying this across IL-7, type I and III interferons, IL-10, gp130, {beta} common, and synthetic receptor pairs, we show that by varying geometry, we can bias pSTAT pathway usage and tune functional outcomes. Geometric control allowed us to decouple pSTAT1 from pSTAT5 in IL-7, separate antigen presentation (MHC-I) from checkpoint induction (PD-L1) in type I interferons, and suppress pro-inflammatory IFN{gamma} secretion while retaining anti-inflammatory activity in IL-10. We further created minimal IL-6 and IL-3 agonists and strengthened synthetic receptor pairings inaccessible with present cytokines. These results establish receptor geometry as a central determinant of cytokine activity and provide a platform for programmable immune modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Exposit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnakumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hercus, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubbe, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kan, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlichthaerle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wherry, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.12.681819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometric Tuning of Cytokine Receptor Association Modulates Synthetic Agonist Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.659964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively parallel reporter assay reveals promoter-, position-, and strand-specific effects in transcription start sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.659964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Massively parallel reporter assays (MPRA) are a high-throughput method of assessing the activity of candidate cis-regulatory sequences, and can be used to detect allelic differences at disease-associated variants. Previous MPRA studies have screened thousands of functional SNPs associated with various complex traits and conditions. Most MPRA libraries utilize a single plasmid configuration, a single minimal promoter to drive expression, and a single-strand orientation, which may fail to capture the context-dependent activity of disease-associated cis-regulatory elements. We interrogate the potential regulatory differences introduced by variable MPRA plasmid promoters and positions. We used an MPRA library to quantify the activity of 1,305 pancreatic islet-derived transcription start sites generated from CAP analysis of gene expression profiling. We cloned fragments upstream or downstream of a reporter gene along with either the human insulin (INS) promoter or a synthetic housekeeping promoter (SCP1). We used elastic net regression to predict position-specific fragment activity based on enrichment of transcription factor binding site motifs, and generalized linear models to predict position-specific fragment activity from tissue-specific chromatin state regulatory annotations. Our results support the use of MPRA strategies that account for context-dependent factors when assaying candidate regulatory elements in pursuit of understanding complex genetic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bose, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tovar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyono, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varshney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitzman, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.659964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively parallel reporter assay reveals promoter-, position-, and strand-specific effects in transcription start sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrasting evolutionary outcomes in a human life history trait which is heritable and under consistent unbiased directional selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microevolution is well documented in natural populations, yet its persistence as an adaptive process remains debated. Despite widespread directional selection on heritable traits, including life-history traits, evolutionary stasis often prevails, with no detectable microevolutionary response. However, evidence of microevolution in some populations raises a key question: do populations under similar ecological conditions and selective pressures exhibit parallel evolution in the same traits? To address this, we examined age at first reproduction (AFR) in three contemporary human populations considered semi-independent replicates, sharing a genetic, demographic, and historical background, with pedigree data available for [~]7 generations. Across all populations, we found strong directional selection favoring earlier AFR, yet quantitative genetic analyses revealed consistently low heritability (h2 {approx} 0.11). Only in the Charlevoix population did AFR show a negative genetic correlation with relative fitness, where more than 50% of the standardized phenotypic selection gradient was explained by the genetic selection gradient. Using the Breeders Equation and Robertsons Secondary Theorem of Selection, we predicted an evolutionary response to selection for AFR, which emerged only in Charlevoix. However, neither phenotypic nor breeding values of AFR showed temporal trends, indicating evolutionary stasis. These findings demonstrate that even under consistent directional selection and moderate additive genetic variation, microevolutionary responses may vary across replicate populations. Our results underscore the prevalence of evolutionary stasis, challenging assumptions about the inevitability of microevolution in response to natural selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mawass, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milot, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrasting evolutionary outcomes in a human life history trait which is heritable and under consistent unbiased directional selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the diverse topologies of protein-protein interaction fitness landscapes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo binder discovery is unpredictable and inefficient due to a lack of quantitative understanding of protein-protein interaction (PPI) sequence-function landscapes. Here, we use our PANCS-Binder technology to perform >1,300 independent selections of various library sizes and compositions of a randomized small protein to identify binders to a panel of 96 distinct target proteins. For successful selections, we discovered reproducible fitness landscapes that group into a few, target-specific, clusters. Each cluster defines a minimal binding motif whose frequency is inversely proportional to the number of specified amino acids ([~]2-8) and determines selection success, which is quantifiable by the density of binders to the target within a theoretical sequence space. We leverage these data to develop a supervised contrastive learning approach that discriminates binders from non-binders and demonstrates generalization beyond a threshold amount of data. Together, this framework renders PPI landscapes measurable and predictive, accelerating de novo binder discovery and optimization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styles, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basile, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pixley, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaikuntanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the diverse topologies of protein-protein interaction fitness landscapes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ampyrone (4-Aminoantipyrine) is a Direct Agonist of Human Tyrosinase and Potential Therapeutic for Oculocutaneous Albinism and Disorders of Hypopigmentation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Significant loss of pigmentation can increase visual disability, skin cancer risk, and psychosocial stress. Tyrosinase (TYR) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of melanin synthesis. Inhibitors of TYR are well established and are currently used in clinical settings; however, there is a dearth of direct activators of TYR. Here, using a unique human TYR construct, high-throughput screening, and computational analysis techniques, we identified ampyrone as a TYR activator. Ampyrone increased the in vitro catalytic activity of the intramelanosomal domain of human TYR (hTYR) and its hypomorphic variant, P406L, a cause of oculocutaneous albinism type 1B (OCA1B). Moreover, ampyrone induced melanin synthesis in both wild-type and OCA1B human melanocytes, as well as 3-dimension (3D) human skin cultures. Our results reveal ampyrone as a lead compound for first-in-class TYR activators, potentially accelerating the discovery of novel therapies for patients with genetic and acquired diseases of hypopigmentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dolinska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coussens, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalaskar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eraslan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grondin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonica, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attarwala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jittayasothorn, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deyoung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loftus, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogliati, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergeev, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zippin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ampyrone (4-Aminoantipyrine) is a Direct Agonist of Human Tyrosinase and Potential Therapeutic for Oculocutaneous Albinism and Disorders of Hypopigmentation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Psychological stress and social support are associated with opposing single-cell pro-inflammatory gene regulatory mechanisms in adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychological stress is linked to elevated markers of chronic inflammation, whereas social support is associated with lower levels; yet, the molecular mechanisms mediating these effects are poorly understood. We investigated gene regulatory variation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 165 self-reported African American adults (aged 50-89 years) using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell chromatin accessibility (scATAC-seq). Self-reported psychological stress and social support were associated with differential expression of 1,956 and 1,296 genes, respectively (10% FDR), primarily in CD4+ T cells and monocytes. Interferon signaling genes showed high expression in individuals with high psychological stress and low expression in those with high social support; this pattern mirrored gene expression in individuals with elevated circulating inflammatory markers (IFN-{gamma}, TNF-, IL-6). Genome-wide transcription factor (TF) motif analysis identified stress- and social support-associated changes in motif activity for 70 and 116 TFs, respectively, with 87 motifs enriched near differentially expressed genes. In CD4+ T cells, high psychological stress corresponded to increased IRF and STAT TF motif activity (interferon pathway), while social support was associated with reduced activity and expression in these pathways. We used an immune challenge paradigm (i.e., LPS stimulation), which confirmed the biological pathways of these gene regulatory effects. Our results demonstrate that psychological stress and social support modulate immune gene regulation at the single-cell level, revealing mechanistic links between psychosocial factors and inflammation, and suggesting that social support may promote immunological health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ranjbaran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalita, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruinsma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mair-Meijers, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garlicki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alazizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petriello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilioli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pique-Regi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Psychological stress and social support are associated with opposing single-cell pro-inflammatory gene regulatory mechanisms in adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications of BRAF Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway are recurrent in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), primarily involving NRAS and KRAS. In contrast, mutations in the gene encoding an effector protein, BRAF, occur at relatively lower frequencies in AML and are associated with poor outcomes. To date, no comprehensive analysis has assessed the clinical and molecular characteristics of BRAF-mutated AML. In this study, we report the identification of canonical and non-canonical BRAF mutations in [~]1% of 5,779 consecutive clinically and molecularly fully-annotated AML patients treated at two major United States Cancer Centers (50/5779 AML patients: 21 newly diagnosed AML; 9 relapsed/refractory; 20 newly diagnosed secondary AML). We performed single-cell multiomic analysis on a subset of AML samples. BRAF mutations were enriched in myelodysplasia-related AML (AML-MR), and most mutations were located outside the V600 hotspot. Single-cell multiomic profiling delineated BRAF mutation class-specific patterns of co-mutations, clonality, and immunophenotypes. Notably, BRAF mutations and other signaling co-mutation(s) could be found in the same cell, a finding that significantly diverges from prior studies of RAS-mutant AML. In this cohort, BRAF-mutant AML patients had poor overall survival with currently available treatments, including venetoclax-based regimens. Drug sensitivity data suggest possible avenues for targeted treatment of BRAF-mutated AML.

Statement of SignificanceCanonical and non-canonical BRAF mutations are enriched in AML-MR and associate with poor survival outcomes. Single-cell multiomic profiling revealed unique co-mutation patterns and immunophenotypes that highlight RAS pathway addiction and nominate BRAF-mutated disease as a distinct subtype within RAS pathway-aberrated leukemias. Drug sensitivity screens suggest broad CDK or HSP90 inhibition in addition to BRAF/RAS-directed inhibition may be effective targeted therapies in this prognostically poor AML subtype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Shihab, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mrozek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routbort, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiff, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laganson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiNardo, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daver, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadia, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravandi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolitz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baer, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcucci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uy, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medeiros, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrd, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blachly, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loghavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisfeld, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miles, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications of BRAF Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimal Perturbation of Activation Loop Dynamics Rewires KinaseSignaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enzymes are central to life, with their catalytic activity often shaped by the dynamic conformations of regulatory loops. In hub enzymes such as tyrosine kinases, the activation loop critically controls substrate specificity, catalytic efficiency, and downstream signaling, shaping cellular fate. Yet, the molecular mechanisms by which loop dynamics encode these functions remain incompletely understood. Here, we used SRC kinase as a model to dissect how minimal perturbations of the activation loop reprogram kinase behavior. By generating and characterizing multiple variants, we identified a triple-deletion mutant with altered loop dynamics. Structural and biochemical analyses revealed that this variant explores distinct loop conformations and exhibits a subtle shift in substrate preference toward more acidic motifs. These fine-tuned conformational changes translated into specific cellular signaling outcomes, as demonstrated by phosphoproteomic profiling. Comparative analysis across species further showed that nature exploits similar loop remodeling strategies to modulate kinase function. Together, our findings provide a blueprint for rationally tuning kinase activity and offer a generalizable framework for rewiring signaling pathways in diverse cellular contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehorova, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Febri, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clifton, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demkiv, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uechi, G.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamerlin, S. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imamoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurino, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.15.682502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimal Perturbation of Activation Loop Dynamics Rewires KinaseSignaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IDBac: an open-access web platform and compendium for the identification of bacteria by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The identification and analysis of bacteria is central to the microbiological sciences. While gene sequencing methods have been the standard to achieve this, use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS), particularly in clinical microbiology, provides high-throughput identification to the subspecies level. However, biotyping has yet to be adopted outside of clinical settings due to the lack of a centralized public database of MS protein signatures that would facilitate isolate identification via spectral comparison. Further, current platforms lack meaningful ways to compare multiple properties from large numbers of bacterial isolates. Herein we present the IDBac web platform, a crowd-sourced central knowledgebase of protein MS signatures of >1400 strains spanning 6 bacterial phyla. Accompanying the knowledgebase is analysis infrastructure to identify unknown isolates, probe relationships within culture collections using metadata integration, and visualize specialized metabolite differences within groups of closely related bacteria. To highlight this utility and encourage wide community contribution, examples of each are presented.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krull, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strobel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saulog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaroubi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingolelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raherisoanjato, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Silva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fergusson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokharel, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanowski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monge-Loria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dylla, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natu, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petukhova, V. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blachowicz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassilly, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinnie, S. M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adaikpoh, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCauley, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalf, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bugni, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullowney, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henke, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eustaquio, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lini</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.15.682631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IDBac: an open-access web platform and compendium for the identification of bacteria by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and semantic memory reorganize a hippocampal long-axis gradient 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus supports episodic memory by binding spatial and semantic information, yet how this information is simultaneously organized along its long axis remains debated. Gradient accounts propose a continuous shift in representational scale, from coarse coding in anterior to fine coding in posterior regions, whereas modular accounts posit discrete subregions specialized for distinct functions. Using high-resolution fMRI together with eye tracking as a readout of spatial and semantic memory during sequence learning, we directly tested these competing models. During predictable sequences, hippocampal activity continuously varied along the long axis. In contrast, modular organization emerged when sequences mismatched memory. Subregions in the anterior and posterior hippocampus were sensitive to semantic and spatial mismatches, respectively. Notably, the intermediate hippocampus was specifically sensitive to concurrent mismatches in both dimensions, but not to mismatches in either dimension alone. These content-sensitive subregions were embedded within distinct cortical networks that reorganized according to memory demands. Together, our findings show the hippocampus flexibly combines gradient and modular dynamics to simultaneously represent the spatial and semantic content that defines episodic memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jordan, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kragel, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.15.682651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and semantic memory reorganize a hippocampal long-axis gradient]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3' Nucleotide Asymmetry Directs miRNA Strand Selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate microRNA (miRNA) strand selection is essential for defining the regulatory landscape of the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC). While 5' nucleotide identity and duplex thermodynamics have been proposed to bias strand choice, these features cannot fully explain in vivo strand preferences. Here, we uncover a conserved and previously unrecognized role for 3' nucleotide asymmetry in directing miRNA strand selection in Caenorhabditis elegans and human cells. A favorable 3' terminal nucleotide on the passenger strand promotes selective loading of the opposing guide strand into miRISC, revealing a cooperative interplay between 5' and 3' terminal asymmetries that ensures precise strand discrimination. These findings establish a unified, evolutionarily conserved mechanism for miRNA duplex sorting and expand the fundamental rules governing small RNA biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Medley, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurosu Moriya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawshaw, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzade, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sydzyik, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sydzyik, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinovyeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.15.682714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3' Nucleotide Asymmetry Directs miRNA Strand Selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An unconventional HxD motif orchestrates coatomer-dependent coronavirus morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assembly of infectious coronaviruses requires spike (S) protein trafficking by host coatomer, typically via a dibasic signal in the S cytoplasmic tail. However, the human embecoviruses HKU1 and OC43, as well as the model virus MHV, lack this motif. Here we identify a conserved His-x-Asp (HxD) sequence that functions as an unconventional coatomer-binding signal. Structural and biochemical analyses show that the MHV HxD motif engages coatomer subunits through distinct conformations, while cellular imaging demonstrates its role in directing S to assembly sites with the viral M-protein. Disruption of HxD-coatomer interactions impairs S incorporation and provokes compensatory viral adaptations, including emergence of a canonical dibasic motif or mutations in M-protein. Electron microscopy further reveals profound alterations in virion surface architecture. These findings uncover HxD as a previously unrecognized coatomer-targeting motif, highlighting an unexpected flexibility in coronavirus assembly pathways and broadening understanding of the cellular machinery that shapes coronavirus morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mohona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shakya, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jemison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qing, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doray, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaro, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klose, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.682669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An unconventional HxD motif orchestrates coatomer-dependent coronavirus morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.678657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impacts of almond pollination on honeybee viral dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.678657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seasonal aggregation of hosts can rapidly reshape microbial and viral communities, with consequences for disease dynamics and spillover risk. Each year, millions of honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies experience a mass human-mediated intercontinental  migration to Californias Central Valley to pollinate most of the worlds almond supply. Clearly, this  mass mixing event with hives from across the country has the risk of spreading highly virulent pathogens, including viruses. It is essential to weigh the benefits of the almond bloom against the risks of disease in honeybees, which may also affect native pollinators. We conducted an observational longitudinal RNA-seq study of colonies from a commercial beekeeping operation before, during, and after almond pollination, compared with non-migrating control colonies. We found that viral diversity increased in honeybee colonies during and directly after the bloom; however, it returned to pre-bloom levels a month later. The virome community composition also became more uniform between hives after the bloom. Hives in closer proximity had more similar viromes. This spatial variation suggests that inter-colony drift is a potential transmission route. Together, these findings suggest that the bloom increases viral transmission, with no single virus dominating the communities. Instead, a group of viruses (black queen cell virus, Lake Sinai Virus, deformed wing virus) were responsible for community shifts. Although crop bloom increased viral diversity and community homogenization, this effect was short-lived, with viromes reverting to pre-bloom levels once hives left the orchards. These findings indicate that pollination events can transiently restructure viral communities in managed bees.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sokolov, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northrup, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilfert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boots, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.678657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impacts of almond pollination on honeybee viral dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Dynamics-Guided Design and Chemoproteomic Profiling of Covalent Kinase Activity Probes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Covalent small molecule activity probes can be powerful tools to interrogate protein function in native cellular environments. The design of family-wide activity probes requires an understanding of the molecular sources of general targeting potential and specificity to enable broad targeting of protein family members. Here, we developed and applied a multifaceted docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation pipeline to design and test cell-permeable covalent kinase activity probes from a set of hinge-binding pharmacophores. This computationally-guided approach yielded a new cell-active probe, K60P, which targets around 114 kinases across distinct kinase classes in live cells. Chemoproteomic profiling of this probe and a clinical candidate sharing the same indazole core, KW-2449, identified kinase and non-kinase target profiles that differ from recombinant protein assay profiles, underscoring the utility of native kinase profiling in situ. Biochemical studies with a model target kinase, ABL1, confirmed covalent labeling of the active site lysine across several kinase probes with distinct kinetics, as well as covalent labeling of key tyrosines in trans between ABL1 monomers. Finally, focused proteomics, kinetic modeling, and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that K60P, as well as the comparator probe XO44, preferentially engage with target kinases in their active, DFG-in conformations, which is driven by increasing population of reaction-ready small molecule conformation. These results together establish a computational and kinetic modeling framework for designing covalent activity probes and highlight the balance of target selectivity and kinetic efficiency as a key factor in determining their proteome-wide reactivity.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaby, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fathi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmwald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blachowicz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moellering, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.683178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Dynamics-Guided Design and Chemoproteomic Profiling of Covalent Kinase Activity Probes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially-resolved Photoproximity Profiling of MYC Identifies a MYC-BAF Liability in Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The c-MYC transcription factor is aberrantly expressed in most human cancers to enhance expression of proliferative gene programs. Owing to its pseudo-ordered structure and reliance on extensive and dynamic protein-protein interactions in distinct transcriptional regulatory complexes, defining context-specific MYC interactors has remained challenging. Therefore, mapping MYC-centered complex topologies in disease relevant models could identify components critical for its function which may serve as therapeutic targets in MYC-driven cancers. Here, we present a matched pair of photoproximity probes coupled with quantitative proteomics which enable context-dependent mapping of protein complex topology inside cells. We applied this spatially resolved, intracellular photoproximity (siPROX) profiling workflow to map MYC interactomes across temporal, spatial and disease-relevant contexts. Basal and inhibitor-treated profiles confirmed interactions with a wide range of known chromatin-associated transcriptional regulatory factors that define the extended MYC transcriptional bubble in live cells. Time-resolved mapping of inhibitor treated cells identified dynamic remodeling of numerous transcriptional regulatory factors and identified several BAF complex members (e.g., PBRM1 and SMARCC1)1 that persist in the presence of bromodomain inhibition. Furthermore, spatial MYC topology maps in small cell lung cancer cells confirmed the presence of BAF complex members under conditions where MYC induced target gene expression, altered cell morphology and enhanced proliferation. Lastly, loss of BAF function via inhibition of SMARCA2/4 ATPase activity resulted in rapid loss of chromatin-bound and nuclear MYC levels, downregulation of MYC-dependent transcripts and MYC-specific cell growth in several cancer cell models. Together, these data highlight the potential for siPROX to identify spatially resolved, dynamic TF interactors and highlight MYC-proximal BAF interactions as a targetable liability to regulate MYC-dependent transcription and proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swenson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moellering, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.683176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially-resolved Photoproximity Profiling of MYC Identifies a MYC-BAF Liability in Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.18.683195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coarse-graining reveals collective predictive information in a sensory population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.18.683195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological systems perform complex computations using hundreds of individual actors, but they do so efficiently and in a way that can be read out and interpreted by other biological networks. Coarsegraining may allow for key collective features to be effectively and efficiently communicated. In the brain, early sensory systems perform prediction, which can compensate for lags in neural processing. This computation is collective, meaning it relies upon interactions between many neurons, and operates in complex, dynamic natural environments. Taking these two facets of biological complexity together, we search for maximally-predictive collective variables in large groups of retinal ganglion cells responding to dynamic natural visual scenes. To find collective variables that best capture predictive computations in the neurons, we apply a tractable, approximate implementation of the information bottleneck method to neural data. We infer a lower-dimensional representation that is maximally informative about the future neural activity. We observe scaling relationships between this mutual information estimate, neural subset size, and information decay timescale. Further, the structure of collective modes changes for predicting at short versus longer timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kline, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch-Janusz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walczak, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.18.683195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coarse-graining reveals collective predictive information in a sensory population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.19.683142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD8 T cells mediate immunosurveillance for neoantigen+ epithelial stem cells in the colon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.19.683142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial cells in the colon accumulate substantial numbers of somatic mutations, some of which can be recognised as neoantigens. The ability of CD8 T cells to survey for neoantigen+ cells in the healthy colon would provide an early detection mechanism to prevent cancer, but it is unclear whether neoantigen-specific CD8 T cells can mediate this process of immunosurveillance without becoming tolerant. To address this question, we used a genetically engineered mouse model to express a neoantigen in the epithelial cells of the adult proximal colon. Induction of neoantigen expression led to rapid elimination of neoantigen+ epithelial cells from the colon in a CD8 T cell-dependent manner. Neoantigen-specific CD8 T cells acquired cytolytic function within the colon tissue under steady-state conditions, which was required for elimination of the neoantigen+ epithelial cells. Despite the elimination of [~]25% of their epithelial cells over a two-day period, the colons looked histologically normal. Immunofluorescence and single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed that neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells specifically target neoantigen+ stem cells at the crypt base, which was associated with Ki67 in the crypt wall and abundance of neoantigen-negative stem cells. Infiltrating neoantigen-specific CD8 T cells made IFNg and expressed PD-1, raising the question of why PD-1-dependent suppression did not prevent the acquisition of effector functions by these neoantigen-specific CD8 T cells. Despite an increased signature of interferon-stimulated genes in colonic epithelial cells, PD-L1 expression was surprisingly absent. Moreover, we found that colonic epithelial stem cells also did not express PD-L1 under conditions of chronic inflammation, such as ulcerative colitis, immune checkpoint-induced colitis, and ageing, or when directly stimulated with IFN-{gamma} in vitro. Analyses of the PD-L1 gene promoter across humans and mice showed hypermethylation at sites associated with PD-L1 repression in cancer. Thus, our data support a model in which the acquisition of neoantigens by colonic epithelial cells triggers CD8 T cell-mediated immunosurveillance. This results in the elimination of PD-L1-negative neoantigen+ stem cells by effector CD8 T cells and simultaneous repair of the colon by neoantigen-negative epithelial cells to prevent immunopathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fagerberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micevic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Denis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attanasio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalrymple, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konnikova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.19.683142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD8 T cells mediate immunosurveillance for neoantigen+ epithelial stem cells in the colon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic and protein analysis of human cortex reveals genes and pathways linked to NPTX2 disruption in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The expression of NPTX2, a neuronal immediate early gene (IEG) essential for excitatory-inhibitory balance, is altered in the earliest stages of cognitive decline that anticipate Alzheimers disease (AD). Here, we use NPTX2 as a point of reference for Omics studies to identify genes and pathways linked to its position in AD onset and progression. We integrated bulk RNA sequencing from 575 middle temporal gyrus (MTG) samples across four cohorts together with targeted proteomics in the same samples using parallel reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry in 135 representative cases, focusing on 20 curated proteins spanning synaptic, trafficking, lysosomal, and regulatory categories. NPTX2 RNA and protein were significantly reduced in AD, and to a lesser extent in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) samples. BDNF, VGF, SST, and SCG2 correlated with both NPTX2 mRNA and protein. We identified NPTX2 correlated synaptic and mitochondrial programs that were negatively correlated with lysosomal and chromatin/stress modules. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of NPTX2 correlations across all samples confirmed broad alignment with synaptic and mitochondrial compartments, while more NPTX2-specific associations were observed with proteostasis and translation regulator pathways, which were weakened in AD. In contrast, correlation of NPTX2 protein with transcriptomic profiles revealed negative associations with stress-linked transcription regulator RNAs (FOXJ1, ZHX3, SMAD5, JDP2, ZIC4), which were strengthened in AD. Studies position NPTX2 as a hub of an activity-regulated "plasticity cluster" (BDNF, VGF, SST, SCG2) that encompasses interneuron function and is embedded on a neuronal/mitochondrial integrity axis that is inversely coupled to lysosomal/chromatin-stress programs. In AD, these transcript-level correlations broadly weaken, and stress-linked transcriptional regulators become more prominent, suggesting a role in NPTX2 loss of function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, M.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piras, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonfitto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldabergenova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Na, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trejo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geula, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogalski, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawas, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrada, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huentelman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colantuoni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.17.683150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic and protein analysis of human cortex reveals genes and pathways linked to NPTX2 disruption in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.18.683224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of environmental enrichment on whole-brain gene expression in an imperiled fish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.18.683224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When hatchery-reared fish are used to augment wild populations, phenotypic mismatch caused by differences between hatchery and wild environments can limit efforts to conserve fish species at risk of extinction. Some phenotypes adapted to or induced by hatchery environments are thought to be maladapted for life in the wild. Thus, enriching the hatchery environment (abiotically and biotically) to make it more similar to the wild may induce phenotypes, including gene expression profiles, that are better suited to the environments fish will experience after release. Here, we took a molecular approach (TagSeq) to elucidate how abiotic and biotic (predator training) enrichment impacts the whole-brain gene expression of a species of conservation concern, the Arkansas darter (Etheostoma cragini), comparing the effects in two hatchery populations to a wild reference population. While we found no effect of biotic enrichment, we found that numerous genes were differentially expressed between populations and abiotic enrichment treatments. Notably, we found that expression profiles of hatchery fish more closely resembled those of wild fish when reared with abiotic enrichment. Functional analysis revealed that many differentially expressed genes were related to feeding behavior, development, and reproduction. These results have implications for conservation, supporting the management of darters at the level of the population and the use of abiotic enrichment to reduce phenotypic mismatch between hatchery and wild fish.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kopack, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broder, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetherman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoke, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angeloni, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.18.683224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of environmental enrichment on whole-brain gene expression in an imperiled fish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.19.683343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic profiling of the middle temporal gyrus reveals differential glial/neuronal dysregulation across Alzheimer disease and aging. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.19.683343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is characterized by amyloid-{beta} plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and widespread neuronal dysfunction. Aging, the strongest risk factor for AD, is also associated with some overlapping processes, such as neuronal cell transcriptional downregulation and glial cell activation. The middle temporal gyrus (MTG) is a brain region that supports semantic processing and default-mode connectivity and shows early vulnerability in both aging and AD. Here we profile bulk RNA-seq from 606 postmortem MTG samples with the goal of understanding the transcriptional changes associated with AD and aging. In 217 clinical and neuropathologically confirmed AD versus 290 no-dementia controls donors, we identify 613 differentially expressed genes (390 up, 223 down; |log2 fold change| [&ge;] 0.5; BH P < 0.05), with NPNT and ADAMTS2 among the top upregulated signals. Cell set enrichment indicates reduced excitatory neuronal signatures together with increased microglial, astrocytic, endothelial, and pericyte programs. Gene-set analyses reveal strong activation of angiogenesis, extracellular-matrix organization, wound response, adaptive immunity, and coordinated suppression of neuronal and mitochondrial processes, including synaptic signaling and respiratory-chain complexes. Multiscale coexpression mapping resolves three disease clusters: a neuron-mitochondrial module suppressed in AD (M5; hub PJA2; key driver GABRB3), a microglial immune module upregulated in AD (M6; hub C1QC; key driver FCER1G), and an increased astrocyte-vascular extracellular-matrix module in AD (M8; hub ESAM; key driver TAGLN). Across 324 non-AD controls aged 24-108 years, aging is associated with declines in gene expression associated with translation, proteostasis, and mitochondrial function and increases in those linked to oligodendrocyte and myelination programs (for example M4; hub CNTN2; key driver MOBP); in a 65+ subset, neuronal and protein-folding modules show the strongest decrements with reduced glial gene expression upregulatio. Our results indicate that late-life aging involves increased glial responses and neuronal/proteostasis suppression, whereas AD is also associated with immune- vascular-ECM activation and suppression of neuronal programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piras, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonfitto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldabergenova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trejo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geula, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogalski, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawas, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrano, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worley, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huentelman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.19.683343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic profiling of the middle temporal gyrus reveals differential glial/neuronal dysregulation across Alzheimer disease and aging.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A human brain network specialized for abstract formal reasoning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans stand out in the animal kingdom for their ability to reason in highly abstract ways. Using a deep-data precision fMRI approach, we identify and richly characterize a network of frontal brain areas that support abstract formal reasoning. This  abstract reasoning network robustly dissociates from the domain-general Multiple Demand network--the current leading candidate substrate of fluid intelligence--as well as from three other networks supporting high-level cognition: the language network, the intuitive physical reasoning network, and the social reasoning network. Finally, the areas of this network respond robustly during both deductive and inductive reasoning, during classic matrix reasoning problems, and when solving multiplication and division problems. This network may therefore support the most abstract forms of reasoning, possibly constituting a human-specific adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kean, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rule, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenenbaum, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piantadosi, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A human brain network specialized for abstract formal reasoning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Xeno-free human iPSC-derived prostate organoid platform for multilineage differentiation and genetic manipulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current prostate organoid models rely on tissue-derived material or animal components and lack epithelial and stromal complexity. We defined a xeno-free system to generate human prostate organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells with consistent multilineage differentiation. Floating organoids self-organize into epithelial and stromal domains with basal, luminal, neuroendocrine, fibroblast, and smooth muscle markers. In an alternative modular co-culture system, engineered epithelial progenitors are aggregated with wild-type mesenchymal progenitors, enabling compartment-specific manipulation. Androgen receptor-overexpressing organoids showed increased epithelial AR and PSA expression and proliferation. Single-cell transcriptomics, together with qPCR and immunostaining, confirmed prostate lineage specification and tissue organization. This new xeno-free platform provides a reproducible, scalable, and genetically tractable model to study in-vitro prostate lineage programs, epithelial-stromal interactions, and disease biology.

Graphic AbstractThis study describes the generation of prostate organoids from human iPSCs. iPSCs, including those reprogrammed from patients carrying germline mutations, can be differentiated into prostate organoids either through monoculture or by co-culturing endodermal cells with mesenchymal progenitors. Genetic manipulation can be introduced before endoderm specification to model cancer drivers. The resulting multi-lineage organoids exhibit distinct epithelial (AR, NKX3.1, PSA, CK8/18) and stromal (VIM, -SMA) compartments, providing a versatile platform for developmental studies, disease modelling, drug screening, and biomarker discovery.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaikh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teasdale, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howarth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hepburn, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizondo, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coxhead, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaughan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strand, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buskin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Xeno-free human iPSC-derived prostate organoid platform for multilineage differentiation and genetic manipulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unique neural signature of long-term memory encoding from EEG inter-electrode correlation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classic memory models proposed that the encoding process involved in visual working memory (VWM) controls the bandwidth of encoding in long-term memory (LTM). Behaviorally, VWM and LTM accuracies are reliably correlated at the behavioral level, raising the question of whether LTM encoding uniquely engages processes that are distinct from VWM encoding. To investigate this, we recorded EEG activity as participants completed recognition memory tasks with set sizes of 32 and 128, far beyond typical VWM capacity. Using interelectrode correlation (IC) analysis, we found that IC patterns reliably predicted individual differences in LTM encoding across both set sizes, indicating a robust, domain-general neural signature. Importantly, this predictive power remained even after controlling for VWM and attentional control performance, suggesting that the model captures variance specific to LTM encoding. Temporally, predictive signals emerged only after stimulus onset and persisted for 500-600 ms. Early and late encoding phases involved distinct network structures, reflecting dynamic neural processes underlying individual differences in LTM encoding. Together, our findings reveal a unique and temporally dynamic neural signature that supports individual differences in LTM encoding, independent of general cognitive abilities.

Significance StatementHumans maintain visual information using two distinct memory systems: visual working memory, which is capacity-limited, and long-term memory, which has virtually unlimited capacity. Despite their differences, individuals with better VWM performance often show superior LTM performance, raising the question of whether unique LTM encoding abilities exist beyond those accounted for by VWM. Here, we leveraged EEG data to examine interelectrode correlation patterns during memory encoding. Our results show that these neural patterns uniquely predict individual differences in LTM encoding ability, even after controlling for VWM performance. Furthermore, we showed that the interelectrode correlation patterns continuously track the temporal dynamics of LTM encoding over time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unique neural signature of long-term memory encoding from EEG inter-electrode correlation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acyl-protein thioesterase 1 (LYPLA1) activity promotes the growth of MDA-MB-468 triple-negative breast cancer cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein S-acylation is a lipid-based, often reversible post-translational modification that can regulate many aspects of protein behavior, including subcellular localization, protein-interactions, and activity. Emerging evidence has identified roles for individual protein acyltransferases encoded by the ZDHHC in cancers, yet the roles of de-S-acylation enzymes are less clear. Recent evidence suggests that acyl-protein thioesterase (APT1)/LYPLA1 can impact epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. This study integrates patient datasets, CRISPR dependency data, and in vitro assays to find APT1 as a context-dependent vulnerability in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Despite the highest protein abundance in luminal MCF7 cells, basal-like MDA-MB-468 cells exhibited the most prominent specific APT1 activity, reflecting subtype-specific regulation. Inhibition of APT1 with ML348 increased S-acylation of nuclear and mitochondrial proteins without altering global acylation. Functionally, APT1 inhibition reduced cell proliferation while inducing minimal apoptosis, consistent with cytostatic growth arrest. Cell-cycle analysis revealed G1 accumulation and reduced S/G2 transition, linking proteomic changes to impaired replication. These findings establish APT1 as a regulator of TNBC proliferation through dynamic de-S-acylation of cell-cycle and mitochondrial proteins, highlighting it as a potential therapeutic vulnerability in aggressive breast cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salsaa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavasoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zein, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathayat, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairn, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.683516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acyl-protein thioesterase 1 (LYPLA1) activity promotes the growth of MDA-MB-468 triple-negative breast cancer cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental stress amplifies competitive asymmetry and drives divergent hybrid zone outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Community persistence depends on the balance between abiotic constraints and biotic interactions. Environmental stress can either sort species by physiological limits or amplify competitive asymmetries, producing coexistence, exclusion, or collapse. We tested these alternatives in two replicate hybrid swarms between orangethroat and orangebelly darters (Etheostoma pulchellum and E. radiosum spp. complex) with contrasting outcomes: long-term coexistence in the Blue River versus collapse in the Washita River. We combined critical-thermal-maximum (CTmax) assays with standardized feeding experiments to evaluate physiological tolerance, competitive exclusion, and stress-amplified competition. CTmax varied with river, sex, and body size but not consistently between species, indicating that local history and demography outweighed intrinsic physiological differences. In contrast, competition trials revealed strong, temperature-dependent asymmetries: E. pulchellum dominated in the cooler, stable Blue River, whereas E. radiosum spp. gained a foraging advantage under high temperatures in the warmer Washita River drainage. These results support the prediction that abiotic stress amplifies competitive asymmetries, flipping dominance and explaining divergent hybrid zone outcomes. More broadly, our study links hybrid zone dynamics to coexistence theory, showing that climate extremes can shift competitive balance and determine whether secondary contact results in persistence or loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dye, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.23.684133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental stress amplifies competitive asymmetry and drives divergent hybrid zone outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.683539v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host transcriptional responses to gut microbiome variation arising from urbanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.683539v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gut microbiomes of urban communities are compositionally different from their rural counterparts, and are associated with immune dysregulation and gastrointestinal disease. However, it is unknown whether these compositional differences impact host physiology, and through what mechanisms. Here, we used human colonic epithelial cells to directly compare host transcriptional changes induced by gut microbiomes from urban versus rural communities. We co-cultured host cells with live, stool-derived gut microbiomes from Rwanda, Ghana, Nigeria, Malaysia, and the United States, and quantified transcriptional responses using RNA-seq. We found that urban microbiomes affected innate immune pathways, including TNF signaling and bacterial antigen recognition. We also found that high-diversity microbiomes elicited a stronger host transcriptional response, while low-diversity microbiomes triggered epithelial restructuring and glycolysis. Finally, specific taxa driving these effects, including Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bacteroides dorei, correlated with lifestyle factors such as diet. These findings demonstrate that urbanization-associated microbiome changes directly influence host epithelial gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arif, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirmalan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alazizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mair-Meijers, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agyei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afihene, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asibey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awuku, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plymoth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nartey, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valles, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pin, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onyekwere, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwikarago, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alm, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poyet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groussin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blekhman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.26.683539</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host transcriptional responses to gut microbiome variation arising from urbanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate processing of ultra-short immune signals by singlemacrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurately interpreting short-lived signals is challenging within noisy cellular microenvironments. It is not known if cells can distinguish different signaling molecules under transient exposure. Here, we explored the temporal limits of signal detection by single macrophages. Microfluidic experiments monitoring NF-{kappa}B dynamics showed that macrophages strongly respond even to 1-second pulses of cytokine and pathogen ligands. Information theory showed that short-pulse response is highly specific to the stimulating ligand, comparable to that under long-term stimulation. Macrophages were mainly sensitive to the duration of cytokines, and the dose of pathogen ligands. Stimulus duration altered the ranking of response strengths among different pathogenic ligands. Mathematical modeling showed that receptor cooperativity is crucial for robust responses to transient signals, while receptor pathway variability leads to accurate signaling in fluctuating environments. These findings demonstrate that dynamic transcription factor specificity is preserved across varying signal durations and uncover network-level mechanisms that accurately distinguish transiently encountered threats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mercado-Vasquez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vizzard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celiker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padhi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.26.684377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate processing of ultra-short immune signals by singlemacrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping Functional Dynamics Hotspots for Protein Engineering with NMR Peak Intensity Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural dynamics play a crucial role in protein function, and tuning these dynamics through mutagenesis has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing activity. However, identifying dynamics hotspots for protein engineering remains a labor-intensive challenge. Here, we demonstrate that NMR peak intensity analysis--a rapid, qualitative method with residue-level resolution--can identify functionally relevant dynamic regions with high precision. Using a family of red fluorescent proteins (RFPs) as a case study, we reveal that flexibility in specific regions of their structures correlates with function. Specifically, as quantum yield increases, the side of the {beta}-barrel closest to the chromophore phenolate moiety becomes more rigid, while the opposite side, closest to the acylimine group, gains flexibility. Notably, the phenolate face corresponds to a mutational hotspot frequently targeted in directed evolution campaigns aimed at enhancing brightness, underscoring its functional significance. B-factor analysis of non-cryogenic X-ray crystal structures further supports our findings. Our results establish NMR peak intensity analysis as a promising tool for mapping functional dynamics hotspots to guide protein engineering campaigns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Damry, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legault, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goto, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chica, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.26.684639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping Functional Dynamics Hotspots for Protein Engineering with NMR Peak Intensity Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PRSformer: Disease Prediction from Million-Scale Individual Genotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting disease risk from DNA presents an unprecedented emerging challenge as biobanks approach population scale sizes (N > 106 individuals) with ultra-high-dimensional features (L > 105 genotypes). Current methods, often linear and reliant on summary statistics, fail to capture complex genetic interactions and discard valuable individual-level information. We introduce PRSformer, a scalable deep learning architecture designed for end-to-end, multitask disease prediction directly from million-scale individual genotypes. PRSformer employs neighborhood attention, achieving linear O(L) complexity per layer, making Transformers tractable for genome-scale inputs. Crucially, PRSformer utilizes a stacking of these efficient attention layers, progressively increasing the effective receptive field to model local dependencies (e.g., within linkage disequilibrium blocks) before integrating information across wider genomic regions. This design, tailored for genomics, allows PRSformer to learn complex, potentially non-linear and long-range interactions directly from raw genotypes. We demonstrate PRSformers effectiveness using a unique large private cohort (N {approx} 5M) for predicting 18 autoimmune and inflammatory conditions using L {approx} 140k variants. PRSformer significantly outperforms highly optimized linear models trained on the same individual-level data and state-of-the-art summary-statistic-based methods (LDPred2) derived from the same cohort, quantifying the benefits of non-linear modeling and multitask learning at scale. Furthermore, experiments reveal that the advantage of non-linearity emerges primarily at large sample sizes (N > 1M), and that a multi-ancestry trained model improves generalization, establishing PRSformer as a new framework for deep learning in population-scale genomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dibaeinia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>German, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shringarpure, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.26.684578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PRSformer: Disease Prediction from Million-Scale Individual Genotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning-Dependent Shift from Right to Left CA3 Input Dominance Shapes the Evolution of Right CA1 Spatial Maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CA1 place fields support spatial maps critical for memory, yet how bilateral CA3 inputs shape these maps during learning remains unclear. Using two-photon calcium imaging and optogenetic inhibition in head-fixed mice navigating a virtual track, we examined left and right CA3 projections to right CA1 (CA1R) as animals familiarized to a novel environment. CA1R maps were initially inaccurate but stabilized after [~]10 laps, defining an early-phase of map refinement followed by a late-phase of stability. During the early-phase, right CA3 inputs predominantly drove refinement, whereas left CA3 inputs controlled stability later. These effects arose at the single-cell level, with right CA3 inputs driving high-amplitude, reliable fields early and left inputs supporting reliable fields later. Axonal recordings revealed a matching shift: right CA3 axons showed greater place-field activity and reliability early, whereas left CA3 axons became more reliable later. Thus, CA3 input dominance transitions from right to left, coordinating CA1R map refinement and stabilization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GoodSmith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Matias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tortolani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.26.684700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning-Dependent Shift from Right to Left CA3 Input Dominance Shapes the Evolution of Right CA1 Spatial Maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial proximity sequencing maps developmental dynamics in the germinal center 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial profiling of proteins and protein interactions is essential for immunology, signaling, development, and cancer. We present Spatial Proximity-Sequencing (Sprox-seq), a multi-omic technique that simultaneously measures proteins, protein complexes and mRNAs, where location of each molecule is also recorded. Sprox-seq profiled 32 proteins, 528 pairwise protein interactions and thousands of mRNAs across human tonsil tissues and germinal centers. Mapping protein interactions recapitulated RNA-defined tissue architecture in germinal centers, but also revealed much higher interaction complexity in the Light zone. Developmental trajectories inferred from protein interactions uncovered a B cell maturation pathway distinct from that inferred by RNA. Integrated protein-complex and mRNA analysis related spatially-enriched complexes with immune regulation and mitotic gene-expression pathways. Furthermore, Sprox-seq captured B cell-Follicular Dendritic Cell interactions mediated by the protein complex VLA-4-VCAM1 in the Light zone. Sprox-seq provides a multi-modal view of cell states and a powerful tool for studying protein and cellular interactions across tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>WANG, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>XIA, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>RAHMAN, P. M. S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KEISHAM, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PADHI, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DENG, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LI, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VISTAIN, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KIM, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VASQUEZ, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KHAN, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CLARK, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial proximity sequencing maps developmental dynamics in the germinal center]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A brain-wide, trial- and time-dependent deterministic drive for self-initiated action decisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.685235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deciding when to act in the absence of external cues is essential for exploration, learning, and survival. Yet the neural mechanisms underlying such decisions remain controversial, with current views favoring either deterministic or stochastic underpinnings. We simultaneously recorded from large neuronal populations in cortical, thalamic, pallidal, and cerebellar regions as mice self-initiated voluntary actions. Action onset timing was predictable from firing patterns up to several seconds in advance with predictions correlated across regions, demonstrating a prominent deterministic drive that spans regions. Computational modeling indicated that this drive has an initial value and rate that vary trial-by-trial, and the rate increases within trials. Although the deterministic drive is sufficient to trigger action, noise within trials also contributes to setting action timing. Therefore, discrete (across-trial) and continuous (within-trial) sources of variability synergize to time self-initiated actions. This synergy is observed brain-wide, suggesting a distributed decision-making process rather than a hierarchical, modular one.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elbaz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butterer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.685235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A brain-wide, trial- and time-dependent deterministic drive for self-initiated action decisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioural and neuronal insights into multisensory combination of unpracticed cues. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective decision-making requires integrating multiple information sources, weighted by their reliability and context. While classic studies show near-optimal cue combination in extensively controlled laboratory settings and lengthy inperson experiments, everyday choices often occur in less controlled environments. We examined cue combination under these conditions using an online perceptual estimation task in large and diverse participant cohorts. Participants combined cues, including visual motion direction, spatial visual information, and sound. We investigated cue combination with and without cue conflict. Performance varied with age and self-reported ADHD or Autism. Visual cues were combined more optimally than audio-visual combinations. We observed qualitative similarities in an analagous task with non-human primates. We used electrical microstimulation in non-human primates, targeting unimodal or cross-modal association areas. Stimulation of visual cortex was integrated with sensory motion cues, while stimulation of prefrontal cortex promoted winner-take-all choices. These findings suggest distinctions between within- and across-modality integration, with deviations potentially informative of age or neurodiversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruff, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.685323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioural and neuronal insights into multisensory combination of unpracticed cues.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Type VIIb secretion system recruits a dedicated cell wall hydrolase EssH to enable effector secretion by Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is a pervasive human pathogen that heavily relies on protein secretion to exert its virulence strategies. S. aureus encodes a specialized type VIIb secretion system (T7SSb) that contributes to virulence and persistence in the host. T7SSb supports secretion of small proteins belonging to a WXG100 family as well as larger LXG polymorphic toxins. Secretion of these proteins is facilitated by the T7SSb complex that assembles in the cell envelope from core components EsaA, EssA, EssB, and the conserved ATPase EssC. T7SSb-mediated secretion also requires the cell wall hydrolase EssH that bears a cystine histidine-dependent amidase/peptidase (CHAP) domain. Hereby, we show that the N-terminal domain of EssH functions together with the CHAP domain to support T7SSb secretion. We find that EssH copurifies with the T7SSb core components and is required for the assembly of EsaA across the cell wall. Finally, secreted EssH is released into the extracellular milieu and degraded by the secreted staphylococcal protease, staphopain A. We propose a model to capture the function of the dedicated cell wall hydrolase EssH for T7SSb in S. aureus.

IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of infections worldwide. S. aureus utilizes a specialized type VIIb secretion system (T7SSb) to persist in the infected host tissues as well as target competitor bacteria to establish its niche. T7SSb assembles into a multiprotein translocation complex and facilitates secretion of a set of small proteins and larger polymorphic toxins across the cytosolic membrane. Beyond the membrane, secreted proteins were thought to diffuse through the thick yet porous cell wall and release into the environment. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that S. aureus T7SSb extends across the cell wall via its EsaA subunit. Furthermore, accommodation of EsaA within the cell wall requires an associated cell wall hydrolase EssH and is essential for protein secretion via T7SSb. Thus, our findings provide a mechanistic insight for a coordinated cell wall processing and T7SSb assembly to support specialized protein secretion in S. aureus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agyen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNair, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Missiakas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bobrovskyy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Type VIIb secretion system recruits a dedicated cell wall hydrolase EssH to enable effector secretion by Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-analyses reveal no clear demographic consequences of phenological change across taxa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The timing of life-cycle events (phenology) is key to organism ecology and success. Climate change is shifting phenology to earlier dates globally, but generalizable trends of how phenological change impacts demography are still unknown. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the effects of interannual phenological variation and phenological shifts on demographic vital rates (survival, growth, and reproduction). Our dataset includes 138 taxa from 83 studies, representing different study approaches (observational and experimental) for plants and animals. Using these data, we asked three primary questions: 1). How does phenological variation affect demographic vital rates? 2). Are directional shifts in phenology predictive of changes in demographic vital rates? 3.) Do relationships between phenology and demography depend on taxa, vital rate, and study type? For studies of phenological variation, earlier events conferred demographic benefits whereas later events were associated with demographic costs, with most of the evidence coming from bird and reproduction-focused studies. In contrast, directional phenological shifts were not predictive of demographic responses over time or in experiments. While there was evidence that phenological events shifted earlier through time, there was not significant change in demographic vital rates over those same time periods. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that organisms may be able to track environmental conditions to maintain demographic performance by shifting their phenology to earlier dates under climate change. Critically, our meta-analysis clarifies that while earlier phenological events tend to confer demographic benefits in the context of phenological variation, directional phenological shifts to earlier timing did not show demographic benefits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Godtfredsen, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CaraDonna, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foxx, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bain, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawdy, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirschke, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogilvie, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigby, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholl, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandacz, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zink, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iler, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.685396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-analyses reveal no clear demographic consequences of phenological change across taxa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.684665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Massively multiplexed microfluidics maps combinatorial andsequential antibiotic responses in 3D 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.684665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current microbial culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing platforms lack dynamic chemical control and do not scale to high-throughput 3D culture. We present an automated microfluidic system that creates 512 independently programmable 3D hydrogel-culture chambers and delivers each chamber a distinct combinatorial and time-varying drug protocol. Automated workflows execute thousands of micro-pipetting operations and track 10,000 bacterial colonies via live-cell microscopy, and generate half a million single colony images to quantify growth, drug response and morphology. Using this system, we study how hydrogel stiffness and nutrient timing alter colony architecture and modulate antibiotic susceptibility and resistance. We then profile the efficacy of antibiotic pairs using simultaneous and sequential (temporally ordered) dosing across 2,700 drug-dose combinations, revealing synergy, antagonism and order dependent shifts in drug efficacy. This platform integrates serial and parallel multiplexing, automation, and dynamic 3D microenvironments to map the chemical and mechanical determinants of antibiotic response and drug interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>JEONG, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MERCADO VASQUEZ, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PADHI, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DENG, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PRAKASH, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MATTHEWS, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OZCAN, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TOPRAK, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.684665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Massively multiplexed microfluidics maps combinatorial andsequential antibiotic responses in 3D]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic translocation of Inside-Out proteins to the cell surface underlies cellular adaptation to cancer-induced stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inside-out (I-O) protein display, the non-canonical surface localization of intracellular proteins, represents an underexplored feature of tumor cell biology. Here, we map the molecular landscape and trafficking mechanisms that control the presentation of I-O proteins on cancer cell membranes. Employing APEX2-mediated proximity biotinylation and a custom antibody generation and validation platform, we identified approximately 140 high-confidence I-O proteins, primarily ribosomal, proteasomal, chaperone, and translation factors, notably enriched in protein families associated with stress-response pathways. Validation of 500 antibodies encompassing 40 I-O targets across seven tumor cell lines confirmed selective and robust surface localization, while in vivo imaging in mouse xenografts demonstrated pronounced and tumor-specific antibody accumulation. I-O proteins were absent on PBMCs and in normal tissues, indicating cancer cell selectivity. Functional analyses revealed that I-O protein tethering to the membrane is dependent on heparan sulfate interactions; enzymatic removal of these glycans led to the clearance of I-O proteins from the cell surface. Notably, the removed proteins returned to baseline levels within six hours, indicating a dynamic balance related to ER-Golgi trafficking and cellular stress. Nearly half of these I-O proteins overlapped with known stress granule components; however, stress elements that promote stress granule formation do not similarly affect surface display of I-O proteins. Furthermore, I-O proteins are present on standard cancer cell lines under lower stress levels needed to induce stress granule formation, suggesting parallel yet mechanistically distinct aspects of the stress response. These findings position I-O display as a new paradigm in protein trafficking, different from traditional secretion pathways and closely linked to stress response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Slezak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Leary, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guevara Avella, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musial, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrzejczak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anh Le, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic translocation of Inside-Out proteins to the cell surface underlies cellular adaptation to cancer-induced stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Mechanism of Prestin-Membrane Mechanotransduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sound frequency discrimination in mammals depends on the conformational transitions of prestin (SLC26A5), the piezoelectric motor in outer hair cells. The mechanism that enables prestins electrically driven interconversion and its dependence on membrane mechanics, remains unresolved. Here, we show that membrane forces represent a strong driver of the same conformational changes generated by transmembrane voltage and stabilized by bound anions. Single particle cryo-EM structures of nanodisc-reconstituted prestin were obtained from varying lipid composition and membrane thickness. These structures show that membrane thinning biases prestin from a compact conformation to a fully expanded conformation, mimicking outer hair cell elongation/contraction during electromotility. In contrast, zebrafish SLC26A5 transporters undergo complete elevator movements with redistribution of areal changes across leaflets. The structures, together with mutagenesis, H/D exchange mass spectrometry data, and NLC measurements, offer a high-resolution understanding of how prestin translates membrane tension into charge and motor movement during sound-evoked vibrations, revealing a process of reciprocal electro-mechanical transduction essential for tuning cochlear amplification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bavi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haller, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milewski, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perozo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Mechanism of Prestin-Membrane Mechanotransduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.683260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zwitterionic hydrogel designs for conducting polymers enable bioelectronics with suppressed foreign body response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.683260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For long-term, continuous operation of implantable biosensors and electrophysiological devices, the foreign body response (FBR) is a major obstacle that needs to be overcome. As the FBR progresses, any implanted device will become damaged and isolated from its physiological environment, due to encapsulation by fibrotic tissue and inflammatory immune cells. To achieve more compatible and low-impedance biointerfaces, conducting polymers, such as PEDOT:PSS, have been extensively explored as ideal materials. However, FBR on such conducting polymers remains an unmet challenge. We report a zwitteronic-hydrogel-based double-network design for PEDOT:PSS that can significantly suppress the FBR by 64%, in addition to improving conductivity by more than one order of magnitude. Surprisingly, the FBR level of this design is even lower than that of the parent zwitteronic hydrogel by 53%. Our further immunological investigations at the histological, cellular, and transcriptomic levels give deeper insights into the unique effects that come from the chemical heterogeneity. Furthermore, chronic electrocardiographic recording in mice demonstrate the benefit of this material design to long-term, implanted electrophysiology, which provides indications for the future development of immunocompatible electronic polymers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavoie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strzalka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutyak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weires, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirrell, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.683260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zwitterionic hydrogel designs for conducting polymers enable bioelectronics with suppressed foreign body response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pangenome and Suggestions for a New Composite Reference Sequence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes tuberculosis (TB), a global disease with diverse clinical and microbiological manifestations. Studies into the biological causes of this phenotypic diversity have been largely limited to a few reference strains. A pangenome approach is likely to provide new insights. Pangenomic tuberculosis studies have been limited the availability of only fragmented genome sequences and error-prone reference genomes. We used a de novo assembly pipeline that generates extremely complete and accurate whole genome sequences to generate 50 closed Mtb genomes across all seven major lineages. We identified 3,377 core gene clusters and 379 accessory clusters. Analysis showed multi-copy core clusters were largely due to gene fragmentation (76%), paralogs (12%), nearly identical gene duplications (4%), or combinations (8%). Sixteen hypervariable regions (HVRs) were identified, including novel paralogs and variable PE/PPE genes. We consolidated these findings into a Pangenome Gene Reference Resource (PGRR) for precision alignment. Our study demonstrates the closed nature of the Mtb pangenome, with most variation in accessory genes and HVRs. The PGRR provides a foundation for improved drug/vaccine target discovery and highlights the need to move beyond the commonly used H37Rv strain to study Mtb genetic and phenotypic diversity.

IMPORTANCETuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, affects millions globally. Genetic differences among Mtb strains have been difficult to resolve due to incomplete genome references. We sequenced and analyzed complete genomes of 50 Mtb strains from all lineages, identifying 16 hypervariable regions and 3,498 core gene clusters whose diversity mostly stemmed from gene fragmentation, paralog duplication and deletion events and differences in the PE/PPE gene family representation. These differences may explain many of the varied clinical manifestations of TB. We created Pangenome Gene Reference Resource to unify genetic data for precise comparison studies to aid in developing new drugs vaccines and other interventions against this disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chitale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odom, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henoch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasco, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogarty, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grady, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemenze, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.686283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pangenome and Suggestions for a New Composite Reference Sequence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.01.685815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model-based EEG phenotyping uncovers distinct neurocomputational mechanisms underlying learning impairments across psychopathologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.01.685815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BP), and schizophrenia (SCZ) involve learning impairments with poorly understood mechanisms. Understanding both the similarities and differences in these mechanisms is important to guide the development of new, targeted interventions.

Methods255 participants diagnosed with MDD (n=54), BP (n=47), SCZ (n=67) or without any diagnoses (CTRL; n=87) performed an associative learning task. Computational modeling quantified the mechanistic interplay between working memory (WM) and reinforcement learning (RL). The latent RL and WM signatures in the EEG dynamics showed shared and distinct neurocognitive mechanisms underlying learning.

ResultsAll clinical groups showed learning impairments at the behavioral level. Model-based EEG analyses linked these impairments to distinct patterns in the dynamic interplay between latent RL and WM mechanisms, contrasting with the typical patterns observed in CTRL. SCZ was characterized by reduced neural markers of WM, weakening the cooperative influence of WM onto RL (reduced WM recruitment), and reduced integration of negative feedback. Conversely, MDD was characterized by reduced reciprocal influence of RL onto WM, reducing the tendency to upregulate WM contribution with reward history (impaired WM management). Finally, BP was characterized by deficits in both WM and RL recruitment, along with higher WM decay.

ConclusionsBehavioral learning impairments that appear similar across clinical groups can be linked to distinct neurocognitive mechanisms via integrative neurocomputational modeling. Our approach provides insights into the interplay of underlying learning mechanisms and how they manifest differently across psychopathologies.

CitationThis manuscript is a preprint version of the later manuscript accepted for publication in Biological Psychiatry: Global Open Science. The content may differ from the final published version following peer review and editorial revisions.

Ging-Jehli, N.R., Rac-Lubashevsky, R., Bera, K., Roberts, A., Loder, A., Boudewyn, M.A., Carter, C.S., Erickson, M., Gold, J., Luck, S.J., Ragland, J.D., Yonelinas, A.P., MacDonald III, A.W., Barch, D.M., & Frank, M.J. (2025). Model-based EEG phenotyping uncovers distinct neurocomputational mechanisms underlying learning impairments across psychopathologies. Preprint at bioRxiv.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ging-Jehli, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rac-Lubashevsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bera, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudewyn, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luck, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragland, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonelinas, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barch, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.01.685815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model-based EEG phenotyping uncovers distinct neurocomputational mechanisms underlying learning impairments across psychopathologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.685478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bio-synthesis of 15N-Labeled G-Quadruplexes to Investigate the Structure and Interactions in the Cell Lysate using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.685478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G-quadruplexes (G4) play key roles in biology, making it critical to understand their structure and ligand-binding behavior in cellular environments for advancing G4-targeted therapeutics. While in-cell nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful technique for studying G4 in situ, its application is limited by the challenge of producing isotope-labeled single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Here, we introduce Restriction Endonuclease Digestion (RED), a simple and cost-effective method to generate 15N-labeled ssDNA. This approach combines molecular cloning and enzymatic design processing by propagating plasmids in E. coli cultured with 15NH4Cl, followed by double restriction digestion and isolation target 15N-ssDNA. Using RED, we produced milligram-scale quantities of 96%-enriched 15N-labeled human telomeric G4 ssDNA (wtTel23c, CTAGGG(TTAGGG)3), ideal for NMR analysis. The NMR spectra revealed that wtTel23c adopts G4 topology and undergoes multiple conformations of wtTel23c in potassium-containing solutions and in Xenopus laevis cell lysate. Interaction studies with the ligand TMPyP4 showed distinct binding profiles in cellular and dilute environments. In dilute solution, TMPyP4 binds to the top tetrad of wtTel23c, while it binds to the loop in cellular environments. The RED method offers an efficient strategy for producing stable isotope-labeled ssDNA, opening new avenues for studying G4 structures and their ligand interactions in complex biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.685478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bio-synthesis of 15N-Labeled G-Quadruplexes to Investigate the Structure and Interactions in the Cell Lysate using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hidden Spirals Reveal Neurocomputational Mechanisms of Traveling Waves in Human Memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traveling waves are neural oscillations that progressively propagate across the cortex in specific directions and spatial patterns, however, their underlying mechanisms remain elusive. To probe their mechanisms, we analyzed direct brain recordings from humans performing a working memory task using empirical statistical modeling and computational modeling. By using independent component analysis, we showed that traveling waves propagated along the cortex in complex spatial patterns that correlated with behaviors such as memory encoding, maintenance, and retrieval. We also applied a novel computational model to identify novel complex spatial patterns, using coupled phase oscillators to reveal hidden spirals that were not clearly visible in the original recordings. The orientation of these hidden spirals distinguished between separate cognitive states, such as memory encoding and retrieval. Our simultaneous empirical and computational modeling provides a general framework to probe the functional significance and neurocomputational mechanisms underlying a diverse range of spatial patterns of traveling waves. Importantly, our novel model-based analytical approach can identify new types of traveling waves in the brain that are missed with conventional analysis approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zabeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ermentrout, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.686225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hidden Spirals Reveal Neurocomputational Mechanisms of Traveling Waves in Human Memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Dynamics Underlying Repeated Learning of Visual Image Sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans possess a remarkable ability to recognize visual objects with high fidelity, supported by complex neural mechanisms underlying memory retrieval. Event-related potential (ERP) studies have identified two key neural signatures of recognition memory: the parietal old/new effect and the frontal old/new effect. Despite extensive research on these ERP components, the extent to which these components reflect distinct memory processes remains debated. In the present study, we investigated how repetitive learning modulates these ERP components. Participants repeatedly studied a fixed list of 32 real-world images across up to five study-test repetitions while EEG was recorded. Additionally, a separate set size 1 condition served as a proxy for working memory. Our results showed that with increased repetitions, the parietal old/new effect exhibited enhanced amplitude and earlier peak latency, reflecting more efficient retrieval of well-learned memories. In contrast, the frontal old/new effect remained unchanged in both amplitude and timing. These findings suggest that the parietal old/new effect is a sensitive neural marker of learning-related changes in long-term memory representations, while the frontal effect is less influenced by repetition. Additionally, despite similarly high accuracy between the well-practiced set size 32 condition and the set size 1 working memory condition, both parietal and frontal old/new effects peaked significantly earlier for set size 1, suggesting that access to working memory is substantially faster than even well-practiced long-term memory. Together, our results highlight the unique role of the parietal old/new effect, but not the frontal old/new effect, in repetitive learning, despite both components being important for successful recognition of learnt visual stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Dynamics Underlying Repeated Learning of Visual Image Sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.687285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the Mechanism of Ezrin Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.07.687285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ezrin is a peripheral membrane protein that contributes to the organization and stability of cellular membrane structures by reversibly linking the plasma membrane to actin filaments. The formation of this membrane-actin linkage has been experimentally shown to require ezrin N-terminal (FERM) domain binding to PI(4,5)P2 phospholipid-enriched membrane sites and the phosphorylation of the ezrin C-terminal domain (CTD) at residue T567. Collectively, membrane association and T567 phosphorylation are believed to promote separation of the FERM and CTD domains; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains less clear. In this study, we investigate the mechanistic steps of ezrin activation and the thermodynamic free energy landscape of FERM-CTD dissociation using enhanced sampling molecular dynamics (MD). We find that upon ezrin attachment to a lipid membrane, PI(4,5)P2 molecules outcompete other phospholipids at the surface of the FERM F1 and F3 subdomains. This interaction triggers a major conformational rearrangement within the FERM domain that destabilizes the FERM F2-CTD interface and initiates dissociation between the FERM and CTD. By employing well-tempered metadynamics (WTMetaD) with a contact-map collective variable, we determine that the principal barrier to FERM-CTD dissociation comes from F3-CTD interactions and that this dissociation can happen spontaneously with a moderate free energy barrier. We also show that the FERM-CTD reassociation after ezrin T567 phosphorylation is impeded due to reduced dissociation energy barrier. The free energy profile of dissociation between FERM and the CTD-replacing EBP50 protein is similar to that of the FERM-CTD system with nonphosphorylated T567, which agrees well with an in vivo experimental observation that EBP50 competes with the CTD for F2-F3 binding after CTD is dissociated. Together, our results help establish a revised view on the ezrin activation mechanism where FERM binding to PI(4,5)P2 enables spontaneous dissociation of the nonphosphorylated CTD.

SIGNIFICANCEEzrin and related ERM proteins control how cells link their plasma membrane to the actin cytoskeleton, a process fundamental to cell shape, signaling and motility. Despite decades of study, the molecular basis of ezrin activation - how it transitions from a self-inhibited to an active membrane-bound state - has remained unresolved. Using atomistic and enhanced sampling molecular dynamics together with biochemical validation, we show that binding of the FERM domain to PI(4,5)P2-enriched membranes alone is sufficient to trigger spontaneous dissociation of the nonphosphorylated C-terminal domain. Phosphorylation of T567 subsequently stabilizes the open conformation and prevents domain reassociation, enabling actin engagement and binding of FERM partners such as EBP50. Collectively, these findings advance a more integrated view of ezrin activation, highlighting how membrane interactions, conformational flexibility and phosphorylation act in concert to regulate membrane-cytoskeleton coupling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasiliauskas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beiter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lombardo, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.07.687285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the Mechanism of Ezrin Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.08.687377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stress granules and protein aggregates reveal intracellular resource competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.08.687377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stress granules are biomolecular condensates that form in response to environmental stress and disassemble once normal conditions are restored. However, when disassembly fails, stress granules can persist and solidify. While stress granule solidification has been well documented, the cellular mechanisms underlying the transition from reversible to persistent stress granules remain unclear. Persistent stress granules can seed the formation of pathological aggregates, such as TDP-43 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis1, 2. Although amyloid and tau aggregates are hallmarks of Alzheimers disease, a subset of patients also develop TDP-43 deposits, suggesting a possible role for stress granule solidification in Alzheimers disease progression3-5. Despite theoretical models explaining why persistence and ensuing solidification occurs, strong in vivo evidence is lacking6. Here we show that competition for limited chaperone resources drive stress granule persistence. In the presence of TDP-43 aggregates or yeast amyloid proteins called prions, stress granule disassembly is slowed or halted disassembly. Using yeast prions as a model, we show that the addition of chaperones, specifically the AAA+ ATPase molecular chaperone, Hsp104, resulted in resumption of stress granule disassembly. Our results demonstrate that the competition for shared resources, such as molecular chaperones, can limit stress granule disassembly. We suspect that the presence of pathological aggregates results in resource competition within the aging brain, contributing to the persistence of stress granules and their subsequent solidification and aggregation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buchholz, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorweiler, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prosser, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sontag, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manogaran, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.08.687377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stress granules and protein aggregates reveal intracellular resource competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.684289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural recordings of continuous speech reveal robust signatures of prediction in second language learners of English 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.684289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When listening to speech in their native language, speakers use prior context to anticipate upcoming phonemes, words, and concepts, integrating information at the sublexical, lexical, and sentence level. While it has been suggested that late second language learners do not predict to the same extent as native listeners, adequately evaluating this claim requires measurement of predictions at these multiple levels of representation simultaneously in natural speech. We recorded magnetoencephalography (MEG) responses from native Mandarin and Sinhala speakers listening to continuous narrative English speech. We used multivariate temporal response function (mTRF) analysis to investigate whether second language listeners demonstrate the same markers of prediction in neural data as native English speakers listening to the same stimuli. We demonstrate that late second language listeners exhibit strikingly similar responses to native speakers in sensitivity to phoneme surprisal and entropy with respect to sublexical, lexical, and sentence-level context. The few small response differences we observed appear most likely to arise from specific properties of the native languages, rather than general differences between native and second-language listening. These results provide evidence that late second-language listeners indeed leverage prediction in similar ways as native listeners in understanding continuous speech. This suggests that multivariate analyses of neural data from naturalistic listening may be vital in carefully evaluating the differences and similarities in speech prediction across populations.

Significance StatementMuch is still unknown about how people listening to a second language predict upcoming words and sounds. Here, we leverage neuroimaging during continuous speech and analyze responses to multiple speech language features in the signal to study the neural encoding of prediction simultaneously at multiple levels of linguistic context. We observe robust encoding of statistical properties tied to prediction at all context levels in second-language learners of English and that responses are strikingly similar between native and second language listeners. Speech language features are encoded similarly in both groups of language learners, with few differences between the native and second language listeners, indicating that second language listeners predict upcoming input similarly to native listeners.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thorburn, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karunathilake, I. M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.684289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural recordings of continuous speech reveal robust signatures of prediction in second language learners of English]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mus Musculus papillomavirus MmuPV1 resists restriction by human APOBEC3B 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The single-stranded DNA deaminase APOBEC3B (A3B) is capable of potently restricting the replication of a range of viruses including retroviruses (cDNA) and herpesviruses (genomic DNA). However, these and likely other DNA virus families have evolved host species-specific counter-defenses that are equally potent and serve to protect viral DNA from restriction. Although high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection triggers A3B upregulation, potentially as part of an antiviral response, the impact of this restriction factor on papillomavirus replication and pathogenesis has yet to be assessed. To study human A3B antiviral function in the absence of a species-specific counter-defense, here we ask whether human A3B is capable of restricting Mus musculus papillomavirus (MmuPV1) in cellulo and in vivo. First, we created human A3B and catalytic mutant A3B-E255A expressing FVB/N mice. Second, MmuPV1 gene expression and replication was quantified in primary keratinocytes from these animals and, surprisingly, enzymatically active human A3B caused no measurable impairment in viral transcript or DNA accumulation. Third, A3B, catalytic mutant A3B-E255A, and nontransgenic FVB/N animals were infected with MmuPV1 and similar pathologies were found regardless of A3B functionality. Thus, despite likely never being exposed to human A3B during evolution, MmuPV1 appears to be unaffected by this potent, primate-specific antiviral factor. These results suggest that MmuPV1 and perhaps papillomaviruses more broadly possess a conserved mechanism to efficiently escape restriction by human A3B and related DNA deaminases.

IMPORTANCEHuman papillomaviruses (HPVs) are nearly ubiquitous, and persistent infection with high-risk types causes approximately 5% of cancers worldwide. Although HPV vaccination is effective for preventing infection, insufficient global coverage and a rising incidence of HPV-associated malignancies, such as oropharyngeal carcinoma, highlight the need to understand innate virus clearance mechanisms. APOBEC3 enzymes are a central component of the mammalian innate immune system and are hypothesized to restrict papillomavirus infection, particularly between species. Here, we establish mice that express the human antiviral enzyme APOBEC3B (A3B). Surprisingly, we find that human A3B is incapable of blocking the replication of a murine papillomavirus (Mus musculus papillomavirus 1, MmuPV1) in relevant primary cells from these animals or in infected tissues in vivo. These findings highlight the complexity of teasing apart host-pathogen interactions and suggest that papillomaviruses may have a general mechanism for escaping restriction by antiviral enzymes such as A3B.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyris, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward-Shaw, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreto Duran, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durfee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proehl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mus Musculus papillomavirus MmuPV1 resists restriction by human APOBEC3B]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parsing auditory neural code into maximum-entropy packets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deciphering the neural code requires identifying its fundamental symbols or code-words. Neural activity is usually interpreted either as a rate code - based on average spike counts - or as a temporal code, which distinguishes patterns with identical counts. Yet, the symbols of the code remain undefined. Here we show that the symbols can be clearly defined by parsing auditory spike trains into variable-duration "packets", within which precise spike timing is irrelevant. Because packets vary in duration, this is not a rate code. A single neuron could encode very different stimuli depending on the number of spikes it produced per packet. The packet-based code enables real-time readout upon packet completion due to its instantaneous code structure and maximizes information capacity at both single-neuron and population levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelken, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.09.687481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parsing auditory neural code into maximum-entropy packets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spinal cord regeneration deploys cell-type specific developmental and non-developmental strategies to restore neuron diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major goal of spinal cord injury research is to develop a path to endogenous regeneration. This approach has been heavily informed by animal models of natural regeneration. An unresolved question is whether these models rebuild the spinal cord by exclusively accessing developmental mechanisms of neuron differentiation. To address this question, we contrasted single-cell gene expression during regeneration with stage-matched controls in the conditionally regenerative frog Xenopus tropicalis. We generated an expanded atlas of neuronal diversity, annotating several neurons in Xenopus for the first time. From this atlas, we found that the neuron composition of the developing and regenerating spinal cord differ. So do the strategies employed, which favor waves of cell-type specific neuron morphogenesis, proliferation, and proliferative neurogenesis during regeneration. Low levels of early neurogenesis are then compensated by movement of post-mitotic neurons. Our work highlights the use of distinct developmental versus regenerative paths to heal post-injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angell Swearer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkowski, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueiredo, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCartney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wills, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spinal cord regeneration deploys cell-type specific developmental and non-developmental strategies to restore neuron diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine regulation of mRNA translation is essential for early human erythropoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is an abundant modification of mRNA with important regulatory roles in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. We previously reported that in human erythroid leukemia (HEL) cells, m6A mRNA marking selectively regulates translation of essential erythropoiesis genes required for in vitro differentiation and human erythroid colony formation. Here, we further investigated the timing and nature of requirement for m6A-methyltransferase (MTase) activity during human erythropoiesis, using a standardized in vitro erythroid differentiation assay for hHSPCs. We identified two critical m6A regulated developmental windows in BFU-E and during the transition from CFU-E to proerythroblasts. These windows of m6A-MTase requirement coincide with rising global m6A levels, which peak in proerythroblasts. After proerythroblast formation, however, m6A -MTase activity is dispensable for differentiation, proliferation, and survival. In BFU-E, m6A-MTase promotes proliferation but is dispensable for differentiation, while, in CFU-E, both m6A -MTase and the YTHDF family of m6A readers are essential for differentiation to proerythroblasts. Mechanistically, in CFU-E, m6A MTase activity enhances translation of ribosomal and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes, thereby elevating global protein synthesis rates and enabling efficient erythroblast formation. We propose that this form of translational regulation by m6A emerged as an evolutionary adaptation to meet the high translational demands of human erythropoiesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuppers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wladyka, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilhite, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paddison, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N6-methyladenosine regulation of mRNA translation is essential for early human erythropoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutation and ACE2-induced Allosteric Network Rewiring in Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mediates viral entry by binding its receptor-binding domain (RBD) to the host receptor ACE2. Spike mutations in different variants have been experimentally shown to influence the rate of conformational transitions and alter viral infectivity. In parallel, both experimental and computational studies have reported the presence of long-range allosteric communication within the spike protein, suggesting that such mutations may also affect allosteric signaling pathways involved in viral function. A detailed understanding of the allosteric residue network is essential for rational antiviral drug design. In this study, we performed extensive atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the spike proteins from the Delta and Omicron variants in both ACE2-bound and unbound states. By integrating linear mutual information (LMI) calculations and graph theory-based analysis, we delineated the long-range allosteric communication networks embedded within the spike protein. Betweenness centrality metrics enabled the identification of residues that act as key mediators of information flow. Notably, ACE2 binding markedly enhances allosteric coupling throughout the spike. We identified three key linkers, Link1 (NTD-RBD), Link2 (RBD-SD1), and Link3 (SD2-FP), as primary mediators of allosteric communication. Delta exhibits stronger signaling through Link1 and Link2, whereas Omicron redirects communication via Link3. While Delta maintains localized connectivity within the S1 domain but loses long-range contact with the S2 core, Omicron forms a broader yet weaker S1 network and establishes long-range coupling. We propose that the N856K and T547K mutations reshape the conformational landscape, reconfiguring allosteric communication pathways in Omicron. Furthermore, our analysis reveals distinct domain-level allosteric couplings in Delta and Omicron, pointing to variant-specific differences in fusogenicity and immune evasion. By mapping key allosteric sites and mutation-induced conformational shifts, our study may provide a framework for developing robust antiviral strategies resilient to future emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.

SignificanceReceptor engagement at the RBD rewires long range allostery in the SARS CoV 2 spike. Using LMI and graph theory-based analyses, we map communication paths and pinpoint residues that govern spike opening and infection. ACE2 binding globally strengthens coupling, but energy and signals propagate along variant specific routes: Delta biases toward openness, channeling binding energy into RBD opening; Omicron remains less open, routing energy to the S2 core to prime fusion. Information flows through three linkers - Link1 (NTD to RBD), Link2 (RBD to SD1), and Link3 (SD2 to FP), with Delta emphasizing Link1/Link2 and Omicron shifting to Link3 and CD connections. We suggest that the N856K and T547K mutations reshape this landscape in Omicron.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dutta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.12.688084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutation and ACE2-induced Allosteric Network Rewiring in Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanism of Phosphatidylserine Lipid Scrambling by Human SERINC3, an HIV-1Restriction Factor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HIV-1 restriction factor, hSERINC3, functions as a lipid scramblase, translocating lipids across the bilayer in reconstituted proteoliposomes and the viral envelope. Phosphatidylserine(PS) scrambling and exposure at the outer leaflet are recognized to play important roles in several biological processes. To understand the mechanistic basis for hSERINC3-mediated PS lipid scrambling at atomistic resolution, we implemented the transition-tempered metadynamics (TTMetaD) enhanced sampling method. Our simulations sampled close-to-open hSERINC3 conformational transition during PS scrambling and demonstrated that while other non-ATP-dependent lipid transporters with similar architecture transport lipid following a "trap-and-flip" mechanism, hSERINC3 adopts a "credit card" mechanism of lipid scrambling and does not follow the classical "alternating access" mechanism. Notably, we observe unfolding of the H8 NTD, consistent with the cryo-EM density map of WT-hSERINC3, mediates PS scrambling. A cluster of hydrophilic residues in the hSERINC3 central cavity, forming central gates and interacting with the PS headgroup, stabilizes the intermediate state of inner-groove scrambling and is also observed in the AlphaFold2 model of hSERINC5 that exhibits the highest viral restriction activity. Surprisingly, our simulations reveal distinct pathways for lipid translocation and pathway-dependent alterations of hSERINC3 central cavity, providing direct evidence for a non-canonical, closed-state out-of-groove PS scrambling in a complex membrane environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeager, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanism of Phosphatidylserine Lipid Scrambling by Human SERINC3, an HIV-1Restriction Factor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.687653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Closed State of the Shaker Potassium Channel and the Mechanism of Voltage Activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.687653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand the process of voltage activation in Kv channels, we determined the cryo-EM structure of the Shaker channel ILT mutant (V369I, I372L, S376T), known to partially decouple the gating charge movement of the voltage sensing domain (VSD) and the opening of the pore domain (PD). The structure captures a previously unobserved intermediate state in which the VSD is only partially activated while the PD remains closed. Combined with computational modeling based on AlphaFold2 predictions and molecular dynamics simulations, it is shown that VSD activation does not mechanically pull the gate open, but instead induces a dynamic shift in the population equilibrium of the VSD-PD linker, providing the basis for electromechanical coupling between the two domains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uriarte, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwandter, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blachowicz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezanila, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perozo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.687653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Closed State of the Shaker Potassium Channel and the Mechanism of Voltage Activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.687888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DETERMINATION OF THE TRANSBILAYER DISTRIBUTION OF PLASMA MEMBRANE CHOLESTEROL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.687888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transbilayer distribution of plasma membrane cholesterol remains uncertain despite repeated analysis. We propose a new mechanism driving cholesterol sidedness: sterols form simple stoichiometric associations with phospholipids. Our model postulates that the phospholipids in the plasma membrane bilayer are fully complexed with cholesterol. The cholesterol in each leaflet is then the product of the abundance of its phospholipid and its sterol stoichiometry. Notably, lipid affinities are not relevant. Applying literature values for the composition, abundance and sterol stoichiometry of the phospholipid in each leaflet, the model predicts that two-thirds of the cholesterol in the human erythrocyte membrane bilayer is located in its outer leaflet, an exofacial to endofacial ratio of 2:1. The model also predicts that the overall cholesterol content of the bilayer is [~]0.75 mole/mole phospholipid, in agreement with literature values. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that the areas of the two membrane leaflets are about the same. The concordance of prediction with observation validates the model and the values used for the parameters. The sterol in the exofacial leaflet of the plasma membrane of any cell is predicted to exceed that on its contralateral side when its phospholipids have a higher sterol stoichiometry and are fully complexed.

SynopsisWe propose that the transbilayer distribution of cholesterol in the plasma membrane bilayer is determined by its complexation with the phospholipids in the two leaflets. Because the complexes are homeostatically filled to stoichiometric equivalence, leaflet cholesterol is given by the abundance of its phospholipids multiplied by its sterol stoichiometry. The model predicts that two-thirds of the cholesterol in the human erythrocyte membrane bilayer resides in the outer leaflet. It also predicts the cholesterol content of the bilayer as a whole.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steck, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.687888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DETERMINATION OF THE TRANSBILAYER DISTRIBUTION OF PLASMA MEMBRANE CHOLESTEROL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeat Opioid Use Modulates Microglia Activity and Amyloid Beta Clearance in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to driving dependency and overdose, illicit use of opioids, such as fentanyl, is linked to the risk for cognitive decline and dementia. Growing evidence also indicates that opioid use is associated with pathological features, paralleled early in Alzheimers disease (AD), which raises the possibility of the involvement of mechanistic interactions between opioid use and AD progression. Here, we investigate how chronic fentanyl use (i.e., 20 days) influences the neuroimmune state, microglial activity, and amyloid burden in wildtype and APPPS1-21 mice, a transgenic model of AD. In wild-type mice, fentanyl use promoted a pro-inflammatory state without increasing the incidence of disease-associated microglia. In APPPS1-21 mice, chronic fentanyl use led to a shift favoring an anti-inflammatory state, which was associated with increased microglia clustering and activation at A{beta} plaques, increased A{beta} internalization in plaque-associated activated microglia, decreased soluble A{beta}, and decreased plaque burden. Our findings indicate that chronic fentanyl use fundamentally changes the trajectory of neuroimmune activity and features characteristic of early AD by enabling microglia to enhance A{beta} clearance. The interactions demonstrate how substance use can reshape the neuroimmune landscape in neurodegenerative disease, emphasizing the importance of tailored treatment strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gogola, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wee, S. W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.688256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeat Opioid Use Modulates Microglia Activity and Amyloid Beta Clearance in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning for Cognitive Task Presence Prediction from Dynamic Functional Connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) studies the time-varying coordination between brain regions measured with fMRI and is a potential biomarker for understanding cognitive dynamics and tracking the development of neurological disorders. However, a critical methodological challenge lies in the variability of dFC estimates across different dFC assessment methods, raising concerns about the reliability and interpretation of downstream findings. While deep learning (DL) models have demonstrated the ability to capture traditionally inaccessible data patterns in many disciplines, they encounter challenges when applied to neuroimaging data. For instance, the high dimensionality, noise, and temporal complexity inherent in dFC makes it challenging for DL models to extract meaningful and interpretable insights. In this study, we investigated how DL architectures can be developed and adapted to predict task presence over time from task-based dFC data, and additionally, how the choice of dFC assessment method influences the predictive performance of DL models. We developed and compared a convolutional neural network (CNN), a node-level classification graph convolutional network (GCN), and a graph-level classification GCN based on their ability to predict time points at which subjects were performing a cognitive task or at rest. In our study, the results indicate that both DL model architecture and dFC estimation methodology significantly impact task presence prediction capacity, while the specific task paradigm had minimal influence out of the limited types that were explored. This work offers a powerful benchmark for understanding the dynamics of underlying task-driven cognitive state transitions and the analytical flexibility limitations of dFC estimation methods and DL architectures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torabi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poline, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.688561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning for Cognitive Task Presence Prediction from Dynamic Functional Connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.686377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A painless nerve growth factor variant uncouples nociceptive and neurotrophic TrkA signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.686377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nerve growth factor (NGF) binding to the receptor tyrosine kinase, TrkA, drives neurotrophic signaling essential for neuronal development and survival. This interaction simultaneously drives peripheral pain, making this pathway an attractive but complicated therapeutic target for chronic pain. By integrating single-molecule microscopy, structural and electrophysiology analyses, with a human NGF variant, NGFpainless, which retains neurotrophic effects but abolishes pain, we delineate the molecular mechanisms that bias TrkA signaling towards neurotrophic functions without triggering nociception. We show that, unlike wild-type NGF, NGFpainless fails to sensitize TRPV1 channels to capsaicin, thus disengaging TrkA from the nociceptive pathway. We further show that this selective loss of nociceptive TrkA signaling by NGFpainless results from its reduced ability to activate PLC{gamma}1 and trigger calcium release compared to NGF, while still preserving the ERK and AKT signaling essential for neurotrophic functions. This biased signaling arises from reduced electrostatic complementarity at the TrkA:NGFpainless complex interface, which shortens the lifetime of this functional complex on native membranes. Mutations in TrkA that restore the electrostatic complementarity at the TrkA:NGFpainless interface eliminate biased signaling. This mechanistic understanding of TrkA binding by NGFpainless, and how it differs from NGF, will spur the development of two therapeutic classes of molecules - one that selectively suppresses nociceptive signaling while preserving neurotrophic functions in chronic pain, and another that enhances neurotrophic activity without evoking peripheral pain in neurodegenerative conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malerba, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navratna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruckenhauser, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capsoni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafler, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cattaneo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosalaganti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharyya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.18.686377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A painless nerve growth factor variant uncouples nociceptive and neurotrophic TrkA signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.689134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A nucleic acid labeling chemistry reveals surface DNA on exosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.689134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chemical labeling of nucleic acids is essential to pinpoint the structure, localization, and function of RNA and DNA. Yet, reversible sequence-independent chemistries that can label native RNA and DNA remain poorly developed. Here we describe Reversible Uridine Nitrilium-mediated Addition (RUNA), a reversible covalent chemistry that selectively modifies uridine and thymidine residues via N3 deprotonation and reaction with a nitrilium ion intermediate generated from an aldehyde and an isonitrile. The reaction forms a stable N3 adduct that can be quantitatively reversed by hydrolysis. By labeling uridines and thymidines sequence-independently with reagents that are either membrane permeable or impermeable, we pinpointed the localization and function of DNA on exosomes. Although exosomes harbor nucleic acids, whether the latter are encapsulated in the exosome lumen or are surface-adhered is unknown. RUNA revealed that exosomal DNA is surface-exposed. The abundance of such surface-bound DNA increases upon DNA-damage accumulation in cancer cells that are treated with a PARP inhibitor. This surface-bound DNA drives exosome uptake by M2-polarized macrophages through scavenger receptors and triggers a shift toward an M1-like pro-inflammatory state. The selective labeling of surface DNA revealed an unexpected mechanism by which exosomes engage innate immune cells. RUNA is a versatile tool to analyze the nucleic acid content and functionality of extracellular vesicles in health and disease.

Significance StatementPinpointing the localization of RNA and DNA in cells and organelles is central to deriving insights into their biological functions in health and disease. We describe a new method, RUNA, for labeling nucleic acids that is sequence-independent and reversible. By varying RUNA reagents, we can distinguish between nucleic acids that are located either inside or outside of membrane compartments. Using RUNA, we showed that DNA is associated with the exterior surface of exosomes that are secreted by cancer cells. Further, the amount of exosomal DNA increases when the cancer cells are treated with an anti-cancer drug. This surface DNA promotes the uptake of exosomes by innate immune cells known as macrophages and modulates their inflammatory response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boskovic, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta Gupta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.18.689134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A nucleic acid labeling chemistry reveals surface DNA on exosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.688951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-nucleotide resolution mapping of m6A of zebrafish mRNAs in early embryonic development links m6A modifications to the maternal-to-zygotic transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.688951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant epigenetic modification on eukaryotic mRNA and has important roles in gene expression. While m6A distribution and localization have been defined in zebrafish using antibody-based methods, no research has been published on the distribution of m6A during zebrafish embryogenesis with single-base precision. Here, we present the transcriptome-wide m6A landscape at single-nucleotide resolution during zebrafish early embryonic development using m6A-selective allyl chemical labeling and sequencing (m6A-SAC-seq). We identify over 36,000 high-confidence unique m6A sites that are primarily located in the DRACH consensus motif in long internal exons, 3UTRs, and near stop codons. Our results show a >4-fold decrease in m6A levels from 256-cell to 50% epiboly, clearly linking this methylation to zebrafish maternal-to-zygotic transition. We highlight that differential methylation between developmental stages was observed in transcripts associated with mRNA metabolism, translational processing, and organ development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wardale, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansen, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babiak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.19.688951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-nucleotide resolution mapping of m6A of zebrafish mRNAs in early embryonic development links m6A modifications to the maternal-to-zygotic transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PANCS-spec-Binders: A system for rapidly discovering isoform- or epitope-specific binders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteins that bind to a target protein of interest, termed "binders," are essential components of biological research reagents and therapeutics. Target proteins present multiple binding surfaces with varying interaction potential. High-potential surfaces, or "hot spots," are experimentally identified as the most probable binding sites in de novo discovery campaigns. However, hot spots and their default binding modes do not always confer the desired specificity. Related proteins or isoforms often share similar hot spots, resulting in promiscuous binding. Interaction with a hot spot may also fail to elicit the intended biological outcome. Consequently, methods that direct de novo binder discovery toward targets with defined specificity are critically needed. We recently developed phage-assisted non-continuous selection of binders (PANCS-Binders), a selection platform with unparalleled speed and sequence-function fidelity that enables routine de novo binder discovery within days. However, because PANCS-Binder selections enrich variants based primarily on affinity, secondary screening is unlikely to identify binders to lesser hot spots because of the high likelihood of convergence. These alternative binding surfaces with weaker inherent interactions may possess desirable specificity profiles. Here, we develop PANCS-spec-Binders, which incorporates simultaneous selection and counterselection to control the specificity of enriched binders. We demonstrate PANCS-spec-Binders in two proof- of-concept applications: (1) discovery of isoform-selective binders that bind HRAS with >100-fold higher affinity than the highly related KRAS isoform, and (2) discovery of epitope-specific binders that either target or avoid the LIR interaction region of LC3B. PANCS-spec-Binders enables rapid identification of binders with defined specificity within days.

SIGNIFICANCEAffinity reagents, termed "binders", are essential tools in research and therapeutic development. Binders generally require high specificity either at the selectivity level (binding only the target protein, but not related proteins) or at the epitope level (binding only at a specific surface on the target rather than another). While methods to discover binders in general have progressed, identifying binders with defined specificity features often requires extensive secondary screening and frequently results in failure. Here, we adapt our recently developed binder discovery platform to solve these two selectivity problems. By rapidly screening billions of variants, we can direct specificity between highly related proteins, direct binding to a specific epitope, and, because of the fidelity of our selections, identify binders that specifically avoid a defined epitope.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pixley, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styles, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aphicho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gade, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joachimiak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.19.689279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PANCS-spec-Binders: A system for rapidly discovering isoform- or epitope-specific binders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Progesterone receptors drive advanced breast cancer phenotypes including circulating tumor- and stem-like cell expansion in the context of ESR1 mutation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endocrine therapy resistance remains a major challenge in the treatment of advanced estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. This can be driven by acquired mutations in the estrogen receptor gene (ESR1), such as Y537S or D538G, that primarily emerge in patients with prior aromatase inhibitor therapy and results in constitutive estrogen-independent ER activity. Progesterone receptors (PR) are important modifiers of ER activity, in part via direct binding. We previously showed that PR mediates expansion of cancer stem-like cell (CSC) populations and promotes tamoxifen resistance in nuclear ER/PR transcriptional complexes. In this study, we sought to define whether PR function changes in the context of ESR1 mutations. PR readily interacted with wild type (WT), but not Y537S or D538G ERs. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq studies demonstrated that ER+ breast cancer models expressing Y537S ER exhibited a distinct response to progesterone. CSC populations were enhanced in Y537S ER+ cells compared to WT ER+ cells. PR knockdown demonstrated that this property required PR expression but was unresponsive to antiprogestins. Moreover, we identified PR-dependent transcriptional programs such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) that can be leveraged to target CSC populations in Y537S ESR1-mutant breast cancer. The UPR activator ErSO, but not UPR inhibitors, blocked expansion of CSCs in WT as well as Y537S ER+ models. Together, our findings demonstrate a critical interplay between PR and mutant ER function and provide insight into PR-driven pathways including hyperactivation of the stress-sensing UPR that can be exploited as potential therapeutic avenues in advanced ER+ breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Truong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huggins, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posani, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temiz, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez Kerkvliet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piepgras, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrander, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Progesterone receptors drive advanced breast cancer phenotypes including circulating tumor- and stem-like cell expansion in the context of ESR1 mutation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple longitudinal tracts in the cephalopod arm sensorimotor system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.20.689621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Octopuses have an incredibly rich behavioral repertoire, exhibiting complex motor acts that require the coordination of eight highly flexible arms, each with hundreds of suckers. These movements are controlled by an axial nerve cord (ANC), equivalent to the spinal cord, situated in the center of the arm musculature. The ANC has a cell body layer which forms a U-shape around its neuropil and is capped aborally, or opposite the sucker, by the cerebrobrachial tract (CBT), a massive fiber bundle known to interconnect the arms and the brain. In vertebrate spinal cords, in addition to the major fiber tracts that interconnect the brain and spinal cord, there are spinospinal connectives that coordinate complex motor behaviors across the appendages. Here, we asked with tract-tracing and immunohistochemistry, whether an octopus arms ANC might also have intrinsic longitudinal connections for coordinated arm and sucker movements. We found that the ANC neuropil is enriched in longitudinal fibers. These fibers form distinct tracts, two within the oral (sucker-side) neuropil and two in the aboral (brachial-side) neuropil. In addition, CBT itself demonstrates four major subtracts, and DiI labeling and dextran tracing suggests that (1) the CBT also carries arm-intrinsic longitudinal connections and (2) the CBT and the neuropil tracts can be subcategorized into those that primarily connect with the sucker and those that serve the arm musculature. We also examined the organization of fiber-tracts in the ANC of the arms and tentacles of two species of squid, establishing that an aboral, extra-neuropil tract is a shared feature across all cephalopod species studied. In addition, the squids also had an oral longitudinal tract, though its positioning and size varied with species and appendage. In sum, these findings describe the neural substrate for coordinating motor behaviors across the length of a cephalopod appendage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olson, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragsdale, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple longitudinal tracts in the cephalopod arm sensorimotor system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.689867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-biased duplicates are rapidly generated during Drosophila tRNA repertoire evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.689867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic genomes encode hundreds of transfer RNA genes ostensibly to ensure efficient translation. How these seemingly redundant tRNA copies arise and are naturally selected in metazoan genomes and populations remains largely unexplored, owing to challenges in accurate sequencing of tRNA loci and their transcripts. We leveraged long-read genome assemblies of 24 Drosophilid species to infer the origination times of the entire Drosophila melanogaster tRNA gene repertoire and found that continuous gain and loss of tRNA duplicates throughout 60 million years of divergence has resulted in rapid taxonomic restriction of isodecoding and isoaccepting copies--even producing one isodecoder specific to D. melanogaster. Moreover, we identified patterns of global codon usage, especially in lineage-specific genes, incongruous with translational efficiency hypotheses. Through generation of tRNA sequencing in D. melanogaster we observed that recently duplicated, taxonomically restricted tRNA copies had sexually dimorphic patterns of expression, fragmentation, and nucleoside modification. Our work implicates the emergence of taxonomically restricted tRNA genes as sources of regulatory diversity and reveals that sexual and natural selection affect the evolutionary dynamics of the tRNA gene family in metazoan species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sosa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobczyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.689867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-biased duplicates are rapidly generated during Drosophila tRNA repertoire evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning the mechanism of collective microbial function via random community-media pairing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In microbial systems, many biochemical functions arise from pathways encoded and executed at the community level. The collective nature of these functions complicates bottom-up efforts to determine each species contribution. Previous work has shown that regression over randomly sampled datasets of collective functions succeeds at predicting those functions. Building on this top-down idea, this paper asks whether regression can also reveal mechanistic insight into a cross-feeding relationship. For this, we propose extending the random sampling method to vary the growth environment, cultivating each community in the spent medium of another randomly constructed community. With a model-based analysis, we show that the new protocol extracts more mechanistic information, enabling assignment of species to the correct cross-feeding pathway steps and identification of species essential to the collective function, both achieved with simple LASSO regressions. More generally, our work illustrates that the utility of machine learning-based approaches can be greatly enhanced by a synergistic experimental design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tikhonov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning the mechanism of collective microbial function via random community-media pairing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A cholinergic mechanism orchestrating task-dependent computation across the cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In an ever-changing environment, animals often need to switch between performing different tasks involving distinct sets of cognitive processes. Many such tasks involve neural activity distributed across the cortex, with dynamics that depend on both task demands and behavioral strategy. A fundamental but unanswered question is what circuit mechanisms orchestrate these task-dependent dynamics. Here, we hypothesized that acetylcholine release in the cortex plays a key role. The cortex's only long-range source of this neuromodulator is the basal forebrain cholinergic system, which targets the entire cortical sheet and can individually modulate single regions on sub-second timescales. To test our hypothesis, we first imaged cholinergic axons innervating the cortex while mice switched frequently between two navigational decision-making tasks in virtual reality (VR), only one of which required gradual accumulation of sensory evidence. We found that cholinergic input to the cortex is spatiotemporally heterogeneous and multiplexes sensory, motor, arousal, and cognitive signals in a task- and strategy-dependent fashion, with overall higher activity during evidence accumulation. Crucially, beyond contextual variables, cholinergic activity directly tracked task computations themselves, encoding an evidence-dependent decision variable only in the accumulation task. To test if acetylcholine release is causal to the performance of each task, we optogenetically silenced cholinergic terminals in the cortex while simultaneously imaging excitatory cortical activity. We found that this input is selectively required for evidence accumulation, and for large-scale cortical coding of evidence and choice during the accumulation task. Thus, we have identified a new cholinergic mechanism that orchestrates cortex-wide activity in a task-dependent manner and serves as a key node in the distributed brain network underlying the accumulation of sensory evidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myhre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvino, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hark, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cholinergic mechanism orchestrating task-dependent computation across the cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mfSuSiE enables multi-cell-type fine-mapping and multi-omic integration of chromatin accessibility QTLs in aging brain. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies increasingly profile chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, DNA methylation, RNA modifications such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A), and transcription across multiple cell types using high-throughput sequencing, generating dense base-pair-resolved measurements. The conventional approach of testing each variant against each molecular feature independently suffers from severe multiple testing burden and ignores linkage disequilibrium and spatial correlation. Existing fine-mapping methods only partially address these challenges and are sub-optimal for analyzing such datasets: multivariate approaches such as mvSuSiE jointly analyze multiple molecular contexts but are designed for a single trait value per context and cannot accommodate thousands of base-resolution measurements per context, while functional approaches such as fSuSiE model spatial structure across thousands of measurements but analyze each context separately. Here, we introduce mfSuSiE, which integrates multivariate analysis with wavelet-based functional regression to jointly fine-map thousands of base-resolution traits across multiple cell types. In simulations, mfSuSiE identified causal variants and affected molecular features more accurately than fSuSiE, while mvSuSiE cannot be applied to this type of data. Applied to single-nucleus chromatin accessibility data from six brain cell types from postmortem aging human brains, mfSuSiE substantially increased discovery and resolution, with substantial power gains for cell types with limited samples. Multi-cell-type analysis revealed extensive sharing of regulatory effects on chromatin accessibility (caQTL). Importantly, mfSuSiE produces Bayesian inference compatible with the SuSiE framework, enabling systematic multi-omic integration. Applied to Alzheimers disease loci, we integrated caQTL with expression QTLs, epigenomic QTLs, and GWAS, observing regulatory patterns suggesting complex mechanisms at loci including EARS2, CHRNE, SCIMP, and RABEP1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Alzheimer's Disease Functional Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denault, W. R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mfSuSiE enables multi-cell-type fine-mapping and multi-omic integration of chromatin accessibility QTLs in aging brain.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690510v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Composite biomaterials of polyelectrolyte complex micelle nanoparticles in hyaluronic acid gels enable local, targeted miR-92a inhibition and enhanced angiogenesis in diabetic wound repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690510v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diabetic wounds are characterized by various cellular deficiencies, particularly insufficient angiogenesis. MicroRNA 92a (miR-92a) is a known factor in diabetic wounds that perpetuates non-healing wound phenotypes by inhibiting angiogenesis. Therefore, its local inhibition at wound sites has therapeutic potential. To achieve this, we combine a nanoparticle formulation of polyelectrolyte complex micelles (PCMs) delivering miR-92a inhibitors with a hyaluronic acid (HA) gel formulation suitable for topical application to wound sites. The nanoparticles, formed by polyelectrolyte complexation of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-lysine) with RNA cargo, are functionalized with targeting peptides against vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) to improve affinity for inflamed endothelial cells. We demonstrate effective PCM encapsulation and controlled release from gel formulations in vitro and in vivo. These PCMs are taken up in vivo by endothelial cells and exert functional transcriptional effects on miR-92a and its downstream targets. Furthermore, our composite PCM-gel formulation significantly accelerates wound closure in diabetic mouse models and improves angiogenesis, consistent with the known role of miR-92a inhibition in vascular regeneration. This work demonstrates a highly translatable formulation for improved wound healing, and lays the framework for modular nanoparticle-gel systems that can achieve local, cell-targeted RNA delivery.

HighlightsPolyelectrolyte complex micelles (PCMs) can be combined with hyaluronic acid gels.

VCAM-1 targeted PCMs released from gels are taken up by endothelial cells.

PCM-gels deliver miR-92a inhibitors to modulate downstream gene expression in vivo.

PCM-gels accelerate wound healing and enhance angiogenesis in diabetic mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xi, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpar, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirrell, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690510</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Composite biomaterials of polyelectrolyte complex micelle nanoparticles in hyaluronic acid gels enable local, targeted miR-92a inhibition and enhanced angiogenesis in diabetic wound repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SuSiE 2.0: improved methods and implementations for genetic fine-mapping and phenotype prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sum of Single Effects regression (SuSiE) has become widely adopted for genetic fine-mapping, yet its original implementation faces architectural limitations that hinder extensibility and performance. We present SuSiE 2.0, featuring a modular redesign for extensibility, up to 5x speed improvements for summary statistics applications, and several useful extensions including SuSiE-ash, a new method that improves calibration when strong signals coexist with moderate effects. Simulations and real data benchmarks demonstrate performance across diverse genetic architectures, highlighting improved calibration of SuSiE-ash for fine-mapping under complex polygenic backgrounds with 1.5-3x FDR reduction while maintaining power, and revealing SuSiE-based methods as effective yet underappreciated tools for TWAS prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCreight, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbonetto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denault, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SuSiE 2.0: improved methods and implementations for genetic fine-mapping and phenotype prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpretable Thermodynamic Score-based Classification of Relaxation Excursions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classification and regression are cornerstones of computational biology and science at large, from identifying cell types to stratifying patients by disease state. Current deep learning classifiers provide accurate predictions but offer neither uncertainty estimates nor insight into which features matter most. On the other hand, while diffusion models excel at generating new samples from learned distributions, they have seen limited use in classification and prediction tasks. We introduce a physics-inspired conceptual approach, which we name Keeping SCORE, that transforms diffusion models into probabilistic engines for classification and regression. By measuring dissipation along noising trajectories under different class assumptions, we calculate exact class likelihoods and quantify prediction confidence. Our approach is naturally accompanied by feature attributions that identify which input variables drive each decision, providing interpretability without modifying existing trained models. We test our framework across image recognition tasks (handwritten digits, natural photos), single-cell genomics (distinguishing cell identities, mapping gene perturbation effects), and molecular biophysics (predicting mutation impacts on protein folding energy), showing accurate probability estimates alongside explanations through physically meaningful coordinates. This connection between non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and modern AI approaches creates interpretable, uncertainty-aware predictions for biological discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuznets-Speck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pholraksa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prashnani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaikuntanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyal, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpretable Thermodynamic Score-based Classification of Relaxation Excursions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.30.691458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the structure-conditioned sequence landscape for large-scale protein design with TriFlow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.30.691458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Generative models have revolutionized computational protein design, and the design of high-quality sequences given backbone structure is a critical component for success. Current state-of-the-art design pipelines utilize sequence design methods with local structural context and autoregressive generation. To improve efficiency and quality of sequence design, we developed TriFlow, a model that combines a RoseTTAFold-like three-track architecture for global structural context with discrete flow-matching for efficient few-step sequence generation. We trained TriFlow on a large dataset of interacting protein chains from PDB and interacting domains from AlphaFold protein structure Database to enrich its knowledge of natural protein/domain interfaces. While showing improvements across diverse benchmarks, TriFlows primary advance is in de novo binder design, where it boosts the in silico success rate of state-of-the-art design pipelines such as BindCraft. We demonstrated this by conducting a large-scale benchmark, generating and validating binders for over 500 diverse protein targets. By leveraging the model to explore the designed sequence landscape, we discovered that we can effectively highlight functional active sites, by contrasting constraints learned by the structure-conditioned model with natural evolutionary profiles. As a practical demonstration of its capabilities, we apply our pipeline to systematically design specific binders against human class I cytokines family, computationally optimizing for on-target affinity while minimizing off-target interactions, demonstrating that specificity also scales with inference time computational budget. TriFlow thus provides a robust framework for both large-scale protein engineering and for exploring the fundamental principles of the structure-conditioned sequence landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.30.691458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the structure-conditioned sequence landscape for large-scale protein design with TriFlow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the Evolution of the Cariogenic Oral Pathobiont Streptococcus mutans Using Ancient DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The oral pathobiont Streptococcus mutans can contribute to dental caries development through metabolism of dietary carbohydrates. Adoption of carbohydrate-rich agricultural diets is associated with increased prevalence of dental caries in archaeological populations; however, the evolutionary impact of changing subsistence strategies on cariogenic microbes like S. mutans remains to be explored. Here, we use a novel hybridization capture reagent to generate genome-wide ancient DNA data from a global set of 75 S. mutans strains spanning the last 8,000 years. Most virulence-associated genes predate the origins of agriculture; however, we highlight loci regulating genetic competence, bacteriocin production, and biofilm formation which are absent in 5 strains from pre-agricultural ancient hunter-gatherers, suggesting that their acquisition may have been associated with adaptation to carbohydrate-rich agricultural diets. Together, our study highlights ancient DNA as a promising tool for exploring the dynamic interplay between subsistence strategy, microbes, and dental pathology in human populations through time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valuena, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso-Fernandez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calmet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreadaki-Vlazaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banffy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barquera, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreto-Romero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuello, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belinkskiy, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berezina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyadzhiev, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyadzhiev, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzhilova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cappuccini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huamani, J. E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltran, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daubaras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibanez, P. d. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonilla, M. D.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dresely, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdal, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figuti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farre, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flexner, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friederich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaffney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atienzar, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Valdes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradoli, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guardia i Llorens,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.02.691581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the Evolution of the Cariogenic Oral Pathobiont Streptococcus mutans Using Ancient DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.692430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying the susceptibility of polygenic scores to ancestry stratification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.692430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic scores aim to predict phenotypes from genetic data, yet they remain vulnerable to spurious correlations arising from environmental variation that covaries with population structure. While standard methods like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Mixed Models (LMMs) mitigate this, quantifying the residual risk for specific applications remains challenging. Here, we develop a theoretical framework that quantifies the proportion of genetic variance in a GWAS panel explained by an external ancestry gradient (H), providing a direct measure of stratification susceptibility. We show that this baseline risk is amplified by the ascertainment process itself, which creates a directional bias ({Phi}) that is particularly strong for variants with intermediate probabilities of ascertainment. Applying this framework to the UK Biobank, we find that while uncorrected susceptibility is drastically higher in diverse cohorts, PCA correction effectively flattens this disparity. We observe that the residual susceptibility (H') in corrected diverse panels is often comparable to, or marginally lower than, that found in restricted homogeneous subsets, suggesting that sample diversity need not compromise stratification control. However, for both study designs, residual structure often remains just above or indistinguishable from the theoretical limit of detection. Because even undetectable levels of structure can accumulate to produce significant bias in highly polygenic scores, we introduce a diagnostic to calculate the critical magnitude of environmental confounding required to explain an observed signal. Using this diagnostic, we find that both the well-known divergence in height scores between Sardinia and mainland Europe and novel signals of divergence in systolic blood pressure scores within the British Isles appear relatively robust to residual stratification, albeit for different reasons. While the Sardinia signal would require moderate-to-strong environmental confounding to align with a vanishingly small residual ancestry axis, the systolic blood pressure signals would require implausibly large environmental effects to be explained as artifacts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blanc, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mawass, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.04.692430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying the susceptibility of polygenic scores to ancestry stratification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ovarian Hormones and Obesity Drive Th17-mediated Airway Inflammation through Estrogen Receptor Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is a risk factor for increased prevalence and severity of asthma, particularly in females. As adults, females have increased prevalence of asthma compared to males. Yet, the mechanisms remain unclear on how sex hormones and obesity increase airway inflammation. We hypothesize that estrogen signaling through estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-) in T cells increased airway inflammation in the context of obesity. To test our hypothesis, we utilized a high fat (HFD) on female and male mice that underwent ovariectomy or gonadectomy or in Esr1fl/fl X Cd4Cre+ male and female mice. As controls, mice in similar groups were fed normal chow. After 8-12 weeks on diets, house dust mite (HDM) sensitization and challenge occurred in all mice. Lungs and BAL fluid were harvested 24 hours after the last challenge. Ovarian hormones and ER- signaling in T cells increased eosinophils, neutrophils, and Th17-mediated airway inflammation in the lungs of obese female mice. Additionally, using PBMCs from a well-characterized obese asthma cohort, we determined that obese women with asthma had increased Th17 cells compared to obese men with asthma. Our results show that ER- signaling in T cells increases Th17-mediated airway inflammation in obese mice and that Th17 cells circulate at higher frequencies in women with asthma compared to men with asthma. Further research into the interplay between hormonal signaling and immune responses in asthma is essential for developing personalized treatments.

One Sentence SummaryEstrogen receptor-alpha signaling, in the context of obesity, increases allergen-induced Th17-mediated airway inflammation in female mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henriquez-Pilier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cephus, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehnle, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tannous, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKernan, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peebles, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahill, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.02.691857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ovarian Hormones and Obesity Drive Th17-mediated Airway Inflammation through Estrogen Receptor Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-specific tolerance mechanisms and lymph node co-drainage converge to shape T cell immunity in the upper digestive system and regulate pancreatic cancer progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The liver, pancreas, and duodenum share lymph nodes (LNs), providing a unique system to examine how tissue origin of self-antigens shapes T cell fate. Comparing mice expressing ovalbumin (OVA) from distinct subcellular compartments, we found that cytosolic OVA from liver or pancreas, but not gut, was immunologically ignored. High-dose hepatic secreted OVA triggered antigen-specific T cell deletion, whereas secreted pancreatic and intestinal OVA induced regulatory T (Treg) cells, revealing immunological ignorance, clonal deletion and Treg cell generation as tissue-specific tolerance mechanisms. Of these, LN co-drainage only influenced Treg cell induction, establishing gut-pancreas-liver axes: Intestinal viral infection rendered hepatocyte- and exocrine pancreas-specific T cells inflammatory; liver injury promoted pancreas- and gut-directed responses. These self-reactive T cells caused tissue destruction but enhanced pancreatic tumor control when neoantigen OVA was secreted but not cytosolic. Thus, LN co-drainage and tissue-specific tolerance mechanisms jointly shape immune homeostasis and disease susceptibility in the upper digestive system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komnick, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiske, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheehan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermody, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esterhazy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.02.691870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-specific tolerance mechanisms and lymph node co-drainage converge to shape T cell immunity in the upper digestive system and regulate pancreatic cancer progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exosome secretion is required for sonic hedgehog dispersal and signal gradient formation in the embryonic limb mesenchyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.05.692671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Carrier-assisted diffusion and cytoneme transport have been postulated to disperse Hedgehog across diverse embryonic tissues, yet their relative contributions to patterning mesenchymal tissues remains poorly understood. Here, we combine novel signaling assays with quantitative microscopy to establish exosome secretion as a predominant and adaptable mechanism for Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) dispersal. Introducing a novel synchronous release system to visualize Shh trafficking in embryonic tissues, we demonstrate that Shh traffics through the exosome biogenesis pathway in the limb bud mesenchyme. Shh-bound exosomes diffuse through extracellular space, and can also bind and travel along cytonemes, providing a potential mechanism for directed and/or long-range transport. Using a synthetic patterning assay, we show that exosome secretion is essential to establish short-range Shh gradients in vitro. We propose that exosome-based Shh secretion, combined with different modes of extracellular transport, provides a tunable mechanism to sculpt Shh gradients on different length and time scales, across different embryonic tissues.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIA novel synchronous release system reveals trafficking dynamics in embryonic cells
C_LIO_LISonic hedgehog is packaged and secreted on exosomes for extracellular dispersal
C_LIO_LIExosome secretion is required to establish short-range Hedgehog gradients
C_LIO_LIDiffusion and cytoneme transport provide tunable exosome dispersal strategies
C_LI



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corcoran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.692671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exosome secretion is required for sonic hedgehog dispersal and signal gradient formation in the embryonic limb mesenchyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neonatal BCG Vaccination Engages the Vasculature to Elicit γδ T Cell-Mediated Protection against Tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine remains the only approved vaccine against tuber-culosis (TB). Although its efficacy against pulmonary TB in adults is limited, BCG provides re-markable protection against miliary TB when administered during infancy. Despite more than 100 million infants worldwide receiving BCG annually, the mechanisms underlying its neonatal protective effects remain poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that subcutaneous neonatal BCG vaccination (BCG-sc) induces a marked expansion of {gamma}{delta} T cells producing IL-17 and IL-22, which mediated protection against subsequent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) experimental infection. A similar expansion of {gamma}{delta} T cells was observed in a longitudinal cohort of infants, from birth to three months of infants followed after intradermal BCG vaccination. Mechanistical-ly, BCG-mediated protection in neonates was linked to its early vascular dissemination through the distinct structure of neonatal skin, resembling the protective effects of intravenous BCG in adults. Moreover, neonatal BCG-sc vaccination generated a distinct BCG-induced microbiome signature, characterized by enrichment of Prevotellaceae, Tannerellaceae, and Bifidobacteriaceae, which was associated with protection. Together, these findings identify {gamma}{delta} T cells as key mediators of early-life BCG-induced immunity and highlight the role of the gut-lung axis in long-term protection against TB from infancy into adulthood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadeghi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurado, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vong, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolori Hanafi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurairajah, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiri, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghanem, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ming Low, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurice, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knip, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Netea, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thanabalasuriar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divangahi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.693020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neonatal BCG Vaccination Engages the Vasculature to Elicit γδ T Cell-Mediated Protection against Tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of artificial intelligence and high-content screening enabled identification of drugs for long-term treatment of cerebral cavernous malformation disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAdults and children with cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are at risk of experiencing lifelong complications such as hemorrhagic strokes, neurological deficits, and epileptic seizures. These complications can severely reduce quality of life. At present, there is no safe or effective therapeutic option for the long-term treatment of CCMs.

MethodsUsing advanced artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning models, powered by the Benevolent Platform, we aimed to identify therapeutic drug targets for CCM pathology (e.g., CCM1, CCM2, CCM3). An AI integrative approach utilized various data types from biomedical entities, including diseases, genes, tissues, and biological mechanisms, together with CCM transcriptomic experimental data. High-throughput drug screening of AI-selected FDA-approved medications, analyses of mitochondrial morphology, and studies on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicology were conducted in CCM animal models to identify drugs that could potentially be repurposed for the long-term treatment of CCM disease.

ResultsAI predicted the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathways as potential therapeutic targets that contribute to CCM pathology. High-content screening validation revealed that the FDA-approved drug metformin, which acts as an AMPK agonist and mTOR inhibitor, can reverse changes in cell-cell junction organization and increase KLF4 expression, a marker for CCM, in human CCM endothelial cells in cultured assays. In addition, pharmacodynamic markers of metformin were observed in CCM mouse models (Slco1c1-iCreERT2;Krit1fl/fl;Ptenfl/wt and Slco1c1-iCreERT2;Pdcd10fl/fl) including reduced S6 kinase or ribosomal protein phosphorylation, a marker of decrease mTOR signaling, and increased AMPK phosphorylation, a marker of AMPK activation, that corresponded to reduced lesion burden. Pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies in CCM animal models showed that that metformin penetrates the brain and long-term administration has a favorable safety profile. We also demonstrated that brain endothelial cells in chronic CCM mouse models exhibit increased levels of the inflammatory marker VCAM-1, which is associated with altered mitochondrial phenotypes, as observed by immunofluorescence, MITO-tagging, and electron microscopy analysis. Additionally, we discovered that metformin and a potent AMPK activator, PF-06409577, can reverse mitochondrial phenotypic changes in brain endothelial cells and reduce the elevation of VCAM-1 expression associated with chronic CCM disease. Therefore, metformin can provide cytoprotection and may reverse the CCM endothelial phenotype by activating AMPK.

ConclusionsPredictions using AI technology and high-throughput drug screening, combined with pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicological studies in CCM animal models, identified metformin as a promising drug candidate for repurposing for the long-term treatment of CCM disease. We propose that metformin enhances metabolic adaptation to brain vascular malformations by activating AMPK, which helps reverse mitochondrial fragmentation in brain endothelial cells.

Graphical abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frias-Anaya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallego-Gutierrez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birrueta, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niesman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gongol, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawhney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizushima, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilpatrick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awad, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trejo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momper, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taddei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Ramirez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.08.693036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of artificial intelligence and high-content screening enabled identification of drugs for long-term treatment of cerebral cavernous malformation disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.694065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Organelles harbour pH gradients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.694065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organelle pH is critical to organelle identity and function. Resident proteins that define each organelle modify transiting cargo proteins, with both retention and trafficking between organelles governed by pH-dependent mechanisms. For example, lysosomal enzymes bind mannose-6-phosphate receptors at the higher pH ([~]6.5) of the Golgi and dissociate at the lower pH ([~]5.5) of late endosomes1. Proteins that stray from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are captured by KDEL receptors in the acidic Golgi and returned into the neutral ER2,3. This pH-tuned trafficking system compartmentalizes organelle function and prevents mis-localization of critical enzymes4. Dysregulated organelle pH disrupts their function and leads to various diseases. Because protons move rapidly in water, the pH within a single organelle is currently assumed to be spatially uniform5. Here, using a reporter sensitive from pH 5.5 - 10.5 to map a spectrum of organelles at high resolution, we discovered that pH gradients exist within single, large or long organelles such as the ER and mitochondria, and in membrane-less organelles without ion-transporting proteins such as the nucleolus. These new findings upend our understanding of organellar pH, prompting new questions about proton diffusion within the cell, and its potential consequences on organelle function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zajac, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.12.694065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Organelles harbour pH gradients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore-based profiling of PEGylation in nucleic acid therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.15.694309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleic acid therapeutics, including aptamers, offer effective strategies for programmable and targeted disease treatment. To improve their stability and circulation time, oligonucleotides are often conjugated to hydrophilic polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG). However, current bulk techniques fail to resolve PEG heterogeneity, especially in complex biological environments. Here, we use nanopore sensing to quantify PEG conjugation efficiency of the FDA-approved RNA aptamer pegaptanib. We assembled DNA nanostructures that bind pegaptanib and then we used solid-state nanopores to quantify pegaptanib PEGylation. We further assess pegaptanib PEGylation in a serum background and demonstrate that nanopore sensing resolves PEG moieties of distinct molecular weights within oligonucleotide conjugates. Single-molecule profiling of polymer-RNA conjugates enables iterative improvements in oligonucleotide design and provides a direct means to assess their stability in complex biological environments, thereby advancing the development of more effective nucleic acid therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patino Guillen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumberg, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyser, U. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boskovic, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore-based profiling of PEGylation in nucleic acid therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel Selection for Longevity in Mammals and Birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most studies of aging biology to date have involved the manipulation of short-lived model organisms, while the existing anti-aging mechanisms in naturally occurring long-lived vertebrates have generally remained undiscovered or understudied. The technological advances of the recent "omics revolution" have enabled comparative genomics studies, which have started to unravel genetic signatures of longevity in vertebrates. Building on prior studies and incorporating a novel approach to detecting convergent positive selection, we conducted the first genome-wide survey of positive and purifying selection among hundreds of long-lived mammals and birds, two major vertebrate taxa with notable parallels in their evolutionary history. We discovered an extensive network of shared pathways under purifying selection in both mammals that are exceptionally long-lived for their body size (ELL) and large-bodied long-lived (LLL) birds. In our positive selection survey, we identified 16 genes, involved in eight distinct hallmarks of aging, with concordant signals of positive selection in LLL mammals and LLL birds at neighboring amino acid residues. These included two genes directly involved in cholesterol metabolism, as well as genes whose products clear oxidized metabolites and regulate peroxisomal autophagy. These striking parallels between long-lived mammals and birds, both in broad pathways under purifying selection, as well as in instances of genes under parallel positive selection in LLL mammals and LLL birds, together imply an ancient shared genetic toolkit for longevity, deeply conserved and repeatedly modified to produce longevity in diverse lineages.

SignificanceWhile aging is nearly universal in vertebrates, lifespan can vary by several orders of magnitude. Further, extraordinarily long-lived species are dispersed throughout the mammalian and avian phylogenies, indicating repeated evolutionary origins of long life. In the first genome-wide survey of positive and purifying selection in long-lived mammals and birds, we found a striking level of parallelism in the signatures of selection in long-lived species in both clades. These included an extensive network of shared pathways under purifying selection, as well as several novel genes under parallel positive selection. Our results identify multiple novel candidate pathways and genes for further study, and provide evidence for the convergent evolution of extended lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kronforst, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.16.694703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel Selection for Longevity in Mammals and Birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conformation-specific Antibody Deciphers K27-linked Ubiquitination in Chaperone-Mediated Proteostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysine 27 (K27)-linked polyubiquitination plays critical yet incompletely defined roles in proteostasis, innate immunity, and disease progression; however, investigations into this process have long been hindered by its extremely low abundance and the lack of conformation-specific enrichment tools. Herein, we describe the development of a long-sought conformation-specific antibody, K27-IgG, which can selectively recognize--among all ubiquitin chain types--the unique architecture of K27-linked polyubiquitin (K27-polyUb) characterized by a distinct buried K27-isopeptide bond, with high affinity (KD = 4.66 nM). This antibody was derived from synthetic antibodies initially generated via phage display, using chemically synthesized K27-linked diubiquitin (K27-diUb) as the antigen. High-resolution co-crystal structures uncovered the unique K27-diUb interface targeted by these sAbs. Subsequent reformatting of these sAbs into a full-length human immunoglobulin G (IgG) scaffold yielded K27-IgG, notably exhibiting markedly enhanced affinity without compromising selectivity. Using K27-IgG as a tool, we achieved sensitive detection and immunoprecipitation (IP) of endogenous K27-polyUb in cells, and delineated the intracellular interaction landscape of K27-polyUb through complementary proteomic approaches. Two key findings emerged: 1) The molecular chaperone DNAJB1 is a specific reader of K27-linked ubiquitin chains (but not other linkages) and that K27-polyUb chains themselves exhibit chaperone-like activity, suggesting a novel mechanism by which K27-polyUb regulates chaperone-mediated proteostasis; 2) The E2 enzyme UBE2Q1 assembles K27-diUb, identifying it as a potential writer for this ubiquitin chain topology. Collectively, this study establishes K27-IgG as a robust tool for deciphering the K27-linked ubiquitin code, thereby opening new avenues for investigating the biological functions of K27-linked polyubiquitination.

HighlightsO_LIFirst K27-linkage conformation-specific antibody with nanomolar affinity overcomes a major barrier in the field.
C_LIO_LIK27-IgG unlocks functional mapping of the K27 ubiquitin landscape under proteotoxic stress.
C_LIO_LIMolecular chaperone DNAJB1 is a selective "reader" of K27-linked ubiquitin chains.
C_LIO_LIK27 chains possess intrinsic chaperone activity, enabling protein refolding and suppressing aggregation.
C_LIO_LIE2 enzyme UBE2Q1 is a "writer" that directly assembles K27-linked ubiquitin chains.
C_LI

Graphical abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erramilli, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossiakoff, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.18.695067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conformation-specific Antibody Deciphers K27-linked Ubiquitination in Chaperone-Mediated Proteostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tirzepatide Synergizes with Leptin on Weight Loss and Restoring Metabolic Homeostasis in Diet-induced Obesity Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leptin resistance limits anti-obesity efficacy. We identified a leptin-sensitizing mechanism through tirzepatide (TZP), a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) dual-agonist. Our tirzepatide clinical trial revealed that circulating leptin levels at baseline correlated with weight loss efficacy in patients with obesity, suggesting leptin and tirzepatide could interact to achieve stronger effects on weight loss. Next, we utilized the diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice and demonstrated the synergistic effects of tirzepatide and leptin combination (TZP+Lep) on weight loss. TZP+Lep treatment further improved hepatic insulin sensitivity and upregulated thermogenetic gene expression in brown adipose tissue. Metabolic profiling under thermoneutrality revealed TZP+Lep treatment further reduced food intake and increased energy expenditure. Tirzepatide sensitized leptin signaling in hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and GLP-1R expressing neurons. TZP+Lep synergistically increased POMC neuronal firing by decreasing the inhibitory postsynaptic input. Together, our work showed combining tirzepatide and leptin as a potential way for better maintenance of metabolic homeostasis in obesity management.

HighlightsO_LITirzepatide and leptin synergistically promote weight loss through reduced food intake and increased energy expenditure.
C_LIO_LITirzepatide and leptin synergistically improve insulin sensitivity and metabolic homeostasis with altered hepatic and adipose gene expression.
C_LIO_LITirzepatide sensitizes leptin signaling in hypothalamic GLP-1R and POMC neurons.
C_LIO_LITirzepatide and leptin synergistically increase POMC neuronal firing by decreasing inhibitory postsynaptic input.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Droz, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaty, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roh, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samms, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheets, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.18.695152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tirzepatide Synergizes with Leptin on Weight Loss and Restoring Metabolic Homeostasis in Diet-induced Obesity Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing the Drivers Underlying Distinct Evolutionary Trajectories in Lung Adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.19.695410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Elucidating the evolution of cancers allows us to understand their key events, and the order in which they occur. To chart and interpret these evolutionary trajectories, we leverage whole-genome sequencing of lung tumours, including those from the largest cohort to date of lung cancers in subjects who have never smoked. Through ordering frequent genomic alterations, we discover three distinct evolutionary paths taken by lung adenocarcinomas; two dominated by tumours from people who have never smoked (NS-LUAD), and one followed by the vast majority of those who have smoked (S-LUAD). However, one in six NS-LUAD follow the smoking-dominant trajectory. These tumours, surprisingly, have fewer somatic alterations than the other NS-LUAD, and have shorter latency. They are strongly enriched for KRAS mutations. Our results suggest that gaining KRAS mutations allows these tumours to evolve more rapidly, acquiring a set of smoking-associated key alterations, with less need for genomic instability to progress. These tumours are three times more frequent in subjects of European vs. East Asian ancestry. These findings could shape clinical management strategies for lung adenocarcinoma patients, particularly for tumours driven by smoking-like evolutionary trajectories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Gay, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leduc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baine, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travis, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sholl, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joubert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.-V.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElderry, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miraftab, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, O. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santamaria, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schabath, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yendamuri, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manczuk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lissowska, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swiatkowska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukeria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shangina, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaridze, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holcatova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janout, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mates, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ognjanovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kontic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosse, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothberg, B. E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiani, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaborieau, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.19.695410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing the Drivers Underlying Distinct Evolutionary Trajectories in Lung Adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.696069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Routing of task-relevant information in mouse PPC during continuousvisuomotor control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.696069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) exhibits tuning to many variables, including strong representations of visual information, movement, and behavioral biases. Whether PPC communicates all these variables to other areas is less clear. We examined PPC activity in mice performing a novel, closed-loop, 2D visuomotor joystick task that required animals to act exclusively on a task-relevant axis of visual motion. To determine what components of PPCs representation were sent to M1, we performed two-photon calcium imaging of layer 2/3 neurons in contralateral PPC of expert mice with PPC-M1 projection neurons identified via retrograde tracing. Consistent with previous results, PPC neurons exhibited random mixed selectivity and were typically most strongly modulated by joystick movement. Most of the visually responsive neurons were more strongly modulated by task-relevant than task-irrelevant visual motion. Encoding in labeled PPC-M1 neurons was similar to encoding in unlabeled neurons, with one major exception: unlike the task-relevant visual enrichment in unlabeled PPC neurons, task-relevant and task-irrelevant visual motion were encoded at similarly weak levels in PPC-M1 neurons. This argues that although PPC encodes a mix of visual, movement and other information, the PPC-M1 pathway is dominated by movement information and does not propagate PPCs learned enrichment of task-relevant visual signals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravishankar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.696069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Routing of task-relevant information in mouse PPC during continuousvisuomotor control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.23.696203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of phosphate activation chemistry on the selection of the primordial genetic alphabet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.23.696203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA copying under mild conditions compatible with protocell integrity requires the input of chemical energy to drive the synthesis of activated nucleotides such as phosphorimidazolides. Recently, two potentially prebiotic classes of phosphate-activating agents have been explored, one based on isonitrile-aldehyde chemistry, the other on imine diimidazole (IDI)-N-cyanoimidazole (NCI) chemistry. Because such highly electrophilic activating agents may lead to undesirable nucleotide modifications, we have examined the reaction of both types of activating agents with the canonical ribonucleotides A, U, C, and G, and the potentially primordial nucleotides 2-thio-C (s2C), 2-thio-U (s2U), and inosine (I). We find that the isonitrile-aldehyde system shows minimal hydroxyl modification but does modify the nucleobases of U, G, s2U, and I. Except for guanosine, these modifications are readily reversible. In contrast, IDI-NCI systems acylate ribonucleotide hydroxyls while modifying nucleobases only transiently; mildly acidic pH suppresses undesired modifications. Both classes of activating agents modify 2-thiopyrimidines on the sulfur, with the isonitrile-aldehyde reaction promoting desulfurization and thus conversion to the canonical pyrimidines. To evaluate compatibility with model protocells, we tested the effects of activation chemistry on fatty acid vesicles and found that protocell integrity was preserved at moderate reagent concentrations. Our findings show that the potentially primordial s2U, s2C, and I nucleotides are more sensitive to modification than the canonical U, C, and G nucleotides, potentially contributing to the chemical selection of the early genetic alphabet.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boskovic, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swatiputra, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szostak, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.23.696203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of phosphate activation chemistry on the selection of the primordial genetic alphabet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.24.696347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PBX-dependent and independent Hox programs establish and maintain motor neuron terminal Identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.24.696347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor neuron (MN) diversity is essential for producing the broad repertoire of animal movements, yet the molecular mechanisms that specify MN subtypes remain incompletely defined. Here, we investigate how Hox genes and their PBX cofactors shape cholinergic MN subtype identity along the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis of the C. elegans ventral nerve cord (VNC). In anterior MNs, we show that the anterior Hox genes ceh-13 (Lab/Hox1) and lin-39 (Scr/Dfd/Hox4-5) collaborate with the Hox cofactor ceh-20 (Exd/Pbx1-4) and the terminal selector unc-3 (Collier/Ebf1-4) to activate terminal identity genes. In posterior nerve cord MNs, the mid-body Hox gene mab-5 (Antp/Hox6-8) represses terminal identity gene expression by antagonizing unc-3 in a ceh-20-dependent manner. Notably, mab-5 and ceh-20 are required not only during early development but also in later life stages to maintain posterior MN identity. In lumbar MNs, the posterior Hox gene egl-5 (Abd-A/Abd-B/Hox9-13) collaborates with unc-3 to activate lumbar-specific MN terminal identity genes in a ceh-20-independent manner. We further find that ceh-20 is necessary for Hox gene expression (ceh-13, lin-39, mab-5) in VNC MNs, supporting a model where Hox positive autoregulation requires PBX activity. Together, these findings reveal PBX-dependent and independent roles for Hox genes in establishing and maintaining MN identity, illustrating how combinatorial interactions between Hox factors and terminal selectors generate neuronal subtype diversity.

AUTHOR SUMMARYAnimals rely on many different types of motor neurons to generate precise and flexible movements, but how these neuron subtypes are specified remains an open question. In this study, we examine how a family of developmental genes called Hox genes, together with their cofactors, help define distinct motor neuron identities in the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that different Hox genes act in specific regions of the ventral nerve cord to either turn motor neuron identity genes on or keep them off. In anterior motor neurons, certain Hox genes work together with a cofactor called PBX and a neuron-specific regulator (UNC-3) to activate genes required for proper motor neuron function. In contrast, a mid-body Hox gene suppresses these genes in posterior neurons, while a more posterior Hox gene activates a unique set of genes in lumbar motor neurons through a different mechanism. Importantly, we show that some Hox genes and PBX are needed not only during early development but also later in life to maintain motor neuron identity. Together, our findings reveal how combinations of Hox genes and cofactors generate and preserve motor neuron diversity, providing insight into general principles of nervous system development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prahlad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bat-Erdene, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.24.696347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PBX-dependent and independent Hox programs establish and maintain motor neuron terminal Identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.26.696633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stemness factor Mex3a times translation and protein trafficking to ensure robust differentiation of olfactory sensory neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.26.696633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the switch from progenitor to differentiated cell, cellular physiology must change to accommodate increased translation and trafficking of membrane-bound proteins. We identify RNA-binding and E3 ubiquitin ligase Mex3a as a key driver of proper neuronal differentiation by regulating mRNA translation and trafficking of cell surface proteins in the context of Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) signaling. Loss of Mex3a in immature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) leads to defects in cilia structure, cell surface protein expression, and planar cell polarity in mature OSNs. Proteomics reveal a Mex3a-dependent decrease in proteins related to vesicle transport, lipid metabolism, and ribosome biogenesis. We identify RNA and ubiquitin targets of Mex3a and provide evidence that Mex3a may confer K27 ubiquitin linkage on substrates. Finally, modulating cellular levels of Mex3a changes the recruitment of translation factors Serbp1 and p-eEF2 to ribosomes with possible effects on translation. Our data reveal how a stemness factor regulates development post-transcriptionally and post-translationally to ensure robust differentiation.

HighlightsLoss of stemness factor Mex3a in immature olfactory neurons leads to defects in mature olfactory neurons.

Translation/Trafficking of cell surface proteins, cilia structure, and planar cell polarity are compromised in the absence of Mex3a.

Mex3a may confer K27 ubiquitination on stress granule protein Serbp1 and ribosome protein Rps7.

Mex3a levels are associated with Serbp1 and p-eEF2 recruitment to ribosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Escamilla-del-Arenal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shayya, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ugurbil, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stathi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keskin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulupa, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lomvardas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.26.696633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stemness factor Mex3a times translation and protein trafficking to ensure robust differentiation of olfactory sensory neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.28.696421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trainable computation in molecular networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.28.696421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reports of learning in single cells without genetic change span decades yet remain controver-sial, in part because there is no accepted general molecular mechanism for training comparable to gradient-based training or Hebbian learning in neural circuits. Here we identify a minimal set of ingredients sufficient to realize non-genetic learning, drawing inspiration from Boltzmann neural networks. First, dense reversible interaction networks provide an expressive substrate in which modulating the concentrations of a small set of mediator species can reprogram function without altering the underlying interaction parameters. Second, a simple rate-sensitive autoregulatory scheme that adjusts these mediator levels provides a local Hebbian-like training rule that can train the same network for diverse tasks, including Pavlovian conditioning, supervised classification, and generative tuning of bet-hedging ratios to match environmental statistics. We show that this autoregulatory training rule is model free and applies to reversible multimerization networks of arbitrary complexity, so training can compensate for unknown or unmodeled interactions present in vivo. These results suggest design principles for trainable synthetic cellular circuits and indicate how molecular systems could learn statistical features of their environments through experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trifonova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falk, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouches, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaikuntanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elowitz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.28.696421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trainable computation in molecular networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.696949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Template-based RNA structure prediction advanced through a blind code competition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.696949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Automatically predicting RNA 3D structure from sequence remains an unsolved challenge in biology and biotechnology. Here, we describe a Kaggle code competition engaging over 1700 teams and 43 previously unreleased structures to tackle this challenge. The top three submitted algorithms achieved scores within statistical error of the winners of the recent CASP16 competition. Unexpectedly, the top Kaggle strategy involved a pipeline for discovering 3D templates, without the use of deep learning. We integrated this template-modeling pipeline and other Kaggle strategies to develop a single model RNAPro that retrospectively outperformed individual Kaggle models on the same test set. These results suggest a growing importance of template-based modeling in RNA structure prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oda, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heng, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowerko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampathkumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enrique Gomez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshizawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuraishi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paullier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, T.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirano, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gezelle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadhav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koirala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kretsch, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewicka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piccirilli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolfs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steckelberg, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kryshtafovyc</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.696949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Template-based RNA structure prediction advanced through a blind code competition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and application of nbLIBRA-seq for high-throughput discovery of antigen-specific nanobodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanobodies are of high interest in many fields of medicine and biotechnology due to their high stability, tissue penetration, and engineering adaptability compared to monoclonal antibodies. However, nanobody discovery has been limited by technologies that rely on laborious library generation, panning, and clone screening techniques. Here, we demonstrate the successful adaptation of Linking B-Cell Receptor to Antigen Specificity through Sequencing (LIBRA-seq) to immunized alpacas for the rapid identification of antigen-specific nanobodies, derived from heavy-chain antibodies. We validated for nanobody discovery (nbLIBRA-seq) in two different disease settings. First, we identified over 300 antigen-specific heavy chain antibodies against human Transferrin Receptor (TfR1), also known as CD71, from a single alpaca blood sample. Experimental validation showed nbLIBRA-seq was able to identify nanobodies that exhibit specific binding to CD71, with two nanobodies also showing receptor internalization on human T cells. In a separate experiment, we tested the ability of nbLIBRA-seq to perform nanobody discovery with multiple antigens in the antigen screening library. Using fusion glycoproteins from the related respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV), 1,125 antigen-specific heavy-chain expressing B cells were recovered via nbLIBRA-seq. A subset of these nanobodies was validated experimentally to possess the target antigen specificity. Together, our results illustrate the potential of nbLIBRA-seq to rapidly identify antigen-specific heavy chain antibodies for a range of diverse targets, a capability that will be of critical significance for the effective and efficient development of novel nanobody-based therapeutics against targets of biomedical significance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leonard, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasdin, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amlashi, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiller, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadzinski, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.697047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and application of nbLIBRA-seq for high-throughput discovery of antigen-specific nanobodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.01.697318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perturbing H-NS function reveals roles in restricting virulence heterogeneity and pathogen adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.01.697318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial pathogens must balance rapid expression of virulence genes in host niches with tight repression when not needed to avoid fitness costs and ensure survival. Integration of virulence gene regulatory networks with the conserved global repressor H-NS was critical to achieve this balance. H-NS-mediated repression of virulence genes in non-inducing environments is essential for maintaining virulence genes and has shaped pathogen evolution. However, the role of H-NS-mediated repression in virulence gene activation and pathogen evolution in virulence-inducing conditions is less clear. For instance, although virulence gene expression is often heterogeneous, whether relief of H-NS repression contributes to this heterogeneity remains unknown. Furthermore, whether H-NS repression shapes pathogen evolution in virulence-inducing environments is unclear. Here, we use a Salmonella strain with reduced H-NS DNA-binding affinity to investigate the role of H-NS in virulence gene expression in individual bacteria and pathogen adaptation. We find that reduced H-NS repression increases the fraction of virulence gene expressing cells without eliminating bimodality, resulting in enhanced epithelial cell infection in vitro. Using experimental evolution, we demonstrate that the hns genotype constrains adaptive mutations and that disabling virulence gene expression is a common path to improved fitness in intracellular-like environments. Our results expand the role of H-NS-mediated repression from silencing virulence genes in non-inducing conditions to regulating heterogeneity in inducing conditions and demonstrate that evolutionary conservation of H-NS constrains adaptive strategies in intracellular-like environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLelland, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spratt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.01.697318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perturbing H-NS function reveals roles in restricting virulence heterogeneity and pathogen adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.02.697341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-range neural pathways for octopus chemotactile processing revealed from periphery-to-brain by centimeter-field microCT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.02.697341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how nervous systems mediate responses to sensation requires whole-body maps of periphery-to-brain connections. Octopuses exemplify this challenge with distributed control of eight arms and hundreds of suckers, yet their long-range microanatomical wiring remains elusive due to limitations in microscopy. We extend histotomography (Ding et al. 2019), a form of soft tissue microCT customized for volumetric characterization of cells and tissues, to centimeter range with a custom micro-CT imaging system (Ding et al., 2019). With its 10-mm field of view and 0.7-{micro}m isotropic voxels we created a high-resolution digital intact small octopus. This multi-tissue 3D blueprint enabled us to (i) elucidate previously uncharacterized chemotactile pathways from the suckers to the brain, (ii) discern subdivisions of the nerve ring connecting neighboring arms, and (iii) segment over 300 structures across organ systems at histology-like resolution. We release the labeled interactive digital specimen to facilitate collaborative whole-organism phenotyping as a practical foundation for digital organismal biology.

ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARYWhole-body 3D histology reveals neural and organ architecture throughout a small octopus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vanselow, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugarman, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Northover, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senft, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaino, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yakovlev, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christ, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Riviere, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanlon, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.02.697341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-range neural pathways for octopus chemotactile processing revealed from periphery-to-brain by centimeter-field microCT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.02.697383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Insoluble De Novo Protein Enables Survival of E. coli by Co-precipitating with a Gene Repressor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.02.697383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo proteins that share no ancestry with natural sequences can serve as additions to the evolved proteomes of living cells. Upon expression in cells, these novel proteins can provide biological functions that alter cell viability and growth. To isolate such proteins, we searched a combinatorial library of novel sequences by selecting for sequences that sustain the growth of E. coli under conditions where the recipient cell would otherwise be inviable. This led to the discovery of Resc4 (Rescuer 4), a de novo protein that sustains growth on minimal medium of an E. coli strain harboring a lethal deletion of metC, which encodes cystathionine {beta}-lyase, an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of methionine. Surprisingly, despite its ability to rescue the deletion of a biosynthetic enzyme, Resc4 is insoluble. Nonetheless, Resc4 sustains the growth of 11metC cells by upregulating expression of metB, which encodes a different enzyme, cystathionine {gamma}-synthase, which has a moonlighting activity that compensates for the deleted activity encoded by metC. Proteomic analysis revealed that Resc4 co-precipitates MetJ, the repressor of the methionine biosynthesis operon. Precipitation of MetJ leads to overproduction of cystathionine {gamma}-synthase, thereby allowing it to rescue the deletion of metC. These results, taken together with previous findings on other de novo proteins, demonstrate that novel proteins added to a cells proteome can perform life sustaining functions, and may shed light on de novo gene birth - both in synthetic biology and in natural evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dessau, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bann, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecht, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.02.697383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Insoluble De Novo Protein Enables Survival of E. coli by Co-precipitating with a Gene Repressor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.03.697513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trait anxiety is associated with idiosyncratic neural event boundaries during naturalistic movie-watching 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.03.697513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anxiety is associated with altered patterns of attention to images and objects, but how it influences the perception of continuous experiences remains underexplored. Here, we examined how anxiety influences the segmentation of continuous experience into discrete events. Using a large-scale open-access dataset and data-driven methods to detect neural event boundaries, we compared neural event segmentation between healthy adults with high (N=60) and low trait-level anxiety (N=60) as they viewed a short suspenseful film. While the overall temporal event segmentation hierarchy was preserved across groups, higher-anxiety individuals had more idiosyncratic boundaries, exhibiting reduced alignment to both low-anxiety individuals and one another. This divergence was the most pronounced in the dorsal attention and frontoparietal control networks, suggesting that anxiety-related disruptions in top-down attentional control may contribute to less consistent segmentation. Furthermore, boundary variability in anxious participants was higher during moments rated as more anxiety-provoking by a large language model, controlling for arousal, valence, and low-level visual features. Together, these findings suggest that idiosyncratic event models in anxious individuals result in non-normative organization of continuous experience, leading to more individualized and inconsistent event boundaries. Such variability in segmentation may have downstream consequences for prediction, memory, and social cognition, offering a potential neural mechanism by which anxiety influences the interpretation and recall of everyday experiences. Our findings highlight trait-level variability as a lens through which the brain parses information and offers a neurocomputational framework for investigating individual differences in naturalistic event cognition.

Significance StatementWe experience the world continuously, but our brains naturally organize this stream into smaller units--a process known as event segmentation. These "mental chapters" serve as building blocks for memory and shape how we understand our experiences. In this study, we used neuroimaging and computational tools to compare how anxious and non-anxious individuals neurally segment experience while watching a suspenseful movie. Anxious individuals had neural event boundaries that diverged more from others, especially in brain networks involved in attentional control. This neural idiosyncrasy may contribute to perceiving the world differently, which could disrupt shared understanding with others and reinforce cycles of worry and rumination. Our findings pave the way for future work on how trait anxiety shapes perception, memory and meaning-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.03.697513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trait anxiety is associated with idiosyncratic neural event boundaries during naturalistic movie-watching]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucokinase links metabolism and lineage plasticity in neuroendocrine prostate cancer via interaction with AKT1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells frequently rewire their metabolism to sustain growth and survival under stress. Despite the critical role of metabolic adaptation in tumorigenesis, how specific metabolic enzymes regulate lineage plasticity remains unclear. Here, through FDG-PET imaging and transcriptomic analyses, we reveal markedly elevated glucose uptake in neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) and identify glucokinase (GCK) as a MYCN-induced metabolic enzyme. Beyond its metabolic role, GCK is indispensable for maintaining the neuroendocrine lineage of prostate cancer cells by establishing a functional circuit with AKT1 through reciprocal regulation--AKT1 binds and phosphorylates GCK at S373, whereas GCK phosphorylates AKT1 at S473. Pharmacological disruption of this AKT1-GCK axis suppresses tumor growth in NEPC mouse models and patient-derived xenografts. Altogether, our findings uncover both the metabolic and noncanonical kinase functions of GCK and establish the AKT1-GCK axis as a key link between metabolic reprogramming and neuroendocrine lineage transition in prostate cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucokinase links metabolism and lineage plasticity in neuroendocrine prostate cancer via interaction with AKT1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergence of Cortical and Thalamic Origins of Free Behavior Modulation of Mouse Primary Visual Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The quality of sensory information flow in the brain may be affected by uninstructed free animal behavior. However, the specific circuit pathways that merge sensory and free behavior remain obscure. In mouse primary visual cortex (V1), we combine two-photon calcium imaging of cortical neurons and thalamo-cortical LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) boutons with simultaneous measurements of facial movements. When controlling for spurious time-structured  nonsense correlations, we observed representations of both eye movements and non-ocular facial movement features in both LGN bouton and V1 cortical neuron activity during grating input stimulation. Further, the correlation between V1 neurons and facial movement is larger for grating stimulation compared to blank stimulation, likely due to the integration of LGN inputs and modulation of V1 from higher brain centers during grating stimulation. Together, our results suggest a convergence of uninstructed non-visual signals from a persistent top-down pathway and a stimulus-gated bottom-up pathway in primary visual cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, H. Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doiron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.07.698022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergence of Cortical and Thalamic Origins of Free Behavior Modulation of Mouse Primary Visual Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Indomethacin exerts both cyclooxygenase inhibition-dependent and independent mechanisms to enhance chemo-immunotherapy in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) primarily act by inhibiting cyclooxygenases (COX1 and COX2), thereby reducing production of the proinflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Because PGE2 is a critical driver of cancer progression and tumor immune evasion, this has motivated interest in combining NSAIDs with chemotherapy or immunotherapy for cancer treatment. However, since COX and PGE2 levels vary across tumor types, it remains unclear whether tumor PGE2 abundance solely dictates tumor response to NSAID-based therapies. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of indomethacin (Indo), a prototypical NSAID, in combination with cyclophosphamide (CTX), a widely used chemotherapeutic agent with immunostimulatory properties. Metronomic administration of Indo significantly enhanced the antitumor efficacy of CTX in multiple murine tumor models exhibiting variable COX2 and PGE2 levels, including CT26, MC38, 4T1 and A20. The antitumor effects of CTX+Indo required CD8 T cells and T-cell trafficking from tumor-draining lymph nodes and were further potentiated by anti-PD-1 blockade. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) revealed that responsive CT26 tumors exhibited a reprogrammed tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), marked by increased effector CD8 T-cell infiltration, reduced immunosuppressive myeloid populations, and enhanced interferon signaling in tumor cells. Importantly, Indo retained therapeutic benefit following CTX even in tumors incapable of producing PGE2, demonstrating a critical contribution of COX-independent mechanisms, particularly inhibition of tumor-intrinsic oncogenic RAS signaling, to the enhanced efficacy of the CTX+Indo combination. Collectively, our results provide strong preclinical rationale for leveraging the COX/PGE2 and RAS dual inhibitory capacities of NSAIDs to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okoko, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aboelella, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gazi, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victor J. Enriquez Castro, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kehinde-Ige, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedrick, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.07.698231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Indomethacin exerts both cyclooxygenase inhibition-dependent and independent mechanisms to enhance chemo-immunotherapy in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual-mode ClfA-targeting DARPin biologics protect against diverse methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus uses the adhesin clumping factor A (ClfA) to bind fibrinogen and promote invasive infection through two distinct interfaces: an exposed, low-afinity site on the N3 head domain and a buried, high-afinity "dock, lock, and latch" (DLL) trench that is exposed only under shear. This dual-interface architecture allows limited antibody penetration, as antibodies typically block only the exposed site. Here, we establish a dual-mode inhibition strategy that overcomes this constraint by combining a high-afinity ClfA-binding designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) with a fibrinogen {gamma}-chain peptide capable of occupying the DLL trench. Using cell-free click display and kinetics-guided afinity maturation, we engineer DARPin-{gamma}-peptide fusion biologics that simultaneously block both fibrinogen-binding interfaces. These molecules inhibit ClfA-fibrinogen interactions, prevent methicillin-resistant S. aureus agglutination in human plasma, neutralize major clinical ClfA variants, and confer Fc-independent protection in a lethal murine bacteremia model. This work provides a strategy for targeting antibody-intractable force-activated staphylococcal adhesins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chockalingam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Missiakas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual-mode ClfA-targeting DARPin biologics protect against diverse methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictability of Sleep Slow Oscillation Emergence and Spatial Extent from Pre-Onset Neural Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.09.698723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Slow oscillations (SOs; [~]0.5-1.5 Hz) are a hallmark of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and are known to support memory consolidation and large-scale cortical communication. Although their instantaneous dynamics are well characterized, the neural processes that precede SO initiation--and whether they predict the spatial extent of the upcoming event--remain largely unknown, despite their potential utility for anticipatory closed-loop intervention. Using high-density EEG from 29 healthy adults, we examined neural activity in the 2-s interval preceding the SO trough. Analyses focused on distinct SO subtypes defined by their spatiotemporal properties: Global, Frontal, and Local. We specifically focused on Global and Frontal events, both of which originate frontally but differ in their propagation. We quantified instantaneous spectral power, time-frequency dynamics, phase-amplitude coupling (PAC), and amplitude-amplitude coupling. Across all analyses, theta-band power (4-8 Hz) emerged as the earliest and most robust predictor of SO initiation, remaining informative after restricting analyses to temporally isolated SOs to reduce potential residual-aftereffect confounds from preceding SOs. Theta power exhibited a sustained rise beginning nearly two seconds before the SO trough ([~]1.6 s before onset). Theta power increases were absent in surrogate epochs and reliably differentiated Global from Frontal SOs with moderate-to-strong effect sizes (Cohens d = 0.45-0.77), demonstrating the robustness of theta power as a physiological signature. Mechanistically, Global SOs were preceded by enhanced delta-theta PAC and broad low-frequency synchronization, whereas Frontal SOs were preceded by elevated theta/alpha-to-beta/low-gamma coupling, reflecting a state of locally enhanced coupling at frequencies higher than the SO range, which appears to restrict propagation. A simple logistic regression classifier using only pre-onset theta power achieved >95% accuracy in distinguishing SOs from surrogate events and differentiated Global from Frontal SOs with [~]83% multiclass accuracy, showing further sensitivity improvements when delta power was included. These findings demonstrate that isolated SOs are preceded by structured network dynamics that are tied to their spatial extent. Thus, theta activity can be used to predict SO occurrence and might be leveraged in closed-loop neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alipour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drongelen, W. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malerba, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satzer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.698723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictability of Sleep Slow Oscillation Emergence and Spatial Extent from Pre-Onset Neural Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.699131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRANBERRY: An RNA Dynamics Model with Sugar Puckering and Noncanonical Base Pairing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.699131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce a new coarse-grained model "CRANBERRY" that incorporates sugar puckering and non-canonical base pairing, two factors central to RNA structure and dynamics, yet rarely included in most coarse-grained models. Our model is parameterized through a contrastive divergence approach, combined with fine-tuning strategies to improve accuracy in generating disordered states, a feature that is critical for the accurate description of thermodynamics. This two-stage training procedure greatly enhances cooperative folding behavior. Due to these advances, the models predictive performance is comparable to that of all-atom force fields for native-state structural fluctuations. Furthermore, CRANBERRY exhibits better agreement with experimental data on stacking free energies and disordered structures measured by Small Angle X-ray Scattering. In addition, CRANBERRY can reversibly fold tetraloops with an RMSDmin of 1.4 [A] de novo, which continues to be challenging for all-atom models. It predicts melting temperatures in agreement with experimental values, and with a greater cooperativity than all-atom predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessandri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coraor, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubieta, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sosnick, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Pablo, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.12.699131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRANBERRY: An RNA Dynamics Model with Sugar Puckering and Noncanonical Base Pairing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.699041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing Predictive Accuracy in Immunotherapy Models through Data Integration and Parameter Identifiability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.699041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), a class of immunotherapy, offer promising benefits but face challenges such as low response rates to be used as a broadly effective treatment for all patients. In this study, we use a set of ordinary different equation (ODE) models and bladder cancer in vivo data as a case study to outline a biologically informed, data-driven framework for formulating, calibrating and validating immunotherapy models, and thus ensuring their predictive reliability. We consider multiple treatment scenarios and distinct immune cell-mediated killing mechanisms for tumor cells of different antigenicity. By integrating sensitivity analysis and identifiability analysis with targeted experimental design, we demonstrate how mathematical models can move beyond qualitative insight to quantitative prediction. We generate virtual cohorts to show that insufficient data integration leads to systematically overestimated therapeutic benefits of ICIs. We also explore dosing schedules that enhance survival or reduce dosage without compromising survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziblat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernald, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweis, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.12.699041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing Predictive Accuracy in Immunotherapy Models through Data Integration and Parameter Identifiability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning-guided design of cell type-specific AAV promoters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise cell type targeting is critical for both clinical and experimental applications of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, yet engineering vectors with cell type-specific activity remains a challenge. Here, we compared three strategies leveraging single-cell chromatin accessibility data to design cell type-specific AAV promoters, including a deep learning-based method to generate de novo regulatory sequences. When applied to target retinal ganglion cells or horizontal cells in mouse retina, deep learning-guided design consistently outperformed rational approaches, yielding synthetic promoters with stronger and more specific expression in vivo. Synthetic AAV promoters supported diverse transgenes, enabling the recording and ablation of targeted cells. Promoter activity was also maintained in human retinal organoids, suggesting that deep learning-designed sequences may be suitable for translation. Our findings highlight the potential of deep learning to synthesize cell type-specific AAV promoters and establish a versatile platform for cell type targeting with broad implications for gene therapy and basic research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tijerina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakhar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nnebe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.699371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning-guided design of cell type-specific AAV promoters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The geometry of context-dependent biased decisions during learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive behavior requires inferring latent context and rapidly adjusting decisions in response to changing environmental contingencies. We investigated how reward context is learned, represented, and updated during decision making. We recorded large populations of neurons in lateral prefrontal cortex while macaque monkeys learned a direction-discrimination task in which reward contingencies alternated unpredictably between favoring leftward and rightward choices. Once trained, monkeys inferred context switches from a single unexpected outcome, immediately adjusting both choice bias and reaction times--hallmarks of model-based inference. Early in learning, however, adaptation unfolded gradually across multiple trials. Neural population analyses revealed that reward context was encoded through systematic shifts in the geometry of neural representations. Accumulated sensory evidence (decision variable) and choice were organized along curvilinear decision manifolds, which were displaced across contexts primarily along the decision-variable axis. This geometry naturally implemented context-dependent biases: a fixed linear readout generated different choice tendencies across contexts without remapping. Longitudinal recordings further showed that, with learning, these representational transitions between manifolds became faster, mirroring the emergence of one-trial behavioral generalization. Recurrent neural networks trained on the same task reproduced both the behavioral signatures and the context-dependent geometric shifts. Together, these findings identify a mechanism by which prefrontal circuits support hierarchical inference: reward context is encoded as structured shifts in representational geometry, enabling rapid generalization and flexible control of decision policies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fusi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.699497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The geometry of context-dependent biased decisions during learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-dimensional spatial proteomics and novel machine learning pipeline identifies disease specific renal damage states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.14.699505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lupus nephritis (LuN) and renal allograft rejection (RAR) manifest inflammation and fibrosis that ultimately lead to kidney failure. To quantitatively assess spatial injury patterns, we collected high dimensional spatial proteomics data from 23 LuN, 33 RAR, and 8 kidney control (KC) biopsies. We developed a computational pipeline to segment and classify tubules, capillaries, and glomeruli in whole-slide images using three trained neural networks (Renal Damage diagnosis, RDDx). RDDx achieved high accuracy and generalizability, reliably identifying small capillaries and differentiating tubular and vascular inflammation in kidney tissues. Both LuN and RAR showed reduced tubular and capillary areas with expanded interstitial space. LuN displayed patchy clusters of stressed and inflamed tubules, whereas RAR exhibited diffuse injury. Within RAR, T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) showed intense tubulitis while antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) featured proliferating and inflamed capillaries near atrophic tubules. RDDx quantitative metric outputs correlated with histopathological scores, highlighting their reproducibility and clinical relevance. Stressed tubules in mildly inflamed LuN biopsies suggested they were a sensitive injury marker, while proliferating capillaries revealed microvascular remodeling in ABMR. These findings indicated RDDx can identify and quantify damage mechanisms specific to each renal disease thus facilitating future mechanistic studies and therapeutic target discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durkee, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giger, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.699505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-dimensional spatial proteomics and novel machine learning pipeline identifies disease specific renal damage states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.697975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrophage immunosenescence prolongs intraocular inflammation in aged mice via impaired induction of regulatory T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.697975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune-mediated intraocular inflammation, called uveitis, is a leading cause of global blindness, with the highest burden of visual impairment falling on older individuals. Immunosenescence, the functional changes in immune cells with aging, impacts the age-associated immune response, but how immunosenescence and the molecular regulators of the age-associated immune response affect the clinical course of uveitis remains unclear. In the murine model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), aged mice demonstrated a delayed onset and peak of intraocular inflammation compared to young mice. In contrast to the canonical monophasic inflammation that rapidly resolves in young mice, aged mice developed persistent, chronic inflammation. Transcriptomic and flow-cytometric analyses of immune cells and the receptor-ligand interactome revealed a dominant macrophage-CD4+ T cell signature. This signaling pathway was functionally altered on both ends: macrophages from aged mice had an impaired capacity to generate peripherally induced regulatory T cells (pTreg) through an IL-6 regulated pathway, while CD4+ T cells co-cultured with aged macrophages demonstrated increased proliferation. Our study establishes aging as a key regulator of the effector immune response in uveitis. Regulatory T cells, specifically pTreg, are essential for resolving inflammation in uveitis and an impaired ability to induce pTreg led to a sustained, chronic inflammatory uveitis phenotype in old mice, thereby linking immunosenescence to persistent neuroinflammation. These findings highlight potential therapeutic avenues for vision-threatening uveitis, especially in older patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hase, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamaguchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misawa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshida, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeifer, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colasanti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santeford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apte, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.697975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrophage immunosenescence prolongs intraocular inflammation in aged mice via impaired induction of regulatory T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.700021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
General moment closure for the neutral two-locus Wright-Fisher dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.700021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Wright-Fisher diffusion and its dual, the coalescent process, are at the core of many results and methods in population genetics. Approaches have been developed to study the dynamics of its moments under genetic drift, mutation, and recombination using ordinary differential equations. The dynamics of these moments can be used to study population genetic processes and are key building blocks of efficient methods to infer population genetic parameters, like demographic histories or fine-scale recombination rates. However, the system of equations does not close under recombination; that is, computing moments of a certain order requires knowledge of moments of higher order. By applying a coordinate transformation to the diffusion generator, we show that the canonical moments in these alternative coordinates yield a closed system, enabling more accurate numerical computations. Compared to previous approaches in the literature, we believe that this approach can be more readily extended to general scenarios. Through simulations, we verify that the derived system of differential equations can accurately capture the dynamics of the moments, and can be used to efficiently compute expected diversity and linkage statistics in population genetic samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kundagrami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yetter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinruecken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.700021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[General moment closure for the neutral two-locus Wright-Fisher dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.694695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Choice of phenotype scale is critical in biobank-based GxE tests 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.694695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The importance of gene-environment interactions (GxE) for complex human traits is heavily debated. Recently, biobank-based GWAS have revealed many statistically significant GxE signals, though most lack clear evidence of biological significance. Here, we partly explain this discrepancy by showing that many GxE signals simplify to additive effects on a different phenotype scale, a classical concern that is currently underappreciated. Our results clearly distinguish GxSex effects on height, which vanish on the log scale, from GxSex effects on testosterone, where the log scale uncovers biologically meaningful female-specific effects. Across 32 phenotypes in UK Biobank, we find that scaling by a power transformation can explain 46% of PGSxSex interactions, and that simple log transformation can explain 23%, with similar results for other environments. We also show that phenotype scale can substantially impact GWAS discovery and the construction and evaluation of polygenic scores. Finally, we provide a set of guidelines to consider and choose phenotype scale in modern genetic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Costantino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankararaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.694695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Choice of phenotype scale is critical in biobank-based GxE tests]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Site-specific integration of transposon via engineered piggyBac transposase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The precise integration of large DNA fragments into the human genome holds significant therapeutic potential. Here, we demonstrate that combining engineered piggyBac (PB) transposase with CRISPR/Cas9 enables targeted integration of PB transposons into specified genomic loci. Our engineered PB transposase (PBase) retains high excision activity while substantially reducing endogenous integration activity. In the developed Cas9-PBase fusion system, PBase excises the transposon to generate linear DNA fragments, while Cas9 introduces site-specific double-strand breaks (DSBs), facilitating insertion of the excised fragment at the target locus. The optimized tool achieves 6.1-7.3 kb transposon integration at multiple genomic sites with 10-15% efficiency, demonstrating 60-80% targeted integration specificity. As a proof of concept, we inserted a 7.1 kb transposon encoding three genes into the {beta}2M locus of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), conferring protection against allogeneic natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity in derived iNK cells. These results establish Cas9-PBase as a precise and programmable platform for large DNA sequence insertion with potential clinical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Site-specific integration of transposon via engineered piggyBac transposase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenomics and biogeography of the parrot genus Pyrrhura with implications for systematics and conservation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genus Pyrrhura (Psittacidae: Arini) is one of the most diverse groups of Neotropical parrots. Its species are charismatic, widely kept as pets, and frequently bred outside their native ranges. Yet, nearly half are currently listed as threatened by the IUCN within their natural distributions. Conservation assessments and population estimates often depend on the validity of accepted taxonomic boundaries. However, despite previous systematic efforts, the evolutionary relationships among and within many Pyrrhura species remain poorly resolved, largely due to a recent and rapid radiation. Here, we generated whole-genome sequences for all currently recognized Pyrrhura species, including multiple intraspecific taxa, to reconstruct a robust nuclear phylogeny under the multi-species coalescent model, alongside the most comprehensive mitogenome-based phylogeny of the genus to date. Although both phylogenies supported the monophyly of most currently accepted species, we identified several instances of mito-nuclear discordance, particularly involving the placement of early-diverging lineages, which are best explained by incomplete lineage sorting and historical gene flow. Additionally, we detected three distinct captive lineages that do not cluster with any known wild populations, suggesting substantial overlooked genetic diversity in the worlds captive populations. Ancestral range reconstructions indicate multiple and relatively recent colonization events into the northern and central Andes, likely associated with the uplift of the Andes and the emergence of new ecological niches. Together, our results reveal a complex evolutionary history in Pyrrhura, shaped by rapid radiations, incomplete lineage sorting, and gene flow. We show that integrating nuclear and mitochondrial data with broad geographic and taxonomic sampling, including captive individuals, can uncover overlooked genetic diversity and help to resolve long-standing systematic uncertainties. Finally, we show that several topological discrepancies among previous studies can be attributed to differences in sampling strategies, particularly within the most polytypic Pyrrhura species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morin-Lagos, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hains, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerca, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wink, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyaki, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackett, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.21.700815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenomics and biogeography of the parrot genus Pyrrhura with implications for systematics and conservation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct trajectories of urbanization shape the human gut microbiome across South Asia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human gut microbiomes respond to lifestyle transitions, yet the extent to which these responses are conserved across spatio-cultural contexts remains undercharacterized. We present the South Asian MicroBiome ARray (SAMBAR), a population-scale 16S gut microbiome study of 575 adults from ten geographically and socio-culturally diverse South Asian communities. Each community was sampled in ancestral villages and urban centers, enabling controlled comparisons of geography and lifestyle. Relative to global cohorts, SAMBAR microbiomes occupy a distinct compositional space with stronger correlation to geography and community membership than lifestyle. Although urbanization is consistently associated with increased abundance of disease-linked taxa, microbiome responses to lifestyle transitions are largely community-driven, including the acquisition of wheat- and dairying-associated microbial modules in some communities that may facilitate non-genetic adaptation to lactase non-persistence. Microbiome responses to urbanization are heterogeneous even at regional scales, reflecting local culture and geography and underscoring the need for community-specific investigations of health impacts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasupuleti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdill, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adikari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlawat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blekhman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwivedi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ijinu, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamir, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaushik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Komarabathini, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laithangpuii,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalzarliana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norbu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pautu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaswamy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranasinghe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashmi,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasidharan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satheesh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tennekoon, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tetso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban Aragon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welikala, A. H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yhome, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.701183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct trajectories of urbanization shape the human gut microbiome across South Asia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle enhances mRNA delivery and T cell-mediated immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
mRNA vaccines have transformed prophylactic immunization against infectious diseases as well as therapeutic interventions for cancer. However, their effectiveness against emerging viral variants and a range of malignancies continues to be hindered by suboptimal induction of T cell-mediated immunity. To overcome this limitation, here we developed a polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle (PLNP) platform engineered to improve mRNA delivery to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and to potentiate T cell responses. Relative to conventional mRNA lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccines, mRNA PLNP vaccines demonstrated markedly improved lymph node targeting, APC activation, Th1-biased pro-inflammatory cytokine response, and antigen-specific T cell expansion while retaining robust humoral immunity. Remarkably, mRNA-PLNP vaccines generated approximately 50% more antigen-specific CD8+ T cells than mRNA-LNP vaccines across multiple antigens, including SARS-CoV-2 spike, influenza hemagglutinin, and ovalbumin. In prophylactic applications, mRNA PLNP vaccine provided complete protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants. As a therapeutic approach in a melanoma model, mRNA PLNP vaccination resulted in enhanced tumor control and significantly prolonged survival compared to LNP-based formulations. Collectively, these results establish PLNP as a versatile and broadly applicable platform for augmenting mRNA vaccine efficacy through improved mRNA delivery and T cell priming, offering promising implications for infection prevention and cancer immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asby, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gula, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolaescu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dangi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solanki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woessner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volpatti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sagar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser-Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penaloza-MacMaster, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Missiakas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.701138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle enhances mRNA delivery and T cell-mediated immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.699872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PySteMoDA: An Open Source Python Package for the Analysis of Steered Molecular Dynamics Simulations Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.699872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular dynamics simulation is a powerful computational technique used for predicting and understanding the dynamic behavior of biomolecular systems. Steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations enable the study of force-induced processes in biomolecules, effectively mimicking single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments probing protein unfolding and receptor-ligand unbinding. Given the stochastic nature of these mechanical events, accurately exploring the dynamic behavior of biomolecules and extracting accurate physical information requires several in-silico experiments. This includes performing many pulling simulations at different velocities or force loading rates. The large amount of data obtained from these simulation sets requires efficient automated data processing tools. We present PySteMoDA, a novel Python package with a user-friendly graphical interface specifically designed for constant-velocity SMD data analysis. The automated force peak detection methods reduce user bias, improve accuracy, and accelerate data analysis. The package also allows identification of residues involved in mechanical events through computation of the time-dependent mechanical work and correlation factors between residue pairs. This package not only addresses automated data processing in SMD simulations and accurate parameter extraction, but also significantly enhances accessibility and usability. Through PySteMoDA, users can efficiently analyze simulation data without the barrier of coding, facilitating a wider range of investigations and insights in the field of computational biochemistry and biophysics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mesbah, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klaus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotomayor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumbul, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rico, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.26.699872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PySteMoDA: An Open Source Python Package for the Analysis of Steered Molecular Dynamics Simulations Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.700635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic modeling and functional genomics reveal taxa and host gene interactions in colorectal cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.700635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with changes in the microbial communities in the tumor microenvironment. Although metabolic reprogramming is an important feature of host cells in CRC, little is known about metabolic changes in the tumor-associated microbiota and how these microbial metabolic alterations can contribute to disease. Here, we investigated metabolic host-microbiome interactions in CRC using complementary computational and experimental approaches. Using patient-specific in silico metabolic models across three independent datasets, we discovered that Fusobacterium, a cancer-promoting taxon, consistently grows faster in tumor-associated versus normal tissue-associated microbiomes. This finding prompted us to investigate whether host metabolic changes drive these microbial growth advantages. By integrating our metabolic predictions with host transcriptomics data, we identified correlations between tumor gene expression and the growth of CRC-associated taxa (including Porphyromonadaceae, Blautia, and Streptococcus), as well as associations between host genes and microbial metabolism of dietary components (including choline, amino acids, and starch). To test whether these correlations reflect causal relationships, we simulated spent medium experiments in silico, demonstrating that Blautia preferentially grows on metabolites produced by tumor versus normal host cells. We further validated the direct impact of microbes on host metabolism using an in vitro system, where colon cancer cells exposed to human microbiomes showed gene expression changes in response to specific taxa including Bilophila, Anaerotruncus, and Escherichia. Together, these findings reveal a metabolic dialogue between host and microbiome in CRC, where tumor metabolic reprogramming creates a favorable environment for pathogenic microbes, which in turn may reinforce tumorigenic processes through metabolic crosstalk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Della Libera, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamowicz, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muehlbauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alazizi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luca, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blekhman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.26.700635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic modeling and functional genomics reveal taxa and host gene interactions in colorectal cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient human genomes from Ladakh reveal Tibetan, South Asian, and Central Asian admixture over the last three millennia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.26.701789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh occupies a strategic position at the crossroads of South Asia, the Tibetan Plateau, and Central Asia, with archaeological evidence pointing to long-term cultural exchanges across these regions. However, the human genetic history of Ladakh remains largely unexplored. We generated paleogenomic data from seven individuals recovered from two sites in Western Ladakh - the Old Lady Spider Cave and Hanu - of which six are dated to 531-585 CE and one to the 19th century CE. The older individuals share substantial genetic ancestry with Tibetan groups but also harbor major contributions from two additional sources: one corresponding to the currently-oldest observation of the Ancestral North Indian genetic component that characterizes several present-day populations in North India and Pakistan, and another related to ancient Central Asian groups, with admixture events occurring between [~]2,100-2,500 years ago. In contrast, the later individual falls within a previously described ancient northern Himalayan genetic cline based on [~]1,100-1,300-year-old individuals from Himachal Pradesh, with ancestries related to ancient Tibetan and Steppe-related sources. Stable isotope analysis suggests that these individuals were local to Ladakh in late life and practiced an agro-pastoralist subsistence. Our study establishes that Ladakhs central role in Eurasian economic and socio-cultural networks was shaped by dynamic and sustained gene flow linking high-altitude Himalayan groups with both lowland South Asia and Inner Asia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlawat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwivedi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandyopadhyay, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urban Aragon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witonsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajpal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashmi,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuppulury, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baghel, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spalzin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ldawa Thsangspa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.26.701789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient human genomes from Ladakh reveal Tibetan, South Asian, and Central Asian admixture over the last three millennia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The fossil record of siliceous sponge spicules can be taken at face value 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.27.702024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern sponges (Porifera) diverged by the Cryogenian, but their silicious skeletons do not appear in the fossil record until one hundred million years later, a time-span termed the "spicule gap" and thought to be a taphonomic artifact even though sponges convergently evolved siliceous spicules. Due to sponges position in animal phylogeny and important role in regulating ocean chemistry, the timing of their biomineralization has major implications for the changing tempo and mode of Earth systems as animals radiate. In a comprehensive dataset of Ediacaran and Cambrian sponges, we find that spicules are readily preserved in Cambrian environments more extreme than those of the Ediacaran. Given the convergent evolution of siliceous spicules, we find that the fossil record accurately represents when spicules first evolved in the different sponge lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cui, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karim, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.27.702024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The fossil record of siliceous sponge spicules can be taken at face value]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-6R blockade with tocilizumab disrupts pericyte-and tumor cell-driven IL-6/STAT3 signaling, enhancing docetaxel efficacy in ER+ breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastatic breast cancer is a global health concern with a persistently low five-year survival rate. Taxane microtubule stabilizers, including docetaxel (DTX), are the standard of care in various treatment protocols. DTX is used both as a single agent and in combination therapies, with a majority of ER+ breast cancer patients ultimately developing chemoresistance. The mechanisms contributing to chemoresistance involving the tumor microenvironment (TME) have not been fully elucidated. Specifically, the role of vascular cells within the TME, particularly pericytes, is understudied, and their role in promoting chemoresistance remains unknown. Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) are known to drive drug resistance via activation of the pro-survival JAK/STAT pathway. We found that DTX induced IL-6 secretion of pericytes by at least two-fold compared to vehicle-treated controls in vitro. All tested breast cancer cell lines expressed subunits of the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) complex, indicating their capacity to respond to JAK/STAT signaling. Conditioned media from DTX-treated pericytes activated STAT3 in ER+ breast cancer cells to levels comparable to recombinant IL-6. Pharmacologic blockade of IL-6 signaling with the IL-6R inhibitor, tocilizumab, reduced DTX-induced STAT3 activation in vitro. Furthermore, combined treatment with tocilizumab and DTX synergistically suppressed the growth of zero-passage patient-derived ER+ breast cancer organoids expressing intact IL-6 signaling. Together, our findings suggest that combining DTX with tocilizumab may revert DTX-induced chemoresistance in ER+ breast cancer patients by inhibiting IL-6-mediated activation of the STAT3 pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Przanowska, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Villa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonides-Jensen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visvabharathy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alverdy, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-6R blockade with tocilizumab disrupts pericyte-and tumor cell-driven IL-6/STAT3 signaling, enhancing docetaxel efficacy in ER+ breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hydration-Controlled Proton Transport in Respiratory Complex I 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.29.702666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proton pumping by respiratory Complex I is one essential element for generating the proton motive force that drives ATP synthesis in mitochondria. Although it is understood that electrons from NADH reduce ubiquinone at the peripheral arm and that four protons are transferred in the membrane domain, the mechanism by which this redox reaction initiates proton translocation remains unclear. A lateral pathway linking the quinone binding site to the membrane domain via ND1, ND3, and ND4L subunits has been proposed as the initial path of an excess proton. However, in experimental structures this region lacks a continuous water network between D66ND3 and E34ND4L, resulting in a hydration bottleneck that may regulate proton transfer. Using multiscale reactive molecular dynamics (MS-RMD) and a water wire connectivity metric, we directly simulate proton transport through this region as coupled the the hydration by water molecules. Our results reveal that proton transfer is thermodynamically feasible when transient hydration aligns with the presence of an excess proton, revealing the strong coupling between hydration and proton (PT) in this region of Complex I. These findings support a model where proton injection enhances local hydration, dynamically opening the pathway for proton transfer and regulating the onset of proton pumping in Complex I.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.29.702666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hydration-Controlled Proton Transport in Respiratory Complex I]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimality with room to vary: stiff and sloppy modes in a sensory population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Populations of sensory neurons are thought to be shaped by selective pressures for optimal information transmission, yet real neural circuits display substantial variability across stimulus repeats, across time, and between individuals. Reconciling this variability with normative theories requires understanding not only the optimal code, but also how performance changes under perturbations of that code. Here we analyze large-scale recordings from retinal ganglion cells responding to diverse naturalistic movies and spatial noise. We fit low-rank Ising models, recast as interpretable latent variable models, revealing that retinal population activity is well described by a small number of collective modes tightly coupled to the visual stimulus. The spatial receptive fields of the leading latent variables closely align with the principal components of masked natural images, consistent with efficient coding. Perturbation analyses based on the Hessian of the efficient coding objective show that this agreement is concentrated along stiff directions, where small deviations strongly degrade performance, whereas sloppy directions tolerate large variability. Across stimulus ensembles, the same stiff latent modes form a stable backbone of population interactions that generalizes between scenes and supports both efficient stimulus reconstruction and predictive coding of future inputs. These results show how sensitivity to perturbations structures sensory population codes, allowing normative optimality to coexist with rich variability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bojanek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marre, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimality with room to vary: stiff and sloppy modes in a sensory population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
immgenT Treg: A Reference Landscape of Regulatory T Cell States in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are central to immunity, tolerance, and tissue homeostasis, yet their extensive heterogeneity lacks a unifying framework. immgenT-Treg is a comprehensive molecular atlas of mouse Treg cells spanning organs and disease states, integrating more than 44,000 single cells from over 700 samples with gene expression, 128-plex surface protein profiling, and paired TCR sequencing. Using a joint RNA-protein deep generative model, we define a finite Treg landscape organized around eight conserved clusters shared across tissues and conditions, with immune context reshaping their relative abundance rather than generating new Treg states, including a prominent circulating effector Treg population enriched in select non-lymphoid tissues. We validate this framework by integrating external datasets from conditions not represented in immgenT and by defining an eight-marker flow cytometry panel spanning the Treg landscape. Together, immgenT provides a scalable, reusable reference that unifies Treg heterogeneity across tissues and immune challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freuchet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrotra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magill, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imianowski, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vignali, D. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemmour, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>immgenT Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[immgenT Treg: A Reference Landscape of Regulatory T Cell States in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
immgenT: A Comprehensive Reference of Convergent T-cell States in the Mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immgenT collaborative project generated a comprehensive molecular atlas of T cells spanning virtually all mouse organs and disease states, profiling [~]800,000 cells from 750 samples with RNA, 128-plex surface protein, and {beta}TCR sequence. Applying a deep generative model to joint RNA and protein data defined a finite landscape of T-cell states organized into eight lineages and 110 robust clusters, integrating identical cells from different contexts, and resolving prior nomenclatures. Analysis of effector molecules, transcription factors and modules showed that both immunological functions and regulatory programs are shared across cell states. This framework provides a stable, reusable reference, demonstrated by computationally integrating 16 external datasets from diverse biological contexts. A set of public web tools supports browsing of these data, allows mapping of any dataset onto the immgenT framework. These results propose a molecular classification of T cells organized around a set of shared states reused across immunological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Magill, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallah, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panigrahi, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro del Rio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangs, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bee, G. C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borys, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferraj, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiusco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freuchet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galletti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Globig, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heim, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imianowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebron Figueroa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkenschlager, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osum, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinkawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thefaine, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorzetto-Fernandes, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croteau, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alegre, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosselut, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brossay, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadwell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chervonsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gapin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iliev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jameson,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[immgenT: A Comprehensive Reference of Convergent T-cell States in the Mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The αβTCR repertoire at scale in the immgenT dataset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immensity of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, shaped by combinatorial diversity, imprecise rearrangements, and clonal selection, makes it difficult to comprehend. The immgenT Project generated single-cell RNA and TCRseq to map paired {beta}TCR repertoires across 734 mouse T cell samples from diverse tissues, lineages and challenge conditions. Compositional analysis uncovered some extreme junctional architectures. Previously unreported recurrent recombinations suggested non-randomness in VDJ joining, broadening the precedent of quasi-invariant iNKT and MAIT TCRs. These, with public clonotypes linked to self or environmental factors, contribute to a highly skewed distribution of clonotype frequencies. Tissue analyses reveal compartmentalized and tissue-specific clonal expansions. Unproductive rearrangements of one V gene appeared to suppress the rearrangements of the same V gene on the second chromosome, suggesting that unproductive TCR transcripts may act as regulatory lncRNAs. This organism-wide look into the TCR repertoire offers novel insights on the evolutionary and immunological pressures on repertoire selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Croze, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Candeias, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magill, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piekarsa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijaykumar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giudicelli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossida, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemmour, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benoist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Project, i.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The αβTCR repertoire at scale in the immgenT dataset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histotripsy-initiated immune response synergizes with chemotherapy in a neuroblastoma murine model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-risk neuroblastoma (NB) is a pediatric malignancy associated with metastases and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Standard-of-care treatments like chemotherapy are often ineffective, which motivates the investigation of adjuvant approaches. Histotripsy is a noninvasive focused ultrasound therapy that ablates tissue through the mechanical action of bubble clouds. In addition to disruption of the targeted tumor, non-targeted lesions exhibit growth delay after the histotripsy procedure. The primary hypothesis of this study was histotripsy-induced shifts in the tumor microenvironment will improve the response of metastatic NB to chemotherapy. Female A/J mice flanks were inoculated bilaterally with 1x10 Neuro-2a cells. Histotripsy was applied to one tumor (200-500 mm3), with or without concurrent administration of liposomal doxorubicin (LDOX). The contralateral tumor served as a model of non-targeted distal metastases. Following treatment, tumors were monitored indefinitely for growth, or assessed after 5-7 days with flow cytometry, single-cell RNA sequencing, and immunohistochemistry. Histotripsy alone delayed the growth of treated and contralateral tumors relative to controls (p = 0.01 and p < 0.0001, respectively) and increased CD8 T and CD11b+ cells (p < 0.05 for both comparisons). Further, NB cells in targeted and contralateral tumors exhibited a decrease in Myc expression and cell-cycle activity, and upregulation of interferon and apoptosis pathways. Histotripsy combined with LDOX had the longest delay in tumor growth (p < 0.01) and greatest expression of CD8 and MOMA staining. These findings indicate that histotripsy induces a systemic antitumor immune response that potentiates chemotherapy efficacy in this model of metastatic NB.

SignificanceMechanical ablation with histotripsy drives systemic antitumor immunity, reshapes the tumor microenvironment, and enhances chemotherapy efficacy in a syngeneic model of metastatic, high-risk neuroblastoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antonides-Jensen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Guzman, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Villa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Applebaum, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histotripsy-initiated immune response synergizes with chemotherapy in a neuroblastoma murine model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.31.703033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cave evolution on repeat: reuse of the same genomic regions across lineages but not across traits in Astyanax mexicanus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.31.703033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Similar traits repeatedly evolve across independent populations in response to similar environmental conditions. For many repeatedly evolved traits it is unknown if populations evolve similar traits through the same or different genetic mechanisms. To address this question, we leveraged the Mexican tetra fish, Astyanax mexicanus, which has evolved repeatedly through altering many traits including reduced sleep duration, eye degeneration, and metabolic shifts to accommodate limited nutrient availability. We defined whether shared or independent genetic architecture govern the repeated evolution of sleep loss, increased food consumption, early onset adipose deposition, and eye loss in different evolutionary origins of the cavefish phenotype by using Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping across three cave x surface F2 mapping populations. We found that, among the traits evaluated, eye loss exhibits the most genetic repeatability, with [~]43% of QTL shared across lineages. Sleep loss and metabolic traits (i.e., feeding, adiposity) were genetically less repeatable, with only [~]25-33% of QTL shared across lineages. Next, we explored whether QTL for metabolism, eye loss, and sleep traits in cavefish co-localize in the cavefish genome and could be inherited together to facilitate potential cavefish adaptation. Although these traits have repeatedly co-evolved in cave populations, we did not find evidence for extensive genetic linkage among them. Overall, we found that genetic repeatability is a common feature in the repeated evolution of cave traits, the extent of genetic repeatability varies across cave traits, and that there is little evidence for widespread co-localization of sleep, eye loss, and metabolic traits within the genome.

SummaryIndependent populations that evolve similar traits in response to similar environmental conditions provide us with natural replicates for studying what constrains evolutionary change. Iconic examples of repeated trait evolution often involve repeated mutations in the same genes, suggesting there are limits on the type of genes and mutations that can contribute to phenotypic evolution. Here we conduct a multi-trait, multi-population QTL analysis for similar eye loss, sleep loss and metabolic shifts across two lineages of Astyanax mexicanus. Genetic repeatability is present for most traits, but its extent is highly trait dependent and occurs at the level of genomic regions rather than specific genes, highlighting the mosaic of constraint and flexibility involved in genetic repeatability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richards, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiese, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Gorman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutton, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, O. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roback, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalko, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGaugh, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.31.703033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cave evolution on repeat: reuse of the same genomic regions across lineages but not across traits in Astyanax mexicanus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.01.702680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct neural modes carry information about grasp force and phase in the sensorimotor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.01.702680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans perform a variety of complex hand movements to manipulate objects, requiring precise control of changing forces. Understanding the role of sensorimotor cortex and the cortical dynamics underlying these actions is crucial for developing interventions that restore dexterous hand function after injury or disease. In this study, two individuals with tetraplegia resulting from cervical spinal cord injury attempted a series of isometric grasps. Neural activity was recorded from the motor and somatosensory cortices using intracortical microelectrode arrays while participants attempted to exert a static force or to ramp force up and down. Despite their inability to execute movement, and with limited afferent input, the spiking activity in motor and somatosensory cortex was modulated with the task. Within the neural response we identified independent neural modes - distinct patterns of population-level neural activity - that were informative about both the timing and magnitude of the force. Moreover, distinct neural modes were observed during static and dynamic grasping conditions, suggesting independent control schemes for maintaining and changing forces. These modes were related to phases of the task, including the onset, offset, holding periods, as well as phases of increasing and decreasing force. These results will inform the design of intracortical brain-computer interface (iBCI) systems that can leverage these naturally occurring patterns of grasp and force control to restore dexterous hand function.

Significance StatementRestoring dexterous hand function after injury remains a major challenge, partly due to an incomplete understanding of the cortical dynamics underlying grasping and force control. In this study, we investigated neural activity within the motor and somatosensory cortices of individuals with tetraplegia attempting to perform grasps to different target forces with varying temporal profiles. We identified distinct neural modes modulated during specific phases of grasp that encode force information throughout the task. These findings suggest that brain-computer interfaces could leverage these native neural modes to restore grasping and force modulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blumenthal, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekleva, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gontier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Martinez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobinov, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaunt, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boninger, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collinger, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.01.702680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct neural modes carry information about grasp force and phase in the sensorimotor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
m6A-dependent microRNA binding to chromatin-associated RNA for transcriptional activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For decades, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been canonically viewed as post-transcriptional repressors. We discovered extensive binding of microRNAs to chromatin-associated RNAs (caRNAs) and uncovered an N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-dependent transcriptional activation mechanism of microRNAs. We show that m6A-binding proteins FXR1/2 anchor AGO1/2 at m6A-marked caRNAs, where AAGUGC-seed microRNAs function as guide RNAs to direct AGO positioning. This dual anchoring stabilizes the AGO-microRNA/FXR-m6A complex at specific loci, which in turn recruits the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler SMARCA4 (BRG1) to promote local chromatin opening and TET1 for DNA demethylation, respectively. Together, these coordinated activities establish a transcriptionally permissive chromatin environment, enhancing accessibility and transcription across hundreds of genes in diverse cell types. Beyond the AAGUGC-seed family, additional microRNAs and siRNAs also enhance transcription, suggesting that caRNA binding and transcriptional activation may represent a broader property of small RNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitroda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weichselbaum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[m6A-dependent microRNA binding to chromatin-associated RNA for transcriptional activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse Microbial Exposure Enhances CD8+ T Cell Effector Memory Output and Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mice with normalized microbial exposure (NME) harbor an immune system that more accurately reflects that of humans compared to mice maintained as specific pathogen-free (SPF). An explanation for the observed alterations in the composition of the T cell compartment in NME mice has not been reported. We compared the T cell landscape in NME versus SPF mice at baseline and after acute LCMV infection. Using the immgenT dataset, we found no unique T cell populations in NME, but the landscape shifted towards activated T cells with increased propensity for effector functions and improved pathogen clearance. CD8+ KLRG1+ cells (immgenT CD8_cl12) are significantly expanded in NME mice. Their predominance was a result of both increased formation and the conversion of other memory populations to a KLRG1+ phenotype. Thus, NME mice provide insight into a diverse T cell compartment rich with cells previously found to be limited in SPF mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thefaine, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Block, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehm, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huggins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, O. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemmour, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jameson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse Microbial Exposure Enhances CD8+ T Cell Effector Memory Output and Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The CD8 immgenT framework as a universal reference of mouse CD8 Tαβ cell differentiation states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mouse CD8 T cell differentiation has been studied extensively in models of infections and cancer, yet no unified framework spans the full spectrum of immunological contexts. We present the CD8 immgenT framework, integrating >200,000 single-cell transcriptomes and 128-plex surface proteomes from 734 samples spanning multiple perturbations, tissues, and timepoints. Unbiased analysis identifies 21 states encompassing naive, effector, circulating memory, tissue-resident memory, progenitor-exhausted, and terminally-exhausted compartments, among others. These states re-emerge with striking molecular convergence across acute/chronic infections, cancer, autoimmunity, aging, and homeostasis, showing that near-identical transcriptional programs support protective or dysfunctional outcomes depending on developmental history and microenvironment. Classic archetypes map to discrete clusters but exhibit unappreciated heterogeneity and overlap, cautioning against rigid nomenclature. We provide validated combinatorial markers, flow cytometry gating strategies, and immgenT reference-based integration for reproducible annotation of new datasets. This universal coordinate system harmonizes fragmented CD8 T cell literature and clarifies relationships across diverse immune challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galletti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Globig, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heim, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borys, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monell, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patravali, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharping, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takehara, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinkawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spranger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behar, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaech, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldrath, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemmour, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ImmgenT Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The CD8 immgenT framework as a universal reference of mouse CD8 Tαβ cell differentiation states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virtual Cells Need Context, Not Just Scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.04.703804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intersection of AI and biology has entered a phase of explosive growth, driven by the ambition to build "Virtual Cells" or computational models capable of predicting cellular responses to any perturbation. Following the success of structural biology (e.g., AlphaFold) and large language models, the field has converged on training massive, high-capacity models on large-scale single-cell data. This position paper argues that scaling model capacity is insufficient to solve the Virtual Cell problem because the primary failure mode is a lack of adequate coverage over diverse biological contexts, not insufficient model expressivity. We support this claim by reviewing recent studies showing that simple baselines perform on par with sophisticated architectures within a given biological context, and current models fail to consistently generalize across contexts. We connect this finding to the causal inference literature on transportability and contrast it with domains where scaling has succeeded. We substantiate our argument through analysis of a state-of-the-art model on a 22-million-cell immunology dataset. We conclude that the community faces a causal transport problem that cannot be solved by accumulating more data from the same distributions. Instead, we argue that contextual diversity and causal representation learning deserve increased emphasis, complementing ongoing scaling of model capacity and data volume.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dibaeinia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ElSheikh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virtual Cells Need Context, Not Just Scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.703600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing extracellular vesicle proteins as predictive biomarkers for developing type 1 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.703600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered excellent sources for biomarker discovery since they carry signatures of their cellular origin and disease processes. In this paper, we evaluate the potential of plasma EV proteomics analysis for identifying predictive biomarkers of developing type 1 diabetes (T1D), which results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing {beta} cells in the islet. We used strong anion exchange beads (Mag-Net) to capture plasma EVs from 19 donors with islet autoimmunity (diagnosed by circulating autoantibodies against islet proteins - AAB+) vs. 17 control individuals and analyzed their protein cargo by mass spectrometry. The analysis identified and quantified 5,480 proteins, a 3.2-fold increase in proteome coverage compared to our previous T1D biomarker proteomics study that used whole plasma depleted of the 14 most abundant proteins. The Mag-Net approach also detected 1,306 out of the 1,717 proteins (76%) that we previously verified as EV proteins. Statistical tests revealed 448 proteins to be differentially abundant in AAB+ vs control volunteers, including 69 previously verified EV proteins. A functional-enrichment analysis resulted in overrepresentation of 25 pathways among the differentially abundant proteins, including pathways related to autoimmune response and lipid metabolism. The capacity of this data to predict AAB+ was tested with a machine learning analysis using a random forest model, resulting in a receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve of 0.81. Overall, our study indicates that plasma EV proteomics analysis can be an exciting approach for studying biomarkers for developing T1D.

Significance of the studyType 1 diabetes (T1D) is a disease characterized by the bodys inability to produce insulin and consequently, to control blood glucose levels. Despite the initial trigger being unclear, the disease development process involves an autoimmune response to the islets of Langerhans, resulting in the death of insulin-producing {beta} cells. There is no cure for the disease, and treatment relies on exogenous administration of insulin. Therefore, preventive therapies that block the autoimmune process are attractive for treating T1D. In fact, anti-CD3 antibody (Teplizumab) delays the onset of T1D by 2 years by targeting T cells. Predictive biomarkers for developing T1D are needed to aid the development and implementation of new therapies and to identify the initial trigger and mechanisms of the islet autoimmune process. In this paper, we assess the potential of plasma extracellular vesicle (EV) proteomics analysis for identifying predictive biomarkers of T1D. Our results show excellent potential of the approach, opening opportunities to perform broader studies to identify biomarkers for developing T1D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dakup, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schepmoes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz Ludovico, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirmira, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb-Robertson, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayasu, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.06.703600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing extracellular vesicle proteins as predictive biomarkers for developing type 1 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.11.705209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noradrenergic neuromodulation produces a NMDAR-dependent network state of respiratory rhythmogenesis in the preBotzinger Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.11.705209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Norepinephrine (NE) is an important mediator of sympathetic activity that influences breathing. At the level of the inspiratory neural network, the preBotzinger complex (preBotC), NE modulation orchestrates changes in neuronal network dynamics that influence the stability of inspiratory rhythmogenesis. While this phenomenon has largely been attributed to NE-modulation of intrinsic excitability of inspiratory preBotC neurons, NE is also capable of modulating synaptic drive. Here, we resolve how NE affects synaptic properties and changes the activity dynamics of interconnected preBotC neurons in rhythmic brainstem slice preparations. Increased network burst amplitude and frequency coincided with enhanced inspiratory drive currents at the single neuron level. This increased drive was blocked by the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, APV. Our in silico modeling indicated that synaptic calcium entry via NDMAR is key to maintaining network synchrony during this elevated state of excitability. This was consistent with our multi-electrode array studies revealing that NE-dependent NMDAR activity enhances and preserves synchrony during inspiratory network bursts. This synaptic mechanism may be a critical determinant for shaping inspiratory drive associated with changed neuromodulatory environments.

Significance StatementThis study demonstrates a previously undescribed synaptic mechanism by which noradrenergic modulation recruits NMDAR activity and shifts inspiratory network dynamics leading to a stable network state where synchronization is preserved among inspiratory neurons. This may be a critical mechanism preventing ventilatory instability when sympathetic activity is enhanced.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tryba, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viemari, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.11.705209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noradrenergic neuromodulation produces a NMDAR-dependent network state of respiratory rhythmogenesis in the preBotzinger Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating AI and causal genetics to prioritize therapeutic targets for aging and age-related diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is increasingly viewed as a pathologic process and a principal driver of diverse age-related diseases (ARDs). Framing aging as a disease offers an opportunity to identify therapeutic targets capable of modifying multiple chronic disorders simultaneously. Here, we developed an AI-driven target discovery framework that integrates large-scale multi-omic datasets to prioritise therapeutic targets shared between aging and 12 ARDs across four major disease areas: neurological, inflammatory, metabolic, and fibrotic disorders. We identified 29 high-confidence and 16 previously unrecognized aging-associated targets implicated across selected disease areas, together with convergent pathway perturbations characterized by robust upregulation of interferon and inflammatory signaling, alongside coordinated downregulation of MYC-driven proliferative programs, consistent with heightened inflammatory activation and reduced anabolic activity during aging. Hallmarks of aging assessment revealed chronic inflammation as the most enriched hallmark across aging and ARDs. Mendelian randomization provided genetic causal support for IL6, IL6R, NLRP3, NOS2, TLR4, and GLP1R in aging-related traits and multiple ARDs, highlighting potential opportunities for drug repurposing. Co-localization analysis further demonstrated a shared genetic signal at the IL6R locus between gene expression levels and parental survival. Together, our findings outline a scalable AI-guided multi-omic framework for identifying causal and repurposable therapeutic targets for aging and ARDs.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=70 SRC="FIGDIR/small/705676v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leung, G. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ergun, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izumchenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pun, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhavoronkov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.13.705676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating AI and causal genetics to prioritize therapeutic targets for aging and age-related diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing positive selection in centromere-associated kinetochore proteins across Metazoan groups. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Centromeres are comprised of long stretches of repetitive DNA that evolve rapidly in organisms across the tree of life. Consistent selfish centromere evolution can also have cascading effects - driving rapid evolution in interacting kinetochore proteins - possibly to maintain centromere-kinetochore compatibility. Effects of selfishly evolving centromeres on interacting proteins are most heavily studied in the inner kinetochore and assembly proteins including the constitutive centromere-associated network proteins CENP-A and CENP-C with some exploration of the extended effects to other kinetochore-associated protein complexes. While rapid evolution of the centromere has been broadly studied in many organisms, studies assessing positive selection in centromere-associated kinetochore proteins have largely focused on Drosophila. Here, we tested the hypothesis that signatures of positive selection would be present in outer kinetochore and condensin genes in diverse animal groups. We selected two protein complexes -the Condensin I complex and the Mis12 Complex - to test for positive selection in parasitic wasps, two groups of ray-finned fishes (including the amazon molly an asexual diploid exempt from centromere drive), and two groups of primates. We did not find selection using any test in any protein in the amazon molly but did find sporadic positive selection in proteins in both complexes across all groups.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Healey, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheikh, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camel, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterner, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.13.705784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing positive selection in centromere-associated kinetochore proteins across Metazoan groups.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomography reveals paracellular claudin-15 pores at the tight junction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tight junctions (TJs) are composed of anastomosing strands between epithelial cells. Members of the claudin family of proteins reside within TJ strands and either seal the paracellular space or assemble into charge and size-selective pathways. Functional studies suggest that claudin-mediated conductance pathways resemble traditional ion channels. However, such postulated pores have not been directly visualized. Using a model claudin deficient epithelium where exogenously introduced EGFP-CLDN15 is the only claudin family member expressed, our investigation sheds light on the arrangement and structure of the postulated claudin pores. Following correlative light and electron microscopical identification of TJs and cryo-electron tomography, we identified series of linearly distributed electron lucent features that locate between two closely apposed plasma membranes of adjacent cells. At these sites, the median spacing between adjacent features is 2.25 nm (IQR = 1.83), with a median 1.66 nm (IQR = 0.92) diameter. In contrast, such features were not observed in claudin deficient model epithelium with exogenous mCherry-ZO-1 expression. These findings agree with the postulated and extensively modeled claudin pores formed within the simple columnar epithelium. This provides the first direct evidence of paracellular pore organization and paves way for future biophysical investigation.

SIGNIFICANCEBy combining correlative fluorescence imaging, FIB milling, and cryo-ET within an epithelial system restricted to a single claudin isoform, we were able to visualize repetitive, low-density pore features within CLDN15-containing tight junctions (TJs), structures not previously resolved in intact epithelia. These features were absent in claudin-negative controls and displayed placement and geometry consistent with CLDN15 X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics models. Quantitative measurements of pore diameter, paracellular gap width, and pore spacing further support their assignment as CLDN15 pores. These findings establish a structurally validated platform for defining claudin pore ultrastructure and provide a foundation for future efforts to compare pore-forming and barrier-forming claudins, understand disease-associated junction remodeling, and guide therapeutic modulation of epithelial barrier function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Demchenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuinness, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pappas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalili-Araghi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyatt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-electron tomography reveals paracellular claudin-15 pores at the tight junction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subdomains of Endophilin-NBAR Can Synergistically Drive Membrane Remodeling and Facilitate Controlled Membrane Scission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NBAR-domain containing protein endophilin, as a major player in many endocytic pathways, has offered considerable insight into BAR-domain driven membrane remodeling. However, understanding the interaction of the different subdomains of endophilin and their abilities to sense and generate negative Gaussian curvature are yet unanswered questions, with significant implications for the mechanisms and regulation of unconventional endocytic pathways. Using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation, we demonstrate the synergistic remodeling capabilities of the NBAR remodeling unit, as well as its ability to sort to and generate membrane regions with negative Gaussian curvature. We find that the assembly of NBAR scaffolds at regions of negative Gaussian curvature facilitate membrane hemifission in dynamic bud formation. These insights provide an additional role for endophilin scaffolds in endocytosis, as well as emphasizing the importance of developing new ways to study negative Gaussian curvature.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEThis work provides deeper insight into the composite membrane remodeling abilities of NBAR domains in peripheral membrane proteins and their sorting to negative Gaussian curvature. Theis work also explicitly models at the molecular level the {Omega}-shaped membrane geometry, connecting endophilin mechanics to its physiological function in endocytosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beiter, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassereau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subdomains of Endophilin-NBAR Can Synergistically Drive Membrane Remodeling and Facilitate Controlled Membrane Scission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of staphylococcal EzrA as a molecular organizer of cell division 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Envelope biogenesis in Staphylococcus aureus is concentrated at the septum and includes peptidoglycan synthesis, lipo- and wall-teichoic acid production, and the targeted secretion of YSIRK/GXXS signal peptide-bearing proteins. How S. aureus confines these processes to the dividing crosswall remains unclear. EzrA, a scaffolding protein structurally related to eukaryotic spectrins, has been implicated in linking cell division to envelope synthesis, yet its precise role is poorly understood. Here, we re-examine the function of EzrA for its contribution to envelope biogenesis and homeostasis. We observe that ezrA null mutants synthesize excess peptidoglycan that is incorporated in a dispersed pattern, no longer strictly confined to the septum. A similar loss of spatial restriction was observed for protein A, a surface protein whose YSIRK/GXXS signal peptide directs septal secretion and anchoring. In wild-type cells, newly synthesized peptidoglycan co-localized with nascent protein A anchoring sites at the septum, whereas this spatial coupling was disrupted in the absence of EzrA. In addition, loss of EzrA resulted in impaired nucleoid occlusion with septal guillotining of the chromosome. Together, these findings support a model in which EzrA acts as a molecular organizer of cell division, coordinating septal biosynthesis and envelope assembly while ensuring proper nucleoid occlusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azam, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pius, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Missiakas, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.707072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of staphylococcal EzrA as a molecular organizer of cell division]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral genome packaging accessory factor ORF68 forms cytoplasmic puncta dependent on the viral tyrosine kinase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Assembly of Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) virions is dependent on ORF68, a viral genome packaging accessory factor of unknown function. We used confocal fluorescence imaging to monitor ORF68 localization throughout the KSHV lytic cycle. ORF68 localizes to nuclear viral replication compartments, the site of viral genome packaging. Unexpectedly, ORF68 also localized to cytoplasmic puncta. Using proximity labeling mass spectrometry during infection, we identified ORF68 interaction partners, including the viral tyrosine kinase ORF21. We show that ORF21 colocalizes with ORF68 in cytoplasmic puncta and draws ORF68 to the cytoplasm during infection. This interaction is mediated by the disordered N-terminal region of ORF21. We propose that ORF68 possesses a novel secondary function independent from virion assembly.

IMPORTANCEKaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the underlying cause of multiple human malignancies including Kaposis sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castlemans disease. Encapsidation of the viral genome is necessary to produce new infectious virus. Viral genome packaging can be targeted with small molecules in human cytomegalovirus, a related herpesvirus, but we lack a sufficiently detailed mechanistic understanding to develop additional therapeutics. The molecular role of the essential packaging accessory factor, encoded by ORF68 in KSHV, has remained unclear. We studied the interactions and localization of ORF68 during KSHV infection and find that, in addition to its nuclear role in packaging, ORF68 forms cytoplasmic puncta through its interaction with the viral tyrosine kinase ORF21. This study demonstrates how conserved, essential herpesvirus proteins can play multiple roles in distinct subcellular compartments during viral infection, with secondary functions that may be herpesvirus species-specific.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gelles-Watnick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerezo-Matias, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ospina, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabeche, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristea, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didychuk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral genome packaging accessory factor ORF68 forms cytoplasmic puncta dependent on the viral tyrosine kinase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strain-specific differences in the response to egg-derived versus recombinant protein influenza vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 2023/2024 influenza vaccine included an updated H1N1 component designed to better match a new clade of H1N1 that had multiple mutations in antigenic epitopes of hemagglutinin. Despite this update, the vaccine trended towards being less effective against the vaccine-matched H1N1 clade than the parental H1N1 clade lacking the new antigenic mutations. Here we measure neutralization titers of serum antibodies from individuals who had received either a recombinant protein or an egg-derived vaccine against a set of viruses with hemagglutinins from 58 H1N1 strains representative of the diversity during the 2023/2024 season. We find that egg-derived vaccine recipients, but not recombinant protein vaccine recipients, had a relatively lower boost in neutralizing titers to the new clade that the updated vaccine was designed to target. We suggest that the difference in the extent that the egg-derived versus recombinant protein vaccines boost neutralizing titers to the new H1N1 clade is because the seed strain for the egg-derived vaccine strain had acquired a reversion of a key antigenic mutation (K142R) present in that clade. Our results show how egg-derived versus recombinant protein vaccines can elicit different relative titer boosts against different subsets of viral strains, a phenomenon that could impact vaccine effectiveness.

ImportanceInfluenza vaccines can be produced from virus grown in eggs, or grown in cells or made with recombinant protein. Egg-derived influenza vaccines often contain egg-adaptive mutations in the viral antigen hemagglutinin (HA) which can impact the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the HA. In this study, we compare neutralization titers from egg-derived and recombinant protein vaccine recipients against recently circulating influenza A(H1N1) strains. We find that the egg-derived vaccine induces less of a boost in titers than the recombinant protein vaccine to the new clade of viral strains that the vaccine was designed to target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loes, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarabi, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huddleston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikawa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffths, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drapeau, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, S.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowling, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strain-specific differences in the response to egg-derived versus recombinant protein influenza vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The gene ivory:mir-193 controls scale type differentiation in Heliconius butterflies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ivory:mir-193 locus is a genetic hotspot underlying melanic wing pattern variation across Lepidoptera, acting as a master regulator of melanic scale fate. This includes the genus Heliconius, where aposematic mimicry is driven by three scale cell types: light Type I, dark-melanic Type II, and red Type III scales. We tested functions of ivory:mir-193 in Heliconius using CRISPR-induced somatic mosaic knockouts of ivory and mir-193 across multiple pattern morphs. Knockouts converted Type II scales to Type I scales. Effects on Type III scales varied among and within individuals, indicating that ivory:mir-193 is permissive for Type III development. Using single-nucleus RNA-seq, we profiled the transcriptional landscape of H. melpomene-{Delta}78k mutants lacking mir-193. Loss of mir-193 produced readthrough transcription, consistent with a model where miR-193 acts as a co-transcriptional terminator. These data show that ivory drives wing pattern variation, while mir-193 mediates downstream diversity in scale fate across Lepidoptera.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanly, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livraghi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wray, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillan, W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holder, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon-Onate, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroh, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagh, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Moreira, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.24.707831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The gene ivory:mir-193 controls scale type differentiation in Heliconius butterflies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific Genetic Regulatory Effects in Chickens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sexual dimorphism is a defining vertebrate feature, yet its sex-specific molecular architecture remains poorly understood. Here we established a sex-balanced, uniformly reared chicken cohort to map this landscape, integrating individual whole-genome sequencing with 7,969 bulk and 779,380 single nucleus transcriptomes across 32 tissues from 280 birds. We identified 495,098 independent expression quantitative trait loci for 20,194 genes, including 10,937 loci modulated by cell-type composition. Notably, 340 genes were regulated by 449 loci in a sex-dependent manner, significantly enrichment in endocrine tissues like adipose and the adrenal gland. Furthermore, we fine-mapped 1,219 structural variants, demonstrating their unique roles to tissue- and sex-specific expression beyond SNPs. Ultimately, we showed the utility of these regulatory effects in elucidating the molecular basis of metabolism and complex traits in both chickens and humans. This comprehensive atlas of regulatory effects provides profound insights into the genomic and molecular basis of sexual dimorphism in vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GUAN, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouyang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ionita-Laza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darrington, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wijst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific Genetic Regulatory Effects in Chickens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AI-Guided CRISPR Screen Accelerates Discovery of New Drug Targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psoriasis affects over 125 million people worldwide, yet the mechanistic understanding of keratinocyte-driven inflammation remains incomplete, limiting therapeutic innovation beyond costly systemic biologics that are prone to side effects. Here, we performed the first genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen in primary human adult epidermal keratinocytes to systematically identify regulators of IL-17 receptor A (IL17RA), a central node in psoriatic inflammation. To prioritize therapeutically tractable targets from over 19,000 screened genes, we integrated a large language model - VirtualCRISPR - trained on functional genomics data, identifying arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) and oxytocin receptor (OXTR) as high-confidence novel hits with minimal prior association with psoriasis. Multi-omics validation revealed that ALOX5 and OXTR regulate IL17RA expression through distinct signaling pathways - ALOX5 through lipid mediators that stabilize the receptor at the cell surface, and OXTR through calcium signaling that reprograms cellular metabolism. Topical delivery of their inhibitors Zileuton (ALOX5) and Cligosiban (OXTR) exhibited therapeutic efficacy comparable to systemic anti-IL17RA antibody in the imiquimod-induced psoriasis model, suppressing pathogenic Th17/Tc17 responses, polarizing macrophages toward anti-inflammatory phenotypes, and normalizing epidermal hyperproliferation. Proteomic profiling in human 3D organotypic skin and murine models confirmed on-target pharmacology and revealed convergent suppression of neutrophil-keratinocyte inflammatory circuits. The use of VirtualCRISPR significantly shortened the timescale from screen to the identification of druggable hits with robust validation, and this work establishes a blueprint for integrating AI-driven target prioritization with functional genomics to accelerate therapeutic discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lennon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayes, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tutar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClure, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdrabou, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AI-Guided CRISPR Screen Accelerates Discovery of New Drug Targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Female iPSC X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) erosion and its transcriptomic effects during CRISPR gene editing and neural differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and iPSC-differentiated neural cells, in combination with CRISPR editing, are commonly used for studying neurodevelopmental and other brain disorders. Female iPSCs undergo random X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) via epigenetic silencing by noncoding X inactive specific transcript (XIST). It is known that female iPSCs may lose XIST expression, leading to XCI erosion that affects both X-linked and autosomal gene expression. However, the effects of CRSIPR editing and neural differentiation on XCI erosion in iPSC-derived neurons and how this may confound a real-world transcriptomic analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are poorly understood. Here, leveraging bulk RNA-seq of hundreds of CRISPR-edited female iPSC lines from four donor lines for 66 genes and single-cell RNA-seq of iPSC-derived neurons of a subset of 42 edited genes, we investigated the effects of XCI erosion during CRISPR editing and in iPSC-derived neurons. We found that XCI erosion was variable in CRISPR-edited female iPSCs and largely preserved in iPSC-derived neurons. Like in iPSCs, XIST in neurons predominately influenced the expression of X-linked genes; however, its effect on autosomal genes was more pronounced in single neurons. Mechanistically, XIST epigenetically causes allelic imbalance of both X-linked and autosomal genes, with the former showing stronger allele-specific expression (ASE) bias. Notably, XIST-induced ASE bias exhibited a conserved positional pattern at loci affecting neurodevelopmental genes across different female lines and cell types. Finally, we demonstrated a confounding effect of XCI erosion on DEG analyses in iPSC-derived neurons. These results have significant implications in hiPSC modeling of neurodevelopmental and other brain disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thapa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz de Leon Guerrerro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowda, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barishman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollak, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreimer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Female iPSC X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) erosion and its transcriptomic effects during CRISPR gene editing and neural differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.707550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The emergence of the language system in the toddler brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.707550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Toddlerhood is a time when childrens language competence undergoes a dramatic transformation, making it a key period to examine the emergence of the brains language system. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 29 awake toddlers (19-36 months) scanned on a child-friendly language task reveal that, already at this young age, areas in the left frontal and temporal cortex respond more to comprehensible language (i.e., videos of puppets speaking in English) than the control condition (matched videos with incomprehensible audio). Although the magnitude of response to language is substantially weaker than in adults, the topography is already adult-like, challenging claims that the frontal component or left-hemispheric dominance do not emerge until later in life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olson, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osumah, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.707550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The emergence of the language system in the toddler brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Core circadian clock genes control molecular and behavioral circatidal rhythms in Parhyale hawaiensis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Marine organisms exhibit 12.4-hour rhythms of gene expression, physiology and behavior synchronized by tidal cues. The mechanism underlying these circatidal rhythms, and its overlap with the circadian clockwork, has remained elusive. However, recent studies showed that the core circadian gene BMAL1 sustains circatidal behavior in crustaceans. Therefore, we mutagenized the other three core circadian clock genes (PhCry2, PhPer and PhClk) in P. hawaiensis, a marine amphipod. We found that they are necessary for both circadian and circatidal behaviors. Moreover, all four core circadian genes are critical for 24-h oscillations of mRNA levels in circadian brain neurons and 12.4-h mRNA rhythms in circatidal neurons. Unexpectedly, the mutants indicate that PhCLK represses PhPer expression independently of PhBMAL1 specifically in circatidal neurons. Our study thus reveals that circadian and circatidal clocks share four core molecular components, but their transcriptional wiring differs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Louis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellido, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfenbein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, J. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emery, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Core circadian clock genes control molecular and behavioral circatidal rhythms in Parhyale hawaiensis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model selection in ADMIXTURE can be inconsistent: proof of the K=2 phenomenon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
STRUCTURE and ADMIXTURE are two popular methods for detecting population structure in genetic data. They model observed genotypes as mixtures of latent ancestral populations, and the inferred admixture proportions can be used to visualize and summarize population structure. A key parameter in these models is the number of ancestral populations, K. Selecting K is a challenging problem. Perhaps the most widely used method is Evannos {Delta}K, which selects K based on the second-order change in log-likelihood as K increases. However, practitioners have often noted that {Delta}K often favors overly small K, frequently returning K = 2 even when more meaningful substructure is present. In this paper, we provide a theoretical explanation for this phenomenon: we prove that, under certain conditions, the {Delta}K method can be inconsistent, meaning that it can fail to identify the true number of populations even with infinite data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Do, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terhorst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model selection in ADMIXTURE can be inconsistent: proof of the K=2 phenomenon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane localisation and checkpoint blockade enhance xenoantigen delivery to redirect pre-existing immunity against tumours 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer immunotherapies often rely on the recognition of tumour antigens, which strongly limits their efficacy upon heterogeneous antigen expression or downregulation. A strategy to overcome this limitation is to redirect pre-existing antiviral immunity against tumours through the delivery of xenoantigens. While many studies have addressed this by repurposing licensed vaccines, we here investigated the underlying mechanisms of immune redirection via the delivery of non-adjuvanted xenoantigen proteins, thereby avoiding confounding adjuvant- or pathogen-specific effects. Using B16F10 melanoma cells engineered to express the model antigen OVA, we found that tumour rejection in pre-immunised mice depends on the subcellular localisation of the xenoantigen, with membrane-bound antigens eliciting stronger rejection than dose-matched soluble cytoplasmic antigens. Enhanced rejection of membrane-bound OVA expressing tumours was associated with stronger CD4+ T cell responses. In addition, pre-immunisation also increased recruitment of inflammatory monocytes and macrophages at the tumour site. To translate this concept therapeutically, we developed a membrane-targeting OVA fusion protein which, upon intratumoural delivery, redirected pre-existing immunity and made tumours responsive to anti-PD-1 therapy. Importantly, these findings were further validated using the clinically relevant varicella zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein E (gE) antigen and the licensed varicella vaccine Varivax. Our approach provides a mechanistic and translational perspective for treating poorly immunogenic tumours, leveraging widespread pathogen-specific immune memory in combination with anti-PD1 therapy in cancer patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Briquez, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidiskis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberger, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kling, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fichtner-Feigl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jumaa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.01.708859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane localisation and checkpoint blockade enhance xenoantigen delivery to redirect pre-existing immunity against tumours]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte migration and tissue homeostasis are dictated by Gα13 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intestinal barrier harbors numerous intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) that promote tissue integrity and whose dysfunction contributes to disease. The signals regulating IEL dynamics are incompletely understood. Here we show that deficiency in heterotrimeric G-protein subunit G13 or effector Arhgef1 causes a loss of CD8 and CD8{beta} IEL. Following G13 ablation, IEL reduce migration speed prior to undergoing cell death. Induction of CD8{beta} IEL by Listeria monocytogenes is intact but the cells fail to distribute along the villi and quickly die. TGF{beta} gain-of-function rescues Arhgef1-deficient CD8{beta} cell numbers. CRISPR screening identifies a role for G13-coupled GPR132 in IEL homeostasis. T cell G13-deficient mice suffer more severe colitis and colorectal tumor growth. In summary, we identify G13 as an essential signaling node in {beta} and {gamma}{delta} CD8 IEL and we propose G13-guided IEL positioning in the villous niche is required for receipt of signals, including TGF{beta}, for their maturation, survival and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Earley, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knopper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisicka, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taglinao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looney, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cyster, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.01.708910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte migration and tissue homeostasis are dictated by Gα13]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning functional groups in complex microbiomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From soil to the gut, communities composed of thousands of microbes perform functions such as carbon sequestration and immune system regulation. Here, we introduce a data-driven approach that explains how community function can be traced to just a few groups of microbes or genes. In gut communities, our neural-network based clustering algorithm correctly recovers known functional groups. In the ocean metagenome, it distills ~500 gene modules down to three sparse groups highlighting survival strategies at different depths. In soils, it distills ~ 4400 bacterial species into two groups that enter a mathematical model of nitrate metabolism. By combining interpretable ML with strain isolation and sequencing experiments, we connect the metabolic specialization of each group to community-wide responses to perturbations. This integrated approach yields simple structure-function maps of microbiomes, allowing the discovery of molecular mechanisms underlying human and environmental health. More broadly, we illustrate how to do function-informed dimensionality reduction in biology.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=158 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/709366v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (41K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f76c74org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f13bdcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19107c6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9558f7_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical AbstractC_FLOATNO An integrated ML and experimental pipeline to discover functional groups and their dynamics in complex microbiomes and beyond.

(a) First, our Soft Clustering Function Informed (SCiFI) algorithm identifies functional groups directly from species abundances data using neural networks. Crucially, the learned functional groups are informed by a chosen community function. (b) Descriptions of the system in terms of the original high-dimensional abundances of individual species are prohibitively complex (left). By contrast, a description in terms of the few functional groups identified by SCiFI leads to a simple structure-function map (right). (c) Next, the identified groups can be directly input as variables into predictive mathematical models for the dynamics of the community. (d) The last step of our pipeline relies on the identified groups comprising only a small number of species. This sparsity enables targeted experiments that interrogate isolated species (e.g. with whole-genome sequencing or phenotyping) shedding light on the mechanistic underpinnings of the structure-function map with potential applications beyond microbiomes, from gene expression to neuronal activity.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunbury, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landsittel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitelli, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning functional groups in complex microbiomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hormone signaling and immune programs define differential endocrine responsiveness in high-risk breast tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hormone therapies are frequently used to reduce breast cancer risk in individuals at increased risk for primary or subsequent disease; however, tissue-level responses to these therapies are heterogeneous and incompletely understood. Background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) on breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a non-invasive radiologic readout of breast tissue features associated with endocrine responsiveness and cancer risk. Although BPE is associated with hormonal exposure, a subset of patients with BPE do not show a response to preventive endocrine therapy and therefore may remain at increased breast cancer risk. In this study, we integrated single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics to define the determinants of endocrine responsiveness in the setting of BPE. We identify hormone-driven epithelial cells with high levels of estrogen signaling and endocrine responsiveness, together with immune-associated epithelial programs characterized by diminished luminal identity and increased expression of immune-modulatory pathways, including major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and CD74. Functional organoid assays validate that these epithelial states exhibit differential sensitivity to tamoxifen and demonstrate that inflammatory signals can induce immune-modulatory epithelial programs. Together, our findings identify hormone signaling and immune programs as key determinants of endocrine responsiveness in breast tissue and provide a biological basis for interpreting radiologic markers relevant to cancer prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldhammer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bont, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warhadpande, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cedano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarado, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewing, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhtar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olopade, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertido, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van 't Veer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hylton, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esserman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenbluth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.709108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hormone signaling and immune programs define differential endocrine responsiveness in high-risk breast tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preventing Disease Emergence Following Eradication: Application to Mpox 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We use simple mathematical models to explore the factors that influence the evolutionary emergence of mpox to a pathogen capable of sustained human to human transmission that poses a global threat. Smallpox eradication followed by the discontinuation of immunization with vaccinia has led to a decline in the level of population immunity against related poxviruses such as mpox. This decline in immunity results in an increase in both the number of spillovers and the extent of human to human transmission. We find that increases in transmissibility of mpox between humans have a much greater effect on the probability of evolutionary emergence compared with increases in the number of zoonotic spillovers. We suggest that while mpox only needs to have a reproductive number slightly greater than one to become endemic, subsequent adaptation is likely to further increase its transmissibility in the human population. As a consequence a much higher level of vaccination (or other intervention) is needed to control the pathogen after its evolutionary emergence compared with what is needed to prevent it from emerging in the first place.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hirst, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deichmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longini, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipsitch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preventing Disease Emergence Following Eradication: Application to Mpox]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consistent EMG encoding during reach and grasp by neurons in motor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.709159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying what the activity of neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1) represents is essential for understanding motor computation. Yet the relation of M1 to muscles and movement remains unresolved, in part because the kinematic variables M1 appears to encode differ across the limb: hand velocity during reaching, but joint position during grasping. This discrepancy has been taken to imply fundamentally distinct control strategies for proximal and distal segments. Yet, here we show that a single, muscle-based control principle accounts well for both observations. We recorded neural activity, electromyographic (EMG) signals, and movement kinematics from macaque monkeys performing planar reaching, wrist movement, or free-form grasping tasks. Across behaviors, EMG-based encoding models explained M1 firing rates as accurately as the best-performing kinematic model: velocity for reaching, position for grasping, and either variable for wrist movements. Impulse response analysis revealed that these task-dependent kinematic relationships arise from the differences in mechanical impedance of each limb segment: the inertial and intersegmental coupling which dominate the dynamics of the proximal arm are far less important in the hand. These findings indicate that M1 output has a relatively simple, consistent relation to muscle activation and that the apparent divergence in kinematic encoding is a consequence of limb mechanics rather than distinct cortical strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ciucci, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzoglio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasper, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobinov, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.709159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consistent EMG encoding during reach and grasp by neurons in motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network pharmacology-based discovery and experimental validation of novel drug repurposing candidates in Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.05.709917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite a growing body of evidence implicating genetic variants and proteins encoded by them with risk and pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease (AD), this knowledge has not been successfully translated into effective AD treatments. We integrated current genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of AD into a network pharmacology framework that leverages comprehensive gene-gene and drug-target interactions. This approach allowed us to screen 2,413 drugs for repurposing opportunities in AD. Computational validation and drug prioritization was followed by experimental validation in 33 cell culture-based phenotypic assays combined with Bayesian hypothesis testing. Our network-based screen rediscovered drugs in clinical trials for AD, providing computational validation. Besides many cancer drugs, the screen identified three drugs previously implicated in AD-related endophenotypes: the primary bile acid chenodiol, arundine (3,3-diindolylmethane), and cysteamine. In analysis of results from culture-based phenotypic assays, large Bayes factors supported the hypothesized benefits of arundine and the chenodiol derivative, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), in amyloid-{beta} clearance and release and neuroinflammation. Follow-up network analyses mechanistically implicated Regulator of G protein signaling 4 (RGS4) in the plausible therapeutic actions of arundine and TUDCA. A network pharmacology approach identified TUDCA and arundine as promising repurposing candidates in AD that rescue disease-relevant molecular phenotypes by acting on AD-associated genes through regulation of G protein signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeffler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varma, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thambisetty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.05.709917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network pharmacology-based discovery and experimental validation of novel drug repurposing candidates in Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.706681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Placental prostaglandin signaling disrupts barrier integrity and relays an acute inflammatory signal to the fetus. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.11.706681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maternal inflammation during pregnancy is a major risk factor for adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, yet the mechanisms linking maternal immune activation (MIA) to placenta-fetal brain axis dysfunction remain unclear. Using a poly-(I:C) mouse model, we show that MIA rapidly disrupts placental-blood barrier (PBB) integrity by disrupting pericyte-endothelium coupling within 48 hours, leading to increased placental permeability detected by in vivo MRI. We identify a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-dependent pathway involving cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and prostaglandin E-synthase (mPGES1) as a key mediator of this effect. Pharmacological inhibition of COX2 prevented MIA-induced structural and functional changes. In vitro explant studies confirmed that PGE2 acts via the EP3 receptor to disrupt pericyte-endothelium interactions, while ex vivo perfusion demonstrated that in addition to its local effects on PBB structure, placenta-derived PGE2 enters the fetal circulation. Finally, similar vascular alterations were observed in human placentas from pregnancies with severe maternal inflammation. These findings reveal a conserved inflammatory mechanism that compromises PBB integrity and may relay signals to the fetal brain, highlighting potential therapeutic targets for neuroprotection during prenatal inflammation.

One Sentence SummaryMaternal immune activation during pregnancy disrupts placental vascular integrity through a COX2-dependent prostaglandin E2 pathway, which compromises the placenta-blood barrier and relays inflammatory signals to the fetus, identifying potential therapeutic targets for neuroprotection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horackova, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosthwait, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoyo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham-Chang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhinderwala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagliaferro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldauf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montagne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonnin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.11.706681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Placental prostaglandin signaling disrupts barrier integrity and relays an acute inflammatory signal to the fetus.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.711449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential chromatin looping regulated by two GA-binding transcription factors creates an X-specific chromatin environment for dosage compensation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.711449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms by which differential occupancy of transcription factors (TFs) at similar binding sites leads to context-specific targeting of large transcription complexes remain poorly understood. X chromosome upregulation (XCU), the most highly conserved step in dosage compensation and best studied in Drosophila, serves as a model for understanding how differential occupancy of similar TFs functions context-specifically. Sequence variation within GA-repeat motifs that accumulated on the X chromosome over evolutionary time promotes the binding of a specific GA-binding TF (CLAMP) that recruits the dosage compensation complex (DCC) while outcompeting another similar TF (GAF). However, the mechanism by which CLAMP-GAF competition drives specific targeting of the DCC to the X chromosome remains unknown. Because DCC binding sites cluster in 3D space, we combined Micro-C and Hi-ChIP to determine that CLAMP and GAF directly mediate largely mutually exclusive 3D genomic contacts. Specifically, we show that CLAMP but not GAF drives local short-range interactions that directly link high affinity DCC binding sites with active, dosage-compensated housekeeping genes. In contrast, GAF mediates interactions between transcriptionally silent insulator regions on the X chromosome spanning a wider range of genomic distances. Together, these findings demonstrate that CLAMP outcompetes GAF at active regions on the X chromosome, but not autosomes, to create an X-chromosome specific chromatin environment for dosage compensation. Overall, we provide new insight into how differential TF binding at similar binding sites drives context-specific targeting of transcription complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguilera, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segarra Alonzo, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aragon Vasquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman-Sousa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grive, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larschan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.711449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential chromatin looping regulated by two GA-binding transcription factors creates an X-specific chromatin environment for dosage compensation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.14.711828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Deep Quantitative Proteome Turnover Platform for Human iPSC-derived Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.14.711828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative evaluation of protein turnover in human neurons is crucial for understanding neuron homeostasis and guiding drug development for neurological diseases. However, measuring protein turnover in postmitotic neurons remains challenging due to the high dynamic range of protein half-lives and limited proteome coverage in SILAC (Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in Cell culture) experiments. Despite broad applications of dynamic SILAC proteomics to measure protein turnover in rodent tissues and primary neurons, few studies have measured protein half-lives in human neurons with limited proteome coverage. Here, we established a comprehensive platform to quantify protein half-lives in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons. By integrating optimized dynamic SILAC labeling in human neuron cultures, extensive peptide fractionation, optimized data-dependent and data-independent LC-MS/MS acquisition methods, and a streamlined computational pipeline, we achieved deep and accurate measurement of 10,792 protein half-lives from 162,854 unique peptides. We then compared the protein turnover and abundances in iPSC-derived glutamatergic cortical neurons and spinal motor neurons, revealing globally conserved proteome dynamics alongside subtype-specific differences consistent with specialized neuronal functions. To enable broad community access, we created NeuronProfile (www.neuronprofile.com), an interactive web platform for exploring protein turnover, abundance, and subcellular location in human neurons. Together, this work provides a comprehensive analytical platform to assess human neuronal proteostasis and a foundational resource for neurological disease research and therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankenfield, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazli, W. N. A. b.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.14.711828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Deep Quantitative Proteome Turnover Platform for Human iPSC-derived Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individuals with Intermittent Explosive Disorder Exhibit Idiosyncratic Neural Responses during Social-emotional Processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is associated with impulsive aggression in ambiguous social contexts. Prior neuroimaging studies have treated IED as a homogenous group, but identical social situations may elicit divergent responses across IED individuals. Here, we test the hypothesis that IED is characterized by idiosyncratic neural responses to social cues during naturalistic social-emotional processing. IED individuals and healthy controls completed a validated paradigm where they were presented with video vignettes of interpersonal interactions while undergoing fMRI. We computed the intersubject correlation (ISC) in neural time courses between pairs of participants to quantify neural similarity, and assessed whether similarity differed between Healthy-Healthy and IED-IED dyads using Bayesian multilevel models, controlling for self-reported emotional responses and intention attributions for each vignette. Healthy-Healthy dyads showed significantly higher ISC than IED-IED dyads, indicating that neural responses to the videos were similar among healthy participants, but idiosyncratic in IED individuals. These effects were observed in regions in the default mode and salience networks, including the precuneus, medial prefrontal cortex, superior temporal sulcus, insula, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Individuals with IED exhibited idiosyncratic neural responses during naturalistic social-emotional processing, even after accounting for differences in emotional reaction and intention attribution. This neural idiosyncrasy may reflect atypical integration of social cues, giving rise to maladaptive interpretations and impulsive aggression. Assessing neural synchrony during ecologically valid paradigms offers a promising tool for identifying neural markers of interpersonal dysfunction and informing targeted interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keedy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coccaro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.711681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individuals with Intermittent Explosive Disorder Exhibit Idiosyncratic Neural Responses during Social-emotional Processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.15.711934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A holistic survey of small mammal diversity across an iconic Madrean Sky Island (Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, USA) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.15.711934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Santa Catalina Mountains are an iconic member of the Madrean Sky Islands, rising above Tucson, Arizona, USA, where the Catalina Highway connects Sonoran desertscrub to stands of conifer forest nearly 2,800 meters in elevation. As one of the [~]54 forested mountain areas in this system, the Santa Catalinas host unique biotic communities relative to the surrounding lowlands. However, most of these sky islands lack the surveys of resident small mammals (either historical or recent) needed for studying biodiversity in the context of changing climate and habitat use. From 2021 to 2023, we surveyed 10 localities on the north and south slopes of the Santa Catalina Mountains using holistic sampling methods to document terrestrial small mammal diversity and preserve multiple tissue types. Here we summarize these new collections relative to previous voucher specimens and human observations, identifying gaps for future work to address. Our survey recorded the presence of 15 species, preserved 150 voucher specimens paired with a suite of flash-frozen tissues, and non-lethally sampled another 219 individuals (ear tissue, feces, ectoparasites, and measurements) to provide populational data from sites where vouchering occurred. Despite the road accessibility and long history of sampling in the Santa Catalina Mountains, our surveys extended the known elevational range for 8 species, including the first known specimen of Reithrodontomys fulvescens from the area. Our use of a transect-based survey design, which maximizes species diversity across biotic communities, paired with holistic specimen preservation techniques, provides a model for surveying patterns of population genetic and parasite sharing relationships across other Madrean Sky Islands, bridging a [~]40 year lull in specimen preservation while adding new data dimensions that promote integrative studies of small mammal biodiversity. With more complete sampling, other mountains will offer promising replicates for studying eco-evolutionary impacts of the regions episodic habitat connectivity.

Teaser textSurveying the terrestrial small mammals of the Santa Catalina Mountains, part of the Madrean Sky Islands, we analyze modern occurrences relative to previous records and demonstrate the potential value of holistically surveying sky island small mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rowsey, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamora Chavez, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucci, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alston, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baez, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upham, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.15.711934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A holistic survey of small mammal diversity across an iconic Madrean Sky Island (Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, USA)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequential experience reshapes population representations in visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual experience is organized in time. When riding the same bus route each day, the visual scene unfolds in a predictable order without requiring active choice. During goal-directed behavior, individuals organize actions into routines, such as repeatedly walking the same route to work even when alternatives are equally efficient. Because experience unfolds across sequences of events, identifying how it reshapes population activity requires examining representations over time. Many studies have shown that repeated experience reduces mean firing rates in visual cortex1-14. While firing rates effectively signal novelty or repetition, they are not well positioned to describe how populations of neurons represent temporal relationships. A growing body of work suggests that the geometry of population activity provides additional insight into how visual information is structured and read out15-26. We examined how experience with temporal structure reshapes the geometry of population activity in visual area V4. We recorded neuronal populations across three contexts that varied in temporal structure and behavioral relevance: repeated presentation of individual images, passive exposure to structured image sequences, and repeated execution of self-chosen visually guided action sequences for reward. Across contexts, experience constrained population responses toward a typical activity pattern. In sequence contexts, experience made temporal position more linearly accessible and, during active practice, increased the separability of task-relevant variables. These findings show that experience reorganizes the geometry of visual population activity to reflect temporal structure, constraining responses and altering how sequence-related information is represented.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kramer, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequential experience reshapes population representations in visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Spatially Structured Spiking Network Model of Beta Traveling Waves and Their Attenuation in Motor Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Beta-band oscillations in primate motor cortex propagate as planar traveling waves whose amplitude attenuates with spatial gradients across the cortical sheet just before movement onset. How local excitatory-inhibitory (E-I) interactions and spatial connectivity jointly generate these waves, their attenuation patterns, and their stereotyped rostro-caudal bias remains unclear. Here we address this question by implementing a spatially structured network of leaky integrate-and-fire neurons with distance-dependent connectivity, conduction delays, and realistic synaptic dynamics. Through linear stability analysis and large-scale simulations validated against macaque electrophysiology, we show that planar beta waves emerge as Turing-Hopf spatiotemporal instabilities, where global beta oscillations coexist with irregular single-neuron firing. When the network operates near the boundary between oscillatory and asynchronous regimes, internally generated fluctuations produce the irregular, transient beta bursts characteristic of single-trial local field potentials. A rapid, spatially homogeneous increase in external drive pushes the circuit into an asynchronous state, reproducing the beta power reduction and spatial attenuation gradients seen at movement onset, alongside the irregular spatiotemporal dynamics of movement execution. By introducing anisotropic excitatory-to-excitatory connectivity, we recover the observed rostro-caudal propagation bias. Our results suggest that motor cortical traveling waves are intrinsic dynamical modes of local E-I circuits, recruited and modulated by behaviorally relevant inputs to organize movement initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bachschmid-Romano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Spatially Structured Spiking Network Model of Beta Traveling Waves and Their Attenuation in Motor Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.709872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In-Situ ssDNA Isolation from dsDNA Sources as a Streamlined Pathway to DNA Origami Assembly and Testing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.709872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scaffolded DNA origami has become a valuable nanoscale tool for applications in biomedical and physical sciences. Critical to leveraging the modular and programmable properties of DNA origami nanodevices is access to the scaffold strand, a long single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) of precise length and sequence, which is folded into a compact shape via piecewise base-pairing with many staple strands, short ssDNA oligonucleotides. Current methods to produce and manipulate long ssDNA scaffolds can be costly, time-consuming, and cumbersome. In contrast, methods to produce and manipulate the sequence of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) are efficient and scalable. Here, we present a method for the rapid isolation of target ssDNA sequences from a variety of dsDNA sources using oligonucleotides as blocking strands that bind continuously to the undesired strand, thereby releasing the target scaffold strand. We report successful ssDNA isolation from linear and supercoiled dsDNAs of various sequences and lengths, ranging from 769 to 15,101 nucleotides. In addition to isolating ssDNA, we demonstrated this approach enables folding of DNA origami directly from dsDNA templates using both blocking and staple strands in a single-pot thermally controlled reaction. Furthermore, we explore multi-scaffold and gene-encoding DNA origami structures, expanding the framework for application-based designs.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=82 SRC="FIGDIR/small/709872v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (30K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f7ada7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a9bab8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@121b695org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5a1dea_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neyra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paramasamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bizjak, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halley, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotomayor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirier, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeifer, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.19.709872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In-Situ ssDNA Isolation from dsDNA Sources as a Streamlined Pathway to DNA Origami Assembly and Testing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.712976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overlap in neural representations of coordinated wrist and finger movements in human motor cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.19.712976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dexterous hand function underlies many essential human activities, from tool use to expression through gestures. Coordinated digit movements are enabled by the intricate musculature of the hand and forearm, which also imposes mechanical coupling between the digits and wrist, constraining their independent control. It remains unclear whether motor cortex inherits these constraints in its activity or encodes digit and wrist independently. To address this problem, we asked individuals with intracortical microelectrode arrays implanted in motor cortex to attempt flexion and extension of individual digits, either in isolation or in combination with attempted wrist movements. We could accurately decode which digit was moving based on cortical recordings, and channels selective for digit identity were arranged somatotopically across the recording arrays. Nevertheless, the activity during flexion or extension overlapped between digits, and movement direction of a given digit could be reliably inferred by a decoder trained on movements of other digits. This directional signal was largely invariant to the digits initial posture. The population axis describing digit movement direction was aligned with the axes associated with wrist flexion-extension or pronation-supination. This alignment persisted during simultaneous wrist and digit movements, which complicated efforts to control them individually. However, by decoding wrist and digit motion from activity orthogonal to the shared direction axis, a participant was able to achieve continuous control of virtual hand movements with improved speed and reduced unintended movements. Together, the results identify both a code for digit identity and a low-dimensional flexion-extension signal which is shared across the digits and wrist. This arrangement is consistent with muscle-like biomechanical constraints on motor cortical activity, which must be accounted for to improve coordinated BCI control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emonds, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okorokova, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenthal, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collinger, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensmaia, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobinov, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.19.712976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overlap in neural representations of coordinated wrist and finger movements in human motor cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capping protein regulates the balance of assembly among diverse actin networks in C. elegans zygotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin cytoskeleton networks exhibit specialized architectural properties for specific cellular tasks, as determined by the actin-binding proteins (ABPs) associated with each network. Proper allocation of a limiting pool of actin monomers also helps shape the assembly of different F-actin networks. The ABP capping protein (CP) modulates F-actin network architecture through regulation of actin filament length by capping filament barbed ends. Using a combination of in vitro biochemistry and quantitative live-cell imaging, we characterize CP as a major regulator of inter-network competition between filopodia and mini-comets, two F-actin networks in the one-cell C. elegans embryo (zygote). We establish that this regulation is facilitated in part by competition for binding barbed ends between CP and the F-actin elongator formin CYK-1. Together, these results reveal a role for CP in determining F-actin network architecture and dynamics, regulating the coordination between actin assembly factors to assemble and maintain different dynamic F-actin networks, and allocation of G-actin between competing cortical F-actin networks.

Summary for table of contentsCells assemble diverse actin cytoskeleton networks within a common cytoplasm for essential cellular processes. Yde et al. establish a role for Capping Protein, a regulator of actin filament length, in coordinating the balanced assembly of distinct actin networks in the C. elegans zygote.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yde, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaidel-Bar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadzik, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capping protein regulates the balance of assembly among diverse actin networks in C. elegans zygotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.22.713538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic architectures of brain-related traits are shaped by strong selective constraints 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.22.713538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of significant loci for psychiatric disorders, yet the strength of these associations remains modest compared to other human complex traits with similar numbers of hits. Whether this pattern reflects statistical artifacts or real biological differences -- and, if the latter, what underlies it -- remains unclear. In addition to psychiatric disorders, we find that other traits with functional enrichment in the central nervous system (CNS), whether binary or quantitative, also share similar genetic architectures, characterized by GWAS hits of limited statistical significance and generally higher allele frequencies. To robustly compare traits that differ in GWAS statistical power, we demonstrate how binarizing a quantitative trait reduces power. This loss of power can be replicated by a matched "effective sample size" on the liability scale. After matching "effective sample sizes", we show that CNS-enriched traits have large mutational target sizes, with contributing variants and genes experiencing stronger selection than those for other traits. Our findings reveal heterogeneity among diseases and provide insights into traits that more effectively capture fitness-relevant processes. More broadly, our results suggest that the genetic architectures of complex traits are shaped by the tissues through which these traits are mediated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.22.713538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic architectures of brain-related traits are shaped by strong selective constraints]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.713760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spike-in probe-enhanced single-cell RNA-seq reveals post-infusion transcriptomic remodeling of "prime-and-kill" synNotch-CAR-T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.713760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously developed synthetic Notch (synNotch)-chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells to improve the safety and efficacy of CAR-T therapy for glioblastoma. In this system, an anti-EphA2/IL13R2-dual-CAR is expressed only upon recognition of tumor- or brain-specific "priming" antigens, EGFRvIII (termed E-SYNC cells) or brevican (B-SYNC), respectively, with E-SYNC currently under phase I clinical evaluation (NCT06186401). However, tracking and profiling these engineered cells in vivo remain challenging, limiting our understanding of their activity and therapeutic potential. To address this gap, we developed a single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) workflow with custom spike-in probes for synNotch-CAR transcripts, enabling simultaneous detection of engineered cells and transcriptomic profiling. In vitro, integration of multiple probes using machine-learning-assisted classifiers detected 78.2% of E-SYNC cells and 60.0% of B-SYNC cells with 98.0% specificity. In a xenograft model, synNotch-positive cells were detected across the spleen, lung, and brain, with the highest frequency and most robust priming and activation observed in the brain. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed tissue-specific differentiation programs, including cytotoxicity, proliferation, metabolic activity, and acquisition of tissue-resident memory phenotypes, shaped by both environmental cues and synNotch-mediated antigen recognition. In summary, this spike-in probe-enhanced scRNA-seq workflow enables robust detection and high-resolution characterization of synNotch-CAR-T cell dynamics and provides a broadly applicable platform for monitoring engineered immune cells in diverse clinical contexts.

One Sentence SummaryOur spike-in probe-enhanced single-cell RNA-sequencing method enables analysis of tissue-dependent activation and transcriptional states of synNotch-CAR-T cells, providing a robust and scalable platform for in vivo tracking and transcriptomic profiling of engineered cell therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nejo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watchmaker, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simic, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamichi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshmanachetty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benway, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.26.713760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spike-in probe-enhanced single-cell RNA-seq reveals post-infusion transcriptomic remodeling of "prime-and-kill" synNotch-CAR-T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714882v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BCAR: A fast and general barcode-sequence mapper for correcting sequencing errors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714882v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationDNA barcodes are commonly used as a tool to distinguish genuine mutations from sequencing errors in sequencing-based assays. In the presence of indel errors, utilizing barcodes requires accurate alignment of the raw reads to distinguish genuine indels from indel errors. Existing strategies to do this generally rely on aligners built for homology comparison and do not fully utilize quality scores. We reasoned that developing an aligner purpose-built for error correction could yield higher quality barcode-sequence maps.

ResultsHere, we present BCAR, a fast barcode-sequence mapper for correcting sequencing errors. BCAR considers all of the evidence for each base call at each position both during alignment and during final consensus generation. BCAR creates high-accuracy barcode-sequence maps from simulated reads across a broad range of error rates and read lengths, outperforming existing methods. We apply BCAR to two experimental datasets, where it generates high-quality barcode-sequence maps.

Availability and implementationBCAR source code, documentation and test data are available from: https://github.com/dry-brews/BCAR
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrews, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714882</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BCAR: A fast and general barcode-sequence mapper for correcting sequencing errors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.28.715037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Neural Population Code for Value in Human Orbitofrontal Cortex. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.28.715037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive behavior depends on the ability to rapidly evaluate options and select those that promise the greatest benefit. Such decisions rely on neural representations of value distributed across multiple brain regions, including the orbitofrontal (OFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), yet the neural code underlying these value representations remains unresolved. The dominant account proposes that OFC/vmPFC neurons encode value through a linear rate code, resulting in a single point estimate at the population level. However, this framework is difficult to reconcile with the heterogeneous tuning observed in individual OFC/vmPFC neurons, which can exhibit both positive and negative correlations with subjective value.

Here, we test the alternative hypothesis--derived from theories of neural coding in perceptual systems-- that the OFC/vmPFC implements a probabilistic population code based on non-linear tuning functions. Such tuning allows population activity to represent not only subjective value but also the uncertainty surrounding it, in the form of a flexible posterior probability distribution. Using a population receptive field framework, we fitted non-linear value-tuning functions to functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired during a value judgment task. Bayesian inversion of this encoding model enabled robust out-of-sample decoding of subjective value across several brain regions, including the OFC/vmPFC. Importantly, value uncertainty estimated from decoded medial OFC/vmPFC posteriors predicted within-subject preference instability, choice stochasticity, and confidence in option values, demonstrating its behavioral relevance and suggesting that participants had conscious access to this information. Complementary single-unit recordings from a subset of monkey OFC neurons similarly revealed nonlinear value-selective tuning.

Together, these findings establish a probabilistic, non-linear population code for value in the OFC/vmPFC. This provides a neural foundation for the probabilistic code through which value, and uncertainty about value, can guide choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le Bouc, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Hollander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueschow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupkin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinty, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polania, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruff, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.28.715037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Neural Population Code for Value in Human Orbitofrontal Cortex.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DHHC7 palmitoylates KRAS4A and promotes mutant KRAS-driven pancreatic cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
KRAS mutations underlie many human cancers. While inhibitors such as Sotorasib and Adagrasib targeting KRAS mutants have shown promise, additional strategies are required to address the broader spectrum of KRAS-driven cancers, particularly those displaying drug resistance. Thus, there is a need to better understand KRAS signaling and develop new therapeutic strategies. Here we show that KRAS4A is palmitoylated on Cys180 by a palmitoyl transferase, DHHC7 (gene name ZDHHC7). Palmitoylation promotes KRAS4A plasma membrane localization, and more importantly, nanoclustering. This in turn promotes the activation of ARAF and RAF1, but not BRAF. DHHC7 and KRAS4A Cys180 palmitoylation are important for the normal and anchorage independent growth of pancreatic cancer cell lines. Depletion of ZDHHC7 dramatically inhibits pancreatic tumor growth in mouse xenograft models. These studies provide new understandings about how palmitoylation regulates KRAS4A activity and suggest DHHC7 as a promising new target for KRAS mutant cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziolkowski, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macleod, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DHHC7 palmitoylates KRAS4A and promotes mutant KRAS-driven pancreatic cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.715853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond the mean: genetic control of gene expression fidelity and dispersion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.715853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For decades, molecular biologists have interpreted gene regulation through measurements of mean gene expression, because they could not resolve regulatory variation among individual cells. The advent of single-cell genomics has now made that variation measurable, revealing pervasive differences in gene expression among apparently similar cells. Whether this variation mainly reflects stochastic noise or an informative regulatory property remains unclear. Here we show that mean-corrected gene expression dispersion is a reproducible and biologically structured feature of gene regulation that reflects regulatory fidelity. In heterogeneous differentiated cardiac cultures, genes with low dispersion are shared across cell types, enriched for housekeeping functions, depleted for expression quantitative trait loci, and more highly connected in transcriptional and protein interaction networks. In a comparative single-cell system spanning human, chimpanzee, and allotetraploid cells, a substantial subset of interspecies differences in regulatory dispersion persists in a shared trans environment, indicating that gene expression fidelity is often regulated in cis. Our findings establish gene expression dispersion as a genetically encoded dimension of gene regulation that is distinct from mean expression, and places dispersion along a fidelity-plasticity axis with implications for development, disease, and threshold-dependent cellular phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gilad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamison, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntire, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.01.715853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond the mean: genetic control of gene expression fidelity and dispersion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.715986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PARP16 is a Druggable Regulator of Ribosome MARylation and Protein Homeostasis in Ovarian Cancer Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.715986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWCytosolic NAD{square} synthesis supports ovarian cancer growth by enabling PARP16-dependent mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation (MARylation) of ribosomal proteins, thereby fine-tuning translation and maintaining protein homeostasis. While genetic depletion of PARP16 disrupts ribosome MARylation and impairs tumor cell growth, the therapeutic potential of pharmacologic PARP16 inhibition in this pathway remains unexplored. Here, we characterized the effects of DB008, a tool compound that functions as a selective inhibitor of PARP16, in ovarian cancer cells. Biochemical analyses demonstrated that PARP16 undergoes NAD{square}-dependent auto-MARylation and that NMNAT-2 supplies NAD{square} to support this activity. DB008 potently inhibited PARP16 auto-MARylation in vitro. In ovarian cancer cells, DB008 engaged PARP16, reduced its MARylation, and decreased ribosome-associated MARylation. Consistent with PARP16 depletion, DB008 enhanced global protein synthesis, increased protein aggregation, and suppressed cell growth and anchorage-independent colony formation. CRISPR-mediated deletion of the PARP16 gene in ovarian cancer cells abolished the effects of DB008 on translation, protein aggregation, and proliferation, demonstrating on-target activity. Moreover, cells expressing a PARP16 mutant resistant to DB008 were unaffected by inhibitor treatment, further confirming that the cellular effects of DB008 require on-target inhibition. Finally, DB008 significantly inhibited tumor growth in OVCAR3 xenografts, with on-target engagement of PARP16 in the xenograft tumors. Collectively, these findings establish PARP16 as a druggable regulator of ribosome MARylation and protein homeostasis in ovarian cancer and provide pharmacologic proof-of-concept that disrupting ribosomal MARylation impairs tumor growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Challa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan Dasovich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abshier, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekhale, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraus, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.01.715986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PARP16 is a Druggable Regulator of Ribosome MARylation and Protein Homeostasis in Ovarian Cancer Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identity, ontogeny, and age-related changes in splenic white pulp macrophages in mouse and human spleen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spleen contains diverse macrophage subsets that remove aged erythrocytes, prevent the dissemination of circulating pathogens, and shape the adaptive immune response1-3. The mouse spleen hosts red pulp macrophages (RPM), marginal zone macrophages (MZM), marginal zone metallophilic macrophages (MMM), and tingible body macrophages (TBM). However, their transcriptomic identity, ontogeny, and dynamics during aging are unknown. Furthermore, it is not known whether homologous populations of macrophages exist in the human spleen. We find that in mice, MZM and MMM are tissue-resident macrophages that maintain their population via local proliferation, while TBM are slowly replaced by circulating monocytes. Lineage tracing shows that MMM maintain the MZM pool, and that after MMM depletion, circulating monocytes restore MMM. We show that a decrease in MMM abundance in aging precedes changes in other cellular populations and splenic niches. In human spleen, we identify TBM and perifollicular zone macrophages (PFZM) as a single macrophage population homologous to MMM and MZM in mice. We show that in both mouse and human TBM become more abundant during aging. Our results suggest age-related changes in the splenic microenvironment drive changes in tissue-resident splenic macrophage populations with potential importance for the loss of immunologic function in older individuals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thayer, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleck, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolenko, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nafikova, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senkow, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunyan, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plodzeen, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runyan, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaminathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdala-Valencia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurihara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkow, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenbarth, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberg, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carns, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budinger, G. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misharin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.716095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identity, ontogeny, and age-related changes in splenic white pulp macrophages in mouse and human spleen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gain-of-function mutation in SKAP2 leads to type 1 diabetes and broader autoimmunity through hyperactive integrin signaling in myeloid cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many genetic variants associated with increased type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk are located within the SKAP2 gene; however, the mechanisms by which these variants confer disease risk remain unclear. SKAP2 encodes an adapter protein that functions within the integrin signaling pathway and is found at the highest levels in myeloid leukocytes. We recently identified a de novo gain-of-function SKAP2 mutation in an individual with T1D, leading to hyperactive integrin signaling in myeloid cells. To dissect the mechanisms by which this mutation may lead to T1D, we generated a knock-in mouse line containing the orthologous p.G153R substitution in mouse SKAP2 on the diabetes-prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) genetic background. Both female and male SKAP2G153R/G153R mice developed accelerated T1D. The SKAP2G153R/G153R mice also exhibited a unique spectrum of autoantibodies, leading to immune-complex nephritis. Accelerated infiltration of pancreatic islets by myeloid cells, B lymphocytes, and activated T cells was observed in SKAP2G153R/G153R mice. Single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated a type 1 IFN{gamma}-driven inflammatory program within the pancreatic islets of SKAP2G153R/G153R mice. Dendritic cells from SKAP2G153R/G153R mice demonstrated increased antigen-presenting capacity, characterized by enhanced adhesion to T cells during immune synapse formation. Macrophages and neutrophils from SKAP2G153R/G153R mice also showed increased integrin signaling responses, with neutrophils expressing high levels of activated {beta}2 integrins on the cell surface. When backcrossed onto the C57BL/6J genetic background, the SKAP2G153R/G153R mice developed spontaneous autoantibody formation and exhibited accelerated autoimmunity, including nephritis, in the pristane-induced model of autoimmune disease. These findings demonstrate that dysregulation of leukocyte integrin signaling, through alterations in SKAP2, may increase the genetic risk for autoimmunity and T1D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tamaki, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abram, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poojary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuda, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamaki, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutsch, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spector, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proekt, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letourneau-Freiberg, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philipson, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>German, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.716136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gain-of-function mutation in SKAP2 leads to type 1 diabetes and broader autoimmunity through hyperactive integrin signaling in myeloid cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated analysis of stemness-associated immune modulatory circuits in squamous cell carcinomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging evidence indicates that a subset of cancer cells enriched for stemness-related gene signatures possess distinct immunomodulatory capacities, enabling these tumor-initiating stem cells (tSCs) to more effectively evade or resist anti-tumor immunity. Despite these advances, the tSC-specific molecular circuits orchestrating their specialized immune privilege program are not well defined. Here, in squamous cell carcinomas of the skin and oral cavity, we comprehensively delineate the unique immune-evasive properties of tSCs and dissect the transcriptional regulation shaping their immunomodulatory programs. By integrating transcriptome profiling, chromatin landscape mapping, genetic perturbation, and single-cell RNA sequencing, we found that the tSC-specific immune program is broadly governed by SOX2, a stemness-associated transcription factor. We demonstrate that SOX2 enables tSCs to sustain immature tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) and subsequently trigger these myeloid cells to foster the development of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). This SOX2-directed tSC-TAN-TAM axis establishes a localized immunosuppressive niche for protecting tSC.

SIGNIFICANCEHere, we uncover SOX2 as a master regulator that orchestrates conserved immune modulatory circuits in tSCs to sustain pro-tumor myeloid cell states. These findings place tSCs at the apex of immune landscape remodeling, asserting a central role of stemness-associated program in organizing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorosz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolotin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingen, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vokes, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izumchenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.716182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated analysis of stemness-associated immune modulatory circuits in squamous cell carcinomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative single cell analysis of wound and cancer identifies the metabolic dialogues between tumor initiating stem cells and macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages are pivotal mediators of wound healing, yet the cellular programs they employ can be hijacked by cancers to drive tumorigenesis. Although similar macrophage programs support both physiological tissue regeneration and pathological cell growth, the molecular and functional difference between wound-associated macrophages (WAMs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) remain poorly defined. Here, we perform comparative single-cell RNA sequencing to delineate the dynamic cell states of macrophages during skin wound healing and the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Our analyses reveal that aberrantly regulated lipid metabolism is a distinct feature of TAMs. Critically, our genetic manipulations allow us to identify SOX2High tumor-initiating stem cells as key orchestrators that modulate the lipid metabolism of TAMs and shape their cell states. These findings suggest that disrupting the metabolic crosstalk between tumor-initiating stem cells and TAMs represents a promising strategy to normalize myeloid cell function and enhance cancer immunotherapy efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Que, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.716187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative single cell analysis of wound and cancer identifies the metabolic dialogues between tumor initiating stem cells and macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Osmotic pressure gradients in E. coli biofilms revealed by in-situ sensors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.716217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osmotic pressure has been known to play essential roles in living systems from single cells to complex tissues. However, direct in-situ measurements of osmotic pressures in biosystems have remained challenging, especially in complicated heterogeneous systems in which osmotic pressure gradients could exist and induce directed forces. Bacterial biofilms -- organized communities of bacteria encased in a self-produced extracellular matrix -- are a major mode of bacterial life. It has, however, remained unexplored how the osmotic pressure is distributed in the biofilm and how this distribution contributes to biofilm growth and activity. Here, liposomal nano-sensors are developed for the in-situ mapping of osmotic pressures at an unprecedented microscale resolution in real time using Escherichia coli. biofilm as a model system that develops at the surface of a hydrogel containing the nutrients. The measurements reveal osmotic pressure gradients with a radially increasing trend from the inner regions to the outer regions of the biofilm, which is associated with biofilm formation, morphology, and metabolism. The gradients likely contribute to mechanical properties, internal stresses, and nutrient transport. The sensor readouts also show that there is an osmotic pressure difference between the biofilm and the adjacent medium, which may promote biofilm expansion through matrix swelling and bacteria growth via water and nutrient uptake from the surroundings. Our novel approach based on in-situ osmotic pressure mapping in a growing biofilm reveals a sophisticated spatial regulation of physical forces, which may inspire new models and approaches in the field of mechanobiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneck, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertinetti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bidan, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fratzl, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.716217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Osmotic pressure gradients in E. coli biofilms revealed by in-situ sensors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental Validation of Finite Element Models for Directional DBS: The Critical Role of Boundary Conditions on VTA Accuracy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveComputational models and visualization toolboxes for Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) increasingly rely on pre-computed electric field libraries to estimate the Volume of Tissue Activated (VTA). However, the boundary conditions (BCs) and source models used to generate these fields vary widely across studies, and there is currently no experimental consensus regarding which parameters most accurately reflect the physical device output. The objective of this study was to experimentally validate the electric potential distribution of directional DBS leads in order to determine the optimal Finite Element Method (FEM) configuration.

ApproachThe voltage distribution surrounding a Boston Scientific Vercise Gevia directional lead was mapped in a saline phantom using a custom high-precision robotic scanning system. Experimental measurements were compared against six FEM configurations that varied in source formulation (Dirichlet vs. Neumann boundary conditions) and ground definitions. For each configuration, the resulting VTA volume was computed to assess the clinical impact of modeling assumptions.

ResultsThe FEM configuration implementing a Dirichlet (voltage) boundary condition on the active contact with a grounded implantable pulse generator (IPG) surface demonstrated the highest accuracy, achieving a Symmetric Mean Absolute Percent Error (SMAPE) of less than 9% across all contact levels. In contrast, conventional current-controlled simulations employing Neumann boundary conditions with disparate ground definitions substantially overestimated electric field spread. Suboptimal boundary condition selection resulted in an approximate 67% overestimation of VTA volume (137 mm3 vs. 82 mm3) relative to the experimentally validated model.

SignificanceAlthough clinical DBS systems operate as current sources, standard Neumann (current density) boundary conditions do not adequately represent the equipotential behavior of the electrode-tissue interface, resulting in nearly a two-fold error in predicted VTA volume. To improve the validity of predictive clinical models, we recommend the use of Dirichlet boundary conditions derived from the device operating impedance (V = Itarget x Zmeasured) rather than conventional current density specifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henry, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wartman, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elahi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makaroff, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golestani Rad, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.03.716362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental Validation of Finite Element Models for Directional DBS: The Critical Role of Boundary Conditions on VTA Accuracy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.06.716694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A High-throughput Fluorescence Polarization Assay for Screening Sirtuin Inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.06.716694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sirtuins (SIRTs), which remove protein lysine acyl modifications, play crucial roles in diverse cellular processes, including metabolism, gene transcription, DNA damage repair, cell survival, and stress response. Several sirtuins are considered non-oncogene addiction of cancer cells and promising targets for anticancer drug development. High-throughput screening (HTS) methods for sirtuins are critical for the development of potent and isoform-selective sirtuin inhibitors, which are needed to validate the therapeutic potential. Herein, we designed and synthesized a fluorescent polarization (FP) tracer, KP-SC-1. Using this high-affinity tracer, we developed a robust, high-throughput FP competition assay for screening SIRT1-3 inhibitors. The assay was validated by testing known SIRT1-3 inhibitors. The assay can detect NAD+-independent SIRT1-3 inhibitors, as well as NAD+-dependent inhibitors, such as Ex-527 and TM. Finally, our assay showed satisfactory stability and outstanding performance in a pilot library screening. Compared to previous assays, the FP assay uses much less SIRT1-3 enzymes, a feature important for high-throughput library screening. We believe that the FP assay developed here will accelerate the discovery and development of SIRT1-3 inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.06.716694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A High-throughput Fluorescence Polarization Assay for Screening Sirtuin Inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
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